hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bloomingdale, Michigan
Bloomingdale is a village in Van Buren County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 513 at the 2020 census. The village is located within Bloomingdale Township and is the township seat.

In the 1930s oil was discovered within the village limits, but pumping has now ceased due to lack of oil. Bloomingdale was thought to be a rising city but when the oil ceased, so did the attraction.

Michigan's Department of Natural Resources considers Bloomingdale to be the midpoint on the Kal-Haven Trail, which runs directly through the main four corners and business district. The downtown Augustus Haven Park with its Depot Museum is a picnic stop for trail users.

Michigan Department of Natural Resources
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is the agency of the state of Michigan founded in 1921, charged with maintaining natural resources such as state parks, state forests, and recreation areas. It is governed by a director appointed by the Governor and accepted by the Natural Resources Commission. Since 2023, the Director is Scott Bowen. The DNR has about 1,400 permanent employees, and over 1,600 seasonal employees.
Kanichi, Peru
Kanichi  (from Ayacucho Quechua, Hispanicized spelling Caniche) is an archaeological site in Peru. It was declared a National Cultural Heritage by RDN No. 197/INC on April 2, 2003. Kanichi lies in the Ayacucho Region, Lucanas Province, Carmen Salcedo District.

The archaeological complex, which is about 200,000 square meters, was influenced by the Wari and Chanka cultures. The complex includes a variety of buildings including Chullpas, religious and ceremonial buildings, service centers, and a water system of wells and springs.

Kanichi is open to tourists from 6am to 6pm.

Ayacucho Quechua
Ayacucho (also called Chanca or Chanka after the local Chanka ethnicity that dominated the area before the Inca conquest) is a variety of Southern Quechua spoken in the Ayacucho Region, Peru, as well as by immigrants from Ayacucho in Lima. With roughly a million speakers, it is the largest variety of Southern Quechua after Cusco Quechua. The literary standard of Southern Quechua is based on these two closely related Quechua varieties.
Wieland der Schmied (libretto)
Wieland der Schmied ([ˈviːlant deːɐ̯ ˈʃmiːt], "Wieland the Smith") is a draft by Richard Wagner for an opera libretto  based on the Germanic legend of Wayland Smith. It is listed in the Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis as WWV82.

Wayland the Smith
Wayland the Smith (Old English: Wēland; Old Norse: Vǫlundr) is a legendary master blacksmith in Norse and Germanic mythology, renowned for his craftsmanship, cunning, and the saga surrounding his captivity and revenge.

Wayland's story is most clearly told in the Old Norse sources Völundarkviða (a poem in the Poetic Edda) and Þiðreks saga. In them, Wayland is a smith who is enslaved by a king. Wayland takes revenge by killing the king's sons and then escapes by crafting a winged cloak and flying away. Other sources clearly allude to similar stories, most prominently the Old English poem Deor and the Franks Casket. Wayland is also mentioned in passing in a wide range of texts, such as the Old English Waldere and Beowulf, as the maker of weapons and armour.
Oppenheim conjecture
In Diophantine approximation, a subfield of number theory, the Oppenheim conjecture concerns representations of numbers by real quadratic forms in several variables. It was formulated in 1929 by Alexander Oppenheim and later the conjectured property was further strengthened by Harold Davenport and Oppenheim. Initial research on this problem took the number n of variables to be large, and applied a version of the Hardy-Littlewood circle method. The definitive work of Grigory Margulis, settling the conjecture in the affirmative, used methods arising from ergodic theory and the study of discrete subgroups of semisimple Lie groups.

Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis or Fermat's conjecture (now a theorem, proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them.
Freudeita
Freudeita is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is found in South America. The genus is dedicated to the German entomologist Heinz Freude.

In May 2019, the New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority approved an application to introduce Freudeita cf. cupripennis as a biological control agent against the moth plant (Araujia hortorum), an invasive weed in New Zealand.

Environmental Protection Authority (New Zealand)
The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA; Māori: Te Mana Rauhī Taiao) is a New Zealand government agency (Crown entity/agent). It is New Zealand's national-level environmental regulator. Its vision is "an environment protected, enhancing our way of life and the economy."

As a Crown agent under the Crown entity model, the EPA operates at arm’s length from Ministers. Its independence in decision making is protected by statute and the established governance structures. A letter of expectations is issued annually by its responsible Ministers which, within the context of its independence, sets out the broad expectations of the Government of the day.
Vincenzo Nestler
Vincenzo Nestler (8 January 1912, in Agrigento – 14 July 1988, in Rome) was an Italian chess master.

He won twice Italian Chess Championship at Florence 1943 and Trieste 1954 (after a play-off), and was four times Sub-Champion (1937, 1953, 1956, 1959).

During World War II, Nestler took 6th at Munich 1942 (Europameisterschaft – European Individual Chess Championship, Wertungsturnier – Qualification Tournament, Gösta Danielsson won). After the war, he tied for 10-11th at Vienna 1951 (the 4th Schlechter Memorial, Moshe Czerniak won).

Nestler played twice for Italy in Chess Olympiads at Dubrovnik 1950 and Helsinki 1952, and represented Italy in friendly matches against Czechoslovakia in 1957 and Switzerland in 1958.

10th Chess Olympiad
The 10th Chess Olympiad (Finnish: 10. Shakkiolympialaiset; Swedish: Den 10:e Schackolympiad), organized by the FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between August 9 and August 31, 1952, in Helsinki, Finland.

The Olympiad was especially notable for the debut of the Soviet team, who instantly won their first gold medals and went on to completely dominate the Olympiads for the next four decades.

After the tournament, it was generally agreed that the small preliminary and final groups of only 8–9 teams left too much open to chance, since a single blunder would have an impact too big on the final standings. Consequently, FIDE decided that in the future, no final should have less than 12 participants.
Gesellschaft für das Gute und Gemeinnützige
The Gesellschaft für das Gute und Gemeinnützige (GGG) is a private, non-profit organization founded in 1777 in Basel, Switzerland. Inspired by Enlightenment ideals, the GGG has played a significant role in the history of education and social welfare in Basel.

The GGG's name means "society for the good and the common benefit", but there appears to be no official English translation of the name. (The German word gemeinnützig is commonly associated with non-profit institutions.)

The modern GGG operates as an umbrella organization supporting dozens of groups with social or cultural service missions, including charitable foundations, libraries, social service agencies, and a boy choir. As of 2008, about 90 organizations with more than 3,000 staff members belonged to the GGG.

Boys' choir
A boys' choir is a choir made up of boys who have yet to begin (or are just in the early stages of) puberty and so retain their high-pitched childhood voice. Members are known as trebles ("boy sopranos") or meanes ("boy altos"), depending on their range. Boys' choirs of churches or cathedrals on both sides of the Atlantic may sing alongside and train with men, who provide the tenor and bass parts, in a tradition that dates back traceably to the 7th century, in the case of York Minster, and probably much further.
Curvature invariant (general relativity)
In general relativity,  curvature invariants are a set of scalars formed from the Riemann, Weyl and Ricci tensors – which represent curvature, hence the name – and possibly operations on them such as contraction, covariant differentiation and dualisation.

Certain invariants formed from these curvature tensors play an important role in classifying spacetimes. Invariants are actually less powerful for distinguishing locally non-isometric Lorentzian manifolds than they are for distinguishing Riemannian manifolds. This means that they are more limited in their applications than for manifolds endowed with a positive-definite metric tensor.

Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
In mathematical physics, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold, also called a semi-Riemannian manifold, is a differentiable manifold with a metric tensor that is everywhere nondegenerate.  This is a generalization of a Riemannian manifold in which the requirement of positive-definiteness is relaxed.

Every tangent space of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold is a pseudo-Euclidean vector space.

A special case used in general relativity is a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold for modeling spacetime, where tangent vectors can be classified as timelike, null, and spacelike.
Shantipur
Shantipur is a city and a municipality in the Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The fort area of this city, also known as Daak-Garh (calling or gathering room) is thought to have been built by Raja Krishnachandra of Nadia.

Hooghly River
The Hooghly River (/ˈhuːɡli/; Bengali: Hugli [ˈɦuɡli]) is the westernmost distributary of the Ganges, situated in West Bengal, India. It is known in its upper reaches as the Bhagirathi. The Bhagirathi splits off from the main branch of the Ganges at Giria. A short distance west, it meets the man-made Farakka Feeder Canal, which massively increases its flow. The river then flows south to join the Jalangi at Nabadwip, where it becomes the Hooghly proper. The Hooghly continues southwards, passing through the metropolis of Kolkata. Thereafter, it empties into the Bay of Bengal. Its tributaries include the Ajay, Damodar, Rupnarayan, and Haldi.

The Hooghly has religious significance as Hindus consider the river sacred. It also plays a major role in the agriculture, industry, and climate of the state.
Poocham, New Hampshire
Poocham is an unincorporated community in the town of Westmoreland in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States, near the larger communities of Keene, New Hampshire and Brattleboro, Vermont.

Poocham's oldest houses date from around 1800. By reputation, the name Poocham comes from an Abenaki Indian word meaning "gathering place". The community is almost entirely composed of homes and farms, but a small fluorite mine (called William Wise Mine) and growing vineyard (called Poocham Hill Winery) are also present.

Westmoreland, New Hampshire
Westmoreland is a town in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 1,706 at the 2020 census, down from 1,874 at the 2010 census. Westmoreland is historically an agricultural town, with much arable farmland.
Juan Manuel Benítez
Juan Manuel Benítez Fernel (born in Badajoz, Spain) is a Spanish-born American bilingual journalist, television anchor, podcaster, and professor of journalism based in New York City. He holds the Philip S. Balboni Professorship of Local Journalism at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.

New York Press Club
The New York Press Club, sometimes NYPC, is a nonprofit membership organization that promotes journalism in the New York City metropolitan area. It is unaffiliated with any government organization and abstains from politics. While the club is headquarters in New York City, it serves as an association for journalists based in the United States.
Phophonyane Falls Nature Reserve
The Phophonyane Falls Nature Reserve is a scenic, 600 ha large nature reserve and tourist destination near Piggs Peak, Eswatini.

A network of footpaths through the Gobolondlo forest reaches meandering watercourses which lead to the main attraction of the reserve - the 80 m high Phophonyane Falls. This waterfall has formed on a steep section of exposed gneiss. The Phophonyane River in this area falls per some 240 m over the distance of 2 km.

Some of the oldest rocks in the world, dated at 3.55 billion years, are exposed at the waterfall.

Gneiss
Gneiss (/naɪs/ NYSE) is a common and widely distributed type of metamorphic rock. It is formed by high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic processes acting on formations composed of igneous or sedimentary rocks. This rock is formed under pressures ranging from 2 to 15 kbar, sometimes even more, and temperatures over 300 °C (572 °F). Gneiss nearly always shows a banded texture characterized by alternating darker and lighter colored bands and without a distinct cleavage.

Gneisses are common in the ancient crust of continental shields. Some of the oldest rocks on Earth are gneisses, such as the Acasta Gneiss.
Zicco Mkanda
Zicco Mkanda (born 17 December 1990) is a Malawian football coach who currently works as a Performance Analyst & Strikers Coach at FCB Nyasa Big Bullets FC.

2024 - Strikers Coach at Silver Strikers FC

2025 - Data Analyst & Strikers Coach at FCB Nyasa Big Bullets FC

Demographics of Malawi
Demographic features of the population of Malawi include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
809th Tank Destroyer Battalion
The 809th Tank Destroyer Battalion was a tank destroyer battalion of the United States Army active during the Second World War.

The battalion was activated on 18 March 1942, and remained in the United States until November 1944, when it was moved to the United Kingdom. It arrived in France on 20 January 1945, equipped with M18 Hellcat tank destroyers. It was attached to the 8th Armored Division on 9 February, and fought in the crossing of the Roer.

On 20 March, it was attached to the 79th Infantry Division, crossing the Rhine on the 27th, and was then attached to the 95th Infantry Division for the fighting around the Ruhr Pocket in April before being returned to the 8th Armoured on 13 April. During this month, it converted to M36 tank destroyers. In late April it saw action in the Harz Mountains, finishing the war in central Germany.

79th Infantry Division (United States)
The 79th Infantry Division (formerly known as the 79th Division) was an infantry formation of the United States Army Reserve in World Wars I and II.

Since 2009, it has been active as the 79th Theater Sustainment Command.
Skrebatno
Skrebatno is a village in Garmen Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria. It is situated in the foothills of the Dabrash part of the Rhodope Mountains. It is 7 kilometers north of Garmen and 71 kilometers from Blagoevgrad.

There were 110 inhabitants at the end of the 15th century. In 1900 there were 1070 people and 290 of them were Pomak. The Sveta Petka church was built in 1835 and is a monument of local artistic and cultural significance.

Children go to school in Ribnovo. There is a community center with a public library and a small local ethnographic museum.

Blagoevgrad Province
41°45′N 23°15′E﻿ / ﻿41.750°N 23.250°E﻿ / 41.750; 23.250

Blagoevgrad Province (Bulgarian: област Благоевград, oblast Blagoevgrad or Благоевградска област, Blagoevgradska oblast), also known as Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia (Bulgarian: Пиринска Македония; Българска Македония), (Pirinska Makedoniya or Bulgarska Makedoniya) is a province (oblast) of southwestern Bulgaria. It borders four other Bulgarian provinces to the north and east, the Greek region of Macedonia to the south, and North Macedonia to the west. The province has 14 municipalities with 12 towns. Its principal city is Blagoevgrad, while other significant towns include Bansko, Gotse Delchev, Melnik, Petrich, Razlog, Sandanski, and Simitli.
Khangai
Khangai (Mongolian: Хангай) can specify:

Khangai Mountains, a mountain range in Mongolia

named after the Mountains:

two Aimags (provinces) of Mongolia:
Arkhangai Province
Övörkhangai Province

several Sums (districts) in different Aimags:
Khangai, Arkhangai
Öndörkhangai, Uvs
Züünkhangai, Uvs

Hanggai (village), a village in Tabusai, Tumed Left Banner, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China

Hanggai (band), a folk group from Beijing specialising in a blend of Mongolian folk music and modern music

Hanggai, Zhejiang (Chinese: 杭垓镇), a town in Anji County, Zhejiang, China

Provinces of Mongolia
Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces or aimags (аймгууд, aimguud) and one provincial municipality. Each aimag is subdivided into several districts.

The modern provinces have been established since 1921. The capital, Ulaanbaatar, is governed as an independent provincial municipality separate from Töv Province, inside which it is situated.
Op. 63
In music, Op. 63 stands for Opus number 63. Compositions that are assigned this number include:

Alkan – Esquisses

Arnold – Symphony No. 3

Britten – Missa Brevis

Bruch – Swedish Dances

Chopin – Mazurkas, Op. 63

Elgar – Symphony No. 2

Lyapunov – Piano Sextet

Prokofiev – Violin Concerto No. 2

Schumann – Piano Trio No. 1

Shostakovich – The Gamblers

Sibelius – Symphony No. 4 in A minor (1911)

Strauss – Josephslegende

Weber – Trio for Piano, Flute and Cello

The Gamblers (Shostakovich)
The Gamblers (Russian: Игроки, romanized: Igroki), Op. 63, is an unfinished opera, composed by Dmitri Shostakovich in 1941/42 to his own libretto based on Nikolai Gogol's comedy The Gamblers (1842). The surviving first act lasts around 47 minutes. Krzysztof Meyer realised a completion in German, Die Spieler, in 1981. Both versions were performed on stage and recorded.
Parallel breadth-first search
The breadth-first-search algorithm is a way to explore the vertices of a graph layer by layer. It is a basic algorithm in graph theory which can be used as a part of other graph algorithms. For instance, BFS is used by Dinic's algorithm to find maximum flow in a graph. Moreover, BFS is also one of the kernel algorithms in Graph500 benchmark, which is a benchmark for data-intensive supercomputing problems. This article discusses the possibility of speeding up BFS through the use of parallel computing.

Bit array
A bit array (also known as bit map, bit set, bit string, or bit vector) is an array data structure that compactly stores bits. It can be used to implement a simple set data structure. A bit array is effective at exploiting bit-level parallelism in hardware to perform operations quickly. A typical bit array stores kw bits, where w is the number of bits in the unit of storage, such as a byte or word, and k is some positive integer. If w does not divide the number of bits to be stored, some space is wasted due to internal fragmentation.
Morgan Williams (rugby union, born 1995)
Morgan Williams (born 28 December 1995) is a Welsh rugby union player who plays at fullback for the Wales rugby sevens team and the Great Britain rugby sevens team. He has previously played at wing and fullback for Scarlets and for Aberavon RFC. His appearances for Wales sevens have included the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast and the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham. He appeared for Great Britain in the 2021 and 2021–22 World Rugby Sevens Series.

Williams was selected for the Wales squad for the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Cape Town.

2021 World Rugby Sevens Series
The 2021 World Rugby Sevens Series was the 22nd annual series of rugby sevens tournaments for national men's rugby sevens teams. The Sevens Series has been run by World Rugby since 1999. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, only two tournaments were played in the 2021 series instead of the usual ten. The number of teams participating was also reduced from sixteen to twelve at the tournaments, with many of the top teams from the previous series not taking part.

The series was won by South Africa who won both tour events on their way to claiming their fourth World Series title.
Schooley's Mountain
Schooley's or, officially, Schooleys Mountain is a mountain ridge in northern New Jersey that stretches from Lake Hopatcong in the north to Hampton in the south. It is centrally located within the southern Highlands, positioned almost equidistantly from the Kittatinny Valley in the west and the Piedmont plateau in the east.  Schooley's Mountain is also one of the largest ridges in a group of geologically similar and parallel mountains, which include Allamuchy Mountain, Pohatcong Mountain, Scotts Mountain, and Jenny Jump Mountain.

Scotts Mountain
Scotts Mountain is a mountain in Warren County, New Jersey. The mountain covers portions of Harmony, Lopatcong, Franklin and Washington Townships; the main summit rises to 1,086 feet (331 m), and is located in Harmony. It is part of the New York–New Jersey Highlands of the Appalachian Mountains, although somewhat isolated to the west of the main body of the Highlands.
Tuktayevo
Tuktayevo (Russian: Туктаево; Bashkir: Туҡтай, Tuqtay) is a rural locality (a village) in Starobaltachevsky Selsoviet, Baltachevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 115 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

Baltachevsky District
Baltachevsky District (Russian: Балта́чевский райо́н; Bashkir: Балтаc районы, Baltas rayonı; Tatar: Балтач районы, Baltaç rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic and borders with Tatyshlinsky District in the north, Askinsky and Karaidelsky Districts in the east, Mishkinsky District in the south, and with Burayevsky District in the west. The area of the district is 1,598 square kilometers (617 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Starobaltachevo. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 21,623, with the population of Starobaltachevo accounting for 25.9% of that number.
Kampung Raja
Kampung Raja (Kelantan Malay: Kapong Ghajo), also known as Kota Putera is a mukim and capital of Besut District, Terengganu, Malaysia. It is one of the mukim in Besut and also the central administration here. A long time ago, a king lived here and his castle was built here, but now the castle has been moved to Muzium Kuala Terengganu and only an old castle that remained here called Istana Tengku Long. Although located in Terengganu, the people there speak Kelantanese Malay and are culturally Kelantanese, owing to its close proximity to Kelantan.

Mukim
A mukim is a type of administrative division used in Brunei, the Indonesian province of Aceh (see Mukim (Aceh)), Malaysia and Singapore. The word mukim is a loanword in English. However, it was also originally a loanword in Malay from the Arabic word: مقيم (meaning resident). The closest English translation for mukim is township.
Radhanagari
Radhanagari is a town and the headquarters of Radhanagari tehsil in the Radhanagari subdivision of Kolhapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.  It is located on the banks of the Bhogawati River, near the Radhanagari Dam and the Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary.

Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary
Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary (Marathi: राधानगरी वन्यजीव अभयारण्य) is a wildlife sanctuary and natural World Heritage Site of category ix and x since 2012, located in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra State, India. It lies at the southern end of the Sahyadri hills in the Western Ghats. It is notable as the first declared wildlife sanctuary in Maharashtra, notified in 1958, as "Dajipur Wildlife Sanctuary" and is popularly known as the "Bison Sanctuary". Indian bison or gaur (Bos gaurus) with a population around 1091 in 2014, is the flagship species of the area. It was notified as Radhanagari wildlife sanctuary vide notification No. WLP/1085/CR/588/ V/F-5, Dt.16.9.1985. The area around the Sanctuary was declared as Eco sensitive zone by Govt. of India on 15 October 2020