hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Discrete Morse theory
Discrete Morse theory is a combinatorial adaptation of Morse theory developed by Robin Forman and Kenneth Brown. The theory has various practical applications in diverse fields of applied mathematics and computer science, such as configuration spaces, homology computation, denoising, mesh compression, and topological data analysis.

Morse theory
In mathematics, specifically in differential topology, Morse theory enables one to analyze the topology of a manifold by studying differentiable functions on that manifold. According to the basic insights of Marston Morse, a typical differentiable function on a manifold will reflect the topology quite directly. Morse theory allows one to find CW structures and handle decompositions on manifolds and to obtain substantial information about their homology.

Before Morse, Arthur Cayley and James Clerk Maxwell had developed some of the ideas of Morse theory in the context of topography. Morse originally applied his theory to geodesics (critical points of the energy functional on the space of paths). These techniques were used in Raoul Bott's proof of his periodicity theorem.

The analogue of Morse theory for complex manifolds is Picard–Lefschetz theory.
Ternary commutator
In mathematical physics, the ternary commutator is an additional ternary operation on a triple system defined by

Also called the ternutator or alternating ternary sum, it is a special case of the n-commutator for n = 3, whereas the 2-commutator is the ordinary commutator.

Ternary operation
In mathematics, a ternary operation is an n-ary operation with n = 3. A ternary operation on a set A takes any given three elements of A and combines them to form a single element of A.

In computer science, a ternary operator is an operator that takes three arguments as input and returns one output.
Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Engineering College
Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Engineering College is a coeducational Roman Catholic secondary school located in Skelmersdale in the English county of Lancashire.

It is a voluntary aided school administered by Lancashire County Council and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool. The school is currently designated as a specialist Engineering College.

Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Engineering College offers GCSEs as programmes of study for pupils. The school also offers some vocational courses in conjunction with Myerscough College and West Lancashire College.

West Lancashire College
West Lancashire College (formerly Skelmersdale & Ormskirk College) is a further education college based in Skelmersdale, West Lancashire, England. The college is a part of a larger organisation called NCG.
Sorobasso
Sorobasso is a village and commune in the Cercle of Koutiala in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. The commune covers an area of 133 square kilometers and includes 5 villages. In the 2009 census it had a population of 4,884. The village of Sorobasso, the administrative centre (chef-lieu) of the commune, is 30 km northeast of Koutiala on the Route Nationale 13 that links Koutiala with San.

Koutiala
Koutiala (Bambara: ߞߎߕߌߊߟߊ tr. Kutiala) is a city in Mali in the administrative region of Sikasso, and is located 140 km north of the city of Sikasso.  Koutiala serves as the capital of its administrative Cercle, home to 575,253 people in 2009.  As of the 2009 Census, Koutiala has 137,919 residents.
Barreirosuchus
Barreirosuchus is an extinct genus of peirosaurid notosuchian known from the Late Cretaceous of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. It contains a single species, Barreirosuchus franciscoi. It is most closely resembles Caririsuchus camposi from the Araripe Basin and Itasuchus jesuinoi also from the Bauru Basin, and shares with them several synapomorphies.

Peirosauridae
Peirosauridae is a Gondwanan family of mesoeucrocodylians that lived during the Cretaceous period. It was a clade of terrestrial crocodyliforms that evolved a rather dog-like skull, and were terrestrial carnivores. It was phylogenetically defined in 2004 as the most recent common ancestor of Peirosaurus and Lomasuchinae and all of its descendants. Lomasuchinae is a subfamily of peirosaurids that includes the genus Lomasuchus.

Lomasuchinae was defined in the same 2004 study as the most recent common ancestor of Lomasuchus and Mahajangasuchini and all of its descendants. Mahajangasuchini, also constructed in the study, was defined as the most recent common ancestor of Mahajangasuchus and Uberabasuchus and all of its descendants. However, all more recent phylogenetic analyses placed Mahajangasuchus within its own family, Mahajangasuchidae, along with the newly named Kaprosuchus.
Glenn Buff
Glenn Allen Jefferson Buff (November 7, 1927, in Newton, North Carolina – November 13, 2007) was an American architect. 

North Carolina has the third highest number of Modernist residences in the country. Modernist design became popular in the US in the 1930s, primarily in California, and expanded east through the 1960s. Glenn Buff was one of the architects who contributed to the state's design heritage during that time by influencing the modernist movements and designing modernist houses for people. Buff contributed by designing modernist houses and influencing the movement with his work.

Buff was the son of the Reverend Clarence Pinckney Buff and Junie Queen Buff.

Panama City, Florida
Panama City is a city in and the county seat of Bay County, Florida, United States. Located along U.S. Highway 98 (US 98), it is the largest city between Tallahassee and Pensacola. It is the most populous city in Bay County and a principal city of the Panama City–Panama City Beach, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of approximately 200,534. According to the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 32,939 (excluding Panama City Beach).
Winston Bryant
Winston Bryant (born October 3, 1938) is an American politician and attorney who served as the secretary of State of Arkansas (1977–1978), the 14th lieutenant governor of Arkansas (1981–1991) and Arkansas attorney general (1991–1999).

Secretary of State of Arkansas
The Arkansas secretary of state is one of the elected constitutional officers of the U.S. State of Arkansas.

The current Secretary of State is Republican Cole Jester who was appointed by Governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders after John Thurston became the state treasurer.
Barbara Manning
Barbara Manning (born December 12, 1964) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist whose albums blend elements of rock, folk, pop and proto-punk. She is also known for her cover versions of often obscure pop songs. In addition to an acclaimed solo career, Manning has been active in a number of bands, including 28th Day (with Cole Marquis), World of Pooh, SF Seals, and The Go-Luckys!.

Stephin Merritt
Stephin Merritt (born February 9, 1965) is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, best known as the songwriter and principal singer of the bands the Magnetic Fields, the Gothic Archies, and Future Bible Heroes. He is known for his distinctive bass voice.
2022 NHL Stadium Series
The 2022 NHL Stadium Series was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League (NHL) game, part of the Stadium Series of games. The game took place on February 26, 2022, at Nissan Stadium in Nashville, Tennessee, with the Nashville Predators hosting the Tampa Bay Lightning. This was the first NHL outdoor game for the Lightning and the second for the Predators.

NHL Stadium Series
The Stadium Series is one of the series of regular season outdoor games played in the National Hockey League (NHL). This event is distinct from the NHL's other two series of outdoor games, the NHL Winter Classic, played in a different NHL city every year, and the NHL Heritage Classic (played occasionally at different Canadian stadiums). Games in the Stadium Series are usually played in February or early March, and are typically played in either NFL or college football stadiums in the United States when both leagues are in their offseason. In the past, MLB ballparks in the United States were also used, though it has been mainly utilized for the Winter Classic. The first Stadium Series was held in 2014 and consisted of seven teams participating in four games held in three venues; this was also the only Stadium Series to have taken place in January. Since 2015, only one Stadium Series game has been played each season, except in 2016 and in 2024, when two games were held.
Cyanoalanine
Cyanoalanine is an amino acid with the formula NCCH2CH(NH2)CO2H.  Like most amino acids, it exists as a tautomer NCCH2CH(NH3+)CO2−. It is a rare example of a nitrile-containing amino acid. It is a white, water-soluble solid. It can be found in common vetch (Vicia sativa).

Cyanoalanine arises in nature by the action of cyanide on cysteine catalyzed by L-3-cyanoalanine synthase:

HSCH2CH(NH2)CO2H  +  HCN  →  NCCH2CH(NH2)CO2H  +  H2S

It is converted to aspartic acid and asparagine enzymatically.

When cyanoalanine is introduced into proteins, it's CN vibration serves as a reporter of the local environment.

Cysteine
Cysteine (/ˈsɪstɪiːn/; symbol Cys or C) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HS−CH2−CH(NH2)−COOH. The thiol side chain in cysteine enables the formation of disulfide bonds, and often participates in enzymatic reactions as a nucleophile. Cysteine is chiral, but both D and L-cysteine are found in nature. L‑Cysteine is a protein monomer in all biota, and D-cysteine acts as a signaling molecule in mammalian nervous systems. Cysteine is named after its discovery in urine, which comes from the urinary bladder or cyst, from Greek κύστις kýstis, "bladder".

The thiol is susceptible to oxidation to give the disulfide derivative cystine, which serves an important structural role in many proteins. In this case, the symbol Cyx is sometimes used. The deprotonated form can generally be described by the symbol Cym as well.

When used as a food additive, cysteine has the E number E920.

Cysteine is encoded by the codons UGU and UGC.
Parachute School of Toronto
Parachute School of Toronto (often abbreviated as PST) was a Canadian Sport Parachuting Association affiliated parachuting centre and skydiving drop zone operating from the Baldwin_Airport, in Georgina, Ontario.

Canadian Sport Parachuting Association
The Canadian Sport Parachuting Association (CSPA), through affiliation with the Aero Club of Canada (ACC), is Canada's representative to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) and the International Parachuting Commission (IPC). Thus, the CSPA is the official sport organization for sport parachuting in Canada.
Lee–Miles
Lee–Miles is a historical area on the Southeast side of Cleveland, Ohio, comprising the two neighborhoods of Lee–Harvard and Lee–Seville. Once an independent municipality known as Miles Heights, it was annexed by Cleveland after a referendum in 1932. Today, it most corresponds to Cleveland's Ward 1.

A mostly middle-class African American neighborhood, Lee–Miles is bordered by the suburban cities of Shaker Heights to the north, Warrensville Heights to the east, Maple Heights to the south, Garfield Heights to the southwest and Cleveland's Union–Miles Park neighborhood to the northwest.

Neighborhoods in Cleveland
Neighborhoods in Cleveland refer to the 34 neighborhood communities of the city of Cleveland, Ohio, as defined by the Cleveland City Planning Commission. Based on historical definitions and census data, the neighborhoods serve as the basis for various urban planning initiatives on both the municipal and metropolitan levels. Technically known as Statistical Planning Areas (SPAs), they also provide a "framework for summarizing socio-economic and other statistics within the city." City neighborhood boundaries were last revised by the City Planning Commission in 2012.

Cleveland's neighborhoods are generally defined by their position on either the East Side or West Side of the Cuyahoga River. Downtown and Cuyahoga Valley are situated between the East and West Sides, while the Broadway–Slavic Village neighborhood is sometimes referred to as the South Side.
Chand Sultan
Maharaja Chand Sultan Shah (reigned 1706–1739) was a Gond king of Nagpur. He was the eldest son and successor of Bakht Buland Shah of Deogarh. He ascended the throne of Deogarh in 1706 and shifted his capital from Deogarh to Nagpur. He carried out further reforms in his kingdom and planned layout of the new city of Nagpur and the kingdom prospered under him. He was a kind ruler who loved his people and extended his territory considerably to the east of the river Wainganga.

He constructed the famous Jumma Talao (now known as Shukrawari Lake), which had in-built steps & also provided water supply to the city of Nagpur. He also built a wall around the entire city, stretching almost 3 miles and having five solid gates. He constructed his fortress at Mahal, the oldest part of Nagpur, surrounded by a wall 3km/5km long. The Jumma Gate still stands  today, renamed as the Gandhi Gate.

Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh
Deogarh, also known as Devgarh, is a village in Mohkhed tehsil of Chhindwara District of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is located 24 miles southwest of Chhindwara, picturesquely situated on a crest of the hills. It was the centre of the Gond kingdom of Deogarh.
Windows Template Library
Windows Template Library (WTL) is a free software, object-oriented C++ template library for Win32 development. WTL was created by Microsoft employee Nenad Stefanovic for internal use and later released as an unsupported add-on to Visual Studio and the Win32 Framework SDK. It was developed primarily as a light-weight alternative to the Microsoft Foundation Classes and builds upon Microsoft's ATL, another lightweight API widely used to create COM and ActiveX libraries.

Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on objects – software entities that encapsulate data and function(s). An OOP computer program consists of objects that interact with one another. An OOP language is one that provides object-oriented programming features, but as the set of features that contribute to OOP is contested, classifying a language as OOP – and the degree to which it supports OOP – is debatable. As paradigms are not mutually exclusive, a language can be multi-paradigm (i.e. categorized as more than only OOP).

Notable languages with OOP support include Ada, ActionScript, C++, Common Lisp, C#, Dart, Eiffel, Fortran 2003, Haxe, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Logo, MATLAB, Objective-C, Object Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Raku, Ruby, Scala, SIMSCRIPT, Simula, Smalltalk, Swift, Vala and Visual Basic (.NET).
Ching Wah Street
Ching Wah Street (Chinese: 清華街) is a street in North Point in Hong Kong.  The short, primarily residential, street runs from west to east, parallel to King's Road, at a higher elevation, just behind St. Jude's Church.  It is the location of Kiangsu and Chekiang Primary School and Eng Yu Evangelistic Mission Hong Kong Church.

King's Road, Hong Kong
King's Road (Chinese: 英皇道) is a major east–west road along the north of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, stretching from Causeway Bay (Tin Hau), where it joins Causeway Road, to Sai Wan Ho, where it joins Shau Kei Wan Road.
Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency)
The constituency of Gloucestershire was a UK Parliamentary constituency. After it was abolished under the 1832 Electoral Reform Act, two new constituencies, West Gloucestershire and East Gloucestershire, were created.

Gloucestershire was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It was represented by two Knights of the Shire.

East Gloucestershire
East Gloucestershire, formally the Eastern division of Gloucestershire and often referred to as Gloucestershire Eastern, was a parliamentary constituency in Gloucestershire, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) using the bloc vote system.

The constituency was created when the Great Reform Act split Gloucestershire into eastern and western divisions, with effect from the 1832 general election.

Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, East Gloucestershire was abolished from the 1885 election, when the former eastern and western divisions were replaced by five new single-seat county constituencies: Cirencester, Forest of Dean, Stroud, Tewkesbury, and Thornbury.
Leszczyny Duże
Leszczyny Duże [lɛʂˈt͡ʂɨnɨ ˈduʐɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dłutów, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-east of Dłutów, 10 km (6 mi) south of Pabianice, and 25 km (16 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Dłutów
Dłutów [ˈdwutuf] is a village in Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Dłutów. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) south of Pabianice and 26 km (16 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.
Droman, Sutherland
Droman is a small remote crofting township on the north west coast of Lairg in  Sutherland, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

The hamlets of Balchrick, Blairmore, Oldshore Beg and Oldshoremore are all located with 0.5 miles of Blairmore and are reached along the coast road from the south, which passes through Achriesgill, Badcall and Kinlochbervie to reach Blairmore from Rhiconich.  There are views from the township of the Outer Hebrides.

Badcall, Rhiconich
Badcall is a remote crofting township, located on the northern shore of the sea loch, Loch Inchard, in Sutherland, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

The township is located 1.5 miles east of Kinlochbervie.
Barberton Greenstone Belt
The Barberton Greenstone Belt is a geologic formation situated on the eastern edge of the Kaapvaal craton in South Africa. It is known for its gold mineralisation and for its komatiites, an unusual type of ultramafic volcanic rock named after the Komati River that flows through the belt. Some of the oldest exposed rocks on Earth (greater than 3.6 Ga) are located in the Barberton Greenstone Belt of the Eswatini–Barberton areas and these contain some of the oldest traces of life on Earth, second only to the Isua Greenstone Belt of Western Greenland. The Makhonjwa Mountains make up 40% of the Baberton belt. It is named after the town Barberton, Mpumalanga.

Trondhjemite
Trondhjemite is a leucocratic (light-colored) intrusive igneous rock. It is a variety of tonalite in which the plagioclase is mostly in the form of oligoclase. Trondhjemites that occur in the oceanic crust or in ophiolites are usually called plagiogranites.

Trondhjemite is common in Archean terranes occurring in conjunction with tonalite and granodiorite as the TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) orthogneiss suite. Trondhjemite dikes also commonly form part of the sheeted dike complex of an ophiolite.

The rock type was first described by Victor Goldschmidt in 1916. The name of the rock type is derived from the city of Trondheim, Norway.
Nlaza of Kongo
Nlaza of Kongo was a manikongo from the Lukeni kanda dynasty and the 3rd ruler of the Central African kingdom of Kongo in the early 15th century. Little is known about him or his reign other than he was one of two cousins of Kongo's founder, Lukeni lua Nimi.

He and Quinanga of Kongo were kings between Lukeni lua Nimi, the first king, and Nkuwu a Ntinu, the fourth.

Kilukeni
The Kilukeni were members of the Lukeni kanda or House of Kilukeni, the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Kongo from its inception in the late 14th century until the 1567 with the rise of the House of Kwilu. The Kilukeni were springboard for most of the major factions that battled for control of Kongo during its civil war.
Roy S. Kelley
Roy Skiles Kelley (October 23, 1915, in Plano, Kentucky – April 1993). Following his graduation from United States Military Academy, he was assigned to the Army Corps of Engineers, and joined the 358th Engineer Service Regiment. He landed at Omaha Beach on June 9, 1944, and spent the remainder of World War II in the European theater. He was awarded several military awards, including the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Bronze Star Medal, and the Distinguished Service Medal. From 1969 To 1971, Kelley was the Division Engineer for the Corps' North Pacific Division in Portland, Oregon. He moved to New Orleans following his retirement from the US Army in 1971, with the rank of Brigadier General. Kelley worked as an engineer in New Orleans for many years, before starting his own construction and arbitration business. He was elected to several boards in Jefferson Parish.

Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)
The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. The exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration.

The Army's Distinguished Service Medal is equivalent to the Naval Service's Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Air and Space Forces' Distinguished Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. Prior to the creation of the Air Force's Distinguished Service Medal in 1960, United States Air Force airmen were awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Medal.
OKTV (interactive television service)
OKTV was an interactive television handset service employed by SMG for Scottish Television and Grampian Television. It was touted as a world first by the company upon introduction in 1996, two years before digital television was introduced.

The company was founded by computer scientist Chris Curry, who had a close relation with Clive Sinclair. His accolades included the first pocket calculator, designing the BBC computer and early interactive television systems. Before setting up OKTV, he set up General Information Services, which underlay the service. His company, which shared the same name as the service, aimed at becoming the first commercially viable interactive television service in the world.

Scottish Television
Scottish Television (now legally known as STV Central Limited) is the ITV network franchisee for Central Scotland. The channel — the largest of the three ITV franchises in Scotland — has been in operation since 31 August 1957 and is the second-oldest franchise holder in the UK that is still active (the oldest being Granada Television).

STV Central broadcasts from studios at Pacific Quay in Glasgow and is owned and operated by STV Group (formerly SMG plc), which also owns the Northern Scotland franchise, Grampian Television (now STV North), based in Aberdeen. It produces news for the west and east halves of its transmission region (STV News at Six) along with current affairs and feature programming for Northern and Central Scotland.

Along with STV North and ITV Border, STV Central is a commercial rival to the publicly funded national broadcaster, BBC Scotland.