hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alex Kemp (American football official)
Alex Kemp is an American professional football official in the National Football League (NFL). He wears uniform number 55. He entered the league in the 2014 season as a side judge and was promoted to referee for the 2018 season following the retirements of Ed Hochuli and Jeff Triplette. He went to Greenville High School in Greenville, Michigan. 
On January 2, 2022, Kemp was the referee during Antonio Brown’s departure from MetLife Stadium in New Jersey, and eventually his football career during a game between the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets.
In September 2023, Kemp went viral for his response to Seahawks quarterback Geno Smith interrupting him over an intentional grounding call, with Kemp replying, "I'm talking to America here."

Intentional grounding
In gridiron football, intentional grounding is a violation of the rules where "a passer...throws a forward pass without a realistic chance of completion." This typically happens when a quarterback about to be sacked passes the ball toward an area of the field with no eligible receiver. Without this rule, the quarterback could almost always avoid a sack by intentionally throwing an incomplete pass (which would stop the clock and return the ball to the line of scrimmage, avoiding any loss of yardage); instead, the penalty of intentional grounding effectively continues play as if the defense had succeeded in sacking the quarterback.
Fairholme Group
The Fairholme Group is a stratigraphic unit of Late Devonian (Frasnian) age. It is present on the western edge of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in the Rocky Mountains and foothills of Alberta and British Columbia. It was named for the Fairholme Range near Exshaw in the Canadian Rockies by H.H. Beach in 1943.

The formations of the Fairholme Group include fossils of marine animals such as stromatoporoids, corals, brachiopods, crinoids, and conodonts.

Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks.
Stratigraphy has three related subfields: lithostratigraphy (lithologic stratigraphy), biostratigraphy (biologic stratigraphy), and chronostratigraphy (stratigraphy by age).

Several principles and laws come into play when using stratigraphy such as Principle of original horizontality, Law of superposition, Cross-cutting relationships, Principle of inclusions, Principle of faunal succession.
Jan III of Oświęcim
Jan III of Oświęcim (Polish: Jan III oświęcimski) (1366-1376 – by 19 August 1405) was a Duke of Oświęcim since 1376 until his death.

He was the eldest child and only son of Duke Jan II of Oświęcim by his wife Hedwig, daughter of Ludwik I the Fair, Duke of Brzeg. Initially, historians thought that Dukes Jan II and Jan III are the same person, until the discovery of further sources who confirmed Jan III's existence.

Louis I of Brzeg
Louis I the Fair, also known as the Wise or the Righteous (Polish: Ludwik I Sprawiedliwy, Roztropny, or Prawy) or Louis I of Brzeg (Ludwik I brzeski; c. 1321 – 6/23 December 1398) was Duke of Legnica from 1342 to 1346 (jointly with his elder brother Wenceslaus I until 1345) and of Brzeg from 1358 until his death. A member of the Silesian Piasts, he was also regent of Legnica from 1364 to 1373.
Vohimalaza
Vohimalaza is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vangaindrano, which is a part of Atsimo-Atsinanana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 7,000 in 2001 commune census.

Only primary schooling is available. The majority 95% of the population of the commune are farmers.  The most important crop is cassava, while other important products are coffee, cloves, sweet potatoes and rice. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.

Clove
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum (/sɪˈzɪdʒiːəm ˌærəˈmætɪkəm/). They are native to the Maluku Islands, or Moluccas, in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice, flavoring, or fragrance in consumer products, such as toothpaste, soaps, or cosmetics. Cloves are available throughout the year owing to different harvest seasons across various countries.
Gmina Markuszów
Gmina Markuszów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Markuszów, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of Puławy and 25 km (16 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 40.39 square kilometres (15.6 sq mi), and as of 2011 its total population is 3,070. It is the smallest gmina in Puławy County in terms of area as well as population.

Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship (Polish: województwo lubelskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ luˈbɛlskʲɛ] ⓘ) is a voivodeship (province) of Poland, located in the southeastern part of the country, with its capital being the city of Lublin.

The region is named after its largest city and regional capital, Lublin, and its territory is made of four historical lands: the western and central part of the voivodeship, with Lublin itself, belongs to Lesser Poland, the eastern part of Lublin Area belongs to Cherven Cities/Red Ruthenia, and the northeast belongs to Polesie and Podlasie.
Lublin Voivodeship borders Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the south, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the south-west, Masovian Voivodeship to the west and north, Podlaskie Voivodeship along a short boundary to the north, Belarus (Brest Region) and Ukraine (Lviv and Volyn Regions) to the east. The region's population as of 2024 was 1,996,440. It covers an area of 25,155 square kilometres (9,712 sq mi).
Homey (smart hub)
Homey is a smart home hub manufactured by the Dutch company Athom B.V.

Homey has a mobile & web app interface with an open API that allows third-party developers to add support for their products in Homey. Like other smart home hubs, the purpose of Homey is to act as a central point of configuration, control and monitoring of components in a smart home. An automatic control flow is nicknamed a "Flow" in the Homey app.

Open API
An open API (often referred to as a public API) is a publicly available application programming interface that provides developers with programmatic access to a (possibly proprietary) software application or web service. Open APIs are APIs that are published on the internet and are free to access by consumers.
At Night All Blood Is Black
At Night All Blood Is Black (French: Frère d'âme, lit. 'Soul brother') is a novel by French author David Diop. First published in French on August 16, 2018, by Éditions du Seuil, it won the Prix Goncourt des Lycéens that same year.

The English translation by Anna Moschovakis won the 2021 International Booker Prize. It was published in the UK by Pushkin Press and in the US by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Pushkin Press
Pushkin Press is a British-based publishing house dedicated to publishing novels, essays, memoirs and children's books. The London-based company was founded in 1997 and is notable for publishing authors such as Stefan Zweig, Marcel Aymé, Antal Szerb, Paul Morand and Yasushi Inoue, as well as award-winning contemporary writers, including Andrés Neuman, Edith Pearlman, Ayelet Gundar-Goshen, Eka Kurniawan and Ryu Murakami.
Hungarian Rhapsody (1928 film)
Hungarian Rhapsody (German: Ungarische Rhapsodie) is a 1928 German silent drama film directed by Hanns Schwarz and starring Lil Dagover, Willy Fritsch and Dita Parlo. It depicts the life of an impoverished Hungarian aristocrat.

It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam and on location in Southern Hungary. Premiering at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo, it was one of the most popular German films released that year. In 1929, a sound version was prepared by Paramount Pictures due to the public's apathy to silent films. While the sound version has no audible dialog, it features a synchronized musical score with sound effects using both the sound-on-disc and sound-on-film process. Since the sound version was more widely seen, UFA producer Erich Pommer describe this film as his first "sound film", rather than Melody of the Heart.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Erich Kettelhut.

Ufa-Palast am Zoo
The Ufa-Palast am Zoo, located near Berlin Zoological Garden in the New West area of Charlottenburg, was a major Berlin cinema owned by Universum Film AG, or Ufa. Opened in 1919 and enlarged in 1925, it was the largest cinema in Germany until 1929 and was one of the main locations of film premières in the country. The building was destroyed in November 1943 during the Bombing of Berlin in World War II and replaced in 1957 by the Zoo Palast.
Courtmacsherry Harbour Lifeboat Station
Courtmacsherry Harbour Lifeboat Station is located on Sea Road, in the village of Courtmacsherry, County Cork, on the southern shore of the Argideen River estuary, approximately 45 kilometres (28 mi) south west of Cork, on the south coast of Ireland.

A lifeboat was placed at Courtmacsherry by the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) in 1825, but is known to have been unfit for service by 1840. The station was re-established by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1867.

The station currently operates 13-45 Val Adnams (ON 1352), a Shannon-class All-weather lifeboat, on station since 2023.

Courtmacsherry
Courtmacsherry (Irish: Cúirt Mhic Shéafraidh, meaning 'MacSherry's Court'), often referred to by locals as Courtmac, is a seaside village in County Cork, on the southwest coast of Ireland. It is 33 kilometres (21 mi) southwest of Cork city. The nearest town is  Clonakilty, 13 kilometres (8 mi) to the west (16 km by road). The village consists of a single long street on the southern shore of Courtmacsherry Bay, with thick woods on rising ground behind. The woods (planted by the Earl of Shannon in the late 18th century) continue beyond the village eastwards to the open sea, ending at Wood Point. Between the village and "The Point", the trees run right to the water's edge and there are several natural bathing coves along the way. The village is located in the Barony of Ibane and Barryroe.
Círculo Universitario de Quilmes
Círculo Universitario de Quilmes, commonly short named as CUQ, is an Argentine rugby union club sited in Quilmes, Buenos Aires.

The rugby union team currently plays in Primera División B, the second division of the URBA league system.

Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires
The Buenos Aires Rugby Union (Spanish: "Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires"), usually referred as URBA, is the Argentine governing body that organises and controls rugby union in the Buenos Aires Province (including the main district, Buenos Aires Autonomous City and one team from Rosario, Santa Fe). The remaining clubs from the province are distributed amongst four other unions: Unión de Rugby del Oeste de Buenos Aires in the west, Unión de Rugby del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires in the centre, Unión de Rugby de Mar del Plata in the east, and Unión de Rugby del Sur in the south.

URBA is the largest union of Argentina, with 76 clubs directly affiliated and 15 competing as guests. Those teams compete in 7 competitions organised by the body, including the Top 13, the oldest competition in Argentina with the first championship being held in 1899.

The Union also controls its representative team, which was the most 
successful team of the defunct Campeonato Argentino with 37 titles.
History of eugenics
The history of eugenics is the study of development and advocacy of ideas related to eugenics around the world. Early eugenic ideas were discussed in Ancient Greece and Rome. The height of the modern eugenics movement came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

David Starr Jordan
David Starr Jordan (January 19, 1851 – September 19, 1931) was the founding president of Stanford University, serving from 1891 to 1913. He was an ichthyologist during his research career. Prior to serving as president of Stanford University, he served as president of Indiana University from 1885 to 1891.

Jordan was also a strong supporter of eugenics, and his published views expressed a fear of "race-degeneration", asserting that cattle and human beings are "governed by the same laws of selection". He was an antimilitarist since he believed that war killed off the best members of the gene pool, and he initially opposed American involvement in World War I.
Hudson's Bay Oil and Gas Company
Hudson's Bay Oil and Gas Company Limited was a Canadian non-integrated petroleum company that operated between 1926 and 1982. Originally called the Hudson's Bay Marland Oil Company (HBMOC), it was founded as a joint venture between the Hudson's Bay Company and the Marland Oil Company with the purpose of producing oil on land where the HBC held mineral rights. In 1929 the Continental Oil Company (Conoco) purchased Marland Oil and reformed the HBMOC as the Hudson's Bay Oil and Gas Company (HBOG). By the 1960s HBOG had become the third largest oil producer in Canada. Between 1981 and 1982, Dome Petroleum, also based in Calgary, acquired HBOG for $4 billion in what was then the most expensive takeover in Canadian history. The purchase by Dome ultimately contributed to its own demise in 1988, at which time it was acquired by Amoco Canada.

Mineral rights
Mineral rights (often referred to as a "mineral interest" or a "mineral estate") are property rights to exploit an area for the minerals it harbors. Mineral rights can be separate from property ownership (as in a split estate).  Mineral rights can refer to sedentary minerals that do not move below the Earth's surface or fluid minerals such as oil or natural gas. There are three major types of mineral property: unified estate, severed or split estate, and fractional ownership of minerals.
Jazmon Gwathmey
Jazmon Chameli Gwathmey (born 24 January 1993) is a Puerto Rican professional basketball player for Lointek Gernika Bizkaia of the Liga Femenina de Baloncesto. She played for Indiana Fever of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

Gernika KESB
Gernika Kirol Elkartea Saski Baloia, also known as Lointek Gernika Bizkaia for sponsorship reasons, is a women's basketball team based in Gernika, Basque Country, Spain. The team currently plays in Liga Femenina.
Katie Griffin
Katie Griffin (born January 14, 1973) is a Canadian actress and singer who has appeared on television, films and voiced animations. Her roles include the voices of Sailor Mars in the original English Canadian dub of Sailor Moon, Lauren in Total Drama, Alex in Totally Spies!, Laugh-a-Lot Bear in Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot, Farmer Shire in Corn & Peg and Ma Barker in Go, Dog. Go!.

Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race
Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race (also known as Total Drama: The Ridonculous Race or simply The Ridonculous Race) is a Canadian animated reality television series which lampoons the conventions commonly found in reality television (specifically The Amazing Race). The show is a spin-off of the original Total Drama series created in 2007 and the second series created as part of the overall franchise. The series is created by Fresh TV Inc. and distributed by Cake Entertainment. The series premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on September 7, 2015, while in Canada, the series premiered on the Canadian version of Cartoon Network on January 4, 2016. It also aired on ABC3 in Australia, starting December 23, 2019, and CBBC (via BBC iPlayer) in the United Kingdom. The series consists of 26 episodes.
2018 Odlum Brown Vancouver Open – Men's doubles
James Cerretani and Neal Skupski were the defending champions but only Skupski chose to defend his title, partnering Luke Bambridge. Skupski successfully defended his title.

Bambridge and Skupski won the title after defeating Marc Polmans and Max Purcell 4–6, 6–3, [10–6] in the final.

Marc Polmans
Marc David Polmans (born 2 May 1997) is a South African-born Australian professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 116 achieved on 12 October 2020 and a best doubles ranking of world No. 63 achieved on 16 February 2026. His best achievement is reaching the 2026 Australian Open doubles final, with compatriot Jason Kubler.
Ephrata National Bank
Ephrata National Bank (ENB) is an American FDIC-insured community bank headquartered in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, United States. Established in 1881, ENB has locations in Lancaster, Lebanon, and Berks counties. In 2025, the bank announced an agreement to acquire Elkton, Maryland-based Cecil Bank.

Elkton, Maryland
Elkton is a town in and the county seat of Cecil County, Maryland, United States. The population was 15,776 at the 2020 census, up from 15,443 in 2010. It was formerly called Head of Elk because it sits at the head of navigation on the Elk River, one of the five tributary rivers that flow into the north of the Chesapeake Bay, east of the Susquehanna River and North East River, and north of the Bohemia River, and Sassafras River. 
The town constitutes part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area.

Elkton was once known as the Gretna Green of the East of the US because of its popularity as a place for eloping couples to marry.
John Hill (bishop)
Christianity portal

John Charles Hill (22 May 1862 – 29 March 1943) was the inaugural Suffragan Bishop of Hulme from 1924 until 1930.

Hill was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. After curacies in Kensington  and  Rotherham he was Rector of Halesowen then Rural Dean of Bury before his appointment to the episcopate.

Bury, Greater Manchester
Bury (/ˈbɛri/, /ˈbʊri/) is a market town on the River Irwell in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 81,101 in 2021, while the wider borough had a population of 193,846.

The town is part of the historic county of Lancashire but has been a part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester since 1974. Bury emerged in the Industrial Revolution as a mill town manufacturing textiles. The town is known for the open-air Bury Market and black pudding, the traditional local dish.

Sir Robert Peel was born in the town. Peel was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who founded the Metropolitan Police and the Conservative Party. There is a memorial and a monument for Peel, the former stands outside Bury Parish church and the latter overlooks the borough on Holcombe Hill. The town is 5 miles (8 km) east of Bolton, 6 miles (9.7 km) south-west of Rochdale and 8 miles (12.9 km) north-west of Manchester.
Stanley Falkow
Stanley "Stan" Falkow (January 24, 1934 – May 5, 2018) was an American microbiologist and a professor of microbiology at Georgetown University, University of Washington, and Stanford University School of Medicine. Falkow is known as the father of the field of molecular microbial pathogenesis. 
He formulated molecular Koch's postulates, which have guided the study of the microbial determinants of infectious diseases since the late 1980s. Falkow spent over 50 years uncovering molecular mechanisms of how bacteria cause disease and how to disarm them. Falkow also was one of the first scientists to investigate antimicrobial resistance, and presented his research extensively to scientific, government, and lay audiences explaining the spread of resistance from one organism to another, now known as horizontal gene transfer, and the implications of this phenomenon on our ability to combat infections in the future.

Shigella
Shigella is a genus of bacteria that is Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, non–spore-forming, nonmotile, rod shaped, and is genetically nested within Escherichia coli. The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who discovered it in 1897.

Shigella causes disease in primates, but not in other mammals; it is the causative agent of human shigellosis. It is only naturally found in humans and gorillas. During infection, it typically causes dysentery.

Shigella is a leading cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide, with 80–165 million annual cases (estimated) and 74,000 to 600,000 deaths. It is one of the top four pathogens that cause moderate-to-severe diarrhea in African and South Asian children.
158th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 158th Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the United States Army. It has subordinate battalions throughout Florida and Puerto Rico.

The 158th Infantry Brigade is an AC/RC unit based at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units in Florida and Puerto Rico. The brigade was activated using the assets of the 2nd Brigade, 87th Division. The brigade is a subordinate unit of U.S. First Army.

Army National Guard
The Army National Guard (ARNG) is an organized militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States Army. It is simultaneously part of two different organizations: the Militia of the United States (consisting of the ARNG of each state, most territories, and Washington D.C.), as well as the federal ARNG, as part of the National Guard as a whole (which includes the Air National Guard). It is divided into subordinate units stationed in each state or insular area, responsible to their respective governors or other head-of-government.

The Guard's origins are usually traced to the city of Salem, Massachusetts, in 1636. That year a regiment of militia drilled for the first time to defend a multi-community area within what is now the United States.
Line 50 (Amsterdam Metro)
Line 50 (Dutch: Metrolijn 50), also known as the Ring Line (Dutch: Ringlijn), is a line of the Amsterdam Metro system. It runs between Isolatorweg in the northwestern borough of Westpoort and Gein in the southeastern neighborhood of Gaasperdam. Despite its tangential route, the line is referred to as the Ring Line because it follows the embankment of the Ringspoorbaan (lit. 'ring railway') between Sloterdijk and the Rozenoordbrug over the Amstel.

Westpoort
Westpoort (Western Gateway or Western Port) is an international port area and one of the largest industrial parks in the Netherlands. The area covers the Port of Amsterdam and the industrial area in the northwest of Amsterdam.
Xanthoparmelia olivetorica
Xanthoparmelia olivetorica is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Southern Africa, it was formally described as a new species in 1986 by the American lichenologist Mason Hale. The type specimen was collected from the Table Mountain Nature Reserve (Cape Province), where it was found growing on sheltered sandstone ledges. The lichen thallus is tightly attached to its rock substrate, dark greenish-yellow in color (darkening towards the center), and measures 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) broad. It has a shiny black undersurface with sparse black rhizines  that are about 0.2 mm long. The lichen contains olivetoric acid (for which it is named) and usnic acid.

Usnic acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Frank H. Curd and Alexander Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including Usnea, Cladonia, Hypotrachyna, Lecanora, Ramalina, Evernia, Parmelia and Alectoria. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes.

At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).