hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Menagh
Menagh (Arabic: منق, also spelled Manaq or Manq) is a town near Azaz 16 km North of Aleppo in northwestern Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria.

Administratively part of Nahiya Azaz, Manaq had a population of 2,128 in the 2004 census. Nearby localities include Azaz to the north, Maraanaz to the northwest, Kaljibrin to the east and Tell Rifaat to the south.

Menagh is located by the Baghdad Railway connecting Aleppo with the Turkish city of Adana, and by the strategic highway 214 to Gaziantep. The Menagh Military Airbase is situated immediately to the west of the village.

Adana
Adana is a large city in southern Turkey. The city is situated on the Seyhan River, 35 km (22 mi) inland from the northeastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the administrative seat of the Adana province, and has a population of 1,816,750 (Seyhan, Yuregir, Cukurova, Saricam).

Adana lies in the heart of Cilicia, a region of around 6 million people. The region was particularly important in the classical world due to its location by a pass in the Taurus Mountains (both for military campaigns and trade routes), and its wealth in metal and agricultural assets, including the large fertile plain of Çukurova.

Adana remains a centre for regional trade, and public and private services. Agriculture, healthcare and logistics are important parts of the economy. The city is connected to Tarsus and Mersin by TCDD train. The closest public airport is Çukurova International Airport.
History of human thought
The history of human thought covers the history of philosophy, history of science and history of political thought and spans across the history of humanity. The academic discipline studying it is called intellectual history.

Merlin Donald has claimed that human thought has progressed through three historic stages: the episodic, the mimetic, and the mythic stages, before reaching the current stage of theoretic thinking or culture. According to him the final transition occurred with the invention of science in Ancient Greece.

Merlin Donald
Merlin Wilfred Donald (born November 17, 1939) is an emeritus Canadian professor of psychology, neuroanthropology, and cognitive neuroscience, at Case Western Reserve University, and in the Department of Psychology at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He is noted for the position that evolutionary processes need to be considered in determining how the mind deals with symbolic information and language. In particular, he suggests that explicit, algorithmic processes (the computational theory of mind) may be inadequate to understanding how the mind works.

He is also known as the proponent of the mimetic theory of speech origins.
Perfect Circle
Perfect Circle can refer to:

A type of circle

The Perfect Circle, a 1997 movie by Bosnian director Ademir Kenovic.

Perfect Circle (novel), 2004 novel by Sean Stewart

Perfect Circle (song), song from R.E.M.'s debut album Murmur

A Perfect Circle, rock band

The Perfect Circle Co., U.S. manufacturer of piston rings, now part of Mahle GmbH

Mahle GmbH
MAHLE GmbH is a German automotive parts manufacturer based in Stuttgart, Germany. It is one of the largest automotive suppliers worldwide. As a manufacturer of components and systems for the combustion engine and its periphery, the company is one of the three largest systems suppliers worldwide for engine systems, filtration, electrics, mechatronics, and thermal management. In 2018, Mahle's sales amounted to over €12.5 billion.

As of 2022, its approximately 72,000 employees work in 152 production plants and 12 major research and development centers in Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Brazil, Japan, China, India, Poland, Romania, Spain, and Slovenia. Worldwide, over 6000 development engineers and technicians work as partners for Mahle's customers on new products and systems.
Chandrakant Danve
Chandrakant Pundlikrao Danve is an Indian politician from Jalna district of Maharashtra. He belongs to the Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar).
Danve was elected three times as MLA from Bhokardan Assembly constituency as Nationalist Congress Party candidate (2003, 2004 and 2009).

After the death of the then Bhokardan MLA Vitthalrao Anna Sapkal, Chandrakant Danve was elected for the first time in the 2003 Bhokardan Assembly by-election.

He was the son of Pundlik Hari Danve, former member of parliament (1977 and 1989) from Jalna Lok Sabha constituency.

Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar
The Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar or NCP–SP is a political party in India formed under the leadership of Sharadchandra Pawar (commonly known as Sharad Pawar). It was formed after the Election Commission of India (ECI) recognised the group led by his nephew Ajit Pawar as the original Nationalist Congress Party.
Enoch Woodbridge
Enoch Woodbridge (December 25, 1750 – April 21, 1805) was a Vermont attorney, politician, and judge.  A veteran of the American Revolution, he served as a justice of the Vermont Supreme Court from 1794 to 1800, and chief justice from 1798 to 1800.

Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Stockbridge is a town in Berkshire County in Western Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,018 at the 2020 census. A year-round resort area, Stockbridge is home to the Norman Rockwell Museum, Naumkeag, a public garden and historic house, the Austen Riggs Center (a psychiatric treatment center), and Chesterwood, home and studio of sculptor Daniel Chester French.
Karst Trail
The Karst Trail (German: Karstwanderweg) is a marked and signed footpath that runs for over 250 kilometres between Förste in Lower Saxony and Pölsfeld in Saxony-Anhalt through the karst landscape of the South Harz in Germany.

The path runs past a number of areas of natural beauty, including caves like the Heimkehle and the Barbarossa Cave, sinkholes like the Juessee and the Schwimmende Insel, depressions, moor landscapes like the Teufelsbäder, karst springs like the Rhumequelle and the Teufelsloch, disappearing streams and subterranean rivers like the Bauerngraben and gypsum rocks.

Losing stream
A losing stream, disappearing stream,  influent stream or sinking river is a stream or river that loses water  as it flows downstream. The water  infiltrates into the ground recharging the local groundwater, because the water table is below the bottom of the stream channel. This is the opposite of a more common gaining  stream (or effluent stream) which increases in water volume farther downstream as it gains water from the local aquifer.

Losing streams are common in arid areas due to the climate which results in huge amounts of water evaporating from the river generally towards the mouth. Losing streams are also common in regions of karst topography where the streamwater may be completely captured by a cavern system, becoming a subterranean river.
OpenMAX
OpenMAX (Open Media Acceleration), often shortened as "OMX", is a non-proprietary and royalty-free cross-platform set of C-language programming interfaces. It provides abstractions for routines that are especially useful for processing of audio, video, and still images. It is intended for low power and embedded system devices (including smartphones, game consoles, digital media players, and set-top boxes) that need to efficiently process large amounts of multimedia data in predictable ways, such as video codecs, graphics libraries, and other functions for video, image, audio, voice and speech.

OpenMAX provides three layers of interfaces: application layer (AL), integration layer (IL) and development layer (DL). OpenMAX  is managed by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group.

Codec
A codec is a computer hardware or software component that encodes or decodes a data stream or signal. Codec is a portmanteau of coder/decoder.

In electronic communications, an endec is a device that acts as both an encoder and a decoder on a signal or data stream, and hence is a type of codec. Endec is a portmanteau of encoder/decoder.

A coder or encoder encodes a data stream or a signal for transmission or storage, possibly in encrypted form, and the decoder function reverses the encoding for playback or editing. Codecs are used in videoconferencing, streaming media, and video editing applications.
Hilde Riis
Hilde Synnøve Riis (born 6 May 1959) is a Norwegian cross-country skier. She was born in Lørenskog, and represented the club Sylling IF. She competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, where she placed 30th in the 10 km.

Lørenskog
Lørenskogⓘ is a municipality in Akershus county, Norway. A suburb of Oslo, it is part of the Oslo urban area and the traditional region of Romerike. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Lørenskog.  Lørenskog was separated from the municipality of Skedsmo on 1 January 1908.
2021–22 Charleston Cougars men's basketball team
The 2021–22 College of Charleston Cougars men's basketball team represented the College of Charleston in the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Cougars, led by first-year head coach Pat Kelsey, played their home games at the TD Arena in Charleston, South Carolina as members of the Colonial Athletic Association. The Cougars finished the season 17–15, 8–10 in CAA play to finish in sixth place. They defeated Hofstra in the quarterfinals of the CAA tournament before losing to UNC Wilmington in the semifinals.

2022 CAA men's basketball tournament
The 2022 Colonial Athletic Association men's basketball tournament was the postseason men's college basketball tournament for the Colonial Athletic Association for the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The tournament was held March 5–8, 2022, at the Entertainment and Sports Arena in Washington, D.C. The winner, the Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens, received the conference's automatic bid to the 2022 NCAA tournament.
Renegades (2017 film)
Renegades, known as American Renegades in the United States, is a 2017 English-language action thriller film directed by Steven Quale and written by Luc Besson and Richard Wenk. The film stars Sullivan Stapleton, J. K. Simmons and Charlie Bewley, and follows a team of Navy SEALs who are asked to salvage Nazi gold stored in a bank vault in a submerged town at the bottom of a Bosnian lake. It was released in Germany on September 1, 2017, and in France on August 29, 2018. It was released on Blu-ray and DVD in the United States on January 22, 2019, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment.

Nazi gold
Much of the focus of the discussion about Nazi gold (German: Raubgold, "stolen gold") concerns how much of it Nazi Germany transferred to overseas banks during World War II. The Nazis looted the assets of their victims (including those in concentration camps) to accumulate wealth. In 1998, a Swiss commission estimated that the Swiss National Bank had received $440 million (equivalent to $8.5 billion in 2024) of Nazi gold, over half of which is believed to have been looted.

Some of the accumulated wealth was used to finance the war and potentially the escapes of Nazi fugitives to South America, but the total wealth or method of its spending remains subject to investigation. The fate of the gold has been the subject of several books, conspiracy theories, and a failed civil lawsuit brought in January 2000 against the Vatican Bank and the Franciscan Order.
Horst-Herzhorn
Horst-Herzhorn is an Amt (collective municipality) in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in Horst. Before 1 January 2008, when it was merged with the Amt Herzhorn, it was named Amt Horst.

The Amt Horst-Herzhorn consists of the following municipalities:

Altenmoor

Blomesche Wildnis

Borsfleth

Engelbrechtsche Wildnis

Herzhorn

Hohenfelde

Horst

Kiebitzreihe

Kollmar

Krempdorf

Neuendorf bei Elmshorn

Sommerland

53°49′01″N 9°37′01″E﻿ / ﻿53.817°N 9.617°E﻿ / 53.817; 9.617

Amt
Amt is a type of administrative division governing a group of municipalities, today only in Germany, but formerly also common in other countries of Northern Europe. Its size and functions differ by country and the term is roughly equivalent to a British or U.S. county.
All American Stakes
The All American Stakes is a Listed American Thoroughbred race for horses three-years-old and older over a distance of one mile on the turf at Golden Gate Fields, Berkeley, California. It currently offers a purse of $100,000.

Jerry Hollendorfer
Jerry Hollendorfer (born June 18, 1946, in Akron, Ohio) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer whose notable horses include Eclipse Award winners Blind Luck, Shared Belief and Songbird. He has the most wins in the history of Northern California racehorse trainers. In 2011, he was inducted into the US Racing Hall of Fame.
Battery D, 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment
Battery D, 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment was an artillery battery from the state of Illinois that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The battery was authorized in July 1861 at Cairo, Illinois. The unit fought at Fort Donelson and Shiloh in 1862, Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, and Vicksburg in 1863, and Meridian, Atlanta, and Nashville in 1864. The battery was mustered out of Federal service in July 1865.

Battle of Nashville
The Battle of Nashville was a two-day battle in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign that represented the end of large-scale fighting west of the coastal states in the American Civil War. It was fought at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15–16, 1864, between the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lieutenant General John Bell Hood and the Union Army of the Cumberland (Dept. of the Cumberland) (AoC) under Major General George H. Thomas. In one of the largest victories achieved by the Union army during the war, Thomas attacked and routed Hood's army, largely destroying it as an effective fighting force.
John Peder Zane
John Peder Zane (born 1962) is an American journalist who is a columnist for RealClearPolitics and Editor-in-Chief for RealClearInvestigations. His national awards include the Distinguished Writing Award for Commentary from the American Society of News Editors.

American Society of News Editors
The American Society of News Editors (ASNE) was a membership organization for editors, producers or directors in charge of journalistic organizations or departments, deans or faculty at university journalism schools, and leaders and faculty of media-related foundations and training organizations. In 2019, it merged with the Associated Press Media Editors to become the News Leaders Association.
Gotfredsen
Gotfredsen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Leif Gotfredsen (1934–2006), Canadian rower

Nanna Gotfredsen (born 1969), Danish politician

Nicholas Gotfredsen (born 1989), Danish footballer

Nanna Gotfredsen
Nanna W. Gotfredsen (born 11 March 1969) is a Danish lawyer and politician and Member of the Folketing for Copenhagen from the Moderates. Alongside sixteen other members of The Moderates, Gotfredsen was elected to the Folketing in November 2022.
James Monteith Grant
Sir James Monteith Grant KCVO KStJ WS FSA Scot FRHSC (Hon) (19 October 1903 – 1 December 1981) was Lord Lyon King of Arms of Scotland from 1969 to 1981.

Educated at the Edinburgh Academy and the University of Edinburgh, where he studied law, he was appointed a Writer to the Signet (WS) in 1927. His first heraldic appointment was as Carrick Pursuivant in 1946. He was promoted to Marchmont Herald in 1957 and then to Lord Lyon in 1969. He was also Secretary to the Order of the Thistle from 1971 until 1981. From his retirement as Lord Lyon in 1981, he again held the post of Marchmont Herald until his death later that year.

He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (FSA Scot), a Knight of the Venerable Order of St John (KStJ) from 1970, and a Commander 2nd Class of the Order of the Polar Star (KNO2kl) of Sweden from 1975. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1969.

Royal Heraldry Society of Canada
The Royal Heraldry Society of Canada (RHSC; French: Société royale héraldique du Canada) is a Canadian organization that promotes interest in heraldry in Canada. It was founded in 1966 and granted royal patronage in 2002.
Deinandra pallida
Deinandra pallida, the Kern tarweed, is a California species of plants in the tribe Madieae within the family Asteraceae. It has been found in the Coast Ranges, southern San Joaquin Valley, and Sierra Nevada foothills in Kern, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Tulare, and Kings Counties. Isolated populations have been reported from further north in Tuolumne County and northwestern Fresno County.

Deinandra pallida is an annual herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall. It produces numerous flower heads in showy arrays, each head with 7-12 yellow ray florets and as many as 21 disc florets with yellow corollas and yellow or brown anthers.

Fresno County, California
Fresno County (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ ⓘ), officially the County of Fresno, is located in the central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,008,654. The county seat is Fresno, the fifth-most populous city in California. Fresno County comprises the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Fresno–Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Central Valley, south of Stockton and north of Bakersfield. Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno County's and the entire Central Valley's water security.
Az Much Ass Azz U Want
Az Much Ass Azz U Want is one of two extended play albums by American female rap group H.W.A. The EP was released on February 22, 1994, under Ruthless Records and was produced by Cold 187um, Mista Choc, DJ Yella and Rhythum D, with executive production by Eazy-E. Due to the record being both a critical and commercial failure, only making it to #71 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and #33 on the Top Heatseekers album charts, the group disbanded later the same year. One single was released, "All That (Juzt A Little Action)", but it did not make it on any album charts. The music video received heavy airplay and featured an appearance by Eazy-E.

Cold 187um
Gregory Fernard Hutchison (born August 4, 1967), known as Big Hutch and Cold 187um, is an American rapper and producer, and leader of the rap group Above the Law. He currently records for his self-founded label.
West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
The West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role is given yearly by WBFJA as a part of its annual West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards for Bengali films, to recognize the best actor in a film released in the previous year.

Paran Banerjee
Paran Banerjee (also  spelled as Paran Bandyopadhyay) is an Indian Bengali film, television and stage actor based in Kolkata. He has worked with Bengali film director Sandip Ray, the son of filmmaker and author Satyajit Ray.
Peres–Hussein London Agreement
The London Agreement between King Hussein of Jordan and Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister Shimon Peres was signed during a secret meeting held at the residence of Lord Mishcon in London on April 11, 1987. Also present in the meeting were Jordanian Prime Minister Zaid al-Rifai and Director General of the Israeli Foreign Affairs Ministry, Yossi Beilin.

Victor Mishcon, Baron Mishcon
Victor Mishcon, Baron Mishcon, QC, DL (14 August 1915 – 27 January 2006) was a leading British solicitor and a Labour politician. His firm acted for Diana, Princess of Wales in her divorce.

The Mishcon Lectures were established at University College, London in 1990 in honour of Lord Mishcon to mark his 75th birthday and in recognition of his achievements and service in the fields of law, education, religion, government and politics, both central and local.
A Golden Age
A Golden Age is the first novel of the Bangladesh-born writer Tahmima Anam.  It tells the story of the Bangladesh War of Liberation through the eyes of one family. The novel was awarded the prize for Best First Book in the Commonwealth Writers' Prize 2008. It was also shortlisted for the 2007 Guardian First Book Award. The first chapter of the novel appeared in the January 2007 edition of Granta magazine.

In 2022, the novel was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

Granta
Granta is a literary magazine and publisher in the United Kingdom whose mission centres on its "belief in the power and urgency of the story, both in fiction and non-fiction, and the story's supreme ability to describe, illuminate and make real." In 2007, The Observer stated: "In its blend of memoirs and photojournalism, and in its championing of contemporary realist fiction, Granta has its face pressed firmly against the window, determined to witness the world."

Granta has published twenty-seven laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Literature published by Granta has regularly won such prizes as the Forward Prize, T. S. Eliot Prize, Pushcart Prize and more.
Rabelais (crater)
Rabelais is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 154 kilometres (96 miles). Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. Rabelais is named for the French writer François Rabelais.

The crater Ma Chih-Yuan is to the west of Rabelais, Coleridge is to the north, and Khansa is to the east.

The scarps of Adventure Rupes are to the south.  A scarp that is informally named Rabelais Dorsum cuts across Adventure Rupes.

Adventure Rupes
Adventure Rupes is an escarpment on Mercury approximately 270 kilometres (170 miles) long located in the southern hemisphere of Mercury. Discovered by the Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974, it was formed by a thrust fault, thought to have occurred due to the shrinkage of the planet's core as it cooled over time.

Adventure Rupes has an arcuate shape with the scarp face on the convex side of the arc. It has a relief of about 1.3 km and is a continuation of Resolution Rupes and Discovery Rupes along a rough arc, which extends for more than 1000 km. Adventure Rupes is separated from Resolution Rupes by a high relief ridge informally named Rabelais Dorsum, which crosscuts the scarps. This means that Resolution Rupes and Adventure Rupes may be parts of one large structure similar in length to Discovery Rupes.

The scarp is named after HMS Adventure, one of James Cook's ships on his second voyage to the Pacific, 1772–1775.
Circuit Layer Operations per Second
Circuit Layer Operations per Second (CLOPS) is a benchmarking metric of quantum computers developed by IBM in 2021. While Quantum volume is more indicative of a qubit's performance and quality, CLOPS is a measure of a quantum computer’s execution speed. CLOPS incorporates both the time to run a circuit as well as the real-time and near-time classical computation, enabling it to serve as a holistic single measure of speed.  CLOPS in conjunction with the number of qubits and the quantum volume was originally envisioned by IBM to be the 3 core metrics for comparing quantum devices.

Benchmark (computing)
In computing, a benchmark is the act of running a computer program, a set of programs, or other operations, in order to assess the relative performance of an object, normally by running a number of standard tests and trials against it.

The term benchmark is also commonly utilized for the purposes of elaborately designed benchmarking programs themselves.

Benchmarking is usually associated with assessing performance characteristics of computer hardware, for example, the floating point operation performance of a CPU, but there are circumstances when the technique is also applicable to software. Software benchmarks are, for example, run against compilers or database management systems (DBMS).

Benchmarks provide a method of comparing the performance of various subsystems across different chip/system architectures. Benchmarking as a part of continuous integration is called Continuous Benchmarking.