hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
ISO 3166-2:CL
ISO 3166-2:CL is the entry for Chile in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Chile, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 16 regions.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is CL, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Chile. The second part is two letters.

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.
Robert Gifford (psychologist)
Robert Gifford was Professor of Psychology and Environmental Studies from 1979 to 2024 at the University of Victoria. His main research interests are environmental psychology, social psychology and personality psychology, including work on nonverbal behavior and climate change behavior barriers. From 2004 to 2016, he was the editor in chief of the Journal of Environmental Psychology. In 2024, the University of Victoria terminated Gifford's employment for sexual harassment of a graduate student.

Social psychology
Social psychology is the methodical study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Although studying many of the same substantive topics as its counterpart in the field of sociology, psychological social psychology places more emphasis on the individual, rather than society; the influence of social structure and culture on individual outcomes, such as personality, behavior, and one's position in social hierarchies. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables influence social interactions.
Turbutt Wright
Turbutt Wright (February 5, 1741 – 1783) was an American planter and political leader from Queen Anne's County, Maryland.  He was a delegate for Maryland in the Continental Congress sessions of 1782.

Turbutt was born on his father's plantation of White Marsh near Centreville and lived there his entire life.  He became politically active when he was elected to Maryland's General Assembly in 1773.  He joined the revolutionary conventions that began to function as a government in 1775.

Wright was a delegate to Maryland's constitutional convention in 1776, and that same year was appointed to the colony's Committee of Safety for the Eastern Shore.  Under the new constitution he again served in the state general assembly in 1781 and 1782.  On November 28, 1781 the legislature named him as a delegate to the Continental Congress and he attended both sessions the following year.

Queen Anne's County, Maryland
Queen Anne's County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 49,874. Its county seat and most populous municipality is Centreville. The census-designated place of Stevensville is the county's most populous place with a population of 7,442 as of 2020. The county is named for Queen Anne of Great Britain, who reigned when the county was established in 1706 during the colonial period. The county is part of the Mid-Eastern Shore region of the state.

Queen Anne's County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area, and is the easternmost in both.

Chesapeake Bay Bridge connects Kent Island in Queen Anne's County across Chesapeake Bay to Anne Arundel County. The American Discovery Trail runs through the county.
Buck Henshaw
George Herbert Henshaw (April 18, 1918 – August 20, 2003) was an American set designer. He was known for his work on the television programs Hawaii Five-O and Magnum, P.I..

Henshaw attended at Punahou School, and graduated from Stanford University before working as a newspaper columnist. He then attended Officer Candidate School and served in World War II, being taken prisoner by the Japanese forces and promoted to lieutenant commander upon his release. He then worked in Los Angeles, California at CBS Studios as an usher. Henshaw was also a songwriter.

He died in August 2003 at the Queen's Medical Center in Honolulu, Hawaii, at the age of 85. Henshaw was buried in Oahu Cemetery.

Punahou School
Punahou School (known as Oahu College until 1934) is a private, co-educational, college preparatory school in Honolulu, Hawaii. More than 3,700 students attend the school from kindergarten through 12th grade. The school was established by Protestant missionaries in 1841.
Adami Tullu and Jido Kombolcha
Adami Tullu and Jido Kombolcha (Oromo: Adaamii tulluu fi jiido kombolcha) is one of the districts in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Part of the East Shewa Zone located in the Great Rift Valley, Adami Tullu and Jido Kombolcha is bordered on the south by West Arsi Zone with which it shares the shores of Lakes Abijatta and Langano, on the west by the Silte Zone of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the north by Dugda Bora, on the northeast by Hora-Dambal, and on the east by the Arsi Zone. The main town of district is Adami Tullu; other towns include Abosa, Bulbulla, and Jido.

Lake Langano
Lake Langano (Oromo: Hora Langaanoo, Amharic: ላንጋኖ ሐይቅ) is a lake in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, exactly 200 kilometers by road south of the capital, Addis Ababa, on the border between the East Shewa Zone and Arsi Zones. It is located to the east of Lake Abijatta in the Main Ethiopian Rift at an elevation of 1,585 meters.
Alexander Dunn (badminton)
Alexander Dunn (born 13 September 1998)  is a Scottish badminton player. Born in Bellshill, Dunn started playing badminton at aged seven, and joined the national team in 2009. He won a bronze medal at the 2015 European Junior Championships in the boys' doubles event with his partner Adam Hall, also the silver medal in the mixed doubles event with Eleanor O'Donnell in 2017. He competed at the 2018 and 2022 Commonwealth Games.

Bellshill
Bellshill (pronounced "Bells hill") is a town in North Lanarkshire in Scotland, ten miles (sixteen kilometres) southeast of Glasgow city centre and 37 mi (60 km) west of Edinburgh. Other nearby localities are Motherwell 2 mi (3 km) to the south, Hamilton 3 mi (5 km) to the southwest, Viewpark 1+1⁄2 mi (2.5 km) to the west, Holytown 2 mi (3 km) to the east and Coatbridge 3 mi (5 km) to the north.

The town of Bellshill (including the villages of Orbiston and Mossend) has a population of about 20,650. From 1996 to 2016, it was considered to be part of the Greater Glasgow metropolitan area. Since then it has been counted as part of a continuous suburban settlement anchored by Motherwell, with a total population of around 125,000.
Ongo, Missouri
Ongo is an unincorporated community in northwestern Douglas County, Missouri, United States. Ongo is located on Missouri Route UU, on the north bank of Swan Creek. The Douglas-Christian county line is approximately one mile to the west. Missouri Route 14 is about two miles to the north and Honey Branch Cave, about one mile north.

Ongo had a post office from 1897 until 1949.

Douglas County, Missouri
Douglas County is a county located in the south-central portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,578. The county seat and only incorporated community is Ava. The county was officially organized on October 19, 1857, and is named after U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D-Illinois) and later Democratic presidential candidate.
Tapan Baruah
Tapan Baruah (Assamese: তপন বৰুৱা) (borne: Madan Das) was the first Commander of 28th Battalion of ULFA. Killed on 20 May 2002, Tapan Baruah was widely known as a skilled hardcore militant in guerrilla warfare in the outlawed United Liberation Front of Asom.

According to conflict analysts Tapan Baruah was trained in Kachin and Afghanistan.

Baruah was also ULFA's Action Group Commander.

Kachin State
Kachin State (Burmese: ကချင်ပြည်နယ်; Kachin: Jinghpaw Mungdaw) is the northernmost state of Myanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east (Tibet and Yunnan, respectively), Shan State to the south, and Sagaing Region and India (Arunachal Pradesh) to the west. It lies between north latitude 23° 27' and 28° 25' longitude 96° 0' and 98° 44'. The area of Kachin State is 89,041 km2 (34,379 sq mi). The capital of the state is Myitkyina. Other important towns include Bhamo, Mohnyin and Putao.

Kachin State has Myanmar's highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi at 5,889 metres (19,321 ft), forming the southern tip of the Himalayas, and a large inland lake, Indawgyi Lake. It also has the most national parks of any administrative division in Myanmar, that being three.
Afrig
Afrig (died 4th century) was the Iranian founder of the Afrighid dynasty of Khwarazm. He is said to have built a fortress known as Fil or Fir near his capital in Kath. Not much more is known about him; he was later succeeded by his son Baghra.

Beruniy
Beruniy (Uzbek: Beruniy/Беруний; Karakalpak: Biruniy/Бируний; Russian: Беруни) is a city in the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. It is located on the northern bank of the Amu Darya near Uzbekistan's border with Turkmenistan. The city is the seat of Beruniy District. Historically, Beruniy was known as Kath (Persian/Arabic: کاث; modern Uzbek: Kos) and served as the capital of Khwarazm during the Afrighid dynasty. In 1957, it was renamed "Beruniy" in honor of the medieval scholar and polymath Al-Biruni who was born here. Beruniy received city status in 1962.

Beruniy is an important industrial city in Karakalpakstan. It is home to an asphalt plant, a brick factory, a cotton plant, and a shoe factory. There are also many textile factories.
Cysteine lyase
The enzyme cysteine lyase (EC 4.4.1.10)  catalyzes the chemical reaction

L-cysteine + sulfite  L-cysteate + hydrogen sulfide

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (adding sulfite; L-cysteate-forming). Other names in common use include cysteine (sulfite) lyase, and L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (adding sulfite).  This enzyme participates in cysteine and taurine metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

ATP → cAMP + PPi

Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they require only one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.
Bruce Deacon
Bruce William Deacon (born December 5, 1966) is a former Canadian long-distance runner, notably in the full marathon. Deacon was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Deacon competed in the marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics. He placed 11th and 16th respectively at the World Athletics Championships in 1995 and 1997. Deacon was the first two-time winner and is currently the only three-time winner of the California International Marathon (in 1991, 1995, and 2001), as well as 8th, 6th, and 4th-place finishes in 1990, 1998, and 2002 respectively. At the 2002 event, he set a personal best with a time of 2:13:18. Deacon claimed the silver medal in the marathon at the 2003 Pan American Games. Now retired from competing internationally, Bruce is a coach and sport consultant, working for Run Fast Consulting Inc.

Athletics at the 2003 Pan American Games – Men's marathon
The men's marathon event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Saturday, 9 August 2003. Brazil's title defender Vanderlei de Lima once again proved to be the best marathoner, clocking a winning time of 2h 19m 08s.
Kaori Ishihara
Kaori Ishihara (石原 夏織, Ishihara Kaori; born August 6, 1993) is a Japanese voice actress and singer managed by Style Cube. She was formerly part of Up-Front Agency in which she was involved with Happy! Style and Team Dekaris. She was affiliated with Sigma Seven from 2013 to 2017. She was a member of StylipS until April 2013, and YuiKaori alongside Yui Ogura. As a solo singer, she recorded several character songs for one of each characters. A couple of singles have charted on Oricon.

Sigma Seven
Sigma Seven, Inc. (株式会社シグマ・セブン, Kabushiki-gaisha Shiguma Sebun) is a Japanese talent management firm representing a fair number of voice actors and entertainers. Founded on March 3, 1988, Sigma Seven is headquartered on the third floor of the Haga Building in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.
Michael T. Clegg
Michael Tran Clegg (born August 1, 1941) is an American plant geneticist. He is professor emeritus of ecology and evolutionary biology in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine).

Plant genetics
Plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in plants. It is generally considered a field of biology and botany, but it intersects with numerous life sciences, including molecular biology, evolutionary biology, and bioinformatics. Plants are used for genetic research in a multitude of disciplines. Understanding plant genetics is used for improving crop yields, developing disease-resistant plants, advancing agricultural biotechnology and making advancements in medicine. The study of plant genetics has significant economic and agricultural implications. Thus, there are many plant models and genetic tools that have been developed to study plants. Genetic research has led to the development of high-yield, pest-resistant, and climate-adapted crops. Advances in genetic modification (GMO Crops) and selective breeding continue to enhance global food security by improving nutritional value, resistance to environmental stress, and overall crop performance.
Kirishima-Kinkowan National Park
Kirishima-Kinkowan National Park (霧島錦江湾国立公園, Kirishima-Kinkōwan Kokuritsu Kōen) is a national park in Kyūshū, Japan. It is composed of Kirishima-Kagoshima Bay, an area of Kagoshima Prefecture and Miyazaki Prefecture known for its active volcanoes, volcanic lakes, and onsen. The total area is 365.86 square kilometres (141.26 sq mi).

Lake Ikeda
Lake Ikeda (池田湖湖, Ikeda-ko) is a caldera lake located 40 km (25 mi) south of Kagoshima city; Kyūshū island, Japan. It is perhaps best known to tourists as the location of the purported sightings of a monster named Issie, and as the largest lake on Kyūshū island with a surface area of 11 km2 (4.2 sq mi) and a shoreline length of 15 km (9.3 mi).
Marduk-ahhe-eriba
Marduk-aḫḫē-erība, inscribed in cuneiform contemporarily as mdAMAR.UTU-ŠEŠ-MEŠ-SU, meaning: “Marduk has replaced the brothers for me,” a designation given to younger sons whose older siblings have typically predeceased them, ruled c. 1042 BC as the 9th king of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin and the 4th Dynasty of Babylon, but only for around 6 months using the date formula: MU 1 ITI 6, which first appears in Kassite times and is open to interpretation. According to the Synchronistic Kinglist he was a contemporary of the Assyrian king Aššur-bêl-kala where only the beginning of his name appears below that of his immediate predecessor Adad-apla-iddina.

Isin
Isin (Sumerian: 𒉌𒋛𒅔𒆠, romanized: I3-si-inki, modern Arabic: إيشان بحريات Ishan al-Bahriyat) is an archaeological site in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq which was the location of the Ancient Near East city of Isin, occupied from the late 4th millennium Uruk period up until at least the late 1st millennium BC Neo-Babylonian period. It lies about 40 km (25 mi) southeast of the modern city of Al Diwaniyah.

The tutelary deity of Isin, dating back to at least the Early Dynastic period, was the healing goddess Gula with a major temple (, E-gal-ma) sited there as well as smaller installations for the related gods of Ninisina and Sud.
Soldridge
Soldridge is a hamlet in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Alton, just off the A31 road.

The nearest railway station is the restored Medstead & Four Marks station on the Watercress Line, trains from which connect with the nearest national rail station 5 miles (8 km) to the northeast, at Alton.

A31 road
The A31 is a major trunk road in southern England that runs from Guildford in Surrey to Bere Regis in Dorset.
Its best-known section is the Hog's Back, a ridge forming part of the North Downs between Guildford and Farnham in Surrey.
1801 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1801 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place on September 1, 1801. It resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.

The Vermont General Assembly met in Newbury on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.

The committee examined the votes, which showed that Isaac Tichenor was chosen for a fifth one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a sixth one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a second one-year term as treasurer. Vote totals for the governor's race were not recorded, but one Vermont newspaper indicated that Tichenor had been reelected "by a large majority."

Newbury (town), Vermont
Newbury is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 2,293 at the 2020 census. Newbury includes the villages of Newbury, Center Newbury, West Newbury, South Newbury, Boltonville, Peach Four Corners, and Wells River.
A. Pauliah
A. Pauliah was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly as an Indian National Congress (Organisation) candidate from the Colachel constituency in the 1971 election and as an Indian National Congress candidate in the 1989 and 1991 elections.

Colachal Assembly constituency
Colachel is an assembly constituency located in Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency in Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.
The Buteman
The Buteman was a weekly tabloid newspaper serving the Isle of Bute in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. It first published in 1854 and ceased in 2019. The final publisher was Angus County Press Ltd, a company within the Scotland and North East England division of JPIMedia.

Johnston Press
Johnston Press plc was a multimedia company founded in Falkirk, Scotland, in 1767. Its flagship titles included UK-national newspaper the i, The Scotsman, the Yorkshire Post, the Falkirk Herald, and Belfast's The News Letter. The company was operating around 200 newspapers and associated websites around the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man when it went into administration and was then purchased by JPIMedia in 2018.

The Falkirk Herald was the company's first acquisition in 1846. Johnston Press's assets were transferred to JPIMedia in 2018, who continued to publish its titles.

Johnston Press announced it would place itself in administration on 16 November 2018 after it was unable to find a suitable buyer of the business to refinance £220m of debt. It was delisted from the London Stock Exchange on 19 November 2018. Johnston Press and its assets were brought under the control of JPIMedia on 17 November 2018 after a pre-packaged deal was agreed with creditors.
Cormorant Channel Marine Provincial Park
Cormorant Channel Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the Pearse Islands, a small archipelago to the east of Cormorant Island and the Village of Alert Bay at the western end of Johnstone Strait.

Alert Bay
Alert Bay, also known as ʼYalis in Kwakʼwala, is a village on Cormorant Island, near the town of Port McNeill on northeast Vancouver Island, in the Regional District of Mount Waddington, British Columbia, Canada.
Squamulea
Squamulea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 15 species. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Ulf Arup, Ulrik Søchting, and Patrik Frödén, with Squamulea subsoluta assigned as the type species. Five species were included in the original account of the genus. The genus name alludes to the squamulose growth form of most of its species. Squamulea has a worldwide distribution; when the genus was originally created, the centre of distribution was thought to be in southwestern North America.

Squamulose lichen
A squamulose lichen is a lichen that is composed of small, often overlapping "scales" called squamules. If they are raised from the substrate and appear leafy, the lichen may appear to be a foliose lichen, but the underside does not have a "skin" (cortex), as foliose lichens do.
 Squamulose lichens are composed of flattish units that are usually tightly clustered. They are like an intermediate between crustose and foliose lichens.

Examples of squamulose lichens include Vahliella leucophaea, Cladonia subcervicornis and Lichenomphalia hudsoniana.
Nive, Mulshi
Nive is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India.Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district. Nearest railway stations around the village are  Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station.

Maval taluka
Maval taluka is a taluka in Mawal subdivision of Pune district of state of Maharashtra in India.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, the taluka comprised 187 villages, a figure that was unchanged from 2001. There were also three census towns at that time - Wadagaon, Khadkale and Kusgaon Budruk. The census towns had their own governing bodies, whilst the gram panchayats which governed the villages numbered 100; there were two villages - Ahirvade and Kamshet - which had no official governing body.
Kim Jae Kyoung
Kim Jae Kyoung (Korean: 김재경; born December 14, 1982) is a biomedical mathematician and associate professor at KAIST in the Department of Mathematical Sciences and a chief investigator in the Pioneer Research Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences at the Institute for Basic Science. His research focuses on mathematical biology and medicine, specifically the combination of nonlinear dynamics, the theory of stochastic processes, and computational science, to better understand disease mechanisms and develop relevant treatment strategies, including drug and digital medicine for sleep disorders.

Society for Mathematical Biology
The Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB) is an international association co-founded in 1972 in the United States by George Karreman, Herbert Daniel Landahl and (initially chaired) by Anthony Bartholomay for the furtherance of joint scientific activities between Mathematics and Biology research communities. The society publishes the Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, as well as the quarterly SMB newsletter.