hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Plant transformation vector
Plant transformation vectors are plasmids that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of transgenic plants. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are T-DNA binary vectors and are often replicated in both E. coli, a common lab bacterium, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant-virulent bacterium used to insert the recombinant DNA into plants.

Plant transformation vectors contain three key elements:

Plasmids Selection (creating a custom circular strand of DNA)

Plasmids Replication (so that it can be easily worked with)

Transfer DNA (T-DNA) region (inserting the DNA into the agrobacteria)

Genetically modified plant
Genetically modified plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colours in plants, deliver vaccines,  and to create enhanced crops. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. Many plant cells are pluripotent, meaning that a single cell from a mature plant can be harvested and then under the right conditions form a new plant. This ability is most often taken advantage by genetic engineers through selecting cells that can successfully be transformed into an adult plant which can then be grown into multiple new plants containing transgene in every cell through a process known as tissue culture.
Volvo Dealer Team
The Volvo Dealer Team was an Australian motor racing team that competed in Australian touring car racing in 1986 winning the Australian Touring Car Championship.

The team was managed by John Sheppard and had its base at the Calder Park Raceway in Melbourne.

Calder Park Raceway
Calder Park Raceway is a motor racing circuit in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The complex includes a dragstrip, a road circuit with several possible configurations, and the "Thunderdome", a high-speed banked oval equipped to race either clockwise (for right-hand-drive cars) or anti-clockwise (for left-hand-drive cars such as NASCAR).

As of 2025, the dragstrip and the road circuit remain in use for grassroots-level motorsport events, but the banked oval has not been used since 1999.
Single Grave culture
The Single Grave culture (German: Einzelgrabkultur) was a Chalcolithic culture which flourished on the western North European Plain from ca. 2,800 BC to 2,200 BC. It is characterized by the practice of single burial, the deceased usually being accompanied by a battle axe, amber beads, and pottery vessels. The Single Grave culture was a local variant of the Corded Ware culture, and appears to have emerged as a result of a migration of peoples from the Pontic–Caspian steppe. It was succeeded by the Bell Beaker culture, which according to the "Dutch model" appears to have been ultimately derived from the Single Grave culture. More recently, the accuracy of this model has been questioned.

Battle axe
A battle axe (also battle-axe, battle ax, or battle-ax) is an axe specifically designed for combat. Battle axes were designed differently to utility axes, with blades more akin to cleavers than to wood axes. Many were suitable for use in one hand, while others were larger and were deployed two-handed.

Axes designed for warfare ranged in weight from just over 0.5 to 3 kg (1 to 7 lb), and in length from just over 30 cm (1 ft) to upwards of 150 cm (5 ft), as in the case of the Danish axe or the sparth axe. Cleaving weapons longer than 150 cm (5 ft) would arguably fall into the category of polearms.
Hugo Rühle
Hugo Ernst Heinrich Rühle (12 September 1824 – 11 July 1888) was a German physician born in Liegnitz (today Legnica, Poland).

From 1842 to 1848 he studied medicine in Berlin, where he came under the influence of Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) Benno Reinhardt (1819–1852) and Ludwig Traube (1818–1876). After graduation, he worked at the Allerheiligenhospital in Breslau, and in 1852 remained in Breslau as an assistant at the medical clinic of Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (1819–1885). In 1859 he became director of the polyclinic and a professor at the University of Breslau.

From 1860 to 1864 he was director of the clinical medicine department at the University of Greifswald, afterwards holding down the same position at the University of Bonn. Two of his better known assistants were physician Hugo von Ziemssen (1829–1902) at Greifswald and physiologist Nathan Zuntz (1847–1920) at Bonn.

University of Wrocław
The University of Wrocław (Polish: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, UWr; Latin: Universitas Wratislaviensis) is a public research university in Wrocław, Poland. It is the largest institution of higher learning in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, with over 100,000 graduates since 1945, including some 1,900 researchers, among whom many have received the highest awards for their contributions to the development of scientific scholarship.

The university was established in 1701 and reconstituted in its current form in 1945, as a direct successor to the previous German University of Breslau. Following the territorial changes of Poland's borders, academics primarily from the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów restored the university building, which had been heavily damaged in the 1945 Battle of Breslau.
Street names in Iceland
Street names in Iceland typically consist of two elements.  The first element is chosen in alphabetical order and conforming to the neighbourhood's theme (usually nature-related), and the second element is shared by all the streets in a neighbourhood.  The ending is also usually used to denote the neighbourhood; for example, a neighbourhood whose streets all end in –salir (hall) is called Salahverfi (neighbourhood of the halls).

Some older neighbourhoods do not follow the alphabetical order for streets. Exceptions do exist but the general rule is as above.

Embankment (earthworks)
An embankment is a raised wall, bank or mound made of earth or stones, that are used to hold back water or carry a roadway.  A road, railway line, or canal is normally raised onto an embankment made of compacted soil (typically clay or rock-based) to avoid a change in level required by the terrain, the alternatives being either to have an unacceptable change in level or detour to follow a contour. A cutting is used for the same purpose where the land is originally higher than required.
Climate Party
The Climate Party is a minor green conservative political party in the United Kingdom.

The party was founded in 2022 by Ed Gemmell, a councillor for Hazlemere in Buckinghamshire. Gemmell describes the party as a "business-friendly and climate-serious alternative" to the Conservative Party.

The party stood thirteen candidates in the 2024 general election, targeting Conservative-held marginal seats and MPs who 'obstruct climate action'.

Green conservatism
Green conservatism is a combination of conservatism with environmentalism. Environmental concern has been voiced by both conservative politicians and philosophers throughout the history of conservatism. The distinguishing feature of green conservatism is the adherence to market-based policies to address environmental concerns, rather than centralised planning. Individual and local empowerment is preferred over top down control. Where solutions to problems are global, such as climate change, green conservatives believe the government's role "is to empower individuals, entrepreneurs, and philanthropists to collaborate and come up with innovations that will solve climate change".
M84 camouflage pattern
The M/84 camouflage pattern (Danish: M/84 Pletsløring, lit. 'M/84 spot camouflage'), is the former camouflage pattern of the Danish military. The M/84 is a derivative of the Flecktarn B pattern produced by the German firm Marquardt & Schulz. Using the same shapes and pattern, the number of colours was changed  from 5 to 3 – choosing olive green, light green and black to better match the colouration of the Danish woodland environment.

The use of spots creates a "dithering" effect, which eliminates hard boundaries between the different colors in much the same way the squares in the newest digital camouflage patterns do.  The pattern is designed for use in temperate woodland terrain.

It has been adapted with a desert camouflage variant by varying the colors. It has since mostely been replaced by M/11.

Dither
Dither or dithering is an intentionally applied form of noise used to randomize quantization error, preventing large-scale patterns such as color banding in images. Dither is routinely used in processing of both digital audio and video data, and is often one of the last stages of mastering audio to a CD.

A common use of dither is converting a grayscale image to black and white, so that the density of black dots in the new image approximates the average gray level in the original.
Sund, Ydre
Sund is a hamlet in Ydre Municipality in the South Swedish highlands. According to Svenskt ortnamnslexikon the name of the locality means "narrow" referring to its position at the bottleneck position between Norra Sundsjön and Södra Sundsjön.

According to Leonhard Fredrik Rääf the church in Sund was built in the 12th century. This church is described by Rääf as having stone arches, however it burned down in arson in 1631 and was rebuilt shortly afterward.

South Swedish highlands
The South Swedish highlands or South Swedish Uplands (Swedish: Sydsvenska höglandet) are a hilly area covering large parts of Götaland in southern  Sweden. Except for a lack of deep valleys, the landscape is similar to the Norrland terrain found further north in Sweden. The central-eastern parts of the highlands contain about thirty narrow canyons locally known as skurus.

Much of the highlands lies above 200 m.a.s.l. and there are large areas around the highlands that exceed 100 m.a.s.l. The highlands are centered on Småland but cover also large swathes of Scania, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and Blekinge. The highest point lies 377 m.a.s.l.
Vamshavriksha (novel)
Vamshavriksha  (also spelt as Vamsha Vruksha) (transl. The genealogy tree)  is a 1965 novel written by the popular Kannada writer, philosopher and thinker S. L. Bhyrappa. Vamshavruksha received the Kannada Sahitya Academy Award in 1966. A Kannada movie Vamsha Vriksha based on this novel, which was directed by B. V. Karanth and Girish Karnad secured Best Regional Film and National Film Award for Best Direction at 19th National Film Awards. Vamshavriksha is a nuanced exploration of love and loss, tragedy and triumph, and is interwoven with spiritual, historical and cultural insights.

B. V. Karanth
Babukodi Venkataramana Karanth (19 September 1929 – 1 September 2002) widely known as B. V. Karanth was an Indian film director, playwright, actor, screenwriter, composer, and dramatist known for his works in the Kannada theatre, Kannada cinema, and Hindi cinema. One of the pioneers of the Parallel Cinema, Karanth was an alumnus of the National School of Drama (1962) and later, its director. He received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1976), six National Film Awards, and the civilian honor Padma Shri for his contributions towards the field of art.
Pinchon's case
Pinchon's case was an early court case and precedent in assumpsit.

Pinchons case established that contractual liability was transmittable to an estate if the debtor had died.
However, the court also held that collateral promises did die with the debtor. This decision was over turned in Sanders v Easterby. when the court held that executors could be held liable for debts.

Court
A court is an institution, often a government entity, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties  and administer justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.

Courts generally consist of judges or other judicial officers, and are usually established and dissolved through legislation enacted by a legislature. Courts may also be established by constitution or an equivalent constituting instrument.

The practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction, which describes the court's power to decide certain kinds of questions, or petitions put to it. There are various kinds of courts, including trial courts, appellate courts, administrative courts, international courts, and tribunals.
HNLMS Pollux
HNLMS Pollux was a steamship of the Dienst der Bebakening en kustverlichting. She was built in the Netherlands and used as lightship and beacon ship (Dutch: bebakeningsvaartuig). In 1939 the ship was militarized and taken into service of the Royal Netherlands Navy.

Lightship
A lightvessel, or lightship, is a ship that acts as a lighthouse in areas deemed unsuitable for proper lighthouse construction. Although some records exist of fire beacons being placed on ships in Roman times, the first modern lightship was invented by Robert Hamblin in 1734 and was located off the Nore sandbank at the mouth of the River Thames in London, England. Lightships have since been rendered obsolete by advancing lighthouse construction techniques, and by large automated navigation buoys (LANBY).
Protein A
Protein A is a 42 kDa surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It is encoded by the spa gene and its regulation is controlled by DNA topology, cellular osmolarity, and a two-component system called ArlS-ArlR. It has found use in biochemical research because of its ability to bind immunoglobulins. It is composed of five homologous Ig-binding domains that fold into a three-helix bundle. Each domain is able to bind proteins from many mammalian species, most notably IgGs. It binds the heavy chain within the Fc region of most immunoglobulins and also within the Fab region in the case of the human VH3 family. Through these interactions in serum,  where IgG molecules are bound in the wrong orientation (in relation to normal antibody function), the bacteria disrupts opsonization and phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis (from Ancient Greek  φαγεῖν (phagein) 'to eat' and  κύτος (kytos) 'cell') is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.  It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte.

In a multicellular organism's immune system, phagocytosis is a major mechanism used to remove pathogens and cell debris. The ingested material is then digested in the phagosome. Bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles are all examples of objects that may be phagocytized. Some protozoa use phagocytosis as means to obtain nutrients. The two main cells that do this are the Macrophages and the Neutrophils of the immune system.

Where phagocytosis is used as a means of feeding and provides the organism part or all of its nourishment, it is called phagotrophy and is distinguished from osmotrophy, which is nutrition taking place by absorption.
Guacamaya superba
Guacamaya is a group of plants in the family Rapateaceae described as a genus in 1931.

The only known species is Guacamaya superba, native to the Río Guainía region along the border of Colombia (Vaupés and Guainía) and Venezuela (Amazonas).

Guainía Department
Guainía (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwajˈni.a]; Yuri language: "Land of many waters") is a department of Eastern Colombia. It is in the east of the country, bordering Venezuela and Brazil. Its capital is Inírida. In 1963 Guainía was split off from Vaupés department. The northern part and the Inírida River are included in the Orinoco basin; the rest is part of the Amazon basin. The Guaviare River is the main area of colonization; many colonos come from the Colombian Andean zone, most of them from Boyacá. They are followed by the llaneros, people from the Eastern plains (Llanos). The population is mainly composed of Amerindians, and the largest ethnic groups are the Puinaves (from the makú-puinave family) and the Curripacos (from the Arawak family). There are a total of 24 ethnic groups in the department; many of them speak four Indigenous languages besides Spanish and Portuguese.
Anything (Culture Beat song)
"Anything" is a song by German Eurodance group Culture Beat, released in December 1993 by Dance Pool as the third single from the group's second album, Serenity (1993). Written by Nosie Katzmann with group member Jay Supreme, Torsten Fenslau and Peter Zweier, and produced by Fenslau, the song was very successful on the charts across Europe. It reached the top five in at least nine countries, including Belgium, France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Its accompanying music video was directed by Matt Broadley and filmed in London.

Nosie Katzmann
Jürgen Katzmann aka Nosie Katzmann and Morrison Long (born 19 January 1959 in Bad Neustadt at der Saale) is a German dance music songwriter and producer.

He is known for writing songs for several European electronic dance acts like Culture Beat and Captain Hollywood Project, for whom he contributed various chart hits, among them "Mr. Vain", "More and More" and others. "More and More" was his first No. 1 in Germany. In 1993, "Mr. Vain" became his biggest hit so far, topping the charts in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the UK.
Sorang Sompeng script
The Sorang Sompeng (Sora (Sorang Sompeng): 𑃐𑃦𑃝𑃗 𑃐𑃦𑃖𑃛𑃣𑃗) script is a modern (of early- to mid-20th century provenance) constructed writing system used to write Sora, a Munda language with approximately 300,000 speakers—the indigenous, Austroasiatic-speaking Sora people (alternatively named, and the word Sora alternatively spelled or romanized, Saura, Saora, Savara, and Sabara) of primarily coastal southern and eastern India. The script was created by the self-taught scholar and Sora activist Mangei Gomango in 1936 and is used primarily in religious contexts, akin to a liturgical language, in the rites of the Matar Banom (or Matharvanam) neo-animist religious movement of the Sora. To a far lesser, though still significant extent, Sorang Sompeng is learned, taught, read, and written for secular educational and literary purposes in Sora communities, primarily in the Indian states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

The Sora language is also written in the Latin, Odia, and Telugu scripts.

Sacred language
A sacred language, liturgical language or holy language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like church service) by people who speak another, primary language in their daily lives.

Some religions, or parts of them, regard the language of their sacred texts as in itself sacred. These include Ecclesiastical Latin in Roman Catholicism, Hebrew in Judaism, Arabic in Islam, Avestan in Zoroastrianism, Sanskrit and Tamil in Hinduism, Meitei in Sanamahism, and Punjabi in Sikhism. By contrast Buddhism and Christian denominations outside of Catholicism do not generally regard their sacred languages as sacred in themselves.
Oheneba
Oheneba is a regal rank given to both female or male child of a king or chief. It is the equivalent of prince or princess (from Latin princeps, meaning principal citizen).

Most often, the term has been used for the child of a king, or for the daughter of a king.

The twi word derives, via the twi and akan word ohene, meaning "the chief or king" and ''ba'' also via a twi and akan word, meaning child, with the two meaning the ''chief's child'' or the ''king's child''.

Prince
A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. Prince is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The female equivalent is a princess. The English word derives, via the French word prince, from the Latin noun prīnceps, from primus (first) and caput (head), meaning "the first, foremost, the chief, most distinguished, noble ruler, prince".

In a related sense, now not commonly used, all more or less sovereign rulers over a state, including kings, were "princes" in the language of international politics. They normally had another title, for example king or duke. Many of these were Princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
Sami Potta Mudichu
Sami Potta Mudichu (transl. The knot tied by a deity) is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language drama film, written and directed by R. Sundarrajan. The film stars Murali and Sindhu. It was released on 11 January 1991, and became a success.

Murali (Tamil actor)
Murali Siddalingaiah (19 May 1964 – 8 September 2010), known professionally as Murali, was an Indian actor who worked predominantly in Tamil cinema, where he was known as Puratchi Nayagan. He has mainly acted in Tamil films as well as few Kannada films. He was famous for roles that portrayed him as a perceptive singer or a tragic lover. His son, Atharvaa, debuted as an actor in the 2010 film Baana Kaathadi.
Robert Corteen Carswell
Robert Corteen Carswell RBV (born 1950) is a Manx language and culture activist, writer and radio presenter. In 2013 he received the Manx Heritage Foundation's Reih Bleeaney Vanannan award for outstanding contributions to Manx culture.

Culture of the Isle of Man
The culture of the Isle of Man is influenced by its Celtic and, to a lesser extent, its Norse origins, though its close proximity to the United Kingdom, popularity as a UK tourist destination, and recent mass immigration by British migrant workers has meant that British influence has been dominant since the Revestment period. Recent revival campaigns have attempted to preserve the surviving vestiges of Manx culture after a long period of Anglicisation, and significant interest in the Manx language, history and musical tradition has been the result.
Melipeuco
Melipeuco (Spanish pronunciation: [meliˈpewko]) is a town and commune (Spanish: comuna) in Chile, located at the foot of the Andes, in the Province of Cautín, Araucanía Region. Melipeuco is 12 km (7 mi) from the southern entrance of the Conguillío National Park. The Nevados de Sollipulli, an ice-filled volcanic caldera surrounded by numerous hot water springs and geysers, lie south of the town. Lake Carilafquén is also located in this area. At the edge of the Nevados de Sollipulli, at the Alpehue intersection 33 km (21 mi) away, there are several hot springs with water from 40 to 70 °C (104 to 158 °F), even in the middle of glacier blocks.

Cautín Province
Cautín Province (Spanish: Provincia de Cautín) is one of two provinces in the southern Chilean region of La Araucanía (IX), bounded on the north by Arauco and Malleco provinces, on the east by Argentina, on the south by Valdivia Province, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Its population at the 2012 census was of 692,582. The most important communes are Temuco, Villarrica, Padre Las Casas, and Nueva Imperial. Cattle, forestry, and agriculture make up most of Cautin's economy. Its climate is humid, rainy in winter, and generally warm in summer.
Perphenazine enanthate
Perphenazine enanthate, sold under the brand name Trilafon Enantat among others, is a typical antipsychotic and a depot antipsychotic ester which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and has been marketed in Europe. It is formulated in sesame oil and administered by intramuscular injection and acts as a long-lasting prodrug of perphenazine. Perphenazine enanthate is used at a dose of 25 to 200 mg once every 2 weeks by injection, with a time to peak levels of 2 to 3 days and an elimination half-life of 4 to 7 days.

Depot injection
A depot injection, also known as a long-acting injectable (LAI), is a term for an injection formulation of a medication which releases slowly over time to permit less frequent administration of a medication. They are designed to increase medication adherence and consistency, especially in patients who commonly forget to take their medicine. Depot injections can be created by modifying the drug molecule itself, as in the case of prodrugs, or by modifying the way it is administered, as in the case of oil/lipid suspensions. Depot injections can have a duration of action of one month or greater and are available for many types of drugs, including antipsychotics and hormones.