hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Psychopathic Personality Inventory
The Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) is a personality test for traits associated with psychopathy in adults. The PPI was developed by Scott Lilienfeld and Brian Andrews to assess these traits in non-criminal (e.g. university students) populations, though it is still used in clinical (e.g. incarcerated) populations as well. In contrast to other psychopathy measures, such as the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL), the PPI is a self-report scale, rather than an interview-based assessment. It is intended to comprehensively index psychopathic personality traits without assuming particular links to anti-social or criminal behaviors. It also includes measures to detect impression management or careless responding.

Self-report study
A self-report study is a type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without any outside interference. A self-report is any method which involves asking a participant about their feelings, attitudes, beliefs and so on. Examples of self-reports are questionnaires and interviews; self-reports are often used as a way of gaining participants' responses in observational studies and experiments.

Self-report studies have validity problems. Patients may exaggerate symptoms in order to make their situation seem worse, or they may under-report the severity or frequency of symptoms in order to minimize their problems.  Patients might also simply be mistaken or misremember the material covered by the survey.
Futsal at the 2022 Bolivarian Games
Futsal competition at the 2022 Bolivarian Games in Valledupar, Colombia was held from 25 to 29 June 2022 at the Coliseo de Ferias.

The men's tournament was the only event scheduled to be contested. A total of 72 athletes (12 per team) competed in the event. The tournament was an open competition without age restrictions.

Hosts Colombia are the defending gold medallists.

2022 Bolivarian Games
The 2022 Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos), officially the XIX Bolivarian Games Valledupar 2022, was an international multi-sport event that was held in Valledupar, Colombia from June 24 to July 5. It was the fifth time of the event in Colombia.
Bigheads
Bigheads is a British television game show produced by Primal Media that aired on ITV From 23 April 2017 until 28 May 2017 and is hosted by Jason Manford with Jenny Powell and Kriss Akabusi as commentators. Contestants were dressed as celebrities with oversized heads that designed to be based from Spitting Image and Newzoids by competing in challenges and were eliminated until a winner was decided.

On 1 March 2018, the show was cancelled after one series.

Newzoids
Newzoids is a British topical satirical sketch show, which was co-produced by Citrus Television and Factory for ITV and broadcast for two series between 15 April 2015 and 8 October 2016.

The programme operated in a similar format to Spitting Image, in its use of puppets and comedic impersonations of celebrities across different fields, such as politics and entertainment, and in basing sketches on current events. However, it differed in that each puppet featured no moveable eyes or mouths, as these were applied with the use of CGI during editing.

Newzoids featured the voice actors Jon Culshaw, Debra Stephenson and Lewis MacLeod, all from the BBC Radio 4 comedy Dead Ringers, and featured satirical appearances by Nigel Farage, Boris Johnson, Jeremy Clarkson and Prince George of Cambridge.

The first series aired during the 2015 United Kingdom general election and spoofed the politicians involved.
Elvira Todua
Elvira Zurabovna Todua (Russian: Эльвира Зурабовна Тодуа; born 31 January 1986) is an Abkhazian, Georgian, Russian football goalkeeper who plays for CSKA Moscow of the Russian Women's Football Championship.

Todua became the Russia women's national football team's first-choice goalkeeper after making her debut in 2003. She competed at the UEFA Women's Championships in 2009 and 2013.

2005 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship
The 2005 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship was the holding of the UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship in Hungary from July 20–31, 2005. Russia won this edition of the competition in the final against France.
Andrew V. McLaglen
Andrew Victor McLaglen (July 28, 1920 – August 30, 2014) was an American film and television director, known for Westerns and adventure films, often starring John Wayne or James Stewart.

According to one obituary "His career in many ways mirrored that of Ted Post, another inexhaustible director of series television and undemanding movies: reliable rather than stylish, both were nimble soldiers of fortune renowned for bringing work in on time and on budget... Like the best journeymen, he took us on some heroic, enjoyable excursions.  "

Friday Harbor, Washington
Friday Harbor is a town in San Juan County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,613 at the 2020 census. Located on San Juan Island, Friday Harbor is the major commercial center of the San Juan Islands archipelago and is the county seat of San Juan County.
Xenophyllum
Xenophyllum is a genus of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. The genus was erected in 1997 for several species formerly treated in genus Werneria. These plants grow in the high mountains of the Andes.

These species grow from rhizomes and form tight mats on the ground. Most have white ray florets and yellow or white disc florets.

Species include:

Xenophyllum acerosum

Xenophyllum amblydactylum

Xenophyllum ciliolatum

Xenophyllum crassum

Xenophyllum dactylophyllum

Xenophyllum decorum

Xenophyllum digitatum

Xenophyllum esquilachense

Xenophyllum fontii

Xenophyllum humile

Xenophyllum incisum

Xenophyllum lycopodioides

Xenophyllum marcidum

Xenophyllum poposum

Xenophyllum pseudodigitatum

Xenophyllum rigidum

Xenophyllum rosenii

Xenophyllum roseum

Xenophyllum sotarense

Xenophyllum staffordiae

Xenophyllum weddellii

Xenophyllum acerosum
Xenophyllum acerosum is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Pietro Paolo Raggi
Pietro Paolo Raggi (1646–1724) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Northern Italy.

Born in Genova, he received his first training in Venice, then came back to Genoa.

He is considered a follower of the Caracci in his St. Bonaventure contemplating a Crucifix a large picture in the church of S.S. Annunziata del Vastato in Genoa.

After visiting Turin, Savona and Lavagna, he established himself at Bergamo, where he painted a Magdalen borne to Heaven by Angels for the church of St. Martha.

There are Bacchanal and landscape subjects painted by him.

He is described by Luigi Lanzi as a "man of a restless disposition, irascible, and dissatisfied with every place he inhabited. This truant disposition carried him to Turin, then to Savona, then afresh to Genoa, now to Lavagna, now to Lombardy, and last to Bergamo", where he died in 1724.

The Carracci
The Carracci (/kəˈrɑːtʃi/ kə-RAH-chee, UK also /kəˈrætʃi/ kə-RATCH-ee, Italian: [karˈrattʃi] ⓘ) were a Bolognese family of artists that played an instrumental role in bringing forth the Baroque style in painting. Brothers Annibale (1560–1609) and Agostino (1557–1602) along with their cousin Ludovico (1555–1619) worked collaboratively. The Carracci family left their legacy in art theory by starting a school for artists in 1582. The school was called the Accademia degli Incamminati, and its main focus was to oppose and challenge Mannerist artistic practices and principles in order to create a renewed art of naturalism and expressive persuasion.
Star Sonata
Star Sonata is a space-themed massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMO) by American studio Star Sonata LLC released in 2004 that combines elements of action games and real-time strategy games such as real-time ship-to-ship combat and galactic conquest.

The game offers complex and involved commerce, construction and team systems. The goal for players in Star Sonata is to bring their team to domination and claim the seat of Emperor. Star Sonata belongs to the space opera genre established in computer gaming by Galactic Empire and Elite.

The game is free to download and play for an unlimited period of time with game-play restrictions.

Galactic Empire (1980 video game)
Galactic Empire is a strategy video game written by Doug Carlston for the TRS-80 and released 1980. It is the first game in the Galactic Saga and became first game published by Broderbund which was, in fact, created for the purpose of publishing the game. Galactic Empire was ported to the Apple II and Atari 8-bit computers and followed by three sequels. The game was also published by Adventure International.
VF-72
Fighting Squadron 72 or VF-72 was an aviation unit of the U.S. Navy, originally established as VF-7 on 1 July 1939, it was redesignated as VF-72 on 19 November 1940 and disestablished on 29 March 1943.

Grumman F2F
The Grumman F2F was a single-engine, biplane fighter aircraft with retractable undercarriage, serving as the standard fighter for the United States Navy between 1936 and 1940. It was designed for both carrier- and land-based operations.
Socialism in the United Kingdom
Socialism in the United Kingdom is thought to stretch back to the 19th century, with roots arising in the English Civil War. It has taken many different forms from the utopian philanthropism of Robert Owen through to the reformist electoral project enshrined in the Labour Party that was founded in 1900 and nationalised a fifth of the British economy in the late 1940s.

SDP–Liberal Alliance
The SDP–Liberal Alliance was a centrist and social liberal political and electoral alliance in the United Kingdom.

Formed by the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Liberal Party, the SDP–Liberal Alliance was established in 1981, contesting the 1982 United Kingdom local elections, 1983 United Kingdom local elections, 1983 general election, 1984 United Kingdom local elections, 1984 European election,  1985 United Kingdom local elections, 1986 United Kingdom local elections, 1987 United Kingdom local elections and 1987 general election.

The SDP–Liberal Alliance ceased to exist in 1988, when the two component parties merged to form the Social and Liberal Democrats, under which label they stood in the 1988 United Kingdom local elections, later renamed the Liberal Democrats.
Subdivisions of Timor-Leste
Timor-Leste is divided into:

Cultural Regions:
Loro Munu
Loro Sae

Municipalities of Timor-Leste (14)

Administrative posts of Timor-Leste (65)

Sucos of Timor-Leste (452)

Aldeias of Timor-Leste (2,233)

Sucos of Timor-Leste
The administrative posts (formerly subdistricts) of Timor-Leste are subdivided into 461 sucos ("villages") and 2,336 aldeias ("communities"). Sucos have been part of the country's administrative system since the 20th century, under Portuguese, Japanese, Indonesian, and independent rule.: 280
Heidi Ravven
Heidi M. Ravven is the Bates and Benjamin Professor of Classical and Religious Studies at Hamilton College, where she has taught her specialization, Jewish Philosophy, and general Jewish Studies since 1983. She is a Fellow in Neurophilosophy of the Integrative Neurosciences Research Program, which is co-directed by Vilayanur Ramachandran and Kjell Fuxe. She has been appointed Visiting Professor of Philosophy in the School of Marxism at Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China, for 2017-20.

Professor Ravven holds a Ph.D. from Brandeis University (1984), attended Smith College, and is a 1970 graduate of the Commonwealth School, Boston.  Ravven was a founding member of the Society for Empirical Ethics, an organization devoted to promoting dialogue among philosophers, neurobiologists, psychologists, anthropologists, and other social and natural scientists about ethics.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Lakeside Mountains
The Lakeside Mountains are about a 34 miles (55 km) long mountain range located on the southwest perimeter of the Great Salt Lake; the range is located in northeast Tooele County and south Box Elder County in Utah, United States.

The range consists of a 13-mile (21 km) long north-trending section, and a southeast stretch composed of variable-height peaks and lower elevations, as well as a massif section containing the mountain range highpoint.

The north section of the range terminus is at the community of Lakeside, Utah, and the region lies on an eastern border of the Great Salt Lake Desert.

Great Salt Lake Desert
The Great Salt Lake Desert (colloquially referred to as the West Desert) is a large dry lake in northern Utah, United States, between the Great Salt Lake and the Nevada border. It is a subregion of the larger Great Basin Desert, and noted for white evaporite Lake Bonneville salt deposits including the Bonneville Salt Flats.
Mianwali Tehsil
Mianwali Tehsil  (Urdu: تحصِيل مِيانوالى), is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Mianwali District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil is subdivided into 2 Municipal commeties and 26 Union Councils.

Mianwali District
The Mianwali District (Punjabi: ضِلع مِيانوالى) is a district located in the Sargodha Division of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Mianwali District remained part of Rawalpindi Division until 1963, when Mianwali District became part of Sargodha Division. According to 2023 Pakistani census, population of Mianwali District is 1.79 million.

It has borders with the Talagang, Attock, Kohat, Karak, Lakki Marwat, Dera Ismail Khan, Bhakkar, and Khushab districts.
Lake effect snow watch
A lake effect snow watch was a bulletin issued by the National Weather Service in the United States to warn of heavy snowfall amounts that will be possible from convective snow generated by cold air masses passing over unfrozen lakes (lake effect snow). The criteria for amounts may vary over different county warning areas.

On October 2, 2017, issuance of the Lake Effect Snow Watch has been discontinued, and a winter storm watch is now issued when the above criteria are expected to be met.

Winter storm watch
A winter storm watch is a warning in the United States issued by the National Weather Service when there is a possibility of heavy snow or potential of significant ice accumulations at least 24 hours before a storm that has a risk of being hazardous.
Wierzbica, Pińczów County
Wierzbica [vjɛʐˈbit͡sa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kije, within Pińczów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north of Kije, 12 km (7 mi) north of Pińczów, and 29 km (18 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

Kije, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Kije [ˈkijɛ] is a village in Pińczów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kije. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north of Pińczów and 31 km (19 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.
Annual International Conference on Real Options
The Annual International Conference on Real Options: Theory Meets Practice  is a yearly conference organized by the Real Options Group in cooperation with various top universities. Its stated aim is to "bring together academics and practitioners at the forefront of real options and investment under uncertainty to discuss recent developments and applications."

The conference has taken place in a different location every year since its inception in 1997. Notable keynote speakers have included Robert C. Merton of Harvard University, Myron Scholes of Stanford University, Robert Pindyck and Stewart Myers of MIT, and Stephen A. Ross of Yale.

In 2008, the conference was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; in 2009, it was held in Portugal and Spain; in 2010, it was held in Rome, Italy; and in 2011, it was held in Turku, Finland.

Robert Pindyck
Robert Stephen Pindyck (/ˈpɪndaɪk/ PIN-dyke; born January 5, 1945) is an American economist, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi Professor of Economics and Finance in the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is also a research associate with the National Bureau of Economic Research and a Fellow of the Econometric Society. He has also been a visiting professor at Tel-Aviv University, Harvard University, and Columbia University.

Pindyck's teaching and research focuses on market structure, financial economics, environmental, resource, and energy economics, the role of uncertainty on investment decisions and policy formulation, and economic policy generally.
Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body
Li Shizhen's (1597) Bencao gangmu, the classic materia medica of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), included 35 human drugs, including organs, bodily fluids, and excreta. Crude drugs derived from the human body were commonplace in the early history of medicine. Some of these TCM human drug usages are familiar from alternative medicine, such as medicinal breast milk and urine therapy. Others are uncommon, such as the "mellified man", which was a western nostrum allegedly prepared from the mummy of a holy man who only ate honey during his last days and whose corpse had been immersed in honey for 100 years. Li condemned the usage of most items listed in the section.

Nathan Sivin
Nathan Sivin (11 May 1931 – 24 June 2022), also known as Xiwen (Chinese: 席文), was an American sinologist, historian, essayist, educator, and writer. He taught first at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then at the University of Pennsylvania until his retirement in 2006.

The major areas of study and focus in Nathan Sivin's career and publications were history of science and technology in China, medicine in traditional China, Chinese philosophy, and Chinese religious beliefs. He was a key player in the development of their scholarly study in the West. He collaborated with prominent scholars, such as G.E.R. Lloyd, A.C. Graham and Joseph Needham, and nurtured younger ones.

His wife was the artist Carole Delmore Sivin, who died in 2020. For many years they lived in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania.

In 1977 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was president of the Philadelphia literary society, Franklin Inn Club, 1996–1998.
Fort des Têtes
The Fort des Têtes, also known as the Fort des Trois Têtes, is a fortification in the vicinity of Briançon in the Dauphiné region of southeastern France. Partially designed by Vauban, the fort was first established as a permanent fortification in the 1720s and was used by the French army until 1940. Owing to its testimony to the advancement of military fortifications and Vauban's influence in military architecture, it was listed as a  UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008.

Briançon
Briançon (French: [bʁijɑ̃sɔ̃] ⓘ, Occitan: [bɾjanˈsun]) is the sole subprefecture of the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is the highest city in France at an altitude of 1,326 metres (4,350 feet), based on the national definition as a community containing more than 2,000 inhabitants. It has about 11,000 inhabitants.

Briançon has been part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Sites since they were established in 2008.
Begonia veitchii
Begonia veitchii is a plant in the begonia family, Begoniaceae, which was introduced to Europe in 1866 by Richard Pearce who discovered it in the Peruvian Andes near Cusco at an elevation of from 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and 12,000 feet (3,700 m). It was named after Pearce's employers, James Veitch & Sons of Chelsea, London. It can be found today in the mountains around Machu Picchu. A later plant collector, Walter Davis, found Begonia veitchii inhabiting rocky positions by waterfalls, in company with Masdevallia veitchiana.

Begonia veitchii played an important role in the development of today's popular hybrid cultivars and, together with Pearce's other introductions, B. boliviensis and B. pearcei, was subsequently hybridized to produce the Begonia × tuberhybrida cultivar group.

Begonia
Begonia  is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Begoniaceae. The genus contains more than 2,000 different plant species, distributed primarily across tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America, with Africa considered the center of origin. Some species are commonly grown indoors as ornamental houseplants in cooler climates, or cultivated outside in summertime for their bright colorful flowers, which have petals but no sepals.
Bioanalysis
Bioanalysis is a sub-discipline of analytical chemistry covering the quantitative measurement of xenobiotics (drugs and their metabolites, and biological molecules in unnatural locations or concentrations) and biotics (macromolecules, proteins, DNA, large molecule drugs, metabolites) in biological systems.

Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a "molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass." Polymers are physical examples of macromolecules. Common macromolecules are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates), polyolefins (polyethylene) and polyamides (nylon).
White Nile rift
The White Nile rift is one of several rifts in central Sudan running in a NW direction and terminating in the Central African Shear Zone.
The rift is a Cretaceous/Tertiary structure that has similar tectonic characteristics to the Southern Sudan Rift, Blue Nile rift and Atbara rift.
These rifts follow similar trends, and terminate in a line at their northwestern ends.
Probably this line is an extension of the Central African Shear Zone through the Sudan.

The rift basin is formed by the junction of the Umm Rubaba grabens, which extends in a NW direction, and the White Nile graben, which extends in a N to NW direction.
The basin is filled with sediments and igneous rocks, and is a target for oil and gas exploration.
The rift basins appear to be hydrologically closed, with no lateral transfer of water.
One theory is that the current White Nile may have developed no more than 12,500 years ago when the basins filled and the rivers became connected.

Central African Shear Zone
The Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) (or Shear System) is a wrench fault system extending in an ENE direction from the Gulf of Guinea through Cameroon into Sudan.
The structure is not well understood.
As of 2008, there was still no general agreement about how the individual shears along the lineament link up.