hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Blast wave
In fluid dynamics, a blast wave is the increased pressure and flow resulting from the deposition of a large amount of energy in a small, very localised volume. The flow field can be approximated as a lead shock wave, followed by a similar subsonic flow field. In simpler terms, a blast wave is an area of pressure expanding supersonically outward from an explosive core. It has a leading shock front of compressed gases. The blast wave is followed by a blast wind of negative gauge pressure, which sucks items back in towards the center. The blast wave is harmful especially to objects very close to the center or at a location of constructive interference. High explosives that detonate generate blast waves.

Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.: 445  Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in2) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the unit atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
Mahat Raghavendra
Mahat Raghavendra is an Indian actor who works across  Tamil, Telugu and Hindi cinema. He is best known for his supporting roles in the heist thriller film, Mankatha (2011), the action drama, Jilla (2014) and as lead in the Double XL (2022).

Edison Awards (India)
The Edison Awards is an annual awards ceremony since 2009 for people in the Tamil film industry. It is named after the inventor of motion pictures, Sir Thomas Alva Edison. It reaches seven countries with Tamil language television, with the main broadcaster Astro in Malaysia.

The event is mainly organised by its founder J. Selva Kumar and hosted by MyTamilMovie.com. The main sponsors in recent years have been Jet Airways and Videocon.

The show is augmented by talent search analysis, live concerts by professional Tamil playback singers and young emergers and dancers. The awards are given based on People's Choice conceptual, implemented with online voting, SMS voting, and Dial-a-Vote.
Transport in Kyrgyzstan
Transport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the country's alpine topography. Roads have to snake up steep valleys, cross passes of 3,000 m (9,843 ft) altitude and more, and are subject to frequent mud slides and snow avalanches. Winter travel is close to impossible in many of the more remote and high-altitude regions. Additional problems are because many roads and railway lines built during the Soviet period are today intersected by international boundaries, requiring time-consuming border formalities to cross where they are not completely closed. The horse is still a much used transport option, especially in rural and inaccessible areas, as it does not depend on imported fuel.

Jalal-Abad Airport
Jalal-Abad Airport (Kyrgyz: Жалал-Абад аэропорту, Russian: Джалал-Абадский аэропорт) (IATA: none (ДЖБ), ICAO: UAFJ) is an airport serving Jalal-Abad, the capital of the Jalal-Abad Region (oblast) of Kyrgyzstan. Not to be confused with Jalalabad Airport in Afghanistan. Local travel agents use JBD as an unofficial three-letter airport code in Latin. The local code for Jalal-Abad Airport is ДЖБ.
Touit
Touit is a genus of Neotropical parrots in the family Psittacidae.

The genus was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1855 with the scarlet-shouldered parrotlet (Touit huetii) as the type species. The genus name is derived from the extinct Tupi language that was spoken by native people in Brazil: Tuí eté means "really little parrot". In 1648 the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave used Tuiete for a small parrot in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae.

The genus contains the following eight species:

Scarlet-shouldered parrotlet
The scarlet-shouldered parrotlet (Touit huetii), also known as the red-winged parrotlet or Huet's parrotlet, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela, possibly in Suriname, and as a vagrant to Trinidad and Tobago.
Virgen Dam
The Virgen Dam is an embankment dam on the Viejo River near the town of El Hato de La Virgen in Matagalpa Department, Nicaragua. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports the 50 MW (67,000 hp) run-of-the-river Carlos Fonesca (Santa Barbara) Plant. The dam and power station were completed in 1972. Water from the dam is diverted along the left bank of the river through a 2.7-kilometre (1.7 mi) long channel before being piped underground over 4.8 km (3.0 mi) to the power plant near Santa Barbara on the Viejo River. The plant contains two 25 megawatts (34,000 hp) Francis turbine-generators. The difference in elevation between the dam and power station affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of 187 metres (614 ft).

In 1998 heavy rains and flooding from Hurricane Mitch severely damaged the Mancotal and El Dorado Dams, over-topping their spillways and nearly destroying the dams. The Virgen Dam was destroyed but later rebuilt.

Matagalpa Department
Matagalpa (Spanish pronunciation: [mataˈɣalpa]) is a department in central Nicaragua. It covers an area of 6,804 km2 and has a population of 600,057 (2021 est). The capital is the city of Matagalpa with a population of about 111,000.

Matagalpa is the second largest region of the country in population size, and the fifth in area (after the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, Jinotega and Río San Juan).

Matagalpa is the most diversified region producing coffee, cattle, milk products, vegetables, wood, gold, flowers. Its extensive forests, rivers and geography are suited for ecotourism.

Although the Cacaopera people constitute the majority of the indigenous inhabitants in Matagalpa, the Nahua people inhabit the Sebaco valley, one of the most fertile areas in Nicaragua.
Division No. 3, Manitoba
Division No. 3 is a census division located within the Pembina Valley Region in the south-central region of the province of Manitoba, Canada. Unlike in some other provinces, census divisions do not reflect the organization of local government in Manitoba. These areas exist solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation; they have no government of their own.

Its major service centre is the city of Winkler. Other important towns include Morden, Altona, and Carman. The major industry of the Pembina Valley is agriculture.

Pembina Valley Region
The Pembina Valley /ˈpɛmbɪnə/ (French: Vallée-de-la-Pembina) is an informal geographic region of the Canadian province of Manitoba. It is named for its major geographical feature, the Pembina Valley, which runs through the southwestern part of the region.

The Pembina Valley had a population of 67,028 as of the Canada 2021 Census (Manitoba Census Areas 3 and 4). Its major service centres are the city of Winkler and the city of  Morden. Other important towns include Altona and Carman.

The major industries of the Pembina Valley are agriculture and manufacturing.

The region is also home to Pembina Valley Provincial Park.
George F. Richards
George Franklin Richards (February 23, 1861 – August 8, 1950) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles  of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 9, 1906, until his death. He also served as Acting Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from 1937 to 1942 and President of the Quorum of the Twelve from May 25, 1945, until his death.

Young Men (organization)
The Young Men (often referred to as Young Men's) is a youth organization and official program of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Its purpose is to assist the church's Aaronic priesthood-aged young men in their growth and development.  The organization serves young men from the year they turn 12 until they are 18.
Liz Trinnear
Liz Trinnear is a Canadian television presenter, best known as a former VJ on MuchMusic and an entertainment reporter for eTalk.

Originally from London, Ontario, Trinnear joined MuchMusic after winning the 2009 edition of VJ Search. At MuchMusic, she co-hosted the channel's flagship programs MuchOnDemand and its successor New.Music.Live. until 2013. As the channel reduced its dependence on music programming in the 2010s, she began also working as an entertainment reporter for eTalk, although she remained in both roles for the first half of the decade and was co-host of the 2015 Much Music Video Awards with Tyrone Edwards and Ed Sheeran. When Much fully dropped music programming in the latter half of the decade, eTalk became her primary role.

Alongside Edwards, Traci Melchor, Elaine Lui, Chloe Wilde, Sonia Mangat and Priyanka, she was a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Host, Talk Show or Entertainment News at the 12th Canadian Screen Awards in 2024 for eTalk.

Traci Melchor
Traci Melchor is a Canadian television personality. She is known for her role as an entertainment reporter for CTV's series etalk and as a judge of the reality competition series Canada's Drag Race. Melchor is also the former co-host of CTV's The Social. Melchor has won two Canadian Screen Awards for her work hosting Canada's Drag Race.
Sheona Macleod
Sheona Macleod is a Scottish physician. She was chair of the Conference of Postgraduate Medical Deans (COPMeD), lead for Health Education England’s deans, and the postgraduate medical dean in the East Midlands. In 2025, she is the director of education and training for NHS England. Macleod delivered the Royal College of General Practitioners' 2021 William Pickles Lecture, a lecture normally about medical education.

William Pickles (medical doctor)
William Norman Pickles CBE (6 March 1885 – 2 March 1969) was a British physician who worked as a general practitioner and was the first president of the Royal College of General Practitioners in 1953.

He showed the opportunities available to GPs for epidemiological observation in two British Medical Journal (BMJ) articles in 1930, on 'catarrhal jaundice' and in 1933, on Bornholm disease. His observations reached a wider audience in his book, Epidemiology in Country Practice (1939). This contained pioneering work on the incubation periods of common infectious diseases of the time and earned him the reputation of one of the world's leading epidemiologists.

He was in practice in Wensleydale for more than 50 years, half of which time he spent recording his observations, thus proving that the rural general practitioner had great opportunities to make observations on disease.
Pashinin I-21
The Pashinin I-21 (not to be confused with the Ilyushin TsKB-32, also known as "I-21") was an early 1940s Soviet fighter prototype. Designed by Mikhail M. Pashinin, the I-21 was built to incorporate lessons learned from the combat experiences of Soviet pilots during the Spanish Civil War and the Nomonhan Incident with the Empire of Japan. Despite showing promising performance, the I-21 did not get past the prototype stage, as it was felt the type did not offer a significant enough increase in capability over competitors already in production, such as the Yakovlev Yak-1 or Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-3.

ShKAS machine gun
The ShKAS (Shpitalny-Komaritski Aviatsionny Skorostrelny, Shpitalny-Komaritski rapid fire for aircraft; Russian: ШКАС - Шпитального-Комарицкого Авиационный Скорострельный) is a 7.62 mm calibre machine gun widely used by Soviet aircraft in the 1930s and during World War II. The ShKAS had the highest rate of fire of any aircraft machine gun in general service during WWII, around 1800 RPM. It was designed by Boris Shpitalniy and Irinarkh Komaritsky and entered production in 1934. ShKAS was used in the majority of Soviet fighters and bombers and served as the basis for the ShVAK cannon.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children
A systematic review notes that children with COVID-19 have milder effects and better prognoses than adults. However, children are susceptible to "multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children" (MIS-C), a rare but life-threatening systemic illness involving persistent fever and extreme inflammation following exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

As a vulnerable population, children and youth may be affected by COVID-19 pandemic policies implemented, including education, mental health, safety, and socioeconomic stability; the infection of the virus may lead to separation or loss of their family. As with many other crises, the COVID-19 pandemic may compound existing vulnerabilities and inequalities experienced by children. This was especially true when it comes to mental health.

Helper T cell
The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considered essential in B cell antibody class switching, breaking cross-tolerance in dendritic cells, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils. CD4+ cells are mature Th cells that express the surface protein CD4. Genetic variation in regulatory elements expressed by CD4+ cells determines susceptibility to a broad class of autoimmune diseases.
Aspergillus pachycaulis
Aspergillus pachycaulis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Robusti section. The species was first described in 2017. It has been isolated from air in the United States. It has been reported to produce asperphenamate, indole alkaloid A, indole alkaloid B, phthalide, and mycophenolic acid.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
DesignSpark Mechanical
DesignSpark Mechanical is a 3D computer-aided design (CAD) solid modeling software application. It is licensed as proprietary freeware.

It enables users to solid model in a 3D environment and create files to use with 3D printers. Using the direct modeling approach, it allows for unlimited and frequent design changes using an intuitive set of tools. This free 3D CAD software is offered as a payment free download, but requires a one-time registration with DesignSpark.com to receive the latest community news and product promotions.

To create engineering drawings in the same framework, a paid subscription to the DesignSpark Creator or Engineer plan is needed.

SpaceClaim
SpaceClaim is a solid modeling CAD (computer-aided design) software that runs on Microsoft Windows and developed by SpaceClaim Corporation. The company is headquartered in Concord, Massachusetts.

SpaceClaim Corporation was founded in 2005 to develop 3D solid modeling software for mechanical engineering. Its first CAD application was launched in 2007 and used an approach to solid modeling where design concepts are created by pulling, moving, filling, combining, and reusing 3D shapes.

It was acquired by Ansys in May 2014, Inc, and was integrated in subsequent versions of Ansys Simulation packages as a built-in 3D modeler.

SpaceClaim Corporation markets SpaceClaim Engineer directly to end-user and indirectly by other channels. SpaceClaim also licenses its software for OEMs, such as ANSYS, Flow International Corporation, CatalCAD.
Gmina Szprotawa
Gmina Szprotawa is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Żagań County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. Its seat is the town of Szprotawa, which lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Żagań and 42 km (26 mi) south of Zielona Góra.

The gmina covers an area of 232.31 square kilometres (89.7 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 20,684.

Żagań
Żagań [ˈʐaɡaɲ] ⓘ (French and German: Sagan, Latin: Saganum) is a town in western Poland, on the Bóbr river, with 25,731 inhabitants (2019), capital of Żagań County in the Lubusz Voivodeship, located in the historic region of Lower Silesia.

Founded in the 12th century by Polish monarch Bolesław IV the Curly, Żagań was the capital of an eponymous principality from 1274 to 1935. The main sights are the former Augustinian Monastery, one of the burial sites of the Piast dynasty, listed as a Historic Monument of Poland, the Ducal Palace and Park ensemble and the POW Camps Museum, located at the site of German-operated WWII prisoner-of-war camps for over 60,000 Allied soldiers of various nationalities, where the Great Escape took place.

The town hosts the Polish 11th Armoured Cavalry Division. An American Armored Brigade Combat Team is constantly rotated through the town under Operation Atlantic Resolve.
2021–22 TCU Horned Frogs men's basketball team
The 2021–22 TCU Horned Frogs men's basketball team represented Texas Christian University during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by sixth-year head coach Jamie Dixon, and played their home games at Schollmaier Arena in Fort Worth, Texas as a member of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 21–13, 8–10 in Big 12 play to finish in fifth place. As the No. 5 seed in the Big 12 tournament, they defeated Texas in the quarterfinals, before losing to Kansas in the semifinals. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 9 seed in the South Region, where they defeated Seton Hall in the first round before losing to Arizona in the second round in an overtime thriller.

With their win over Seton Hall in the first round, the Horned Frogs won their first NCAA tournament game since 1987.

2021–22 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team
The 2021–22 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team represented the University of Kansas in the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, which was the Jayhawks' 124th basketball season. The Jayhawks, members of the Big 12 Conference, played their home games at Allen Fieldhouse in Lawrence, Kansas. They were led by 19th year Hall of Fame head coach Bill Self. The Jayhawks finished the season 34–6 and won their 4th NCAA Tournament National Championship, their first since 2008, and their 6th National Championship overall.
Characteristic 2 type
In finite group theory, a branch of mathematics, a group is said to be of characteristic 2 type or even type or of even characteristic if it resembles a group of Lie type over a field of characteristic 2.

In the classification of finite simple groups, there is a major division between group of characteristic 2 type, where involutions resemble unipotent elements, and other groups, where involutions resemble semisimple elements.

Groups of characteristic 2 type and rank at least 3 are classified by the trichotomy theorem.

Finite group
In abstract algebra, a finite group is a group whose underlying set is finite.  Finite groups often arise when considering symmetry of mathematical or physical objects, when those objects admit just a finite number of structure-preserving transformations.  Important examples of finite groups include cyclic groups and permutation groups.

The study of finite groups has been an integral part of group theory since it arose in the 19th century.  One major area of study has been classification: the classification of finite simple groups (those with no nontrivial normal subgroup) was completed in 2004.
Angelo Di Livio
Angelo Di Livio Cavaliere OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo di ˈliːvjo]; born 26 July 1966) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder and wing-back. He represented several Italian clubs in Serie A throughout his career, coming to prominence with Juventus, where he won several domestic and international titles. At international level he also played for the Italy national side in two FIFA World Cups and two UEFA European Championships, reaching the final of UEFA Euro 2000.

During his playing career he was known as soldatino (toy soldier) or soldatino Di Livio, a nickname his Juventus teammate at the time Roberto Baggio gave him because of Di Livio's diminutive stature, posture, and characteristic way of running up and down the flank.

2000–01 Coppa Italia
The 2000–01 Coppa Italia was the 54th edition of the tournament. The tournament was won by Fiorentina, for their 6th title, also qualifying for the UEFA Cup in the progress. It was Fiorentina's second title in recent years, having also won the 1995–96 edition of the tournament. Fiorentina defeated Parma in the two-legged final on an aggregate score of 2–1.
2025 Tucumán Open
The 2025 Tucumán Open by McDonald's was the first edition of the Tucumán Open, a  professional WTA 125 tournament held on outdoor clay at the Tucumán Lawn Tennis Club, in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. It was part of the 2025 WTA 125 tournaments.

It took place between 3 and 9 November, 2025. This is the second WTA 125 tournament to take place in Argentina after the Argentina Open in Buenos Aires.

Challenger Tucumán
The Challenger Tucumán is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour and WTA 125 tournaments. The first edition for men was held in 2024 and for the women in 2025 in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
William H. F. Brothers
William Henry Francis (April 7, 1886 – July 21, 1979), also William Henry Francis Brothers with his matronymic surname added, was an Independent Old Catholic Benedictine, advocate for the immigrant, worker and the poor.

Carmel Henry Carfora
Henry Alfonso Mary Carfora (known as Carmel Henry Carfora; August 27, 1878 - January 11, 1958) was an Old Roman Catholic leader.

On 12 October 1919, he became the second leader of the North American Old Roman Catholic Church, succeeding Rudolph de Landas Berghes. Carfora remained in this position until his death on 11 January 1958. Carfora was succeeded by Hubert Augustus.

Carfora assumed leadership of a group of parishioners who broke away from St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church, in Youngstown, Ohio, to found St. Rocco's Independent National Catholic Church on May 17, 1907.

His gravestone was replaced in 2015.
2000 Rugby League World Cup knockout stage
The 2000 Rugby League World Cup knockout stage took place after the group stage of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup and culminated in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup final. The quarter-finals consisted of eight teams; the top two teams from each group; Group A, Group B, Group C and Group D.

2000 Rugby League World Cup final
The 2000 Rugby League World Cup final was the conclusive game of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup tournament and was played between Australia and New Zealand on November 25, 2000 at Old Trafford, Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. The men's final was held one day after the final of the inaugural 2000 Women's Rugby League World Cup.