hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Krichevsky–Trofimov estimator
In information theory, given an unknown stationary source π with alphabet A and a sample w from π, the Krichevsky–Trofimov (KT) estimator produces an estimate pi(w) of the probability of each symbol i ∈ A. This estimator is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the worst-case regret asymptotically.

For a binary alphabet and a string w with m zeroes and n ones, the KT estimator pi(w) is defined as:

This corresponds to the posterior mean of a Beta-Bernoulli posterior distribution with prior .
For the general case the estimate is made using a Dirichlet-Categorical distribution.

Conjugate prior
In Bayesian probability theory, if, given a likelihood function ,  the posterior distribution  is in the same probability distribution family as the prior probability distribution , the prior and posterior are then called conjugate distributions with respect to that  likelihood function and the prior is called a conjugate prior for the likelihood function .

A conjugate prior is an algebraic convenience, giving a closed-form expression for the posterior; otherwise, numerical integration may be necessary. Further, conjugate priors may clarify how a likelihood function updates a prior distribution.

The concept, as well as the term "conjugate prior", were introduced by Howard Raiffa and Robert Schlaifer in their work on Bayesian decision theory. A similar concept had been discovered independently by George Alfred Barnard.
Korean Art Gallery
The Korean Art Gallery (Korean: 조선미술박물관) is an art museum situated on the south side of Kim Il-sung Square in Chung-guyok, Pyongyang, North Korea, which opened in 1948.

The building is 4 stories tall with 22 display rooms, an exhibition hall, a room for preservation of works and an artworks study room that exhibits a wide range of art, including oil painting, print, sculpture and industrial arts.

Art museum
An art museum, or art gallery, is an organization, usually with buildings or spaces for the display of art from the museum's own collection. It might be in public or private ownership, be accessible to all, or have restrictions in place. Although primarily concerned with visual art, art museums are often used as a venue for other cultural exchanges and artistic activities, such as lectures, jewelry, performance arts, music concerts, or poetry readings. Art museums also frequently host themed temporary exhibitions, which often include items on loan from other collections.
My Name Is Memory
My Name is Memory is a novel written in 2010 by Ann Brashares, author of the best-selling young adult series The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. The novel is centered on a mysterious young boy named Daniel, and Sophia, the girl he has spent lifetimes searching for; as he races against time to spur her lost memories of him before his vengeful, centuries-old brother Joaquim finds them. The story has been optioned for film.

Option (filmmaking)
In the film industry, an option agreement is a contract that "rents" the rights to a source material to a potential film producer. 
It grants the film producer the exclusive option to purchase rights to the source material if they live up to the terms of the contract and make a film (or series) from it. This is known as optioning the source material.

Some examples of producers are film studios, production companies or an individual. Source materials are often a book, theatrical play, or screenplay; however, they may also be articles, video games, songs, or any other work of intellectual property.

The term is often used as a verb. For example, "Paramount optioned a short story by Ted Chiang."
Coat of arms of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
The Coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was created in 1815 when the area was raised to the title of Grand Duchy, and ended in 1918 with the transition of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach into the new state of Thuringia. The full grand ducal style was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meissen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Lord of Blankenhayn, Neustadt and Tautenburg, and this is represented in the arms:

In the first quarter, the striped lion of Thuringia;

In the second quarter, the arms of the Margraviate of Meissen;

In the third quarter, per pale the arms of the County of Henneberg and of Neustadt-Arnshaugk;

In the fourth quarter, per pale the arms of the Lord of Blankenhayn (Blankenhain) and Tautenburg;

Above all the arms of Saxony, as was tradition for the descendants of the Saxon line.

It was used on the Grand Ducal Standard c.1862 - c.1878.

House of Henneberg
The House of Henneberg was a medieval German comital family (Grafen) which from the 11th century onwards held large territories in the Duchy of Franconia. Their county was raised to a princely county (Gefürstete Grafschaft) in 1310.

Upon the extinction of the line in the late 17th century, most of the territory was inherited by the Saxon House of Wettin and subsequently incorporated into the Thuringian estates of its Ernestine branch.
Section 8 (video game)
Section 8 is a first-person shooter video game developed by TimeGate Studios and published by SouthPeak Games. It utilizes the Unreal Engine 3 and was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was released in September 2009 for Xbox 360 and PC, and for the PlayStation 3 on March 25 in North America and April 15, 2010, in the PAL region.

Unreal Engine 3
Unreal Engine 3 (UE3) is the third version of Unreal Engine developed by Epic Games. Unreal Engine 3 was one of the first game engines to support multithreading. It used DirectX 9 as its baseline graphics API, simplifying its rendering code. The first games using UE3 were released at the end of 2006. It was succeeded by Unreal Engine 4.
Krishnagiri, Telangana
Krishnagiri (Eegalapenta) is a village of Nagarkurnool district in the Indian state of Telangana. It is near to Srisailam Dam and the temple of Srisailam.

Krishnagiri also known as Eegalapenta from 1963 to 19 July 2025 is a village on the left side of Srisailam Project, situated in Nallamala Hills of Nagarkurnool district, Telangana, India. It is on the left bank of River Krishna, about 188 km south of Telangana's capital Hyderabad.

Nallamala Hills
The Nallamalas (also called the Nallamalla Range) are a section of the Eastern Ghats which forms the eastern boundary of Rayalaseema region of the state of Andhra Pradesh and Nagarkurnool district of the state of Telangana, in India. They run in a nearly north–south alignment, parallel to the Coromandel Coast for close to 430 km between th rivers, Krishna and Pennar. Its northern boundaries are marked by the flat Palnadu basin while in the south it merges with the Tirupati hills. An extremely old system, the hills have extensively weathered and eroded over the years. The average elevation today is about 520 m which reaches 1100 m at Bhairani Konda and 1048 m at Gundla Brahmeswara. Both of these peaks are in a north westerly direction from the town of Cumbum. There are also many other peaks above 800m. There are several sites in this forest such as Ahobilam and Tungabhadra valley.
Daniel Cordaro
Daniel Cordaro is an American research scientist and psychologist who specializes in emotion psychology and human wellbeing. As a former faculty member at Yale University, Cordaro is best-known for his research in human emotion and positive psychology. Formerly the director of the Universal Expression Project at the University of California, Berkeley, Cordaro has conducted various worldwide studies on human emotional expression.

Cordaro directed the Universal Expression Project at the University of California, Berkeley, as well as the Contentment Lab at Yale University. Currently, he is the director of the Contentment Foundation, a non-profit organization that he had formed with Emilio Diez Barroso from the Contentment Lab at Yale University.

Contentment
Contentment is a moderate form of happiness, a state of being or emotion in which one is satisfied with their current life situation, and the state of affairs in one's life as they presently are. If one is content, they are at inner peace with their situation and how the elements in one's life are situated. Contrary to popular belief, it is possible to be content with one's life regardless of the circumstance, regardless of whether things are going as one expected or not.

The root of the word contentment comes from the Latin contentus, which means "held together" or "intact, whole." Originally, contentus was used to describe containers, like cups, buckets, or barrels. Later, the word evolved into something that could reflect onto a person, which describes one who feels complete, with no desires beyond themselves.
2018 FFA Cup
The 2018 FFA Cup was the fifth season of the FFA Cup (now known as the Australia Cup), the main national soccer knockout cup competition in Australia. 32 teams contested the competition proper (from the round of 32), including the 10 A-League teams and 21 Football Federation Australia (FFA) member federation teams determined through individual state qualifying rounds, as well as the reigning National Premier Leagues Champion (Heidelberg United from Victoria).

Cairns FC
Cairns FC, previously known as FNQ FC Heat, was an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in the regional city of Cairns, in the far north of Queensland. Founded in 2012, the club was awarded a licence to compete in the National Premier Leagues Queensland in the 2018 season, with matches played from Barlow Park. The club reached the 2016 NPL Queensland Grand Final but relinquished their licence at the end of the 2018 due to financial issues.
Çarşı, Beşiktaş
Çarşı (English: Marketplace), is geographically the center of the Beşiktaş municipality, a district on the European side of central Istanbul. The area is notable for being dominated by winding narrow streets that date to city's earliest ancient Hellenic roots.

As one of the main commercial districts of  Istanbul, the Çarşı is known for its restaurants, meyhanes (pubs), döner stores, cafés, bakeries, patisseries, internet cafés and garment shops. There is a fish market and a farmers market organized daily. It is one of the centers of the Turkish youth culture. Many city-famous establishments are located in the area.

Meyhane
A meyhane or  pothouse (from Persian: میخانه, romanized: meykhaneh) is a traditional restaurant or bar in Turkey, Balkans, Azerbaijan and Iran. It serves alcoholic beverages like wine, rakı, vodka, or beer, with meze and traditional foods.
Tero Kaukomaa
Tero Kaukomaa is a Finnish film producer and the winner of the 'Producer of the Year Award' in 2012 from Suomen Elokuvatuottajien Keskusliitto (The Central Organization of Finnish Film Producers) for Iron Sky.

A Man's Work (film)
A Man's Work (Finnish: Miehen työ), also known as A Man's Job in the United States, is a 2007 Finnish drama film directed by Aleksi Salmenperä. It was Finland's submission to the 80th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film but was not accepted as a nominee. It was also entered into the 29th Moscow International Film Festival.
Gaius Ummidius Actius Anicetus
Gaius Ummidius Actius Anicetus  was a Roman pantomime actor who lived in Pompeii.

Actius is attested in an inscription from Puteoli that identifies him as a pantomime actor. The possibility has been raised that Actius may be the freedman (libertus) of Ummidia Quadratilla who is discussed in the letters of Pliny the Younger. Various graffiti found at Pompeii record praise for Actius. These include:

"Actius, master of stage performers." from tomb 4 in the Fondo Pacifico near the amphitheater of Pompeii

"Actius, greetings." from the large theater at Pompeii

a possible mention of Actius from Herculaneum: "Lucius Actius, hail. Mysticus, the musician, of the comedian Icuus ... we were for you."

An actor named Actius also appears in Unit 1, Stage 5 of the Cambridge Latin Course.

Cambridge Latin Course
The Cambridge Latin Course (CLC) is a series of textbooks published by Cambridge University Press, used to teach Latin to secondary school pupils. It provides a grounding in vocabulary, grammar and sense which allows progression through Common Entrance exams into a Secondary, or, Public School. First published in 1970, as of 2026 the series is in its fifth edition in the UK and sixth in North America. It has reached high status in the United Kingdom, being the most-used Latin course in the country for secondary school pupils, and being used by 85% of Latin-teaching schools.
Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010
The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010 was announced by the formed Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government of the United Kingdom in May 2010, and published on 19 October 2010. The previous major review of UK defence strategy was the Strategic Defence Review, published in 1998, and updated in 2003 by the Delivering Security in a Changing World white paper.

As well as wanting an updated security policy, both the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats wanted the £38 billion overspend in the Ministry of Defence (MoD) procurement budget addressed. With the government committed to reducing the national budget deficit, the Treasury asked the MoD to draw up options for a 10–20% real-terms cut in its budget. The final amount was a 7.7% reduction over four years.

Cameron–Clegg coalition
The Cameron–Clegg coalition was formed by David Cameron and Nick Clegg when Cameron was invited by Queen Elizabeth II to form a new government, following the resignation of Prime Minister Gordon Brown on 11 May 2010, after the general election on 6 May. It was the UK's first coalition government since the Churchill war ministry ended in 1945.

The coalition was led by Cameron as prime minister with Clegg as deputy prime minister and composed of members of both Cameron's centre-right Conservative Party and Clegg's centrist Liberal Democrats. The Cabinet was made up of sixteen Conservatives and five Liberal Democrats, with eight other Conservatives and one other Liberal Democrat attending cabinet but not members. The coalition was succeeded by the single-party, second Cameron ministry following the 2015 election.
Shannon Nevin
Shannon Nevin (born 13 February 1976) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played with the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles and the Balmain Tigers in the National Rugby League (NRL) and its predecessor the Australian Rugby League (ARL).

Australian Rugby League Commission
The Australian Rugby League Commission Limited (ARL), formerly the Australian Rugby Football League Limited is an Australian rugby league football competition operator.

It was founded in 1986 as the Australian Rugby Football League Limited and succeeded the Australian Rugby Football League Board of Control which had been formed in 1924. Since its inception, the ARL has administered the Australian national team and represented Australia in international rugby league matters. Prior to 1998, the code in Australia had been principally administered by individual state leagues on a domestic basis, and the ARL on a national and international basis.
GR 34
The long-distance hiking trail 34 (French: Sentier de grande randonnée 34 or GR 34 for short; Breton: Hent bale hir 34) is a French coastal path that starts from Mont-Saint-Michel (Manche) and ends in Saint-Nazaire (Loire-Atlantique). It runs along almost the entire coast of the Brittany region from Mont Saint-Michel and, beyond the limit between Morbihan and Loire-Atlantique, to the mouth of the Loire. It stretches over 1,700 kilometres (1,100 miles). It largely follows former customs paths. These paths, gradually abandoned during the first half of the 20th century, allowed customs officers to patrol the coast from their guardhouses, located at key observation points on the Brittany coast.

Cancale
Cancale (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃kal]; Breton: Kankaven; Gallo: Cauncall) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is known as the birthplace of Saint Jeanne Jugan.
Six-plus hold 'em
Six-plus hold 'em (also known as short-deck hold 'em and Manila) is a community card poker game variant of Texas hold 'em, where the 2 through 5 cards are removed from the deck. Each player is dealt two cards face down and seeks to make the best five card poker hand from any combination of the seven cards (five community cards and their own two hole cards).

Phil Ivey
Phillip Dennis Ivey Jr. (born February 1, 1977) is an American professional poker player who has won eleven World Series of Poker bracelets, one World Poker Tour title, and appeared at nine World Poker Tour final tables. Ivey is regarded by numerous poker observers and contemporaries as the best all-around player in the world.  In 2017, he was elected to the Poker Hall of Fame. He is also an ambassador for WPT Global.
Blackburn Bus Company
The Blackburn Bus Company operates both local and regional bus services in Greater Manchester and Lancashire, England. It is a subsidiary of Transdev Blazefield, which operates bus services across Greater Manchester, Lancashire, North Yorkshire and West Yorkshire.

Wright Eclipse
The Wright Eclipse is a low-floor single-deck bus body that was built by Wrightbus between 2000 and 2019. The second-generation Eclipse 2 was launched in 2008, followed by the third-generation Eclipse 3 in 2015. The Eclipse, and its sister design the Solar, were named for a solar eclipse which was visible in the UK in 1999, the year of its introduction.

The Eclipse was launched in 2000 on Volvo B7L chassis and, in 2003, the body was made available on the more popular Volvo B7RLE chassis. A coach version, the Eclipse SchoolRun, was later launched on high floor Volvo B7R chassis. In November 2008, Wright unveiled the Eclipse 2 at that year's Euro Bus Expo, with front and rear ends facelifted to match the Wright StreetCar. In 2015, the Eclipse 3 was launched on Volvo B8RLE chassis, the successor to the B7RLE.

A double-decker version of the Eclipse was also available, known as the Wright Eclipse Gemini, as well as an articulated version known as the Wright Eclipse Fusion.
Tiya (archaeological site)
Tiya is an archaeological site in central Ethiopia. It is located in the Soddo woreda, in the Gurage Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region south of Addis Ababa. It is best known for its archaeological site its large stone pillars, many of which bear some form of decoration. The archeological site was designated a World Heritage Site in 1980, due to the unique nature of these monolithic monuments.

Gurage Zone
Gurage is a zone in the Central Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. The region is home to the Gurage people. Gurage is bordered on the southeast by Hadiya and Yem Zone, on the northwest by Kebena Special Woreda, north and east by the Oromia Region, and on the southeast by Siltʼe. Its highest point is Mount Gurage. Wolkite is the largest city and administrative centre of the zone.
Arthur Francis (Glamorgan cricketer)
David Arthur Francis (born 29 November 1953) is a former Welsh cricketer. Francis was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break. He was born at Clydach, Glamorgan. In the field he was able to throw the ball equally well with either arm.

Off spin
Off spin is a type of spin bowling in cricket. A bowler who uses this technique is called an off spinner. Off spinners bowl with their right-arm and a  finger spin action. Their normal delivery is called an off break, which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the pitch. For a right-handed batter, the ball breaks towards them from the off side, hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the line and length of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, length and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most wickets in the history of both Test matches and ODIs, Muttiah Muralitharan, was an off spinner.
CiteScore
CiteScore (CS) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is produced by Elsevier, based on the citations recorded in the Scopus database. Absolute rankings and percentile ranks are also reported for each journal in a given subject area.

This journal evaluation metric was launched in December 2016 as an alternative to the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) impact factor (IF), calculated by Clarivate. CiteScore is based on the citations collected for articles published in the preceding four years, instead of two or five in the JCR IF. This enhanced methodology was introduced with the release of CiteScore 2019 in June 2020. At launch, CiteScore's neutrality was questioned by bibliometrics experts like Carl Bergstrom, who found it appeared to favour Elsevier's titles over Nature's.

Clarivate
Clarivate Plc is a British-American publicly traded analytics company that operates a collection of subscription-based services, in the areas of bibliometrics and scientometrics; business and market intelligence, and competitive profiling for pharmacy and biotech, patents, and regulatory compliance; trademark protection, and domain and brand protection. Clarivate calculates the impact factor of scientific journals, using data from its Web of Science product family, that also includes services and applications such as Publons, EndNote, and EndNote Click. Its other product families are Cortellis, DRG, CPA Global, Derwent, CompuMark, and Darts-ip, and also the various ProQuest products and services.

Clarivate was formed in 2016, following the acquisition of Thomson Reuters' Intellectual Property and Science business by Onex Corporation and Baring Private Equity Asia. Clarivate has acquired various companies since then, including, notably, ProQuest in 2021.
Atrium Award
The Atrium Award is an award for excellence in journalism coverage of the garment industry. It is given by the University of Georgia's Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication and AmericasMart, the world's largest permanent trade center for wholesale trade and the only permanent international trade center in the United States. The award was established in 1980 to "recognize outstanding work of writers and photojournalists who cover the nation's garment industry and to encourage them to put forth their best efforts." Past Atrium Award winners include the San Francisco Chronicle, Detroit Free Press, and Los Angeles Times, as well as individuals such as Sandra Eisert (San Jose Mercury-News) and Jeff Wilkerson (St. Louis Magazine).

Wholesaling
Wholesaling or distributing is the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional or other professional business users; or to other wholesalers (wholesale businesses) and related subordinated services. In general, it is the sale of goods in bulk to anyone, either a person or an organization, other than the end consumer of that merchandise. Wholesaling involves purchasing goods in bulk, usually directly from the manufacturer or source, at a discounted rate. Retailers then sell these goods to end consumers at a higher price, generating a profit.

Traditionally, wholesalers were closer to the markets they supplied than the source from which they got the products. However, with the advent of the internet and e-procurement there is an increasing number of wholesalers located nearer to the manufacturers in China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. The profit margins of wholesalers depend largely on their ability to achieve market competitive transaction costs.