hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transaction Network Services
Transaction Network Services (TNS) is a privately held, multinational company in the payments, financial and telecommunications industries. TNS is the supplier of networking, integrated data, and voice services to many organizations in the global payments and financial communities, as well as a provider of telecommunications network solutions to service providers.

Telecommunications network
A telecommunications network is a group of nodes interconnected by telecommunications links that are used to exchange messages between the nodes. The links may use a variety of technologies based on the methodologies of circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching to pass messages and signals.

Multiple nodes may cooperate to pass a message from an originating node to a destination node via multiple network hops. For this routing function, each node in the network is assigned a network address for identification and locating it on the network. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space of the network.

Examples of telecommunications networks include computer networks, the Internet, the public switched telephone network (PSTN), the global Telex network, the aeronautical ACARS network, and the wireless radio networks of cell phone telecommunication providers.
Petruma
Petruma is a medium-sized lake in the Vuoksi main catchment area. It is located in the region of North Karelia in Finland. Petruma is also the name of a nearby village in the municipality of Heinävesi.

Heinävesi
Heinävesi (Finnish: [ˈhei̯næˌʋesi]; lit. 'hay water') is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the North Karelia region. The municipality has a population of 2,909 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,319.58 square kilometres (509.49 sq mi) of which 288.71 km2 (111.47 sq mi) is water. The population density is 2.82 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.3/sq mi). Neighbouring municipalities are Savonlinna, Varkaus, Leppävirta, Tuusniemi, Outokumpu and Liperi. The city of Joensuu is located 81 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Heinävesi. The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

In 2021, Heinävesi had its region reassigned from South Savo to North Karelia.

The only Orthodox Christian monasteries in Finland, the New Valamo Monastery and the Lintula Holy Trinity Convent, are located in Heinävesi.
Chase's Regiment of Militia
Chase's Regiment of Militia also known as the 13th New Hampshire Regiment of Militia was called up at Cornish, New Hampshire on September 22, 1777, as reinforcements for the Continental Army during the Saratoga Campaign. The regiment marched quickly to join the gathering forces of Gen. Horatio Gates as he faced British Gen. John Burgoyne in northern New York. The regiment served in Gen. William Whipple's brigade of New Hampshire militia. With the surrender of Burgoyne's Army on October 17 the regiment was disbanded on October 24, 1777. They would be called up again to protect the frontier of the state during the Royalton Raid of 1780.

Royalton raid
The Royalton raid was a British-led Indian raid in 1780 against various towns along the White River Valley in the Vermont Republic during the American Revolutionary War. It was the last major Indian raid in New England.
Pilon fracture
A pilon fracture,  is a fracture of the distal part of the tibia, involving its articular surface at the ankle joint. Pilon fractures are caused by rotational or axial forces, mostly as a result of falls from a height or motor vehicle accidents. Pilon fractures are rare, comprising 3 to 10 percent of all fractures of the tibia and 1 percent of all lower extremity fractures, but they involve a large part of the weight-bearing surface of the tibia in the ankle joint. Because of this, they may be difficult to fixate and are historically associated with high rates of complications and poor outcome.

Pilon is the French word for "pestle" and was introduced into orthopedic literature in 1911 by pioneer French radiologist Étienne Destot.

Torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational correspondent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force, or simply the moment. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull applied to a body, a torque can be thought of as a twist applied to an object with respect to a chosen axis. For example, driving a screw uses torque to force it into an object. The torque is applied by the screwdriver, rotating around its axis, to the drive on the head of the screw.

Torque is generally referred to using different vocabulary depending on geographical location and field of study, with torque generally being associated with physics and moment being associated with engineering. This article follows the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque.

Torque is typically represented mathematically using  the lowercase Greek letter tau (). When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by M.
John Braun (baseball)
John Paul Braun (December 26, 1939 – June 10, 2011) was an American professional baseball pitcher who appeared in one game in Major League Baseball for the Milwaukee Braves in 1964. Braun threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m) tall and weighed 218 pounds (99 kg). He was born in Madison, Wisconsin.

Braun graduated from Madison West High School in 1957, where he played baseball, football and basketball. After high school, Braun played college basketball for the Chipola Indians before transferring to the University of Wisconsin.

His pro baseball career lasted five seasons (1960–1961, 1963–1965), all of them in the  Braves' system. In his only MLB appearance, on October 2, 1964 at Milwaukee County Stadium, he threw two shutout innings of relief against the Pittsburgh Pirates, allowed two hits and one base on balls, and struck out one — victimizing Baseball Hall of Famer and four-time National League batting champion Roberto Clemente on a called third strike.

Games pitched
In baseball statistics, games pitched (denoted by Games G in tables of only pitching statistics) is the number of games in which a player appears as a pitcher. The statistic is also referred to as appearances, especially to refer to the number of games a relief pitcher has pitched in.

Normally, a pitcher must face at least one batter (or three batters in some relief situations), but exceptions are made in the case of injury. A notable example was Larry Yount, who suffered an injury while throwing warmup pitches after being summoned as a reliever in a Major League Baseball (MLB) game on September 15, 1971. He did not face a batter, but was credited with an appearance because he had been announced as a substitute. Yount never appeared in (or actually played in) any other MLB game.
Lalita Yadav
Lalita Yadav (born 22 April 1961) is a member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India. She was elected from Chhatarpur seat in the 2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections. In 2018 election she fought her election from Badamalhara seat and was runner up in the election but she managed to get her ticket from Chhatarpur back in 2023 and won the election and she is now serving as a MLA of Chhatarpur.  She belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

From 1997 to 2004 she was district president of BJP Mahila Morcha, and from 2000 to 2004 president of the municipal council of Chhatarpur. In 2007–08 she was a member of the Bundelkhand Development Authority Sagar. In 2007 she was vice president MP BJP Mahila Morcha.

In June 2018, she was reported to have organized a wedding ceremony between two frogs in order to appease the rain gods. This was attended by hundreds of people, further encouraging this superstition.

2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
The 2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election was declared by the Election Commission of India on 14 October 2008. Elections for 230 seats took place on 27 November 2008, and counting started on 8 December. The Bharatiya Janata Party won a majority of seats and Shivraj Singh Chouhan was sworn in as the Chief Minister for the second time.
Mahipati
Mahipati (1715–1790)  was an 18th-century Marathi language hagiographer who wrote biographies of prominent Hindu Vaishnava sants who had lived between the 13th and the 17th centuries in Maharashtra and other regions of India.

Sant (religion)
A sant (Sanskrit: सन्त्; IAST: Sant; [sɐn̪t̪]) is a human being revered as a "truth-exemplar" for their abnormal level of "self, truth, [and] reality" in Indian religions, particularly Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism. In Sikhism it is used to describe a being who has attained spiritual enlightenment and divine knowledge and power through union with God.
Land of the Free (song)
"Land of the Free" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Joey Bada$$. It was released on January 20, 2017, by Pro Era and Cinematic Music Group, as the second single from his second studio album, ALL-AMERIKKKAN BADA$$. The song was produced by Kirk Knight and Adam Pallin.

Kirk Knight
Kirlan Labarrie (born November 16, 1995), better known by his stage name Kirk Knight, is an American record producer, rapper and member of the hip hop collective Pro Era. His debut project, Late Knight Special, was released on October 30, 2015. On July 21, 2017, he released a collaborative project with fellow Pro Era member Nyck Caution, Nyck @ Knight, with its first single "Off the Wall" released on June 8, 2017. Knight is both a producer as well as a rapper. He has produced top songs such as "Flem" by A$AP Ferg and "Big Dusty" by Joey Bada$$. His debut studio album, Late Night Special, peaked on the Billboard chart on November 21, 2015, at number 33, but lasting one week on the chart. Knight, as well as Joey Bada$$ of Pro Era, made hints at a solo album coming out in 2018 for Knight. Knight also went on tour in 2018 with the rap collective Flatbush Zombies along with fellow Pro Era member Nyck Caution.
W. Andrew Robinson
William Andrew Coulthard Robinson (born 14 March 1957) is a British author and former newspaper editor.

Andrew Robinson was educated at the Dragon School, Eton College, where he was a King's Scholar, University College, Oxford, where he read chemistry, and finally the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. He is the son of Neville Robinson, an Oxford physicist, and Daphne Robinson.

Robinson first visited India in 1975, and has been involved with the country's culture ever since. He has authored many books and articles, including biographical works on Jean-Francois Champollion, Albert Einstein, Satyajit Ray, Rabindranath Tagore, Michael Ventris, and Thomas Young. Until 2006, he was the literary editor of the Times Higher Education Supplement. He has also been a visiting fellow at Wolfson College, Cambridge. He is based in London and is now a full-time writer. Robinson is a member of the British Museum Advisory Council.

I.B. Tauris
I.B. Tauris is an educational publishing house and imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing. It was an independent publishing house with offices in London and New York City until its purchase in May 2018 by Bloomsbury Publishing.

It specialises in non-fiction books on Asian studies, the history of art, history of the Middle Ages and the modern period, politics and international relations, the Middle East and Islamic world generally, religious studies, geography and environment, and visual culture (including film, photography, and contemporary art). Its books are aimed primarily at the specialist market, including academics and students of higher education. The company also sells to a general audience.
Decomposition method
Decomposition method is a generic term for solutions of various problems and design of algorithms in which the basic idea is to decompose the problem into subproblems. The term may specifically refer to:

Decomposition method (constraint satisfaction) in constraint satisfaction

Decomposition method (multidisciplinary design optimization) in multidisciplinary design optimization

Decomposition method (queueing theory), in queueing network analysis

Adomian decomposition method, a non-numerical method for solving nonlinear differential equations

Domain decomposition methods in mathematics, numerical analysis, and numerical partial differential equations

Cholesky decomposition method

Adomian decomposition method
The Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is a semi-analytical method for solving ordinary and partial nonlinear differential equations.  The method was developed from the 1970s to the 1990s by George Adomian, chair of the Center for Applied Mathematics at the University of Georgia.

It is further extensible to stochastic systems by using the Ito integral.  
The aim of this method is towards a unified theory for the solution of partial differential equations (PDE); an aim which has been superseded by the more general theory of the homotopy analysis method.  
The crucial aspect of the method is employment of the "Adomian polynomials" which allow for solution convergence of the nonlinear portion of the equation, without simply linearizing the system.  These polynomials mathematically generalize to a Maclaurin series about an arbitrary external parameter; which gives the solution method more flexibility than direct Taylor series expansion.
Richard Huntington Melton
Richard Huntington Melton (born 1935) is an American former diplomat who was a career foreign service officer, serving as the U.S. ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Nicaragua (April 1988 until July 1988, departure requested by the government of Nicaragua July 11, 1988) and ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Brazil (1989–1993).

Foreign Service officer
A Foreign Service officer (FSO) is a commissioned member of the United States Foreign Service. FSOs formulate and implement the foreign policy of the United States. They spend most of their careers overseas as members of U.S. embassies, consulates, and other diplomatic missions, though some receive assignments to serve at combatant commands, Congress, and educational institutions such as the various U.S. service academies.

As of 2021, there were over 8,000 FSOs.
Anahydrophorus
Anahydrophorus is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It contains only one species, Anahydrophorus cinereus. It is recorded from southern Spain and Portugal in Europe, and it is widely distributed along the coasts of North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia).

Dolichopodidae
Dolichopodidae, the long-legged flies, are a large, cosmopolitan family of true flies with more than 8,000 described species in about 250 genera. The genus Dolichopus is the most speciose, with some 600 species.

Dolichopodidae generally are small flies with large, prominent eyes and a metallic cast to their appearance, though there is considerable variation among the species.  Most have long legs, though some do not. In many species, the males have unusually large genitalia which are taxonomically useful in identifying species. Most adults are predatory on other small animals, though some may scavenge or act as kleptoparasites of spiders or other predators.
Degano
Degano is an Eastern Alpine surname of Germanic-Friulian origin.

Its place of maximum frequency is the province of Udine, in the Alpine region of Friuli.

It is a derivate of the evolution of the classic Old High German word "degan".

The first documented use of "degano" as a substantive is observed in the epic poem "Hildebrandslied" of langobardic origin, written in Old High German with Old Saxon elements and dates back to c.ca 800 AD.

It could also derive from a dialectal use of the latin title "decanus", or indicating the leader of a type of Swiss-Alpine territorial division "degagna".

Degano (Dean in Friulian) is also a river having its source at 1039m a.s.l in the Carnic Alps in the comune of Forni Avoltri.

Degano can also refer to Val Degano, one of the 7 valleys of the Alpine historical-geographic region of Carnia (Cjargne in Friulian).

Notable people with the surname include:

Daniele Degano (born 1982), Italian footballer

Enrico Degano (born 1976), Italian cyclist

Eastern Alps
The Eastern Alps are usually defined as the area east of a line from Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine valley, up to the Splügen Pass at the Alpine divide, and down the Liro River to Lake Como in the south. The peaks and mountain passes are lower than the Western Alps, while the range itself is broader and less arched.
Here and Now (1992 TV series)
Here and Now is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC from September 19, 1992, to January 2, 1993. The series starred Malcolm-Jamal Warner in the lead role, who prior to this series co-starred in The Cosby Show which ended its run in April 1992. Bill Cosby served as one of the show's executive producers along with Warner serving as executive consultant credited as M.J. Warner. The song "Tennessee" by Arrested Development was used as the show's theme song.

S. Epatha Merkerson
S. Epatha Merkerson (born Sharon Epatha Merkerson; November 28, 1952) is an American actress. She has received accolades for her work, including an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, four NAACP Image Awards, two Obie Awards, and two Tony Award nominations. She is known for her portrayal of NYPD Lieutenant  Anita Van Buren on the NBC police procedural drama series Law & Order, a role she played from 1993 to 2010, appearing in 388 episodes of the series. She is also known for playing Reba the Mail Lady on Pee-wee's Playhouse and Sharon Goodwin in the NBC medical drama Chicago Med since the series premiered in November 2015 (and in crossover appearances on Chicago Fire and Chicago P.D.).
Listed buildings in Shocklach Oviatt
Shocklach Oviatt is a former civil parish, now in the parish of Shocklach Oviatt and District, in Cheshire West and Chester, England.  It contains three buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings, all of which are listed at Grade II.  This grade is the lowest of the three gradings given to listed buildings and is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".  Apart from the village of Shocklach, the parish is entirely rural.  The listed buildings consist of two farmhouses and a group of farm buildings.

Shocklach Oviatt and District
Shocklach Oviatt and District is a civil parish in the Cheshire West and Chester unitary authority, in the county of Cheshire, England.

The parish was created in 2015, combining the previous civil parishes of Caldecott, Church Shocklach, Horton by Malpas and Shocklach Oviatt. Settlements in the parish include Caldecott Green, Shocklach, Horton Green, Castletown, Green Croft, Lane End, Little Green, Lordsfields, Port Green, Shocklach Green and The Saughans.

It has a parish council, the lowest tier of local government.

The 2015 mid-year estimate of the parish population was 310.
MV John Lyras
John Lyras was a 7,513 GRT heavy lift ship that was built in 1942 as Empire Elaine by Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd, Barrow in Furness, Lancashire, United Kingdom for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She spent most of the Second World War serving in the Indian Ocean, although she did visit the Mediterranean to take part in Operation Husky and Operation Dragoon.

In 1947, she was sold into merchant service and renamed John Lyras. In 1959, she was sold to a Panamanian owner. A further sale in 1970 saw her renamed Boundary. She served until 1972 when she was scrapped.

Ministry of War Transport
The Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) was a department of the British Government formed early in the Second World War to control transportation policy and resources. It was formed by merging the Ministry of Shipping and the Ministry of Transport, bringing responsibility for both shipping and land transport to a single department, and easing problems of co-ordination of transport in wartime.

The MoWT was founded on 1 May 1941, when Lord Leathers was appointed Minister of War Transport. Following the general election of July 1945, Alfred Barnes was appointed Minister of War Transport, remaining in the post after the department was renamed the Ministry of Transport in April 1946.
Hunter Smith
Hunter Dwight Smith (born August 9, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a punter in the National Football League (NFL).  He was selected by the Indianapolis Colts in the seventh round of the 1999 NFL draft.  He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish.

Smith earned a Super Bowl ring with the Colts in Super Bowl XLI as they beat the Chicago Bears. He is currently the representative for House District 24 of the Indiana House of Representatives.

Super Bowl ring
The Super Bowl ring is an award given by the National Football League to the members of the winning team of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl.

Other rings are awarded to the members of the Super Bowl runner-up team and of the teams that win the AFC or NFC championship. Teams that make the playoffs also receive bonus money that is distributed evenly among members who spent at least three games on the active or reserve list during the regular season.
Heimdallarchaeum
"Candidatus Heimdallarchaeum" is a genus of archaea that in turn forms a distinct group within the Promethearchaeati kingdom. Named after the mythical Norse god, Heimdall, one of the sons of Odin, it is considered the closest relative of eukaryotes. The first specimens were discovered by a team of microbiologists at the Uppsala University, Sweden from the marine sediments at Loki's Castle (hydrothermal vents in the mid-Atlantic Ocean) and Bay of Aarhus (a waterway in Denmark), and some other species from Auka hydrothermal vent field in the Pacific Ocean. Its class, "Candidatus Heimdallarchaeia" is the group of archaea that eukaryotes emerged. A later study reports that their newly developed data shows that the promethearchaeon ancestors of eukaryotes are rooted in a group older than the "Candidatus Heimdallarchaeia. The genus and its family, order and class are not recognized by LPSN as "pro-correct".

Bay of Aarhus
The Bay of Aarhus, or Aarhus Bay, is a Danish waterway by Aarhus in eastern Jutland.

The Bay of Aarhus is bounded by Kalø Vig in the north, Sletterhage and Helgenæs in the east, Samsø and Tunø to the south and the east Jutland coast to the west. The bay stretches over an area of 610 square kilometres (240 sq mi) and consists of a flat bassin, increasing in depth from 14 m in the west to 18 m in the east. The bay mainly exchanges water with the Kattegat through a deep trench along Helgenæs with depths to 50 m. In the bay's southern section there are a number of stony reefs including Norsminde Flak, Wulffs Flak, Mejlflak and Tunø Knob. These reefs, and the islands of Tunø and Samsø, prevents an open connection with the Belt Sea.