hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cai Yong
Cai Yong (132/133 – c. June 192), courtesy name Bojie, was a Chinese astronomer, calligrapher, historian, mathematician, musician, politician, and writer of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was well-versed in calligraphy, music, mathematics and astronomy. One of his daughters, Cai Yan / Cai Wenji, was also a famous poet and musician.

Book of the Later Han
The Book of the Later Han, also known as the History of the Later Han and by its Chinese name Hou Hanshu (Chinese: 後漢書), is one of the Twenty-Four Histories and covers the history of the Han dynasty from 6 to 189 CE, a period known as the Later or Eastern Han. The book was compiled by Fan Ye and others in the 5th century during the Liu Song dynasty, using a number of earlier histories and documents as sources.
K. Kathirkamu
K. Kathirkamu was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Periyakulam constituency in the 2016.

He was one of the 18 members who were disqualified were disqualified by Speaker P. Dhanapal as they withdrew support to Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami and became loyal to rebel leader T.T.V. Dhinakaran and joined his party Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam.

P. Dhanapal
P. Dhanapal (born 16 May 1951) is an Indian politician and incumbent Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He is a former Speaker of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.

P. Dhanapal  was born on 16 May 1951 in Karupur. He obtained a master's degree and is married with two children.

Dhanapal was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Sankagiri constituency in the 1977, 1980 and 1984 and 2001 elections. In the 2011 and 2016 Tamil Nadu assembly elections he won from Rasipuram and Avanashi constituencies, respectively.
Khanyar Assembly constituency
Khanyar Assembly constituency is one of the 90 constituencies in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir a north state of India. Khanyar is also part of Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency.

Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
The Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (Dogri: 𑠑𑠢𑠹𑠢𑠰 𑠙𑠳 𑠊𑠧𑠹𑠢𑠮𑠤 𑠊𑠺𑠝𑠰𑠝 𑠀𑠩𑠳𑠷𑠠𑠥𑠮 (in Dogri)); (Kashmiri: جۆم تہٕ کٔشیٖر مَجلِسہِ قۄنوٗن سٲزی (in Perso-Arabic), 𑆘𑆾𑇌𑆩𑇀 𑆠 𑆑𑆯𑆵𑆫𑇀 𑆩𑆘𑇀𑆬𑆴𑆱𑇀-𑆅 𑆑𑇊𑆾𑇋𑆳𑆤𑆷𑆤𑇀 𑆱𑆃𑆘𑇊𑆵 (in Sharada)) is the unicameral legislature of Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly is the legislative arm of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir. At present, it consists of 95 members, directly elected from 95 constituencies. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years unless dissolved sooner.

Prior to 2019, the State of Jammu and Kashmir had a bicameral legislature with a legislative assembly (lower house) and a legislative council (upper house). The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, passed by the Parliament of India in August 2019, replaced this with a unicameral legislature while also re-organising the state into a union territory. The current 13th assembly was elected in September and October 2024.
Miss Grand Spain 2024
Miss Grand Spain 2024 (Spanish: Miss Grand España 2024) was the eighth edition of the Miss Grand Spain pageant, held on 11 May 2024, at the Teatro Municipal Horacio Noguera, Isla Cristina, Huelva. Thirty-five candidates, who qualified for the national pageant through the provincial contests, competed for the title. Of whom, a 25-year-old programmer and Harvard University's labour law student representing the province of Las Palmas, Susana Medina, was elected the winner. Susana will represent the country at the international parent stage, Miss Grand International 2024.

Miss Grand Spain
Miss Grand Spain (Spanish: Miss Grand España) is a national female beauty pageant in Spain that has been held annually since 2016 to select the country representatives to compete in Miss Grand International pageant. Its inaugural edition was held in Seville with 24 provinces and autonomous communities participating; in which Adriana Sánchez Rivas of Málaga won the main title. The pageant has been owned by Vicente Gonzalez since the establishment.

The reigning Miss Grand Spain is Aitana Jiménez of Lleida who was crowned on 14 June 2025  at Pabellón Auditorio Miguel Ángel Cerezo Nieto, in Adamuz. Jiménez will represented the country  at the Miss Grand International 2025 pageant in Bangkok, Thailand, on 18 October
Joint Task Force OMEGA
Joint Task Force OMEGA (Spanish: Fuerza de tarea conjunta OMEGA) is a joint task force involving the Military of Colombia in support of Plan Patriota (Now replaced by Plan Consolidación) assembled with the main purpose of capturing the leaders of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).

Meta Department
Meta Department (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmeta]) is one of the 32 departments that compose the Republic of Colombia. Largely located within the country's Orinoquía natural region and covered by the Llanos, it is close to the geographic center of the country, east of the Andes mountains. Its capital is the city of Villavicencio.
Electoral capitulation
An electoral capitulation (German: Wahlkapitulation) was initially a written agreement in parts of Europe, principally the Holy Roman Empire, whereby from the 13th century onward, a candidate to a prince-bishopric had to agree to a set of preconditions presented by the cathedral chapter prior to electing a bishop to a vacant see.

Starting with the election of Emperor Charles V in 1519, a similar electoral capitulation was presented by the prince-electors to the future emperor. In both episcopal and imperial capitulations, the candidate swore to respect the terms and conditions set in the capitulation in the event of his election. The capitulation usually reaffirmed the privileges of the electors and placed limitations on the future prince-bishop or emperor's authority to exercise power.

1519 imperial election
The imperial election of 1519 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on 28 June, Charles V was elected and crowned Holy Roman Emperor the next year.
Malchin am Kummerower See
Malchin am Kummerower See is an Amt in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is just east of the Kummerower See. The seat of the Amt, that was formed in 2005, is in the town Malchin.

The Amt Malchin am Kummerower See consists of the following municipalities:

Basedow

Faulenrost

Gielow

Kummerow

Malchin

Neukalen

Mecklenburgische Seenplatte (district)
Mecklenburgische Seenplatte (German pronunciation: [ˈmeːklənˌbuʁɡɪʃə ˈzeːənˌplatə], lit. 'Mecklenburg Lake Plateau') is a district in the southeast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts Ludwigslust-Parchim, Rostock (district), Vorpommern-Rügen, Vorpommern-Greifswald, and the state Brandenburg to the south. The district covers the largest area of all German districts and more than double the area of the state of Saarland. The district seat is the town Neubrandenburg.
Zelenoborsky
Zelenoborsky (Russian: Зеленобо́рский; Finnish: Ruhtinanlahti) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Kandalakshsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located directly west of the Kola Peninsula on the lower Kovda River, 235 kilometers (146 mi) south of Murmansk. Population:  6,560 (2010 Census); 7,640 (2002 Census); 9,643 (1989 Soviet census).

It was founded as a work settlement around 1951.

Kandalakshsky District
Kandalakshsky District (Russian: Кандала́кшский райо́н) is an administrative district (a raion), one of the six in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Kandalakshsky Municipal District. It is located in the southwest of the oblast, and borders with Kovdorsky District to the north, Loukhsky District of the Republic of Karelia, and with Finland to the west. The area of the district is 14,400 square kilometers (5,600 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kandalaksha. Population:  49,544 (2010 Census); 60,140 (2002 Census); 78,239 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kandalaksha accounts for 72.0% of the district's total population.
AEI Legal Center for the Public Interest
AEI Legal Center for the Public Interest (LCPI) was formed when the National Legal Center for the Public Interest (NLCPI) was merged into the conservative think tank American Enterprise Institute (AEI) in September 2007. Its stated mission is to "foster knowledge about law and the administration of justice, especially with respect to individual rights, free enterprise, property ownership, limited government, and a fair and efficient judiciary. It has pursued its educational and intellectual missions through a publishing program, conferences, and the annual Gauer Distinguished Lecture in Law and Public Policy."

Scaife Foundations
The Scaife Foundations refer collectively to three foundations in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: the Allegheny Foundation, the Sarah Scaife Foundation, and the Scaife Family Foundation. A fourth foundation, the Carthage Foundation, was folded into the Sarah Scaife Foundation in 2014. The Sarah Scaife Foundation and Scaife Family Foundation are major funders of American conservative causes.
Hody-Dobrovidka
Hody-Dobrovidka (Ukrainian: Го́ди-Доброві́дка, Polish: Gody-Dobrowódka) is a village in Kolomyia Raion of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in Western Ukraine. The population of the village is around 967 inhabitants, and local government is administered by Hodo-Dobrovidska village council. It belongs to Piadyky rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Kolomyia
Kolomyia (Ukrainian: Коломия, IPA: [koloˈmɪjɐ] ⓘ; Polish: Kołomyja), formerly known as Kolomea, is a city located on the Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in the west of Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Kolomyia Raion, hosting the administration of Kolomyia urban hromada. The population is 60,821 (2022 estimate).

The city rests approximately halfway between Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi, in the centre of the historical region of Pokuttia, with which it shares much of its history. Kolomyia is a notable railroad hub, as well as an industrial centre (textiles, shoes, metallurgical plant, machine works, wood and paper industry). It is a centre of Hutsul culture. Until 1925 the town was the most populous town in the region. Before the Holocaust about half the town’s population was Jewish.
Wang Chao (politician, born 1960)
Wang Chao (Chinese: 王超; born April 1960) is a Chinese diplomat and politician who served as president of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs from 2019 to 2025. He previously held several key positions within China's foreign affairs and commerce systems, including vice minister of foreign affairs and vice minister of commerce. Wang is currently a member of the Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress and vice chairman of its Foreign Affairs Committee.

Ministry of Commerce (China)
The Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) is an executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China responsible for formulating policies on foreign trade, export and import regulations, foreign direct investments, consumer protection, market competition (competition regulator), and negotiating bilateral and multilateral trade agreements. It is the 20th-ranked department of the State Council. The current minister is Wang Wentao.
Giovanni Bastianini
Giovanni Bastianini (17 September 1830 – 29 June 1868) was an Italian sculptor who began his career as a stonecutter in the quarries at Fiesole, and was sent by Francesco Inghirami to study in Florence, first with Pio Fedi and then with Girolamo Torrini, with whom he collaborated on a statue of Donatello for the portico of the Uffizi. Bastianini's name became famous in connection with his unmasking as the first widely publicized art forger.

Francesco Inghirami
Francesco Inghirami (1772-1846) was an Italian archeologist and author.

He was born to a prominent family from Volterra. His brother Giovanni (1779 – 1851) was a prominent astronomer and Catholic priest. His brother Marcello was a prominent alabaster sculptor. As a young man, Francesco fought in the Napoleonic wars in 1799. He then returned to Tuscany, where he began collecting mainly Etruscan antiquities. He founded a college at Fiesole. He published illustrations of some of his collections in his ten volume Monumenti etruschi (1820–1827), Galleria Omerica (also titled Raccolta di monumenti antichi esibita dal cav. Francesco Inghirami per servire allo studio dell'Illiade e dell'Odissea 3 volumes, 1829–1851), Pitture di vasi fittili (1831-1837), Museo etrusco chiusino (2 volumes, 1833), and the incomplete Storia della Toscana (1841-1845). He illustrated and engraved many if not most of the drawings for these texts.
Almost flat manifold
In mathematics, a smooth compact manifold M is called almost flat if for any  there is a Riemannian metric  on M such that  and 
 is -flat, i.e. for the sectional curvature of  we have .

Given , there is a positive number  such that if an -dimensional manifold admits an -flat metric with diameter  then it is almost flat. On the other hand, one can fix the bound of sectional curvature and get the diameter going to zero, so the almost-flat manifold is a special case of a collapsing manifold, which is collapsing along all directions.

According to the Gromov–Ruh theorem,  is almost flat if and only if it is infranil. In particular, it is a finite factor of a nilmanifold, which is the total space of a principal torus bundle over a principal torus bundle over a torus.

Sectional curvature
In Riemannian geometry, the sectional curvature is one of the ways to describe the curvature of Riemannian manifolds. The sectional curvature K(σp) depends on a two-dimensional linear subspace σp of the tangent space at a point p of the manifold. It can be defined geometrically as the Gaussian curvature of the surface which has the plane σp as a tangent plane at p, obtained from geodesics which start at p in the directions of σp (in other words, the image of σp under the exponential map at p). The sectional curvature is a real-valued function on the 2-Grassmannian bundle over the manifold.

The sectional curvature determines the Riemann curvature tensor completely.
Texasetes
Texasetes (meaning "Texas resident")  is a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaurs from the late Lower Cretaceous of North America. This poorly known genus has been recovered from the Paw Paw Formation (late Albian) near Haslet, Tarrant County, Texas, which has also produced the nodosaurid ankylosaur Pawpawsaurus.

Scapula
The scapula (pl.: scapulae or scapulas), also known as the shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). Like their connected bones, the scapulae are paired, with each scapula on either side of the body being roughly a mirror image of the other. The name derives from the Classical Latin word for trowel or small shovel, which it was thought to resemble.

In compound terms, the prefix omo- is used for the shoulder blade in medical terminology. This prefix is derived from ὦμος (ōmos), the Ancient Greek word for shoulder, and is cognate with the Latin (h)umerus, which in Latin signifies either the shoulder or the upper arm bone.

The scapula forms the back of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage.
Esoteric Buddhism (book)
Esoteric Buddhism is a book originally published in 1883 in London; it was compiled by a member of the Theosophical Society, A. P. Sinnett. This is the most significant theosophical work of the author.  It was one of the first books written for the purpose of explaining theosophy to the general public, and was "made up of the author's correspondence with an Indian mystic."

Despite the name and purported origin, academics do not believe that the book records traditional Buddhist practices.  According to Goodrick-Clarke, it "disseminated the basic teachings of Theosophy in its new Asian cast."

Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Donald Sewell Lopez Jr. (born 1952) is an American scholar of Buddhism and the Arthur E. Link Distinguished university professor of Buddhist and Tibetan Studies at the University of Michigan, in the Department of Asian Languages and Cultures.
History of videotelephony
The videophone as a concept began to materialize shortly after the telephone was patented in 1876, and its history is closely connected to that of the telephone. Many attempts were made to create a practical video-telephone, and were met with repeated commercial failure because of high cost, lack of popular demand and a failure to reach the threshold for the network effect to apply.

Videotelephony finally reached the mainstream in the 2000s with the subsumption of videotelephony into modern multifunction smartphones and videoconferencing apps which have made videotelephony ubiquitous at the same time as eliminating the videophone as a distinct product category.

Nipkow disk
A Nipkow disk (sometimes Anglicized as Nipkov disk; patented in 1884), also known as scanning disk, is a mechanical, rotating, geometrically operating image scanning device, patented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in Berlin. This scanning disk was a fundamental component in mechanical television, and thus the first televisions, through the 1920s and 1930s.
Social interaction and first-person shooters
In first-person shooters, players participate in weapon-based combat all in the first person, or from the perspective of their character. 
A notable features of FPS games is its compatibility for networked, then later online, multiplayer gaming, where players could bring their skills to a national and then later a global arena. In a genre consisting of players hunting and killing other players, FPS games are found to include a source of rich communication and social interactions between players.

Trash talk
Trash talk is a form of spoken insult usually found in sports events, although it is not exclusive to sports or similarly characterized events. It is often used to intimidate the opposition and/or make them less confident in their ability to win, but it can also be used in a humorous spirit. Trash-talk is often characterized by the use of hyperbole or figurative language, such as "Your team can't run! You run like honey on ice!" Puns and other wordplay are commonly used.

Trash-talk has become a debatable term, especially in North American sports, with the greatest trash talkers being acknowledged for both their trash-talking skills as well as their athletic and mental abilities. For example, Larry Bird is regarded as a prolific trash talker and was known for his athletic ability backing up his trash talk.
Mathias Jensen
Mathias Jensen (born 1 January 1996) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Premier League club Brentford and the Denmark national team.

Jensen is a product of the Nordsjælland academy and began his senior career with the club in 2016. Following two seasons as a regular member of the team, he transferred to Celta Vigo in 2018. After an injury-hit 2018–19 season, he transferred to Brentford and was a part of the squad which was promoted to the Premier League in 2021. A former Denmark youth international, Jensen made his full international debut in 2020. He was a member of the Denmark squads at Euro 2020, the 2022 World Cup and Euro 2024.

Danish Football Association
The Danish Football Association (Danish: Dansk Boldspil-Union; abbr. DBU) is the governing body of football in Denmark. It is the organization of Danish football clubs and runs the professional Danish football leagues, alongside the men's and women's national teams. Based in the city of Brøndby, it is a founding member of both FIFA and UEFA. The DBU has also been the governing body of futsal in Denmark since 2008.
Tullparaju
Tullparaju (possibly from Quechua tullpa rustic cooking-fire, stove, rahu snow, ice, mountain with snow) is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about 5,787 metres (18,986 ft) high. It is situated in the Ancash Region, Huaraz Province, Independencia District, and in the Huari Province, Huari District. Tullparaju lies southeast of the mountains Pucaranra and Chinchey and northeast of Andavite. It is situated at the end of the Quilcayhuanca valley, northeast of the lake Tullpacocha.

Chinchey
Chinchey, also known as Rurichinchay, is a 6,309-metre-high (20,699 ft)  mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the region of Ancash, most precisely between the districts of Aco (in Carhuaz Province), Independencia (in Huaraz Province), and Huari (in Huari Province).

Rurichinchay is also the name of the lake northeast of the mountain at 9°20′31″S 77°19′04″W﻿ / ﻿9.34194°S 77.31778°W﻿ / -9.34194; -77.31778 and the name of the river which originates at the lake. It flows to the southeast.
Bronze Nazareth
Bronze Nazareth (born Justin Dante Cross; December 8, 1979 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American rapper and record producer associated with the Wu-Tang Clan. He has a solo career as an emcee and is also a part of the hip-hop group Wisemen along with his brother Kevlaar 7.

Masta Killa
Jamel Irief (born Elgin Evander Turner; August 18, 1969), better known by his stage name Masta Killa, is an American rapper and member of the Wu-Tang Clan. He was only featured on one track on their 1993 debut album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), but has been prolific on Clan group albums and solo projects since the mid-1990s. He released his debut album No Said Date in 2004 to positive reviews, and has since released four additional albums.
TUS Airways
TUS Airways is a Cypriot airline headquartered in Larnaca with its main hub at Larnaca International Airport. The airline was established in June 2015 and commenced flight operations on 14 February 2016.

Larnaca International Airport
Larnaca International Airport – Glafcos Clerides (IATA: LCA, ICAO: LCLK) is an international airport located 4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of Larnaca, Cyprus. Larnaca International Airport is Cyprus' main international airport and the larger of the two commercial airports in the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus (the other being Paphos International Airport on the island's southwestern coast) and one of the busiest airports in the Middle East. The airport was given its current name in July 2016, in honour of former President of Cyprus (1993–2003) Glafcos Clerides.
Ateleaspis
Ateleaspis is an extinct genus of primitive ostracoderm fish that lived in the Silurian period (Wenlock Epoch) to the Lower Devonian. Like other ostracoderms, Ateleaspis had a head shield similar to that of Cephalaspis. Species from Silurian period were found in Norway and Scotland, but now has been found also in Siberia from Early Devonian period.

Cephalaspis
Cephalaspis (from Greek: κεφαλή kephalḗ, 'head' and Greek: ἀσπίς aspís, 'shield') is a possibly monotypic genus of extinct osteostracan agnathan vertebrate. It was a trout-sized detritivorous fish that lived in the early Devonian.