hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frederick William I, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
Frederick William I, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (German: Friedrich Wilhelm I. Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck; 2 May 1682 – 26 June 1719) was a son of Duke August and his wife, Countess Hedwig Louise of Lippe-Alverdissen (1650-1731). He succeeded his father as Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck in 1689.

Lippe-Alverdissen
Lippe-Alverdissen was a German county of the ruling House of Lippe.

The branch was created in 1613 following the death of Count Simon VI of Lippe, with his realm being split between his three sons with his youngest son Philipp receiving the estate of Alverdissen (near Barntrup).

Following Count Philipp's ascension as Count of Schaumburg-Lippe in 1643, Alverdissen became a property of the now ruling branch of Schaumburg-Lippe. Following the death of Count Philipp in 1681 Schaumburg-Lippe went to his eldest son Friedrich Christian who built the existing Renaissance castle at Alverdissen and later ceded it to his brother Philip Ernest who founded the Schaumburg-Lippe-Alverdissen line. The two lines remained separate until Philip II, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, of the junior Schaumburg-Lippe-Alverdissen branch inherited the county of Schaumburg-Lippe in 1777. In 1812, Alverdissen Castle was sold by the princes of Schaumburg-Lippe to Pauline, the wife of Leopold I, Prince of Lippe.
Mister Ecuador
Mister Ecuador is an annual national male beauty pageant based in Guayaquil, that selects Ecuador's representatives to international competitions.

Representatives from the 24 provinces that make up Ecuador compete annually for the title of Mister Ecuador. Since 2025, Mister Ecuador has sent its winner to Mister International and Mister Supranational. In addition, the pageant also selects candidates to represent Ecuador in other international contests such as Mister Global and Man of the World.

Mister International
Mister International could refer to:

Mister International (Thailand), international pageant based in Thailand

Mister International (Philippines), international male beauty pageant based in the Philippines
Banda Los Recoditos
Banda Los Recoditos is a Mexican banda formed in Mazatlán, Sinaloa. It was founded in 1989 by friends and family members of Banda El Recodo by Cruz Lizárraga. Alfonso Lizárraga and Pancho Barraza, the first vocalists, were two of the more than dozen bandmembers comprising the original incarnation of the band. After releasing several albums, in 2010 the band released their album ¡Ando Bien Pedo!, featuring the single of the same title, which became a number-one hit in the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.

Hot Latin Songs
The Billboard Hot Latin Songs (formerly Hot Latin Tracks and Hot Latin 50) is a record chart in the United States for Latin songs, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Since October 2012, chart rankings are based on digital sales, radio airplay, and online streaming, and only predominantly Spanish-language songs are allowed to rank. The chart was established by the magazine on September 6, 1986, and was originally based on airplay on Latin music radio stations. Although the chart predominantly allows Spanish-language songs, songs in English and Portuguese have charted.

The first number one song of the Hot Latin Songs chart was "La Guirnalda" by Rocío Dúrcal on September 6, 1986. As of the issue dated February 28, 2026, the chart has had 468 different number one hits, while 192 artists have reached number one (as a lead or a featured act). The current number-one song on the chart is "DTMF" by Bad Bunny.
Sui Dhaaga
Sui Dhaaga: Made in India (transl. Needle & Thread; Hindi pronunciation: [sʊiː d̪ʱaːgaː]) is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film directed by Sharat Katariya and produced by Aditya Chopra and Maneesh Sharma. The film stars Varun Dhawan and Anushka Sharma as a married couple in small-town India who begin their own small-scale clothing business. It was shot in Chanderi, Bhopal, Delhi and Ghaziabad. The film was released in India on 28 September 2018; it received positive reviews from critics and proved to be a commercial success at the box office, It received five nominations at the 64th Filmfare Awards including Best Actress (Critics) for Sharma and Best Supporting Actress for Yamini Dass, who played Dhawan's mother in the film.

The film found a place as an official entry, in the competition category at the Shanghai International Film Festival (SIFF), the Belt and Road Film, which began on 15 June 2019.

64th Filmfare Awards
The 64th Filmfare Awards ceremony, presented by The Times Group, honored the best Indian Hindi-language films of 2018. The ceremony was held on 23 March 2019 in Mumbai.

Padmaavat led the ceremony with 18 nominations, followed by Raazi with 15 nominations, Andhadhun with 11 nominations, and Badhaai Ho and Stree with 10 nominations each.

Andhadhun and Raazi won 5 awards each, thus becoming the most-awarded films at the ceremony, with the former winning Best Film (Critics) and Best Actor (Critics) (for Ayushmann Khurrana), and the latter winning Best Film, Best Director (for Meghna Gulzar), and Best Actress (for Alia Bhatt).

Badhaai Ho and Padmaavat won 4 awards each; Tumbbad and Sanju won 3 and 2 awards respectively, with the latter winning Best Actor (for Ranbir Kapoor).

For the first time in the history of the Filmfare Awards, there was a tie for Best Supporting Actor – when Gajraj Rao for Badhaai Ho tied with Vicky Kaushal for Sanju for the award.
Parduymn Rajput
Parduymn singh Rajput (born 12 July 1963) is an Indian Politician and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party. In Fifth Delhi Assembly, he served as a member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly from Dwarka constituency. He won the 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election as a BJP candidate from Dwarka constituency.

2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Delhi on 5 February 2025 to elect all 70 members of the Delhi Legislative Assembly. The counting of votes and declaration of results took place on 8 February 2025.

The Bharatiya Janata Party won in 48 out of 70 seats, thus returning to power in Delhi after 27 years. Rekha Gupta, the MLA from Shalimar Bagh, took oath as the Chief Minister on 20 February 2025.
Sunil Singh Yadav
Sunil Singh Yadav (born 16 February 1981) also known as  Sunil Singh Sajan is an Indian politician. Sunil was elected as Member of Legislative Council from Lucknow-Unnao seat (2016-2022). He was assigned Dairy And Milk State Minister in Akhilesh Yadav's cabinet in Uttar Pradesh. He was National President of Samajwadi Party Kshatra Sabha.

Minister of State
Minister of state is a designation for a government minister, with varying meanings in different jurisdictions. In a number of European countries, the title is given as an honorific conferring a higher rank, often bestowed upon senior ministers. Conversely, in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries, "minister of state" is a junior rank, subordinate to a minister of higher rank. Finally, in other countries such as Australia, Brazil and Japan, all government ministers hold the title of "minister of state".
Biderman
Biderman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Biderman, sociologist who proposed Biderman's Chart of Coercion in 1957

Ann Biderman (born 1961), American writer

Bob Biderman (1940–2018), British-American novelist

Charles Biderman (born 1946), American businessman and investor

Dovid Biderman (1746–1814), Polish rabbi

Moshe Biderman (1776–1851), Polish rabbi, son of Dovid Biderman

Elimelech Biderman (born 1967), Israeli rabbi

Jacob Meir Biderman (1870–1941), Polish rabbi

Noel Biderman (born 1971), Canadian entrepreneur and marketer

Biderman's Chart of Coercion
Biderman's Chart of Coercion, also called Biderman's Principles, is a table developed by sociologist Albert Biderman in 1957 to illustrate the methods of Chinese and Korean torture on American prisoners of war from the Korean War. The chart lists eight methods of torture that will psychologically break an individual.

In spite of the chart's original Cold War application, Amnesty International has stated that the Chart of Coercion contains the "universal tools of torture and coercion". In the early 2000s, the chart was used by American interrogators at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. It has also been applied to the psychological abuse used by perpetrators of domestic violence.
Kemal Bilmez
Kemal Bilmez (born 12 February 1994) is a Belgian politician and member of the Chamber of Representatives. A member of the Workers' Party of Belgium, he has represented Flemish Brabant since June 2024.

Bilmez was born on 12 February 1994 in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert and is of Turkish origin. He is from Dilbeek in Flemish Brabant and was a youth leader for Chiro and a board member of a youth centre in Groot-Bijgaarden. He worked nights as a parcel sorter for DHL at Brussels Airport but following a work accident his employment contract was not renewed. He later worked for the Delhaize supermarket chain.

Bilmez is a member of the Workers' Party of Belgium (PVDA) and helped found its branch in Dilbeek. He was elected to the Chamber of Representatives at the 2024 federal election, receiving 17,297 preference votes.

Turks in Belgium
Turks in Belgium (Turkish: Belçika'daki Türkler; Dutch: Turkse gemeenschap in België; French: Turcs en Belgique), also referred to as Turkish Belgians or Belgian Turks (Turkish: Belçika Türkleri; Dutch: Turkse Belgen; French: Belgo-Turcs) are people of full or partial Turkish ethnicity living in Belgium. The majority of Belgian Turks descend from the Republic of Turkey; however, there has also been significant Turkish migration from other post-Ottoman countries including ethnic Turkish communities which have come to Belgium from the Balkans (especially from Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania), the island of Cyprus, and more recently Iraq and Syria.
Geographic atrophy
Geographic atrophy (GA), also known as atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or advanced dry AMD, is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration that can result in the progressive and irreversible loss of retinal tissue (photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaris) which can lead to a loss of central vision over time. It is estimated that GA affects over 5 million people worldwide and approximately 1 million patients in the US, which is similar to the prevalence of neovascular (wet) AMD, the other advanced form of the disease.

The incidence of advanced AMD, both geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD, increases exponentially with age. Most current clinical trials aim to reduce the progression of GA lesion enlargement.

The name derives from the resemblance of the regions of atrophied cells to a geographical map.

Vascularisation
Vascularisation or neovascularization (neo- + vascular + -ization) is the physiological process through which blood vessels form in tissues or organs.

Growth factors that inhibit neovascularization include those that affect endothelial cell division and differentiation. These growth factors often act in a paracrine or autocrine fashion; they include fibroblast growth factor, placental growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and platelet-derived endothelial growth factor.

It may occur through angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels form from pre-existing ones), vasculogenesis (the creation of blood vessels during development, particularly in embryos) or arteriogenesis (where smaller vessels become enlarged into fully functioning arteries).
Real Xtreme Fighting
Real Xtreme Fighting (RXF) is a Romanian mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion company based in Brașov, Romania. It is the largest MMA promotion company in Romania. Sebastian Vieru has been RXF president since 2012.

The RXF produces events that showcase nine weight divisions (seven men's divisions and two women's divisions). As of 2020, the RXF has held over 40 events.

It has strategic partnerships with fellow Bahraini Brave CF and Italian Magnum FC MMA promotions. Its live events and competitions are broadcast on Telekom Sport, Fight Network, DAZN and FightBox.

Cătălin Oțelea, Stelian Gheorghe, Sebastian Hălmăgean, Scott Manhardt and Herb Dean are some of the best known referees working for the organization.

Promoter (entertainment)
A promoter works with event production and entertainment industries to promote their productions, including in music and sports. Promoters are individuals or organizations engaged in the business of marketing and promoting live, or pay-per-view and similar events, such as music concerts, gigs, nightclub performances and raves, sports events, and festivals.
Oeceoclades lanceata
Oeceoclades lanceata is a terrestrial orchid species in the genus Oeceoclades that is endemic to central Madagascar. The flowers are rose-colored. It was first described by the French botanist Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie in 1935 as Eulophia lanceata. Perrier then later reduced the species to a synonym of Eulophia pandurata (now Oeceoclades pandurata). The species was resurrected and transferred to the genus Oeceoclades in 1976 by Leslie Andrew Garay and Peter Taylor, who argued that O. lanceata and O. pandurata are distinct with regard to their floral structure and shape of the labellum. Garay and Taylor noted that O. lanceata is similar in vegetative morphology to O. seychellarum.

Leslie Andrew Garay
Leslie Andrew Garay (August 6, 1924 – August 19, 2016), born Garay László András, was an American botanist. He was the curator of the Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium at Harvard University, where he succeeded Charles Schweinfurth in 1958.  In 1957 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.
American flamingo
The American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) is a large species of flamingo native to the West Indies, northern South America (including the Galápagos Islands) and the Yucatán Peninsula. It is closely related to the greater flamingo and Chilean flamingo, and was formerly considered conspecific with the greater flamingo, but that treatment is now widely viewed (e.g. by the American and British Ornithologists' Unions) as incorrect due to a lack of evidence. It is also known as the Caribbean flamingo, although it is also present in the Galápagos Islands. It is the only flamingo that naturally inhabits North America along with the Neotropical realm.

It is a cultural icon for the U.S. state of Florida, where it was formerly abundant in the southernmost regions, although it was largely extirpated by 1900 and is now only an uncommon visitor with a few small, potentially resident populations.

British Ornithologists' Union
The British Ornithologists' Union (BOU) aims to encourage the study of birds (ornithology) around the world in order to understand their biology and aid their conservation. The BOU was founded in 1858 by Professor Alfred Newton, Henry Baker Tristram and other scientists.  Its quarterly journal, Ibis, has been published continuously since 1859.

The Records Committee (BOURC) is a committee of the BOU established to maintain the British List, the official list of birds recorded in Great Britain.

BOU is headquartered in Peterborough and is a registered charity in England & Wales and Scotland.
Austin O'Connor
Austin O'Connor (born 10 December 1974) is an Irish equestrian.

He participated at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he placed 8th in team eventing with the Irish team. He also competed in individual eventing. He competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics. He finished 3rd at Badminton Horse Trials in 2023 and 2025 on Colorado Blue His win at the 2023 Maryland Horse Trials with Colorado Blue was the first Irish 5* win for 58 years.

Badminton Horse Trials
The Badminton Horse Trials is a five-day event, one of only seven annual Concours Complet International (CCI) Five Star events as classified by the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI). It takes place in May each year in the park of Badminton House, the seat of the Duke of Beaufort, in South Gloucestershire, England.
Riot City Blues Tour
Riot City Blues Tour is the first live DVD from Scottish band Primal Scream. The show was filmed in high-definition at the Hammersmith Apollo in London during the tour in support of their eighth album, Riot City Blues. The sold-out concert occurred soon after the band received the Godlike Geniuses award from British music publication NME.

The DVD serves as a career retrospective, showcasing the band's history of over twenty years since it was formed in 1984. In addition to a set of 17 songs, including "Loaded" and "Kick Out the Jams" (which is exclusive to this DVD), all of the band's 13 music videos are included, as is a recent interview with band vocalist and founder Bobby Gillespie and frequent collaborator and bassist, Mani.

Mani (musician)
Gary Mounfield (16 November 1962 – 20 November 2025), known professionally as Mani, was an English bassist, best known for being a member of the rock bands the Stone Roses and Primal Scream.

Mani joined the Stone Roses in 1987 and played on both their albums before the group disbanded in 1996. Later that year, he became the full-time bassist for Primal Scream, performing on five consecutive albums from Vanishing Point (1997) to Beautiful Future (2008). He left Primal Scream in 2011 to participate in the Stone Roses' reunion; the Stone Roses broke up for a second time in 2017.
Koenigs–Knorr reaction
The Koenigs–Knorr reaction is the substitution reaction of a glycosyl halide with an alcohol to give a glycoside. It is one of the oldest glycosylation reactions. It is named after Wilhelm Koenigs (1851–1906), a student of von Baeyer and fellow student with Hermann Emil Fischer, and Edward Knorr, a student of Koenigs.

In its original form, Koenigs and Knorr treated acetobromoglucose with alcohols in the presence of silver carbonate. Shortly afterwards Fischer and Armstrong reported very similar findings.

In the above example, the stereochemical outcome is determined by the presence of the neighboring group at C2 that lends anchimeric assistance, resulting in the formation of a 1,2-trans stereochemical arrangement. Esters (e.g. acetyl, benzoyl, pivalyl) generally provide good anchimeric assistance, whereas ethers (e.g. benzyl, methyl etc.) do not, leading to mixtures of stereoisomers.

Acetyl group
In organic chemistry, an acetyl group is a functional group denoted by the chemical formula −COCH3 and the structure −C(=O)−CH3. It is sometimes represented by the symbol Ac (not to be confused with the element actinium). In IUPAC nomenclature, an acetyl group is called an ethanoyl group.

An acetyl group contains a methyl group (−CH3) that is single-bonded to a carbonyl (C=O), making it an acyl group. The carbonyl center of an acyl radical has one non-bonded electron with which it forms a chemical bond to the remainder (denoted with the letter R) of the molecule.

The acetyl moiety is a component of many organic compounds, including acetic acid, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, acetyl-CoA, acetylcysteine, acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol), and acetylsalicylic acid (also known as aspirin).
Katarina Martinson
Katarina Martinson (born 1981) is a Swedish billionaire businesswoman. She owns 14% of L E Lundbergforetagen, the family holding company, which owns property, pulp and paper companies, and was founded by her grandfather Lars Erik Lundberg.

She was born in 1981, the daughter of Fredrik Lundberg. She has a master's degree from the Stockholm School of Economics.

She is a director of L E Lundbergforetagen.

Martinson is married, and lives in Stockholm, Sweden.

Stockholm School of Economics
The Stockholm School of Economics (SSE; Swedish: Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, HHS) is a private business school located in Vasastan's city district in the central part of Stockholm, Sweden. SSE offers BSc, MSc and MBA programs, along with PhD- and Executive education programs.

SSE is accredited by EQUIS and is a member of CEMS. SSE has founded sister organizations: SSE Riga in Riga, Latvia, and SSE Russia in St Petersburg and Moscow, Russia. It also operates the European Institute of Japanese Studies (Japanese, kanji: 欧州日本研究所, Japanese, romaji: Ōshū Nihon kenkyūjo), a research institute in Tokyo, Japan.
Brun Argenté
Brun Argenté or Vaccarèse is a red wine grape that is grown primarily in the Rhone Valley in France. It is a permitted grape in the blend of Châteauneuf-du-Pape, where the name Vaccarèse is used. However, in 2004 only 0.15% of the appellation's surface was planted with the variety.

In similarity to Muscardin and Aubun, Brun Argenté is indigenous to this area of France.

Descriptions of the grape's character diverge somewhat. It has been described as having similar characteristics as Syrah, producing wines with a peppery and tannic structure, but also as similar to Cinsaut and a producer of light red wines.

The vine tends to bud late and is sensitive to downy mildew.

Procyanidin
Procyanidins are members of the proanthocyanidin (or condensed tannins) class of flavonoids. They are oligomeric compounds, formed from catechin and epicatechin molecules. They yield cyanidin when depolymerized under oxidative conditions.

See the box below entitled "Types of procyanidins" for links to articles on the various types.
HMS Ossory
Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Ossory, after the Kingdom of Ossory, in Ireland, or possibly Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory:

HMS Ossory (1682) was a 90-gun second-rate ship of the line launched in 1682. She was renamed HMS Prince in 1705, HMS Princess in 1716 and HMS Princess Royal in 1728.  She was broken up in 1773.

HMS Ossory (1915) was an Admiralty M-class destroyer, launched in 1916 and sold for scrap in 1921.

HMS Ossory (J463) was an Algerine-class minesweeper launched in 1944 and broken up in 1959.

In addition: Ossory was a ship that Lieutenant John Tyrrell (RN) commanded for a voyage from Bengal to London in 1792–1794, and whose log book is in the India Office Library. No other data seems to exist for this vessel.

Admiralty M-class destroyer
The M class, more properly known as the Admiralty M class, were a class of 85 destroyers built for the Royal Navy of United Kingdom that saw service during World War I. All ships were built to an identical – Admiralty – design, hence the class name. Eighteen other vessels which were officially included within the 'M' class were built to variant designs by three specialist builders – 10 by Yarrow, 6 by Thornycroft (who also built another 6 to the standard Admiralty design), and 2 by Hawthorn Leslie; these are covered in other articles.

The Admiralty design was based on the preceding L class but modified to produce an increase in speed by approximately 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph). All ships built to the Admiralty design had three identical narrow, circular funnels (this did not apply to the 18 ships built by the specialist yards).