hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yasik
Yasik (Korean: 야식; Hanja: 夜食) is a term referring to South Korea's midnight snack culture.

The dictionary meaning of yasik is 'the food eaten in the middle of the night after dinner.'

Korea's top yasik favourites include: ramyeon (라면), typically eaten with kimchi, chicken and beer (chimaek, 치킨, 맥주), jokbal and bossam (족발, 보쌈), tteokbokki and sundae (떡볶이, 순대), gungoguma (roasted sweet potatoes) and hoppang (군고구마, 호빵). Kimbap and jokbal is also popular. Past favorites, now less popular, include memilmuk (buckwheat jelly) and chapssaltteok (rice cakes filled with sweet beans).

Fried chicken, first introduced in Korea in the 1980s, and pizza also top the list of night-time favorites. Fried chicken, in particular, has become a wide market, with chicken restaurant chains continually developing new sauces and wooing various Hallyu stars to promote their respective brands. Of course, no late-night chicken order would be complete without a cool pitcher of draft beer.

Chimaek
Chimaek (치맥; from Korean  chikin 'fried chicken' and  maekju 'beer') is a pairing of fried chicken (either plain huraideu or spicy yangnyeom) and beer, served as anju (English: food with alcohol) in the evening in many South Korean restaurants, including a number of specialized chains.
Harold Strauss
Harold Strauss (1907–1975) was editor-in-chief of Alfred A. Knopf Inc. from 1942 until 1966. He is credited as introducing postwar Japanese fiction to American audiences with Jirō Osaragi's Homecoming and Jun'ichirō Tanizaki's Some Prefer Nettles in 1955. He was also integral in introducing works by other Japanese authors like Kōbō Abe, Yukio Mishima and Yasunari Kawabata. With his wife Mildred, he is the namesake of the American Academy of Arts and Letters' Strauss Living Award.

Jirō Osaragi
Jirō Osaragi (大佛 次郎, Osaragi Jirō; 9 October 1897 – 30 April 1973) was the pen-name of a popular Japanese writer in Shōwa period Japan, known primarily for his historical fiction novels, which appeared serialized in newspapers and magazines. His real name was Kiyohiko Nojiri (野尻 清彦, Nojiri Kiyohiko).
Heavy traffic approximation
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a heavy traffic approximation (sometimes called heavy traffic limit theorem or diffusion approximation) involves the matching of a queueing model with a diffusion process under some limiting conditions on the model's parameters. The first such result was published by John Kingman, who showed that when the utilisation parameter of an M/M/1 queue is near 1, a scaled version of the queue length process can be accurately approximated by a reflected Brownian motion.

John Kingman
Sir John Frank Charles Kingman FRS (born 28 August 1939) is a British mathematician. He served as N. M. Rothschild and Sons Professor of Mathematical Sciences and Director of the Isaac Newton Institute at the University of Cambridge from 2001 until 2006, when he was succeeded by David Wallace. He is known for developing the mathematics of the coalescent theory, a theoretical model of inheritance that is fundamental to modern population genetics.
Uchima
Uchima (written: 内間) is a Japanese surnames. Notable people with the surname include:

Kohei Uchima (内間 康平, born 1988), Japanese cyclist

Toshiko Uchima (内間俊子) (1918 - 2000), Japanese-American artist

Yasumichi Uchima (内間 安路, born 1984), Japanese footballer

Uchima Kanemaru, a royalist and founder of Uchima kingdom

Toshiko Uchima
Toshiko Uchima (Japanese 内間俊子) (26 October 1918 – 18 December 2000) was a Japanese-American artist.  She worked in a variety of media, including collage, box assemblage, oil paintings, woodblock prints and drawings.
Balboa Line
The Balboa Line was the southernmost route of the Pacific Electric Railway. It ran between Downtown Los Angeles and the Balboa Peninsula in Orange County by way of North Long Beach, though the route was later cut back to the Newport Dock. It was designated as route 17.

Pacific Electric
The Pacific Electric Railway Company, nicknamed the Red Cars, was a privately owned mass transit system in Southern California consisting of electrically powered streetcars, interurban cars, and buses and was the largest electric railway system in the world in the 1920s. Organized around the city centers of Los Angeles and San Bernardino, it connected cities in Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County and Riverside County.

The system shared dual gauge track with the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge Los Angeles Railway, "Yellow Car," or "LARy" system on Main Street in downtown Los Angeles (directly in front of the 6th and Main terminal), on 4th Street, and along Hawthorne Boulevard south of downtown Los Angeles toward the cities of Hawthorne, Gardena, and Torrance.
Mooreville Chalk
The Mooreville Chalk is a geological formation in North America, within the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi, which were part of the subcontinent of Appalachia. The strata date back to the early Santonian to the early Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. The chalk was formed by pelagic sediments deposited along the eastern edge of the Mississippi embayment. It is a unit of the Selma Group and consists of the upper Arcola Limestone Member and an unnamed lower member. Dinosaur, mosasaur, and primitive bird remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the Mooreville Chalk Formation.

Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed under the sea by the accumulation and lithification of hard parts of organisms, mostly microscopic plankton, which had settled to the sea floor. Chalk is common throughout Western Europe, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel.

Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime, bricks and builder's putty, and in agriculture, for raising pH in soils with high acidity. It is also used for "blackboard chalk" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum.
Natta projection
In chemistry, the Natta projection (named for Italian chemist Giulio Natta) is a way to depict molecules with complete stereochemistry in two dimensions in a skeletal formula. In a hydrocarbon molecule with all carbon atoms making up the backbone in a tetrahedral molecular geometry, the zigzag backbone is in the paper plane (chemical bonds depicted as solid line segments) with the substituents either sticking out of the paper toward the viewer (chemical bonds depicted as solid wedges) or away from the viewer (chemical bonds depicted as dashed wedges). The Natta projection is useful for representing the tacticity of a polymer.

Giulio Natta
Giulio Natta (Italian: [ˈd͡ʒu.ljo ˈnat.ta]; 26 February 1903 – 2 May 1979) was an Italian chemical engineer and Nobel laureate. He won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 with Karl Ziegler for work on high density polymers. He also received a Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1969.
Kajarhawa
Kajarhawa  is a village in Kapilvastu District in the Lumbini Province of southern Nepal. At the time of the 2001 Nepal census it had a population of 3438 people living in 571 individual households.

Formerly, Kajarhawa was a village development committee (VDC), which were local-level administrative units. In 2017, the government of Nepal restructured local government in line with the 2015 constitution and VDCs were discontinued.

2001 Nepal census
The 2001 Nepal census (Nepali: राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०५८) was conducted by the Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics. According to the census, the population of Nepal in 2001 was 23,151,423.

Working with Nepal's Village Development Committees at a district level, data was  recorded from all the main towns and villages of each district of Nepal. The data included statistics on population size, households, sex and age distribution, place of birth, residence characteristics, literacy, marital status, religion, language spoken, caste/ethnic group, economically active population, education, number of children, employment status, and occupation.
Wörwag Pharma
Wörwag Pharma is a medium-sized family-owned pharmaceutical company headquartered in Böblingen, Germany with subsidiaries in Asia, Europe and South America. It was founded in 1971 by pharmacist Fritz Wörwag in Stuttgart. It sells prescription and over-the-counter preparations and food supplements.

Wörwag Pharma specializes in biofactors, which include vitamins, minerals, and trace elements.

Trace element
A trace element is a chemical element of a minute quantity, a trace amount, especially used in referring to a micronutrient, but is also used to refer to minor elements in the composition of a rock, or other chemical substance.

In nutrition, trace elements are classified into two groups: essential trace elements, and non-essential trace elements. Essential trace elements are needed for many physiological and biochemical processes in both plants and animals. Not only do trace elements play a role in biological processes but they also serve as catalysts to engage  in redox – oxidation and reduction mechanisms. Trace elements of some heavy metals have a biological role as essential micronutrients.
Guṇa (Jainism)
Guṇa is a term in Jainism for the attributes or quality of Dravya, or substance. As per Jain cosmology, the universe is made up of Dravya, or substances, that are infinite in number but fall into six by categories. All substances have attributes that exist in all the parts and in all of the conditions or modes. In other words, attributes reside the substance. In addition to occupying the same space as the substance, attributes stay in the substance at all the time without any exception. Each substance has one unique attribute that distinguishes if from the other types of substances.

The concepts of Guṇa (attributes) and Dravya (substances) are what differentiates Jain worldview from Buddhist worldview. The Jain worldview claims that real cause of all the phenomena in the universe is the attributive and substantive base of those phenomena whereas Buddhist Worldview denies the existence of attributive or substantive base for any of the phenomena in the universe.

Dravya
Dravya (Sanskrit: द्रव्य) means substance or entity. According to the Jain philosophy, the universe is made up of six eternal substances: sentient beings or souls (jīva), non-sentient substance or matter (pudgala), principle of motion (dharma), the principle of rest (adharma), space (ākāśa) and time (kāla). The latter five are united as the ajiva (the non-living). As per the Sanskrit etymology, dravya means substances or entity, but it may also mean real or fundamental categories.

Jain philosophers distinguish a substance from a body, or thing, by declaring the former as a simple element or reality while the latter as a compound of one or more substances or atoms. They claim that there can be a partial or total destruction of a body or thing, but no dravya can ever be destroyed. The Vaisheshika school of Indian philosophy also deals with a concept of dravya.
RCW 103
RCW 103 is a supernova remnant with right ascension 16h17m30s and declination −51° 02′. It is approximately 2000 years old and contains x-ray source 1E 161348-5055 at its heart. It is 10,000 light years away in the constellation Norma (constellation).

Declination
In astronomy, declination (abbreviated dec; symbol δ) is one of the two angles that locate a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system, the other being hour angle. The declination angle is measured north (positive) or south (negative) of the celestial equator, along the hour circle passing through the point in question.

The root of the word declination (Latin, declinatio) means "a bending away" or "a bending down". It comes from the same root as the words incline ("bend forward") and recline ("bend backward").

In some 18th and 19th century astronomical texts, declination is given as North Pole Distance (N.P.D.), which is equivalent to 90 – (declination). For instance an object marked as declination −5 would have an N.P.D. of 95, and a declination of −90 (the south celestial pole) would have an N.P.D. of 180.
Charles Hellaby
Charles William Hellaby is a South African mathematician who is an associate professor of applied mathematics at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, working in the field of cosmology. He is a member of the International Astronomical Union and a member of the Baháʼí Faith.

Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, social science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.
Recalescence
Recalescence is an increase in temperature that occurs while cooling metal when a change in structure with an increase in entropy occurs. The heat responsible for the change in temperature is due to the change in entropy. When a structure transformation occurs the Gibbs free energy of both structures are more or less the same. Therefore, the process will be exothermic. The heat provided is the latent heat.

Recalescence also occurs after supercooling, when the supercooled liquid suddenly crystallizes, forming a solid but releasing heat in the process.

Exothermic process
In thermodynamics, an exothermic process (from Ancient Greek  έξω (éxō) 'outward' and  θερμικός (thermikós) 'thermal') is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen). The term exothermic was first coined by 19th-century French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.

The opposite of an exothermic process is an endothermic process, one that absorbs energy, usually in the form of heat.  The concept is frequently applied in the physical sciences to chemical reactions where chemical bond energy is converted to thermal energy (heat).
Piatnitzkysaurus
Piatnitzkysaurus (/ˌpiːətnɪtskiːˈsɔːrəs/ pee-ət-NITS-kee-SOR-əs; meaning "Piatnitzky's lizard") is a genus of tetanuran theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 179 to 177 million years ago during the lower part of the Jurassic Period in what is now Argentina. Piatnitzkysaurus was a moderately large, lightly built, bipedal, ground-dwelling carnivore that could grow over 4 m (13.1 ft) long.

Ischium
The ischium (/ˈɪski.əm/; pl.: ischia) is a paired bone forming the lower and back part of the hip bone.

Situated below the ilium and behind the pubis, it is one of three regions whose fusion creates the coxal bone. The superior portion of this region forms approximately one-third of the acetabulum.
Fishing Upon the Blythe Sand
Fishing Upon the Blythe Sand is an 1809 landscape painting by the British artist J.M.W. Turner. It depicts the Blythe Sands in the Thames Estuary near Sheerness. The focus is on the dark sails of  the ship in the foreground, silhouetted against the lighter craft in the background.

Turner put the painting on display at his studio gallery in Marylebone, but it was not sold. Reportedly Turner rejected an offer to purchase it from the art collector Sir George Beaumont who has been critical of his paintings. It was then displayed at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1815 at Somerset House. Turner grew particularly fond of the painting and kept it in his own collection. After his death it formed part of the Turner Bequest to the nation. Today it is in the collection of the Tate Britain in Pimlico.

Somerset House
Somerset House is a large neoclassical building complex situated on the south side of the Strand in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo Bridge. The Georgian era quadrangle is built on the site of a Tudor palace ("Old Somerset House") originally belonging to the Duke of Somerset. The present Somerset House was designed by Sir William Chambers, begun in 1776, and was further extended with Victorian era outer wings to the east and west in 1831 and 1856 respectively. The site of Somerset House stood directly on the River Thames until the Victoria Embankment was built in the late 1860s.

The great Georgian era structure was built to be a grand public building housing various government and public-benefit society offices. Its present tenants are a mixture of various organisations, generally centred around the arts and education.
Christos Yannaras
Christos Yannaras (/jɑːnəˈrɑːs/; also Giannaras; Greek: Χρήστος Γιανναράς [janaˈras]; 10 April 1935 – 24 August 2024) was a Greek philosopher, Eastern Orthodox theologian and author of more than 50 books which have been translated into many languages. He was a professor emeritus of philosophy at the Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens.

Eastern Orthodox theology
Eastern Orthodox theology is the theology particular to the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is characterized by monotheistic Trinitarianism, belief in the Incarnation of the divine Logos or only-begotten Son of God, cataphatic theology with apophatic theology, a hermeneutic defined by a sacred Tradition, a catholic ecclesiology, a theology of the person, and a principally recapitulative and therapeutic soteriology.
Owen J.C. Norem
Owen Joseph Christoffer Norem (May 23, 1902 – October 25, 1981) was a non-career appointee who served as the American Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Lithuania. He presented his credential on November 26, 1937.  His mission was terminated when Soviet forces occupied Lithuania on June 15, 1940.

Norem was born in Sioux City, Iowa. He earned a B.A. from St. Olaf College in 1923 and attended the University of Minnesota and Luther Theological Seminary.  From 1927 until 1937, he was a pastor. He was the founder of St Andrew's Lutheran Church in West Los Angeles.

St. Olaf College
St. Olaf College is a private liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota, United States. It was founded in 1874 by a group of Norwegian-American pastors and farmers led by Pastor Bernt Julius Muus. The college is named after the King and the Patron Saint Olaf II of Norway and is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

As of 2025, the college had 3,124 undergraduate students and 326 full and part-time faculty members. The campus, including its adjacent 430-acre (170 ha) natural lands, is west of downtown Northfield, Minnesota. Northfield is also the home of its neighbor and friendly rival, Carleton College. Between 1995 and 2020, 154 St. Olaf graduates were named Fulbright Scholars and 35 received Goldwater Scholarships.
Rolling stock of the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway
The Rolling stock of the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway is used on the preserved Keighley & Worth Valley Railway, a 5-mile-long (8 km) branch line that served mills and villages in the Worth Valley and is now a heritage railway line in West Yorkshire, England. It runs from Keighley to Oxenhope. It connects to the national rail network line at Keighley railway station.

Keighley
Keighley (/ˈkiːθli/ ⓘ KEETH-lee) is a market town and a civil parish
in the City of Bradford Borough of West Yorkshire, England. It is the second-largest settlement in the borough, after Bradford.

Keighley is 8 miles (13 kilometres) north-west of Bradford, 4 mi (6.5 km) north-west of Bingley, 11 mi (18 km) north of Halifax and 8 mi (13 km) south-east of Skipton. It is governed by Keighley Town Council and Bradford City Council. Keighley is in West Yorkshire, close to the borders of North Yorkshire and Lancashire. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it lies between Airedale and Keighley Moors. At the 2011 census, Keighley had a population of 56,348.
Theodor Capidan
Theodor Capidan (April 28 [O.S. April 15] 1879 – September 1, 1953) was an Ottoman-born Romanian linguist. An ethnic Aromanian from the Macedonia region, he studied at Leipzig before teaching school at Thessaloniki. Following the creation of Greater Romania at the end of World War I, Capidan followed his friend Sextil Pușcariu to the Transylvanian capital Cluj, where he spent nearly two decades, the most productive part of his career. He then taught in Bucharest for a further ten years and was marginalized late in life under the nascent communist regime. Capidan's major contributions involve studies of the Aromanians and the Megleno-Romanians, as well as their respective languages. His research extended to reciprocal influences between Romanian and the surrounding Slavic languages, the Eastern Romance substratum and the Balkan sprachbund, as well as toponymy. He made a significant contribution to projects for a Romanian-language dictionary and atlas.

Greater Romania
Greater Romania (Romanian: România Mare) is the Kingdom of Romania during the interwar period, within its borders achieved after the Great Union; or the related pan-nationalist ideal of a nation state which would incorporate all Romanian-speakers.

In 1920, after the incorporation of Transylvania, Bukovina, Bessarabia and parts of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș, the Romanian state reached its largest peacetime geographical extent (295,049 km2). Today, the concept serves as a guiding principle for the unification of Moldova and Romania.

The idea is comparable to other similar conceptions such as Greater Bulgaria, Megali Idea, Greater Yugoslavia, Greater Hungary and Greater Italy.
2021 Abierto Mexicano Telcel
The 2021 Mexican Open (also known as the Abierto Mexicano Telcel presentado por HSBC for sponsorship reasons) was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 28th edition of the men's Mexican Open, and part of the 2021 ATP Tour.  It took place in Acapulco, Mexico between 15 and 20 March 2021, at the Princess Mundo Imperial.

Denis Kudla
Denis Kudla (/ˈkuːdlə/ KOOD-lə; born August 17, 1992) is an American tennis coach and former professional player. He had a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 53, achieved in May 2016. He had a career-high doubles ranking of No. 133, achieved in August 2018. He won nine Challenger singles and nine doubles titles in his career.

He is currently coaching Reilly Opelka.
French frigate Vendémiaire
Vendémiaire is a  Floréal-class frigate (French: frégate de surveillance) of the French Navy. She is the fifth ship of the class, and is named after Vendémiaire, the first month of the Republican Calendar. The ship was constructed at Saint-Nazaire, France, in 1992 and entered service in 1993. Vendémiaire is stationed in the French Pacific territories for patrol duties.

Vendémiaire
Vendémiaire (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃demjɛʁ]) was the first month in the French Republican calendar. The month was named after the Occitan word vendemiaire 'grape harvester'.

Vendémiaire was the first month of the autumn quarter (mois d'automne). It started on the day of the autumnal equinox, which fell between 22 September and 24 September, inclusive. It thus ended between 21 October and 23 October, and was the season of the vintage in the wine districts of northern France. It follows the Sansculottides of the past year and precedes Brumaire.