hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Directorate-General for Budget
The Directorate-General for Budget (DG BUDG) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

The task of the Directorate-General for Budget is to secure from the budgetary authority - the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (Council of Ministers) - the resources needed to implement the European Union's policies, to encourage sound management of European Community funds and to account for the use of appropriations. The current Director-General is Stéphanie Riso.

Directorate-General
Within the European Union (EU), Directorates-General are departments with specific zones of responsibility. Within the European Commission specifically, Directorates-General are the equivalent of national-level ministries. Most are headed by a European commissioner, responsible for the general direction of the Directorate-General, and in charge of (politically responsible for) the corresponding policy area; and a director-general, responsible for the management of day-to-day affairs, who reports to the European Commissioner.

Nearly all of the top-level organisational divisions of the Secretariat of the European Parliament and the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union are also termed Directorates-General.

The European Patent Office (part of the European Patent Organisation, separate from the EU) also has Directorates-General, which are administrative groupings of departments.
Saša Starović
Saša Starović (Serbian Cyrillic: Саша Старовић; born 19 October 1988) is a Serbian retired volleyball player, a former member of Serbia men's national volleyball team, a participant of the Olympic Games (Beijing 2008, London 2012), European Champion 2011, bronze medalist of World Championship 2010, medalist of the European Championship and the World League.

2015 FIVB Volleyball World League
The 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League was the 26th edition of the annual men's international volleyball tournament, played from 16 May to 19 July 2015. The tournament featured a record 32 participating countries from 5 confederations. The teams were divided into 3 groups and 8 pools. The Group 1 Final Round, which served as the volleyball test event of the 2016 Summer Olympics, was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
2014–15 Australian Baseball League season
The 2014–15 Australian Baseball League season was the fifth Australian Baseball League (ABL) season. It was held from 30 October 2014 to 8 February 2015, with the Perth Heat winning their fourth title in five seasons, defeating the Adelaide Bite in the finals to defend their title.

Adelaide Giants
The Adelaide Giants are a professional baseball team that plays in the Australian Baseball League. They are one of the six foundation franchises of the league, in its first incarnation from 1989 to 1999. The team adopted the name Bite or Adelaide Bite when the league relaunched in 2010, officially Adelaide ETSA Bite, when the South Australian power company ETSA Utilities became its major sponsor. After an ETSA rebrand to SA Power Networks, the Bite became the Adelaide Bite, proudly presented by SA Power Networks. In 2019, the team was rebranded as Adelaide Giants.
.cda file
.cda is a common filename extension denoting a small (44 byte) stub file generated by Microsoft Windows for each audio track on a standard "Red Book" CD-DA format audio CD as defined by the Table of Contents (ToC) (within the lead-in's subcode). These files are shown in the directory for the CD being viewed in the format Track##.cda, where ## is the number of each individual track.

The .cda files do not contain the actual PCM sound wave data, but instead tell where on the disc each track starts and stops. If the file is "copied" from the CD to a computer, it cannot be used on its own because it is only a shortcut to part of the disc. However, some audio editing and CD creation programs will, from the user's perspective, load .cda files as though they are actual audio data files, and allow the user to listen to them.

Compact Disc subcode
Subcode or subchannel data (called control bytes in the CD-ROM specification) is data contained in a compact disc (CD) in addition to digital audio or user data, which is used for control and playback of the CD. The original specification was defined in the Red Book standard for Compact Disc Digital Audio, though further specifications have extended their use (including the CD-ROM, CD Text and CD+G specifications).
Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Vila Velha)
The Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Portuguese: Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário) is a Catholic temple located in the Prainha Historic Site, in the municipality of Vila Velha, in the state of Espírito Santo. It is considered one of the oldest churches in Brazil and a landmark of the colonization of the territory of Espírito Santo.

National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage
The National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (Portuguese: Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, IPHAN) is a heritage register of the federal government of Brazil. It is responsible for the preservation of buildings, monuments, structures, objects and sites, as well as the register and safeguard of intangible cultural heritage deemed of historic or cultural importance to the country.

IPHAN maintains 1,047 sites, which include historic buildings, city centers, and landscapes. It additionally lists a growing number of intangible cultural heritage entities.

The presidency of the institute was held by only two individuals over its first forty years. Rodrigo Melo Franco led SPHAN/IPHAN from 1937 until his retirement in 1967; his successor was the architect Renato Soeiro, who led the institute from 1967 to 1979.
Djerv
Djerv or Đerv (/dʒɜːrv/, JƏRV; Majuscule: Ꙉ, Minuscule: ꙉ) is one of the Cyrillic alphabet letters that was used in Old Cyrillic. It was used in many early Serbian monuments to represent the sounds /dʑ/ and /tɕ/ (modern đ/ђ and ć/ћ). It exists in the Cyrillic Extended-B table as U+A648 and U+A649. It is the basis of the modern letters Ћ and Ђ; the former was in fact a direct revival of djerv and was considered the same letter.

Djerv is also commonly used in Serbian Cyrillic, where it was an officially used letter. When placed before the letters н and л it represented the sounds /ɲ/ and /ʎ/, which are represented by Њ and Љ today, respectively.

It can be transliterated as Ǵ.

Nje
Nje (Њ њ; italics: Њ њ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

It is a ligature of the Cyrillic letters En ⟨н⟩ and Soft Sign ⟨ь⟩. It was invented by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić for use in his 1818 dictionary, replacing the earlier digraph ⟨нь⟩. It corresponds to the digraph ⟨nj⟩ in Gaj's Latin alphabet for Serbo-Croatian.

It is today used in Macedonian, variants of Serbo-Croatian when written in Cyrillic (Bosnian, Montenegrin, and Serbian), Itelmen and Udege, where it represents a palatal nasal /ɲ/, similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in "canyon" (cf. Polish ⟨ń⟩, Czech and Slovak ⟨ň⟩, Latvian ⟨ņ⟩, Galician and Spanish ⟨ñ⟩, Occitan, Portuguese and Vietnamese ⟨nh⟩, Catalan and Hungarian ⟨ny⟩, and Italian and French ⟨gn⟩).

Nje is commonly transliterated as nj but it is also transliterated ń, ň, ñ, or ņ.
Erstavik
Erstavik is a manor house in Nacka Municipality, Sweden. Located south of Stockholm, at an inlet of the Baltic Sea.

The surrounding property is one of the few remaining in Sweden still held as fideicommissum. It is located next to the Nackareservatet nature reserve. The property was acquired by Herman Petersen in the 1700s.

Nacka Municipality
Nacka Municipality (Swedish: Nacka kommun) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east-central Sweden. Its seat is located at Nacka. The municipality is situated just east of the Swedish capital, Stockholm, and its western parts are considered a suburban part of the city of Stockholm.

The present municipality was created in 1971 when the City of Nacka (itself instituted in 1949) was amalgamated with Saltsjöbaden (itself detached from "old" Nacka in 1909) and Boo.
Xinhua, Shennongjia
Xinhua (simplified Chinese: 新华; traditional Chinese: 新華; pinyin: Xīnhuá; lit. 'new China') is a town directly administered by Shennongjia Forestry District, in northwestern Hubei, China, located 26 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of the district seat and 101 kilometres (63 mi) northwest of Yichang. As of 2011, it has one residential community (社区) and nine villages under its administration.

Shennongjia
Shennongjia Forestry District (Chinese: 神农架林区; pinyin: Shénnóngjià Línqū) is a county-level administrative unit (a "forestry district") in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, directly subordinated to the provincial government. It occupies 3,253 square kilometres (1,256 sq mi) in western Hubei, and, as of 2007 had the resident population estimated at 74,000 (with the registered population of 79,976). On July 17, 2016, Hubei Shennongjia was listed as a World Heritage Site, the 50th World Heritage Site in China, because of its exceptional floral and faunal biodiversity and its protection of many rare, endangered, and endemic species.
Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia
The Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia (simplified Chinese: 马来西亚华语规范理事会; traditional Chinese: 馬來西亞華語規範理事會; pinyin: Mǎláixīyà Huáyǔ Guīfàn Lǐshìhuì; Malay: Majlis Pembakuan Bahasa Cina Malaysia), abbreviated Yufan (Chinese: 语范; pinyin: Yǔfàn) is the body charged with regulating the use of the Chinese language in Malaysia under Ministry of Education (Malaysia) (In this case, the Chinese language is referred to as the Malaysian Mandarin Chinese language.)

Ministry of Education (Malaysia)
The Ministry of Education (Malay: Kementerian Pendidikan; Jawi: كمنترين ڤنديديقن‎) is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia that is responsible for education system, compulsory education, pre-tertiary education, technical and vocational education and training (TVET), curriculum standard, textbook, standardised test, language policy, translation, selective school, comprehensive school.
Telekitonga
Telekitonga (also: Telekitinga, Tele-ki-Tongs, Teleki Toga) is an island in the Haʻapai archipelago that belongs to the Kingdom of Tonga. Among neighboring islands are Nukutula, Fetokopunga, Kelefesia, Nomuka, Tonumea, Fonoifua.

Haʻapai
Haʻapai is a group of islands, islets, reefs, and shoals in the central part of Tonga. It has a combined land area of 109.30 square kilometres (42.20 sq mi). The Tongatapu island group lies to its south, and the Vavaʻu group lies to its north. Seventeen of the Haʻapai islands are inhabited. Their combined population is 5,419. The highest point in the Ha‘apai group, and in all of Tonga, is on Kao, which rises almost 1,050 metres (3,440 ft) above sea level.

The administrative capital village of Haʻapai District is Pangai, which is located on Lifuka.
Expressway S5 (Poland)
Expressway S5 or express road S5 (Polish: droga ekspresowa S5) is a Polish highway which runs from Grudziądz (connecting to motorway A1 towards Gdańsk) through Poznań (partial concurrency with motorway A2) to Wrocław (connecting to motorway A8).

The expressway was constructed between 2009 and 2022. Its total length is about 353 km (219 mi).

In 2015, it was announced that S5 will be further extended from Grudziądz to Ostróda (connecting to S7). In 2019, an extension from Wrocław to Bolków (connecting to S3 near the border with Czech Republic) was added to the plans. Both extensions are intended to be completed as part of the road construction plan until 2033, which will increase the total length of the expressway to about 508 km (316 mi).

A8 autostrada (Poland)
The A8 motorway (Polish: Autostrada A8) or Wrocław Motorway Bypass (Autostradowa Obwodnica Wrocławia, AOW) is a 26.8-kilometre (16.7 mi) motorway bypass of the city of Wrocław, Poland. The motorway includes the 122-metre (400 ft) high Rędziński Bridge over the Oder river.

Outside of Wrocław, A8 continues in an expressway standard as Expressway S8.

The motorway opened to traffic on 31 August 2011. It is not planned to be subject to tolling.
Tall-e Gachi
Tall-e Gachi (Persian: تل گچي, also Romanized as Tall-e Gachī; also known as Tall-e Khoshkī) is a village in Kuhak Rural District, in the Central District of Jahrom County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 24, in 4 families.

Kuhak Rural District (Jahrom County)
Kuhak Rural District (Persian: دهستان كوهك) is in the Central District of Jahrom County, Fars province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Khorramabad. It lies within the Iran Standard Time Zone (GMT+3:30).
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis (APD) occurs during the luteal phase of a woman's menstrual cycle and is an uncommon cyclic premenstrual reaction to progesterone. It can present itself in several ways, including eczema, erythema multiforme, urticaria, angioedema, and progesterone-induced anaphylaxis. The first case of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis was identified in 1964. Reproductive function may be impacted by APD.

Fixed drug reaction
Fixed drug reactions are common and so named because they recur at the same site with each exposure to a particular medication. Medications inducing fixed drug eruptions are usually those taken intermittently.
Lavazza
Luigi Lavazza S.p.A. (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi laˈvattsa]), shortened and stylized as LAVAZZA, is an Italian manufacturer of coffee products. Founded in Turin in 1895 by Luigi Lavazza, it was initially run from a small grocery store at Via San Tommaso 10. The business (Italian: S.p.A.) is currently administered by the third and fourth generations of the Lavazza family.

Single-serve coffee container
A single-serve coffee container is a container filled with coffee grounds, used in coffee brewing to prepare only enough coffee for a single portion. Single-serve coffee containers come in various formats and materials, often either as hard and soft pods or pads made of filter paper, or hard aluminium and plastic capsules.

Single-serve coffee containers can both reduce the time needed to brew coffee and simplify the brewing process by eliminating the need to measure out portions, flavorings, and additives from large bulk containers. They can also help to keep the unused product fresher by individually packaging portions separately without exposing the entire supply batch to air and light. Paper coffee pods can be functionally identical to plastic and metal coffee capsules, if the paper pods are individually sealed in separate bags. At the same time, the disposable single-use products add to global waste production.
16th Division (German Empire)
The 16th Division (16. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed as the 15th Division on September 5, 1818, in Koblenz from a troop brigade.  It became the 16th Division on December 14, 1818, and moved its headquarters to Trier.  The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VIII Army Corps (VIII. Armeekorps).  The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.  It was mainly recruited in the densely populated Prussian Rhine Province, mainly along the Rhine and the cities and towns along the Moselle River.

VIII Corps (German Empire)
The VIII Army Corps / VIII AK (German: VIII. Armee-Korps) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I.

Originating on 21 June 1815 as the General Command for the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine and established on 3 April 1820 as VIII Corps.  The headquarters was in Koblenz and its catchment area was the Rhine Province and the Principality of Birkenfeld of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg.

The Corps served in the Austro-Prussian War.  During the Franco-Prussian War it was assigned to the 1st Army.

In peacetime the Corps was assigned to the V Army Inspectorate but joined the 4th Army at the start of the First World War.  It was still in existence at the end of the war.  The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I.
Hassan II Dam
The Hassan II Dam, also known as the Sidi Said Dam, is a gravity dam on the Moulouya River about 13 km (8.1 mi) north of Midelt in Midelt Province, Morocco. It has a maximum storage capacity of 400 million cubic meters. The dam is used for potable water, irrigation and the protection of downstream areas and dams against floods and siltation. Construction of the dam began in February 2001 and it was completed in March 2005.

Gravity dam
A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed to hold back water by using only the weight of the material and its resistance against the foundation. Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable and independent of any other dam section. (In contrast, sections of an arch dam are not independently stable, and instead rely on transmitting force through neighboring sections to the abutments, often anchored into canyon walls.)
Klementyna Mańkowska
Klementyna Mańkowska (born Klementyna Czarkowska-Golejewska on 1 August 1910; died 4 January 2003 in the Château Sermoise, Nevers) was a Polish aristocrat, who was a member of the Polish resistance and agent of Polish and British intelligence services during World War II.

Kazimierz Sosnkowski
General Kazimierz Sosnkowski OBE (Polish: [kaˈʑimjɛʂ sɔsŋˈkɔfskʲi]; 19 November 1885 – 11 October 1969) was a Polish independence fighter, general, diplomat, and architect.

He was a major political figure and an accomplished commander, notable in particular for his contributions during the Polish–Soviet War and World War II. After the death of General Władysław Sikorski in July 1943, Sosnkowski became Commander-in-chief of the Polish Armed Forces.

Sosnkowski was an intellectual who was able to speak Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Italian, and Russian.
Horus (wrestler)
Moisés Neftalí Vargas (born November 28, 1982, in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico) is a Mexican luchador, or professional wrestler, better known under the ring name Horus, sometimes spelled Höruz. He has also performed under the name Rey Salomón, Jr. after his father who for a while wrestled as Rey Salomón. Vargas is a third-generation wrestler, grandson of José Ángel Vargas Sánchez, better known as lucha libre legend Ángel Blanco.

For years he worked for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) portraying a tecnico ("good guy") wrestling character, but left the promotion in 2013. Vargas originally worked under a mask, but was unmasked after losing a match in November 2013. He has also worked under the ring name Hijo de Faraón (Son of El Faraón) as well as a stint under the name El Hijo de Rey Misterio in Bolivia.

Wrestling mask
A wrestling mask is a fabric-based mask that some professional wrestlers wear as part of their in-ring persona or gimmick. Professional wrestlers have been using masks as far back as 1915 and they are still widely used today, especially in Mexican lucha libre.
Palakkad Town railway station
Palakkad Town railway station (station code: PGTN) is an NSG–5 category Indian railway station in Palakkad railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is a railway station that serves city of Palakkad, Kerala and falls under the Palakkad railway division of the Southern Railway zone, Indian Railways. City is served by two railway stations, Palakkad Junction railway station and Palakkad Town railway station.

Southern Railway zone
Southern Railway (abbreviated SR) is one of the 18 zones of Indian Railways. It is headquartered at Chennai and operates across the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and the union territory of Puducherry. It maintains about 5,081 km (3,157 mi) of railway lines and operates 727 railway stations.

The origin of the Southern Railway can be traced back to the mid-19th century. In 1835, the first railway track in India was constructed in Madras and became operational in 1837. The Madras Railway was formally established later in 1845. The Southern Railway was created on 14 April 1950 by merging three state railways, namely, the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway Company, and the Mysore State Railway and became the first railway zone of the Indian Railways.
Reyna Roberts
Reyna Roberts is an American country singer-songwriter and pianist.  She was featured on Beyoncé's song "Blackbiird", which charted at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for two People's Choice Country Awards in 2024. She was the first female country artist to ever perform at a Rolling Loud music festival, and she has shared the stage with Luke Combs and Orville Peck and toured with Reba McEntire and Jamey Johnson. Her single "Stompin' Grounds" was featured multiple times on ESPN's Monday Night Football.

One of the few visible Black women in country music, Roberts is known for advocating for "acknowledging the past" of country music, which includes acknowledging Black artist mentors such as Lesley Riddle, and learning the history of the banjo and the term "Music City" for Nashville. In 2024, Roberts won a Hollywood Independent Music Award in the Country (Crossover) category.

Luke Combs
Luke Albert Combs (/koʊmz/; born March 2, 1990) is an American country singer. He was born in North Carolina and grew up there, performing as a child. After leaving college to pursue a career in music, he moved to Nashville and released his debut EP, The Way She Rides, in 2014.

In 2017, Combs released his debut album, This One's for You, which reached number four on the Billboard 200. His second album, What You See Is What You Get, was released in 2019 and topped the charts in multiple territories, becoming his first to accomplish that. He has received three Grammy Award nominations, two iHeart Radio music awards, four Academy of Country Music Awards, and six Country Music Association Awards including the 2021 and 2022 Entertainer of the Year award, their highest honor.
Nikoides
The Nikoides are a genus in the Processidae family of shrimp, first described in 1875 by Otton Mikhailovich Paulson.

In Australia it is found off the northern coasts of Western Australia, the Northern Territory, and Queensland.

Species accepted by WoRMS are:

Nikoides boraboraensis Burukovsky, 2002

Nikoides danae Paulson, 1875

Nikoides gurneyi Hayashi, 1975

Nikoides longicarpus Noël, 1986

Nikoides maldivensis Borradaile, 1915

Nikoides multispinatus Hayashi, 1981

Nikoides plantei Burukovsky, 2007

Nikoides schmitti Manning & Chace, 1971

Nikoides sibogae De Man, 1918

Nikoides steinii (Edmondson, 1935)

Nikoides subdistalis Komai & Hirabayashi, 2021

Processidae
The Processidae are a family of shrimp, comprising 65 species in five genera, and the only family in the superfamily Processoidea. They are small, nocturnal animals, mostly living in shallow seas, particularly on grass flats. The first pereiopods are usually asymmetrical, with a claw on one, but not the other (Ambidexter forming the exception to this rule). The rostrum is generally a simple projection from the front of the carapace, with two teeth, one at the tip, and one further back.
Jameh Mosque of Germi
The Jameh Mosque of Germi (Persian: مسجدجامع گرمی) is a Shia Friday mosque, located in Germi, in the province of Ardabil, Iran. The mosque was completed during the Seljuq era and was renovated in 2019.

Congregational mosque
A congregational mosque or Friday mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد جَامِع, romanized: masjid jāmi‘, or simply جَامِع, jāmi‘; Turkish: Cami), or sometimes great mosque or grand mosque (جامع كبير, jāmi‘ kabir; Ulu Cami), is a mosque for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as jumu'ah. It can also host the Eid prayers in situations when there is no musalla or eidgah available nearby to host the prayers. In early Islamic history, the number of congregational mosques in one city was strictly limited. As cities and populations grew over time, it became more common for many mosques to host Friday prayers in the same area. In early centuries, the congregational mosque was also a center of social and public life, hosting various other activities in addition to prayers, such as judicial and educational functions.