hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Perutz Glacier
Perutz Glacier (67°36′S 66°33′W﻿ / ﻿67.600°S 66.550°W﻿ / -67.600; -66.550) is a glacier, 10 nautical miles (18 km) long and 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) wide, which flows west-northwest from Hemimont Plateau into Bourgeois Fjord, close east of Thomson Head, on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. The mouth of the glacier was first surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) under Rymill. The entire glacier was surveyed in 1946-47 and 1948-49 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), and named by them for Max F. Perutz of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, who has made important studies on the mechanism of glacier flow.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Perutz Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition
The Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) was an aerial survey of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and the Antarctic Peninsula which took place in the 1955–56 and 1956–57 southern summers.

Funded by the Colonial Office and organized by Peter Mott, the survey was carried out by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd.  The expedition was based at Deception Island and utilized the Oluf Sven, two Canso flying-boats, and several helicopters.

The photographic collection, held by the British Antarctic Survey as the United Kingdom Antarctic Mapping Centre, comprises about 12,800 frames taken on 26,700 kilometers of ground track.
Revolution!!
Revolution!! (also known as The French Revolution by the National Theatre of Brent) is a 1989 television comedy film by the National Theatre of Brent, a British comedy double-act. It stars Patrick Barlow as Desmond Olivier Dingle and Jim Broadbent as Wallace, and is written by Barlow, Broadbent and Martin Duncan. It is directed by Jonathan Stedall. Desmond and Wallace act out major events of the French Revolution, portraying different characters simply by slightly changing their grey suit costumes.

Patrick Barlow
Evan George Patrick Barlow (born 18 March 1947) is an English actor, comedian and playwright. His comedic alter ego, Desmond Olivier Dingle, is the founder, artistic director and chief executive of the two-man National Theatre of Brent, which has performed on stage, on television and on radio. Barlow was born in Leicester.
Vedat Buz
Vedat Buz (born 1966 in Elazığ), is a Turkish jurist. He is professor of civil law of Ankara University, Law School and Bilkent University Faculty of Law, and author of three law books: Kamu İhale Sözleşmelerinin Kuruluşu ve Geçerlilik Şartları (Establishment and Terms of Validity of Public Procurement Contracts), Medeni Hukukta Yenilik Doğuran Haklar and Borçlunun Temerrüdünde Sözleşmeden Dönme. He is an expert on law of obligations.

He is married and has two children.

Private law
Private law is the part of a legal system that governs interactions between individual persons. It is distinguished from public law, which deals with relationships between both natural and artificial persons (i.e., organizations) and the state, including regulatory statutes, penal law and other law that affects the public order. In general terms, private law involves interactions between private individuals, whereas public law involves interrelations between the state and the general population. In legal systems of the civil law tradition, it is that part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts (as it is called in the common law tradition), and the law of obligations (as it is called in the civil law tradition).
Synod of New York and Philadelphia
Synod of New York and Philadelphia is a former name for two different entities:

The Synod of the Trinity of the Presbyterian Church (USA)

The Diocese of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic in the Reformed Episcopal Church

Synod of the Trinity
Synod of the Trinity is an upper judicatory of the Presbyterian Church headquartered in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania. The synod oversees sixteen presbyteries covering all of Pennsylvania, most of West Virginia, and a portion of eastern Ohio.
Laoag International Airlines Flight 585
Laoag International Airlines Flight 585 was a scheduled flight operated by Laoag International Airlines from Manila to Basco, Philippines via Laoag. On November 11, 2002, the Fokker F-27 Friendship crashed into Manila Bay shortly after takeoff from Ninoy Aquino International Airport.  Of the 34 passengers and crew on board, 15 survived.

Laoag
Laoag ([laʊˈag]), officially the City of Laoag (Ilocano: Siudad ti Laoag; Filipino: Lungsod ng Laoag), is a  component city and capital of the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines.  According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 112,117 people.

It is the province's most populous settlement, as well as its political, commercial, and industrial hub. The Ilocos Region's busiest commercial airport is also built in Laoag. It is also the northernmost city in the Philippines.

The municipalities of San Nicolas, Paoay, Sarrat, Piddig, Vintar, and Bacarra form its boundaries. The foothills of the Cordillera Central mountain range to the east, and the South China Sea to the west are its physical boundaries.

Laoag experiences a prevailing monsoon climate of Northern Luzon, characterized by a dry season from November to April and a wet season from May to October. Despite being battered by powerful typhoons occasionally, Laoag can still be referred to as the "Sunshine City".
Nunthorpe–Battersby Link
The Nunthorpe–Battersby Link was a short line connecting the Middlesbrough and Guisborough Railway and the now disused Picton-Battersby Line.

The line, which was opened in April 1868, ran from Nunthorpe Junction to Battersby. It remains in use today as part of the Esk Valley Line.

Nunthorpe railway station
Nunthorpe is a railway station on the Esk Valley Line, which runs between Middlesbrough and Whitby. The station serves the village of Nunthorpe, in North Yorkshire, England; it lies 4 miles 48 chains (7.4 km) south-east of Middlesbrough. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

One of the two passing loops on the line is located here and there is a level crossing at the eastern end. The signal box that operates it also supervises the movements of trains on the entire branch and remotely controls the junction further down the line at Battersby.
Wallace-Jagdfeld Octagon House
The Wallace-Jagdfeld Octagon House built in 1860 is a historic octagonal house located at 171 Forest Avenue in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. The two-story home features clapboard siding, a front porch, and a central chimney.

On April 26, 2002, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, becoming the second octagon house in Fond du Lac on the National Register along with the Fond du Lac Octagon House. It is located across the street from two other listings on the National Register, Hotel Calumet and the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Depot.

Octagon
In geometry, an octagon (from Ancient Greek  ὀκτάγωνον (oktágōnon) 'eight angles') is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon.

A regular octagon has Schläfli symbol {8} and can also be constructed as a quasiregular truncated square, t{4}, which alternates two types of edges. A truncated octagon, t{8} is a hexadecagon, {16}. A 3D analog of the octagon can be the rhombicuboctahedron with the triangular faces on it like the replaced edges, if one considers the octagon to be a truncated square.
John H. Bunzel
John Harvey Bunzel was an American academic. He served as president of San Jose State University from 1970 to 1978 and was a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution since 1978. He was formerly a member of the United States Commission on Civil Rights.

United States Commission on Civil Rights
The United States Commission on Civil Rights (CCR) is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the Eisenhower administration, which is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues in the United States. Specifically, the CCR investigates allegations of discrimination based on race, sex, national origin, disability. In January 2025, Peter Kirsanow was appointed to serve as chair.

Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1975d, all statutory authority for the commission terminated on September 30, 1996, and Congress has not passed new legislation, but has continued to pass appropriations.
11th ZAI Awards
The 11th ZAI Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 2000, took time and place on March 9, 2001 at the civic center Zrkadlový háj in Bratislava. The ceremony was held in association with the local Music Fund (HF) and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Slovakia (SNS IFPPI). As with the previous two editions, the accolades were named after the Artmedia Music Academy, established by ZAI and the related company in 1999.

Petržalka
Petržalka (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈpetr̩ʐalka]; German: Engerau / Audorf; Hungarian: Pozsonyligetfalu) is the largest borough of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. Situated on the right bank of the river Danube, the area shares a land border with Austria, and is home to around 100,000 people.
Takurua
Takurua was a Māori woman from the Ngāpuhi tribe (iwi) in northern New Zealand.

Takurua signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. She was one of a select few Māori women who signed the treaty. While the date of her signing is currently unknown, some speculate that the signing took place in the Bay of Islands. While further research is needed, one source indicates that she was the daughter of Te Kēmara and was married to Te Tai.

Takurua is also the Māori name for Sirius, the brightest extrasolar star visible from Earth.

Bay of Islands
The Bay of Islands (Māori: Te Pēwhairangi) is an area on the east coast of the Far North District of the North Island of New Zealand. It is one of the most popular fishing, sailing and tourist destinations in the country, and has been renowned internationally for its big-game fishing since American author Zane Grey publicised it in the 1930s. It is 60 km (37 mi) north-west of the city of Whangārei. Cape Reinga, at the northern tip of the country, is about 210 km (130 mi) by road further to the north-west.
Princess Louise d'Artois
Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois (21 September 1819 – 1 February 1864) was a duchess and later a regent of Parma. She was the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of King Charles X of France, and Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily. She served as regent of Parma during the minority of her son from 1854 until 1859.

Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand II (Italian: Ferdinando Carlo Maria; Sicilian: Ferdinannu Carlu Maria; Neapolitan: Ferdinando Carlo Maria; 12 January 1810 –  22 May 1859) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1830 until his death in 1859.
Gilles Carle: The Untamable Mind
Gilles Carle: The Untamable Mind (French: Gilles Carle ou l'indomptable imaginaire) is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Charles Binamé and released in 2005. The film is a profile of influential Quebec film director Gilles Carle, in late life following his diagnosis with Parkinson's disease.

The film was co-winner with La Classe de Madame Lise of the Jutra Award for Best Documentary Film at the 8th Jutra Awards in 2006.

Gala Québec Cinéma
The Gala Québec Cinéma is a Quebec film award, presented annually by Québec Cinéma, which recognizes talent and achievement in the mainly feature film industry of Quebec. Until 2016, it was known as La soirée des prix Jutra (The evening of the Jutra prizes) in reference of influential Quebec film director Claude Jutra, but Jutra's name was withdrawn from the awards following the publication of Yves Lever's biography of Jutra, which alleged that he had sexually abused children.

It should not be confused with the Claude Jutra Award, a special award presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television as part of the separate Canadian Screen Awards program which was also renamed in 2016 following the allegations against Jutra.
Leiosporoceros
Leiosporoceros dussii is the only species in the hornwort genus Leiosporoceros. The species is placed in a separate family, order, and class for being "genetically and morphologically distinct from all other hornwort lineages." Cladistic analysis of genetic data supports a position at the base of the hornwort clade. Physical characteristics that distinguish the group include unusually small spores that are monolete and unornamented. Additionally, there are unique strands of Nostoc (cyanobacteria) that grow inside the plant parallel with its direction of growth. Unlike other hornworts with symbiotic cyanobacteria that enters through mucilage clefts, the mucilage clefts in Leiosporoceros are only present in young plants and close permanently once the cyanobacterial colonies have been established. Mycorrhiza and pyrenoids are absent. Male plants have been found in Panama.

Mycorrhiza
A mycorrhiza (from Ancient Greek  μύκης (múkēs) 'fungus' and  ῥίζα (rhíza) 'root'; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza, or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant, in which fungal hyphae and plant roots become interconnected and form an interface on the cellular level. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, the plant root system and its surroundings. Mycorrhizae play important roles in plant nutrition, soil biology, and soil chemistry.

In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus colonizes the host plant's root tissues, either intracellularly as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, or extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. The association is normally mutualistic. In particular species, or in particular circumstances, mycorrhizae may have a parasitic association with host plants.
514107 Kaʻepaokaʻāwela
514107 Kaʻepaokaʻāwela (/kəˌʔɛpə.oʊkə.ʔɑːˈvɛlə/), provisionally designated 2015 BZ509 and nicknamed Bee-Zed, is a small asteroid, approximately 3 km (2 mi) in diameter, in a resonant, co-orbital motion with Jupiter.  It is an unusual minor planet in that its orbit is retrograde, which is opposite to the direction of most other bodies in the Solar System.  It was discovered on 26 November 2014, by astronomers of the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory on the island of Maui, United States. Kaʻepaokaʻāwela is the first example of an asteroid in a 1:–1 resonance with any of the planets. This type of resonance had only been studied a few years before the object's discovery.  One study suggests that it was an interstellar asteroid captured 4.5 billion years ago into an orbit around the Sun.

Haleakalā Observatory
The Haleakalā Observatory, also known as the Haleakalā High Altitude Observatory Site, is Hawaii's first astronomical research observatory. It is located on the island of Maui and is owned by the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaiʻi, which operates some of the facilities on the site and leases portions to other organizations. Tenants include the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGTN). At over 3,050 meters (10,010 ft) in elevation, the summit of Haleakalā is above one third of the Earth's troposphere and has excellent astronomical seeing conditions.
Sid O'Linn
Sidney O'Linn (5 May 1927 – 11 December 2016) was a South African sportsman who played Test cricket in seven Tests for South Africa between 1960 and 1961 and professional football for South Africa.

Born Sidney Olinsky into a Jewish family, he was a left-hander who batted down the order. He was a member of the South African tour of England in 1960, the first to be confronted by anti-apartheid demonstrations, and scored 98 (his highest in Tests) in six hours at Trent Bridge before being caught in the slips by Colin Cowdrey.

O'Linn was also a footballer, having played for South Africa against Australia in 1947, and later making 187 appearances for Charlton Athletic in the English First Division. While playing football in England, he played cricket for Kent County Cricket Club, where he was the deputy wicket-keeper from 1951 to 1954. He died in Randburg on 11 December 2016.

Trent Bridge
Trent Bridge Cricket Ground is a cricket ground mostly used for Test, One-Day International and county cricket located in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England, just across the River Trent from the city of Nottingham. Trent Bridge is also the headquarters of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. As well as international cricket and Nottinghamshire's home games, the ground has hosted the Finals Day of the Twenty20 Cup twice and has hosted One-Day Cup since 2021.

In 2009, the ground was used for the ICC World Twenty20 and hosted the semi-final between South Africa and Pakistan. The site takes its name from the nearby main bridge over the Trent and it is also close to Meadow Lane and the City Ground, the football stadiums of Notts County and Nottingham Forest respectively.
Florida Department of Revenue v. Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc.
Florida Department of Revenue v. Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc., 554 U.S. 33 (2008), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that the Bankruptcy Code's section authorizing an exemption from stamp taxes can only be used in relation to a Chapter 11 plan that has been confirmed.

Stamp duty
Stamp duty is a tax that is levied on single property purchases or documents (including, historically, the majority of legal documents such as cheques, receipts, military commissions, marriage licences and land transactions). Historically, a physical revenue stamp had to be attached to or impressed upon the document to show that stamp duty had been paid before the document was legally effective. More modern versions of the tax no longer require an actual stamp.

The duty is thought to have originated in Venice in 1604, being introduced (or re-invented) in Spain in the 1610s, the Spanish Netherlands in the 1620s, France in 1651, and England in 1694.

German economist Silvio Gesell proposed in 1891 that demurrage currency could be enabled by stamp duties, which would in turn stimulate economic growth. Gesell referred to this monetary policy as Freigeld.
Lothar Zagrosek
Lothar Zagrosek (born 13 November 1942 in Otting, Germany) is a German conductor.  As a youth, he sang in the Regensburg Cathedral choir, including performances as the First Boy in The Magic Flute at the 1954 Salzburg Festival. From 1962 to 1967, Zagrosek studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky, István Kertész, Bruno Maderna and Herbert von Karajan.

Zagrosek was chief conductor of the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1982 to 1986. He was principal guest conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1985 to 1988. Between 1990 and 1992, he conducted regularly at the Leipzig Opera. In 1995, he became principal guest conductor of the Junge Deutsche Philharmonie. From 1997 to 2006, he was chief conductor at the Württemberg opera house in Stuttgart. From 2006 to 2011, he was chief conductor of the Konzerthausorchester Berlin, the former Berlin Symphony Orchestra (Berliner Sinfonie-Orchester).

István Kertész (conductor)
István Kertész (28 August 1929 – 16 April 1973) was a Hungarian orchestral and operatic conductor who throughout his brief career led many of the world's great orchestras, including the Cleveland, Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Detroit, San Francisco and Minnesota Orchestras in the United States, as well as the London Symphony, Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Israel Philharmonic, and L'Orchestre de la Suisse Romande.

Kertész's orchestral repertoire numbered over 450 works from all periods, and was matched by a repertoire of some sixty operas ranging from Mozart, Verdi, Puccini and Wagner to the more contemporary Prokofiev, Bartók, Britten, Kodály, Poulenc and Janáček. Kertész was part of a musical tradition that produced fellow Hungarian conductors Fritz Reiner, Antal Doráti, János Ferencsik, Eugene Ormandy, George Szell, János Fürst, Peter Erős, Ferenc Fricsay, and Georg Solti.
Flint Dibble
Flint Dibble is an American archaeologist and science communicator, whose research focuses on foodways in ancient Greece, and whose science communication promotes the field of archaeology and debunks pseudoarchaeology. He teaches at Cardiff University, where he is the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research Fellow leading the ZOOCRETE project. He is the son of archaeologist Harold L. Dibble.

He debated author and promoter of pseudoarchaeology Graham Hancock on The Joe Rogan Experience, and he produces an archaeology focused YouTube channel.

Foodways
In social science, foodways are the cultural, social, and economic practices relating to the production and consumption of food. Foodways often refers to the intersection of food in culture, traditions, and history.
Thomas Sbokos
Thomas Sbokos (Greek: Θωμάς Σμπώκος; born 10 April 1972 in Heraklion) is a Greek sprinter who specialized in the 200 metres.

He won the bronze medal at the 1995 Summer Universiade and finished fourth at the 1996 European Indoor Championships. He also competed at the 1996 Olympic Games and the World Championships in 1995 and 1997 without reaching the final.

His personal best time was 20.28 seconds, achieved in July 1995 in Patras. This ranks him third among Greek 200 metres sprinters, behind Konstantinos Kenteris and Anastassios Gousis.

1997 World Championships in Athletics
The 6th World Championships in Athletics (Greek: Παγκόσμιο Πρωτάθλημα Στίβου 1997), under the auspices of the International Association of Athletic Federations, were held at the Olympic Stadium, Athens, Greece between 1 and 10 August 1997. 1,882 athletes from 198 participant nations participated in this event.

It was the first edition to award wild cards to defending champions even if they did not qualify for their national team. This allowed four athletes from the same country to compete in an individual event in some cases.
Paola Caselli
Paola Caselli (born 26 July 1966) is an Italian astronomer and astrochemist known for her research on molecular clouds, star formation and planet formation, and the astrochemistry behind the materials found within the Solar System. She is the director of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics near Munich in Germany. She also holds an honorary professorship at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

Molecular cloud
A molecular cloud—sometimes called a stellar nursery if star formation is occurring within—is a type of interstellar cloud of which the density and size permit absorption nebulae, the formation of molecules (most commonly molecular hydrogen, H2), and the formation of H II regions. This is in contrast to other areas of the interstellar medium that contain predominantly ionized gas.

Molecular hydrogen is difficult to detect by infrared and radio observations, so the molecule most often used to determine the presence of H2 is carbon monoxide (CO). The ratio between CO luminosity and H2 mass is thought to be constant, although there are reasons to doubt this assumption in observations of some other galaxies.

Within molecular clouds are regions with higher density, where much dust and many gas cores reside, called clumps. These clumps are the beginning of star formation if gravitational forces are sufficient to cause the dust and gas to collapse.