hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Laura A. Dickinson
Laura Anne Dickinson is the Lyle T. Alverson Professor of Law at George Washington University School of Law. She is the author of the 2011 book Outsourcing War and Peace, which discusses the current trend in the United States towards privatization of the military.

George Washington University Law School
The George Washington University Law School (GW Law) is the law school of George Washington University, a private research university in Washington, D.C. Established in 1865, GW Law is the oldest law school in Washington, D.C.

GW Law has an alumni network that includes notable people within the fields of law and government, including the former U.S. Attorney General, the former U.S. Secretary of the Interior, foreign heads of state, judges of the International Court of Justice, ministers of foreign affairs, a Director-General of the World Intellectual Property Organization, a Director of the CIA, members of U.S. Congress, U.S. State Governors, four Directors of the FBI, and numerous Federal judges.
Mangart Saddle
Mangart Saddle or the Mangart Pass (Slovene: Mangartsko sedlo or Mangrtsko sedlo) is a mountain saddle in the Julian Alps in northwestern Slovenia. It has an elevation of 2,072 metres (6,798 ft). It is the most common starting point for the ascent of Mt. Mangart (2,679 m or 8,789 ft). The Mangart Road (Mangartska cesta) that leads over Mangart Saddle, with its elevation of 2,055 m (6,742 ft), has a number of turns and is the highest-lying road in Slovenia. It was built in 1938. The Mangart Pass offers a picturesque  view towards the Log Koritnica Valley in Slovenia to the south and the Lakes of Fusine in Italy to the north. The Mangart Saddle Lodge (koča na Mangrtskem sedlu) lies under the saddle. The saddle was the scenery of the film Let's Go Our Own Way. Mangart Saddle is also known as the finding place of manganese nodules from the Early Jurassic period.

Julian Alps
The Julian Alps (Slovene: Julijske Alpe, Italian: Alpi Giulie, Venetian: Alpe Jułie, Friulian: Alps Juliis, German: Julische Alpen) are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretches from northeastern Italy to Slovenia, where they rise to 2,864 m at Mount Triglav, the highest peak in Slovenia. A large part of the Julian Alps is included in Triglav National Park. The second highest peak of the range, the 2,755 m high Jôf di Montasio, lies in Italy.

The Julian Alps cover an estimated 4,400 km2 (of which 1,542 km2 lies in Italy). They are located between the Sava Valley and Canale Valley. They are divided into the Eastern and Western Julian Alps.
Mazamesso Assih
Mazamesso Assih (born 7 September 1979 in Lomé) is a Togolese politician. She has served as the Minister of Development at the Base, Financial Inclusion, Youth and Youth Employment in the Togolese government since 20 August 2024.

Lomé
Lomé (UK: /ˈloʊmeɪ/ LOH-may, US: /loʊˈmeɪ/ loh-MAY) is the capital and largest city of Togo. It has an urban population of 837,437 while there were 2,188,376 permanent residents in its metropolitan area as of the 2022 census. Located on the Gulf of Guinea at the southwest corner of the country, with its entire western border along the easternmost edge of Ghana's Volta Region, Lomé is the country's administrative and industrial center, which includes an oil refinery. It is also the country's chief port, from where it exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and oil palm kernels.

Its city limits extends to the border with Ghana, located a few hundred meters west of the city center, to the Ghanaian city of Aflao and the South Ketu district where the city is situated, had 160,756 inhabitants in 2010. The cross-border agglomeration of which Lomé is the centre has about 2 million inhabitants as of 2020.
Thesen
Thesen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Wilhelm Thesen (1856–1940), Norwegian-born South African businessman

Johan Thesen (1867–1945), Norwegian businessman

Nils Peter Thesen (1853–1929), Norwegian-born South African businessman

Rolv Thesen (1896–1966), Norwegian poet, literary researcher and literary critic

Sharon Thesen (born 1946), Canadian poet

Sharon Thesen
Sharon Thesen (born 1946 in Tisdale, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian poet who lives in Lake Country, British Columbia.  She teaches at University of British Columbia Okanagan.

In 2003, Thesen was a judge for the Griffin Poetry Prize.
Joshua Fogel
Joshua A. Fogel (Chinese: 傅佛果, born 1950) is an American-Canadian Sinologist, historian, and translator who specializes in the history of modern China, especially focusing on the cultural and political relations between China and Japan. Before retiring and becoming professor emeritus in 2024, he held a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair at York University in Toronto from 2005. Before that he taught at Harvard University (1981–1988) and the University of California, Santa Barbara (1989–2005). He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (elected 2023).

In June 2024 he was honored with a Festschrift, presented to him at Heidelberg University, to which twenty-seven colleagues, former students, and friends contributed.

Chinese University of Hong Kong
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) is a public university in Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong.

Established in 1963 as a federation of three colleges – Chung Chi College, New Asia College, and United College, it is Hong Kong's second-oldest university, with the first being the University of Hong Kong. Predecessors of the university included St. John's University, Lingnan University and Yenching University, alongside 10 other Christian universities in China.

The university is organised into nine constituent colleges and eight academic faculties, and remains the only collegiate university in Hong Kong. The university operates in both English and Chinese.

Four Nobel laureates are associated with the university, and it is the only tertiary institution in Hong Kong with recipients of the Nobel Prize, Turing Award, Fields Medal, and Veblen Prize sitting as faculty in residence.
KTWL
KTWL (105.3 FM) is a radio station that is licensed to serve the community of Todd Mission, Texas, United States. Formerly an adult hits station known as "Bob FM", it now broadcasts country music and is branded as "Texas Mix 105.3".

KTWL began brokering its time out to a 3rd party temporarily airing the "Radio Dabang" South Asian format in April 2018, combining KTWL with Houston translator K287BQ Houston, which had been interfering with this facility's signal since the translator's sign on. By leasing KTWL, the clash between the two co-channel facilities was rendered moot. The former "Texas Mix" country format remained on Henderson co-owned KHTZ as a stand-alone. In July 2018, KTWL returned to its previous country format, while the Houston translator picked up the Regional Mexican "La Mejor" format from KTBZ-FM HD2, and also airs on KJOZ Conroe.

Adult hits
Adult hits (sometimes also called variety hits) is a radio format drawing from popular music from the late 1960s to the present. The format typically focuses on classic hits, but blended with adult contemporary, pop, and rock hits from the 1970s through at least the 2000s, and is synonymous with franchised brands such as Jack FM and Bob FM.
VK (company)
VK, known as Mail.ru Group until 12 October 2021, is a Russian technology company. It started in 1998 as the parent company of Mail.ru, an e-mail service, and went on to become a major corporate figure in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet.

VK operates an e-mail service, Internet portal Mail.ru, and Russian social networking services VK, Odnoklassniki and Moi Mir. Additionally, VK manages various e-commerce, transport and communication platforms. It also offers business-oriented products, including a corporate email and communication system.

In 2014, VK's sites reached approximately 86% of Russian Internet users on a monthly basis, and the company was in the top 5 of the largest Internet companies based on the number of total pages viewed.

In October 2021, Mail.ru Group was renamed VK Company Limited, after its most popular product, VKontakte.

Message transfer agent
Within the Internet email system, a message transfer agent (MTA), mail transfer agent, or mail relay is software that transfers electronic mail messages from one computer to another using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. In some contexts, the alternative names mail server, mail exchanger, or MX host are used to describe an MTA.

Messages exchanged across networks are passed between mail servers, including any attached data files (such as images, multimedia, or documents). These servers often keep mailboxes for email. Access to this email by end users is typically either by webmail or an email client.
University Press of Colorado
The University Press of Colorado is a nonprofit publisher that was established in 1965. It is currently a member of the Association of University Presses and has been since 1982.

Initially associated with Colorado public universities, the University Press of Colorado is currently a multi-state consortium supported by certain Colorado-based public universities (viz., Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, the University of Colorado System, the University of Northern Colorado, Western Colorado University, and the Colorado School of Mines), a Colorado-based private university (viz., Regis University), and three non-Colorado-based universities (viz. the University of Alaska System, Utah State University, and the University of Wyoming). This makes it one of the few university presses in the United States to have more than one affiliate university.

Consortium
A consortium (pl. consortiums or consortia) is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations, or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal. Consortia are generally nonprofit with a goal to help its members improve their competitiveness in the specific field.

Consortium is a Latin word meaning "partnership", "association", or "society", and derives from consors ("shared in property"), itself from con- ("together") and sors ("fate").
Crinan
Crinan is a name of Gaelic origin and it has a number of contexts:

Crinan, Argyll, a village in Scotland

The Crinan Canal, a waterway in Scotland with one of its outlets at Crinan, linking Loch Fyne with Loch Crinan

Crínán of Dunkeld, a powerful Scottish lord around the beginning  of the 11th Century and the father of Duncan I of Scotland

Crinan is a statistical area in Appleby, a suburb of Invercargill, New Zealand

Loch Crinan, a sea loch at Crinan, Argyll

Crinan Canal
The Crinan Canal is a nine-mile-long (14 km) navigable canal in Argyll and Bute, west of Scotland. It opened in 1801 and connects the village of Ardrishaig on Loch Gilp with Crinan on the Sound of Jura, providing a navigable route between the Firth of Clyde and the Inner Hebrides, without the need for a long diversion around the Kintyre Peninsula, and in particular the exposed Mull of Kintyre.

Today the canal is operated by Scottish Canals and is a popular route for leisure craft, used by nearly 2,000 boats annually. The towpath is part of National Cycle Route 78.

The canal is a two-part scheduled monument. Loch a' Bharain, which serves as a feeder reservoir for the canal, is also a scheduled monument.
Khaparde
Khaparde is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

G. S. Khaparde (1854–1938), Indian lawyer

D. K. Khaparde (1939–2000), Indian activist

Balkrishna Ganesh Khaparde (1882–1968), Indian politician

Balkrishna Ganesh Khaparde
Balkrishna Ganesh Khaparde (1882–1968) was a leader of the Swaraj Party from Amravati, India. He was a lawyer by profession like his father Ganesh Shrikrishna Khaparde who was a close ally of Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

He belonged to ‘Tilak School of Thought’ and was a prominent leader in Swarajya Party. He was twice elected to the Second and Third Provincial Central Provinces Legislative Council in 1923 and 1927.  He was minister of Central Provinces and Berar state.

He used to write under the pen name Baba Bharti in the Marathi Magazine Prasad, published from Pune and wrote the book ‘From Science to Samadhi’.

He was the chief trustee of the Badrinath Temple and as such he had to walk 120 miles from Dehradun to the interior of the Himalayas to open the gates of Badrinath Temple after winter every year. His name is still adorned in the temple.

In 1968, he courted death by Prayopaweshan, meaning to liberate the immortal soul from the mortal body by voluntary fasting unto death.
Child Is Father of the Man
"Child Is Father of the Man" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys that was written by Brian Wilson and Van Dyke Parks. It was originally recorded for the band's never-finished album Smile. In 2004, Wilson rerecorded the song for Brian Wilson Presents Smile. In 2011, the Beach Boys' original recording was released on The Smile Sessions.

The title derives from an idiom meaning that man is the product of habits and behavior developed in youth. Surviving tapes of the original recordings do not show any lyrics other than "child is father of the man". Parks penned new words for the 2004 version. The instrumentation includes keyboard, trumpet, vocal rounds, and a droning guitar saturated with reverb. Elements of the song were later reworked for the band's "Little Bird" and "Surf's Up".

Idiom
An idiom is a phrase or expression that largely or exclusively carries a figurative or non-literal meaning, rather than making any literal sense.  Categorized as formulaic language, an idiomatic expression's meaning is different from the literal meanings of each word inside it.

Idioms occur frequently in all languages. In English alone there are an estimated twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions. Some well known idioms in English are "spill the beans" (meaning "reveal secret information"), "it's raining cats and dogs" (meaning "it's raining intensely"), and "break a leg" (meaning "good luck").
Sparisoma
Sparisoma is a genus of parrotfishes native to warmer parts of the Atlantic. FishBase recognizes 15 species in this genus, including S. rocha described from Trindade Island in 2010 and S. choati described from the East Atlantic in 2012. They are the most important grazers of algae in the Caribbean Sea, especially since sea urchins, especially Diadema, the other prominent consumers of algae, have been reduced in many places by a recent epidemic.

The name was proposed by William Swainson as a subgenus of Scarus. Sparus in Latin is a golden-headed fish, and soma means "body". The common spelling Sparisomus is incorrect.

Parrotfish
Parrotfish (named because their mouths resemble a parrot's beak) are a clade (a fundamental grouping in evolutionary biology consisting of a single common ancestor and all of its descendants) of fish placed in the subfamily Scarinae of the wrasse family (Labridae). Formerly treated as their own family (Scaridae), genetic studies found them to be deeply nested within the wrasses, and they are now treated as a subfamily (Scarinae). With roughly 95 species, the group's largest species richness is in the Indo-Pacific. They are found in coral reefs, rocky coasts, and seagrass beds, and can play a significant role in bioerosion  because they eat away at the corals. This activity is also often attributed to enriching the sand content on the surrounding ocean floor.
Calogaya orientalis
Calogaya orientalis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) and muscicolous lichen (moss-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in arid steppe and desert habitats in Northwestern China, Iran, and Turkey. The thallus of this lichen is reduced, similar to species in the genus Athallia.

Bryophilous lichen
A bryophilous lichen is one that grows on a bryophyte – that is, on a moss or liverwort. Those that grow on mosses are muscicolous lichens, while those that grow on liverworts are hepaticolous lichens. Muscicolous derives from the Latin muscus meaning moss, while the suffix colous means "living or growing in or on". Lichens are slow-growing organisms, and so are far more likely to be overgrown by a bryophyte than to overgrow one. However, they are better able to compete if the bryophyte is sickly or decaying and they can be parasitic upon them. Some, rather than overgrowing the bryophyte, instead live among its branches. Bryophilous lichens are particularly common in heathland and arctic or alpine tundra. Because many are small and inconspicuous, they are easy to overlook.
Tixier-Vignancour Committees
1960s portal

1970s portal

The Tixier-Vignancour Committees (Comités Tixier-Vignancour, also known as Comités TV and abbreviated as CTV) was a political movement in France aligned with the far-right, founded by Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour for the 1965 French presidential election.

After the election, in which Tixier-Vignancour secured 5.2% of the vote, the Comités TV transformed into the "Alliance républicaine pour les libertés et le progrès" (ARLP). The party did not achieve success and faded by 1974.

Political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory, which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
Saharat Kanyaroj
Saharat Kanyaroj (Thai: สหรัฐ กันยะโรจน์, born June 9, 1994), simply known as Farm (Thai: ฟาร์ม), is a Thai professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or a winger for Thai League 1 club PT Prachuap.

PT Prachuap F.C.
Prachuap Football Club (Thai: สโมสรฟุตบอลประจวบ) (currently known as PT Prachuap due to sponsorship reasons), is a Thai professional football club based in Prachuap Khiri Khan province, Thailand which currently play in the Thai League 1.

The club won their first and only major honour in the top flight where they went on to upset Thai giants Buriram United to win the 2019 Thai League Cup.
The Wreck of the Number Nine
"The Wreck of the Number Nine" is an American train song, part of a subgenre about train wrecks.

It was written by Carson Robison in 1927, and popularized by Vernon Dalhart.

One of the best-known version is by Jim Reeves, from his 1961 album Tall Tales and Short Tempers, although it has been sung by several other singers, including Hank Snow, Marty Robbins, Doc Watson and Mac Wiseman.

It tells the story of a brave engineer who takes his train out on a stormy night after kissing his sweetheart goodbye, promising to marry her the next day, but he is killed in a head-on collision with another train.  Unlike some other songs in the "train wreck" subgenre, it has a known author and is based on a fictional incident.

Music historian Bill C. Malone describes Robison's composition as an "event" song that is "a throwback to the British broadside and perhaps most characteristic of the hillbilly music of the twenties".

Vernon Dalhart
Marion Try Slaughter (April 6, 1883 – September 14, 1948), better known by his stage name Vernon Dalhart, was an American country music singer and songwriter who recorded music prolifically from 1917 into the 1930s. He aspired to be an opera singer, and began his career this way, but soon began recording country music inspired by his roots in farming and ranching. His recording of the classic ballad "Wreck of the Old 97" was the first country song reputed to have sold one million copies, although sales figures for pre-World War Two recordings are difficult to verify. Dalhart has since faded into relative obscurity.
Defence Bills Agency
The Defence Bills Agency was an executive agency of the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence (MoD) which paid the bills from MOD contracts, invoices and collects MOD receipts and provides financial management information to budget holders. It was responsible to the Minister for Defence Procurement.

Its chief executive was Norman Swanney. It was merged into the Financial Management Shared Service Centre (FMSSC).

Executive agency
An executive agency is a part of a government department that is treated as managerially and budgetarily separate, to carry out some part of the executive functions of the United Kingdom government, Scottish Government, Welsh Government or Northern Ireland Executive. Executive agencies are "machinery of government" devices distinct both from non-ministerial government departments and non-departmental public bodies (or "quangos"), each of which enjoy legal and constitutional separation from ministerial control.  The model has been applied in several other countries.
SmartDO
SmartDO  is a multidisciplinary design optimization software, based on the Direct Global Search technology developed and marketed by FEA-Opt Technology. SmartDO specialized in the CAE-Based optimization, such as CAE (computer-aided engineering), FEA (finite element analysis), CAD (computer-aided design), CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) and automatic control, with application on various physics phenomena. It is both GUI and scripting driven, allowed to be integrated with almost any kind of CAD/CAE and in-house codes.

SmartDO focuses on the direct global optimization solver, which does not need much parametric study and tweaking on the solver parameter. Because of this, SmartDO has been frequently customized as the push-button expert system.

Expert system
In artificial intelligence (AI), an expert system is a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert.
Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural programming code.  Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of AI software. They were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s, being then widely regarded as the future of AI — before the advent of successful artificial neural networks.
An expert system is divided into two subsystems: 1) a knowledge base, which represents facts and rules; and 2) an inference engine, which applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts, and can include explaining and debugging abilities.