hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Discrete Morse theory
Discrete Morse theory is a combinatorial adaptation of Morse theory developed by Robin Forman and Kenneth Brown. The theory has various practical applications in diverse fields of applied mathematics and computer science, such as configuration spaces, homology computation, denoising, mesh compression, and topological data analysis.

Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, social science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.
2012 CECAFA Cup statistics
The following are the statistics for the 2012 CECAFA Cup, which took place in Kampala, Uganda from 24 November to 8 December 2012. All statistics are correct as of 20:00 UTC+3 on 8 December 2012. Goals scored from penalty shoot-outs are not counted.

Burundi national football team
The Burundi national football team (Kirundi: Umurwi nserukira gihugu w'umupira w'amaguru w'u Burundi), nicknamed The Swallows (French: Les Hirondelles; Kirundi: Intamba m'Urugamba), represents Burundi in international football and is controlled by the Football Federation of Burundi. The team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup. Burundi previously did come very close to qualifying for the 1994 Africa Cup of Nations, losing only on penalties to Guinea in a playoff. However, in 2019, it qualified for the first time in a major tournament, and took part in the Africa Cup of Nations finals in Group B, but lost all its matches and left from the group stage without scoring a single goal.
Waterschap Hollandse Delta
Waterschap Hollandse Delta (WSHD) is a Dutch regional water authority covering the south of South Holland with its seat in Ridderkerk. The area it encompasses includes Rotterdam (south of the Nieuwe Maas) as well as the (former) islands Goeree-Overflakkee, Hoeksche Waard, Voorne-Putten, the Island of Dordrecht, IJsselmonde, Rozenburg and Tiengemeten.

It is responsible for water management, water quality and sewage water treatment and was formed from a merger of 4 regional water authorities in January 2005.

Tiengemeten
Tiengemeten is an island in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hoeksche Waard and lies about 11 km (7 mi) south of Spijkenisse. Before 1984 the island was administratively split between Goudswaard and Zuid-Beijerland, and until 2019 it was part of the municipality of Korendijk.

The name Tiengemeten refers to an ancient area measurement; one gemet is comparable with one acre so the name means ten-acre island. Ten gemets would be about 100 by 400 metres (330 by 1,310 feet), while the island is actually about 7 km (4 mi) long and 2 km (1 mi) across at its widest.

The statistical area "Tiengemeten" had a population of around 10 until 2007. On 10 May 2007, the island was officially allowed to revert to its natural state after its inhabitants were relocated.

The Rien Poortvliet museum is located on the island.
Belarus at the 2026 Winter Paralympics
Belarus will compete at the 2026 Winter Paralympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, between 6 and 15 March 2026. It is Belarus first appearance at the Winter Paralympics under its own flag since 2018.

2026 Winter Paralympics
The 2026 Winter Paralympics (Italian: Milano Cortina 2026 Giochi paralimpici invernali), also known as the Milano Cortina 2026 Paralympic Games, is the upcoming 14th edition of the Winter Paralympic Games, an international winter multi-sport parasports event governed by the International Paralympic Committee. It is scheduled to take place from 6 to 15 March at sites across Lombardy and Northeast Italy.

This will be the third Paralympic Games hosted in Italy, following the 1960 Summer Paralympics in Rome (the inaugural Paralympic Games) and the 2006 Winter Paralympics in Turin. It will be the first Paralympic Games since Tignes-Albertville 1992 to officially feature multiple host cities, and will be the first Winter Paralympics since Vancouver 2010 where the opening and closing ceremonies will be held in different venues. It also marks the 50th anniversary of the Winter Paralympic Games.
Case variants of IPA letters
With the adoption of letters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in various national alphabets, letter case forms have been developed. This usually means capital (uppercase) forms were developed, but in the case of the glottal stop ʔ and pharyngeal ʕ, both uppercase ⟨Ɂ⟩, ⟨꟎⟩ and lowercase ⟨ɂ⟩, ⟨꟏⟩ are used.

The adoption of IPA letters has been particularly notable in Sub-Saharan Africa, largely due to the Africa Alphabet. In languages such as Hausa, Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages, and Lingala, casing pairs of IPA letters such as open o ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩, open e ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩, and eng ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩ are found, but others occur. Kabiyé of northern Togo, for example, has ⟨Ɔ ɔ, Ɛ ɛ, Ɖ ɖ, Ŋ ŋ, Ɣ ɣ, Ʊ ʊ⟩ (or ⟨Ʋ ʋ⟩), as in this newspaper headline:

MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE.

Some of the IPA letters that were adopted into language orthographies have since become obsolete in the IPA itself.

Manding languages
The Manding languages (sometimes spelt Manden, and archaically Mandingo) are a dialect continuum within the Niger-Congo family spoken in West Africa. Varieties of Manding are generally considered (among native speakers) to be mutually intelligible – dependent on exposure or familiarity with dialects between speakers – and spoken by around 37 million people in the countries Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Mali, Liberia, Ivory Coast and The Gambia. Their best-known members are Mandinka or Mandingo, the principal language of The Gambia; Bambara, the most widely spoken language in Mali; Maninka or Malinké, a major language of Guinea and Mali; and Jula, a trade language of Ivory Coast and western Burkina Faso. Manding is part of the larger Mandé family of languages.
Birr Castle
Birr Castle (Irish: Caisleán Bhiorra) is a castle in the town of Birr in County Offaly, Ireland. It is the home of the 7th Earl of Rosse and his family, and as such the castle is generally not open to the public, though the grounds and gardens of the demesne are publicly accessible, and include a science museum and a café, a reflecting telescope which was the largest in the world for decades and a modern radio telescope.

Demesne
A demesne (/dɪˈmeɪn, -ˈmiːn/ di-MAYN, -⁠MEEN) or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land subinfeudated by him to others as sub-tenants. In contrast, the entire territory controlled by a monarch both directly and indirectly via their tenant lords would typically be referred to as their realm. The concept originated in the Kingdom of France and found its way to foreign lands influenced by it or its fiefdoms.

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, royal demesne is the land held by the Crown, and ancient demesne is the legal term for the land held by the king at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086.
Williams baronets of Cilgeraint (1953)
The Williams baronetcy, of Cilgeraint, parish of Llandygai, in the County of Carnarvon, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 3 July 1953 for the politician Herbert Williams, Member of Parliament for Reading, Croydon South and Croydon East. As of 2026 the title is held by the 3rd Baronet, who succeeded in 2013.

Caernarfonshire
Caernarfonshire (/kərˈnɑːrvənʃər/; Welsh: Sir Gaernarfon, Welsh pronunciation: [ˈsir gaɨ̯rˈnarvɔn]), previously spelled Caernarvonshire or Carnarvonshire, was one of the thirteen counties of Wales that existed from 1536 until their abolition in 1974. It was located in the north-west of Wales.
Ohio Central Railroad System
The Ohio Central Railroad System (reporting mark OHCR) is a network of ten short line railroads operating in Ohio and western Pennsylvania. It is owned by Genesee & Wyoming.

Headquartered in Coshocton, Ohio, the system operates 500 miles (800 km) of track divided among 10 subsidiary railroads. Most of the system's routes were divested from Class I railroads and connect industries to the Class I railroads.

The Ohio Central operates on track owned by other entities, including a line from Newark, Ohio to Mount Vernon, Ohio owned by CSX and the old Panhandle Route, owned by the State of Ohio.

Mount Vernon, Ohio
Mount Vernon is a city in Knox County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is located along the Kokosing River, 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Columbus. The population was 16,956 at the 2020 census.
Lars Oskar Hauge
Lars Oskar Hauge (born 1998) is a Norwegian chess grandmaster.

Qualifying for the Grandmaster title in 2021, he is listed as the 17th Norwegian GM. Hauge achieved his first Grandmaster norm in the Norwegian Premier League in 2018/19, with subsequent norms in the Swedish Elitserien 2019/20 and at the European Team Chess Championship in Brezice in 2021. He was designated FIDE Master in 2013, International Master in 2016 and GM in 2022.

European Team Chess Championship
The European Team Championship (often abbreviated in texts and games databases as ETC) is an international team chess event, eligible for the participation of European nations whose chess federations are located in zones 1.1 to 1.9. This more or less accords with the wider definition of Europe used in other events such as the Eurovision Song Contest and includes Israel, Russia and the former Soviet States. The competition is run under the auspices of the European Chess Union (ECU).
Wyoming's 50th House of Representatives district
Wyoming's 50th House of Representatives district is one of 62 districts in the Wyoming House of Representatives. The district encompasses part of Park County. It is represented by Republican Representative Rachel Rodriguez-Williams of Cody.

In 1992, the state of Wyoming switched from electing state legislators by county to a district-based system.

Wyoming House of Representatives
The Wyoming House of Representatives is the lower house of the Wyoming State Legislature. There are 62 Representatives in the House, representing an equal number of single-member constituent districts across the state, each with a population of at least 9,000. The House convenes at the Wyoming State Capitol in Cheyenne.

Members of the House serve two year terms without term limits. Term limits were declared unconstitutional by the Wyoming Supreme Court in 2004, overturning a decade-old law that had restricted Representatives to six terms (twelve years).

The current Speaker of the House is Chip Neiman.
Alam al-Malika
Alam al-Malika (Arabic: الملكة علم) (died 1130), was the chief adviser and de facto prime minister of the Najahid dynasty of Zubayd in Yemen in 1111–1123, and its ruler in 1123–1130.

She was the slave singer, or jarya, to King Mansur ibn Najah of Zubayd or Zabid (r. 1111–1123), a city principality close to Sana'a in Yemen. He was reportedly so impressed by her intelligence and astuteness that he gave her the title al-hurra, placed her in charge of state affairs and "made no decision concerning it without consulting her". In 1123, Mansur ibn Najah was poisoned by his vizier Mann Allah, but Alam al-Malika remained in charge of the state of Zubayd. Though she was not allowed to have the khutba proclaimed in her name and thus not given full recognition as monarch, she was the de facto ruler, and it was said of her that "she discharged her task with distinction".

Vizier
A Vizier (/ˈvɪziər/; Arabic: وزير, romanized: wazīr; Persian: وزیر, romanized: vazīr) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the countries of "greater Persia". The Abbasid caliphs gave the title wazir to a minister formerly called katib (secretary), who was at first merely a helper but afterwards became the representative and successor of the dapir (official scribe or secretary) of the Sassanian kings.

In modern usage, the term has been used for government ministers in much of the Middle East and beyond. Several alternative spellings are used in English, such as vizir, wazir, and vezir.

A collection of Vizier may introduce a Grand Vizier, within their civilization.
German submarine U-376
German submarine U-376 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

The submarine was laid down on 3 April 1940 in Kiel, launched on 10 July 1941, and commissioned on 21 August 1941 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Friedrich-Karl Marks.

U-376 was attached to the 6th U-boat Flotilla, and was ready for front-line service from 1 March 1942. Operating from Norwegian bases, from 1 July 1942 she served with the 11th U-boat Flotilla, and was transferred to the 3rd U-boat Flotilla, based in France on 1 March 1943.

U-376 sailed on eight combat patrols, sinking only two merchant ships totalling 10,146 GRT before she went missing in the Bay of Biscay since 7 April 1943.

3rd U-boat Flotilla
The 3rd U-boat Flotilla (German 3. Unterseebootsflottille), also known as  Lohs Flotilla, was the third operational U-boat unit in Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine. Founded on 4 October 1937 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans Eckermann, it was named in honour of Oberleutnant zur See Johannes Lohs. Lohs, a U-boat commander during World War I, died on 14 August 1918 after his submarine UB-57 was sunk by a mine.

The flotilla, under the name "Lohs Flotilla", was founded in Kiel in June 1937 and existed until December 1939. The flotilla was re-founded as "3rd Flotilla" in March 1941 with its base in Kiel. In October 1941 the flotilla was moved to La Pallice, La Rochelle in France. In August 1944 the last U-boats left the base for Norway and the flotilla was disbanded in October 1944.
Szydłówek, Łódź Voivodeship
Szydłówek [ʂɨdˈwuvɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lutomiersk, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north-west of Lutomiersk, 26 km (16 mi) north-west of Pabianice, and 26 km (16 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Gmina Lutomiersk
Gmina Lutomiersk is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Lutomiersk, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-west of Pabianice and 19 km (12 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 133.87 square kilometres (51.7 sq mi) and in 2006 its total population was 7,090.
Temple Hills–Marlow Heights Line
The Temple Hills–Marlow Heights Line, designated Route H12, was a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Naylor Road station of the Green Line of the Washington Metro and Heather Hill Apartment Complex in Temple Hills, Maryland, via the Iverson Mall and the Marlow Heights Shopping Center. The line operated 35 minutes Monday-Friday and 60 minutes on weekends. Trips were roughly 30 minutes long.

Marlow Heights, Maryland
Marlow Heights is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The population was 6,169 at the 2020 census. The Marlow Heights Shopping Center first opened in 1957 (but extended in 1960 with Hecht's), adjacent to the large community of Hillcrest Heights. It was joined ten years later, in 1967, by the two-level Iverson Mall, the Washington metropolitan area's first enclosed mall.

For mailing address purposes, the area is part of Temple Hills or Suitland. Marlow Heights is located near the U.S. Census Bureau, Andrews Air Force Base, the Metrorail Green Line and Capitol Hill.
Maple Leaf Mills Silos
Maple Leaf Mills Silos was one of two silo or grain elevator complexes that were built in the area between Spadina Quay and Maple Leaf Quay, on Toronto Harbour, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was one of three "monumental" silo complexes that dominated the city's waterfront.

Built in 1928, the silos marked an age when goods were being shipped into Toronto. Towards the end, the silos also marked the port's decline and the desire to remove the industrial eyesore along Toronto's waterfront.  They were demolished in 1983.

The silos were located south of Queens Quay on Maple Leaf Quay, between the Peter Street and Rees Street slips.

Silo
A silo (from Ancient Greek  σιρός (sirós) 'pit for holding grain') is a structure for storing bulk materials.

Silos are commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust. Three types of silos are in widespread use today: tower silos, bunker silos, and bag silos.

Silos are used in agriculture to store fermented feed known as silage.
Vitacura
Vitacura is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It is one of the most expensive and fashionable areas of Santiago. Inhabitants are primarily high income families. It belongs to the Northeastern zone of Santiago de Chile.

There is an abundance of elite private schools in Vitacura and Las Condes, including Saint George's College, Colegio Santa Úrsula, Alliance Francaise, Colegio La Maisonette, Colegio Tabancura, Colegio Los Andes, Colegio Sagrados Corazones de Manquehue and Colegio San Benito.

The Costanera Norte tollway connects Vitacura with the international airport and subway stations are located in the neighboring municipality of Las Condes.

Vitacura is the site of ECLAC headquarters, home to the European Southern Observatory (ESO) headquarters in Chile, and home to Santiago's most exclusive shopping street, Avenida Alonso de Córdova.

Costanera Norte
Costanera Norte (Spanish: Northern bank road) is a 43 km privatized expressway (autopista urbana) in Chile, connecting northern Santiago from east to west, along the northern bank of the Mapocho River, using an electronic toll collection system. It was inaugurated on 12 April 2005.

The expressway connects Santiago's wealthiest districts with the downtown and the airport.
Darrow Brook
Darrow Brook is a 4.25 mi (6.84 km) long tributary to West Branch French Creek that rises in Chautauqua County, New York and flows into Erie County, Pennsylvania.  It is classed as a 1st order stream on the EPA waters geoviewer site.

Stream order
The stream order or waterbody order is a positive whole number used in geomorphology and hydrology to indicate the level of branching in a river system.

There are various approaches to the topological ordering of rivers or sections of rivers based on their distance from the source ("top down") or from the confluence (the point where two rivers merge) or river mouth ("bottom up"), and their hierarchical position within the river system. As terminology, the words "stream" and "branch" tend to be used rather than "river".
Trichostetha curlei
Trichostetha coetzeri is an afrotropical species of flower scarab beetle endemic to South Africa, where it occurs in the Cape Floristic Region. It was first described by Perissinotto, Šípek & Ball, 2014.

Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopian Zone or Ethiopian Region.
Niwa (surname)
Niwa is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Niwa clan, retainer clan of the Oda clan during the Sengoku period of Japan (1603 – 1868)
Niwa Nagaaki, Daimyō of Nihonmatsu, 1796 – 1813
Niwa Nagahide, Daimyō of Shirakawa
Niwa Nagahiro, Daimyō of Nihonmatsu, 1868 – 1871
Niwa Nagakuni, Daimyō of Nihonmatsu, 1858 – 1868
Niwa Nagashige, Daimyō of Shirakawa, 1628 – 1638
Niwa Nagatomi, Daimyō of Nihonmatsu, 1813 – 1858

Akemi Niwa (丹羽 明美, born 1973), Japanese curler, 1998 Winter Olympics participant

Daiki Niwa (footballer), Japanese footballer

Hideki Niwa, Japanese politician

Koki Niwa, Japanese table tennis player

Mikiho Niwa, Japanese actress

Niwa Mitsushige (丹羽 光重, 1622–1701), Japanese samurai and daimyō

Ryuhei Niwa, Japanese footballer

Shion Niwa (丹羽 詩温, born 1994), Japanese footballer

Uichiro Niwa, Japanese diplomat and businessman

Yasujiro Niwa, Japanese scientist

Yuya Niwa, Japanese politician

Akemi Niwa
Akemi Niwa (丹羽 明美, Niwa Akemi, born March 24, 1973 in Kitami, Hokkaido) is a Japanese curler, a three-time Pacific-Asian champion (1993, 1997, 1998) and a three-time Japan women's champion (1997, 1998, 1999).

She played for Japan at the 1998 Winter Olympics, where the Japanese team finished in fifth place.
Blakistonia bella
Blakistonia bella is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Idiopidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2018 by Australian arachnologists Sophie Harrison, Michael Rix, Mark Harvey and Andrew Austin. The specific epithet bella is from the Latin for "beautiful", with reference to the distinctively patterned abdomen.

Arachnology
Arachnology (from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē), meaning "spider", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "study") is the scientific study of arachnids, which comprise spiders and related invertebrates such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites. Those who study spiders and other arachnids are arachnologists. More narrowly, the study of spiders alone (order Araneae) is known as araneology.

The word "arachnology" from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē), meaning "spider", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "study". The Ancient Greek word for "spider" itself refers to Arachne, the female protagonist of an ancient tale of the Greek Mythology.
John Nevil Maskelyne
John Nevil Maskelyne (22 December 1839 – 18 May 1917) was an English stage magician and inventor of the pay toilet, along with other Victorian-era devices. He worked with magicians George Alfred Cooke and David Devant, and many of his illusions are still performed today. His book Sharps and Flats: A Complete Revelation of the Secrets of Cheating at Games of Chance and Skill is considered a classic overview of card sharp practices. In 1914 he founded the Occult Committee, a group to "investigate claims to supernatural power and to expose fraud".

The Strand Magazine
The Strand Magazine was a monthly British magazine founded by George Newnes, composed of short fiction and general interest articles. It was published in the United Kingdom from January 1891 to March 1950, running to 711 issues, though the first issue was on sale well before Christmas 1890.
Its immediate popularity is evidenced by an initial sale of nearly 300,000. Sales increased in the early months, before settling down to a circulation of almost 500,000 copies a month, which lasted well into the 1930s.

It was edited by Herbert Greenhough Smith from 1891 to 1930. The popularity of Sherlock Holmes became widespread after first appearing in the magazine in 1891. The magazine's original offices were on Burleigh Street off The Strand, London. It was revived in 1998 as a quarterly magazine.