hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Strodes Mills, Pennsylvania
Strodes Mills is a census-designated place located in Oliver and Granville Townships in Mifflin County in the state of Pennsylvania, United States. It is located along U.S. Route 22 and U.S. Route 522 in central Mifflin County, between the community of McVeytown and the borough of Lewistown.  As of the 2010 census the population was 757 residents.

McVeytown, Pennsylvania
McVeytown is a borough in Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, United States, on the west bank of the Juniata River.  Formerly known as Waynesburg, it was settled in 1762, laid out in 1795, and incorporated in 1833. The population was 344 at the 2020 census. The "Father of Pennsylvania Forestry", Dr. Joseph Rothrock was born in McVeytown on April 9, 1839. He was largely responsible for the acquisition of the lands that became Pennsylvania state parks and forests, including Rothrock State Forest.
Bongcloud Attack
The Bongcloud Attack (or Bongcloud Opening) is an unconventional chess opening that consists of the moves:

1. e4 e5

2. Ke2?

It is considered a joke opening because it violates all normal principles of good opening play, and is associated with internet chess humor. Former world champion Magnus Carlsen has used it in online blitz chess, including in games against high-level opponents and Twitch streamers, such as grandmaster (GM) Hikaru Nakamura. The name has also been applied to other opening sequences in which a player moves the king on move two.

Chess annotation symbols
When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers.

The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation.

Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason.
Kiss-Kiss
Kiss-Kiss is a brand of candy launched by the Finnish company Fazer in 1897. It is Fazer's third oldest brand of candy. Kiss-Kiss is currently sold at Christmas time in a separate package and all year round in the Fazerin Parhain (Fazer's Best) candy mix bag. It is oblong, pink in colour, with a soft and crunchy shell containing sticky toffee.

Kiss-Kiss candies are wrapped in a paper wrapper with pictures of cats. The candy wrapper has always featured playing kittens, and when the Finnish candy industry turned 100 years old in 1991, the cats got their own stamp. The Kiss-Kiss trademark was registered on 15 November 1901, which makes it the oldest Finnish trademark still in use in Finland.

Candy
Candy, also commonly called sweets, is a confection that features sugar as a principal ingredient. The category, also called sugar confectionery, encompasses any sweet confection, including chocolate, chewing gum, and sugar candy. Vegetables, fruit, or nuts which have been glazed and coated with sugar are said to be candied.

Physically, candy is characterized by the use of a significant amount of sugar or sugar substitutes. Unlike a cake or loaf of bread that would be shared among many people, candies are usually made in smaller pieces. However, the definition of candy also depends upon how people treat the food. Unlike sweet pastries served for a dessert course at the end of a meal, candies are normally eaten casually, often with the fingers, as a snack between meals. Each culture has its own ideas of what constitutes candy rather than dessert. The same food may be a candy in one culture and a dessert in another.
Photophthalmia
Photophthalmia ( pho·toph·thal·mia (fōt″of-thal´me-ah) ) is ophthalmia or inflammation of the eye, especially of the cornea and conjunctiva due to exposure to intense light of short wavelength (as ultraviolet light), as in snow blindness.

It involves occurrence of multiple epithelial erosions due to the effect of ultraviolet rays,  especially between 311 and 290 nm. Snow blindness occurs due to reflection of ultraviolet rays from snow surface. Photoretinitis is another form that can occur due to infra-red rays (eclipse burn of retina).

Conjunctiva
In the anatomy of the eye, the conjunctiva (pl.: conjunctivae) is a thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, stratified columnar epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium (depending on the zone). The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies.
Alice Whealey
Alice Whealey is an independent historian specializing in the intellectual history of Europe, she received an M.A. in history in 1988, a M.A. in Demography in 1992,  and Ph.D. in history in 1998 from U.C. Berkeley.

In 2003 she published "Josephus on Jesus, The Testimonium Flavianum Controversy from Late Antiquity to Modern Times" critically analyzing the Testimonium Flavianum, the disputed passage from Josephus that mentions Jesus Christ. The book was published by Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.

In her article "Pseudo-Justin's De Resurrectione: Athenagoras or Hippolytus?" published in "Vigiliae Christianae" by Brill publishing, she argues that Pseudo-Justin's "de resurrectione"  was not composed by Athenagoras, but was more likely by Hippolytus.

Athenagoras of Athens
Athenagoras (/ˌæθəˈnæɡərəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀθηναγόρας ὁ Ἀθηναῖος; c. 133 – c. 190 AD) was an Ante-Nicene Church Father, a Christian apologist who lived during the second half of the 2nd century of whom little is known for certain, besides that he was Athenian (though possibly not originally from Athens), a philosopher, and a convert to Christianity.

Athenagoras' feast day is observed on 24 July in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Dirty Sally
Dirty Sally is a humorous Western television series about a hard-drinking cantankerous old woman and a young former outlaw traveling to the California gold fields in a wagon pulled by a mule named Worthless. The series consists of 14 half-hour episodes that aired on CBS Fridays, 8:00 to 8:30 p.m., from January 11, 1974, to July 19, 1974. Jeanette Nolan stars as Sally Fergus and Dack Rambo stars as Cyrus Pike in this Gunsmoke spin-off. Guest stars include Jackie Coogan and Kathleen Cody. Guest stars also include John McIntire and Tim McIntire, Nolan's husband and son. Nolan was nominated for an Emmy Award for her role in the series.

Westerns on television
Television Westerns are programs with settings in the later half of the 19th century in the American Old West, Western Canada and Mexico during the period from about 1860 to the end of the so-called "Indian Wars". More recent entries in the Western genre have used the neo-Western subgenre, placing events in the modern day, or the space Western subgenre, but still draw inspiration from the outlaw attitudes prevalent in traditional Western productions.

When television became popular in the late 1940s and 1950s, Westerns quickly became an audience favorite, with 30 such shows airing at prime time by 1959. Traditional Westerns faded in popularity in the late 1960s, while new shows fused Western elements with other types of shows, such as family drama, mystery thrillers, and crime drama. In the 1990s and 2000s, slickly packaged made-for-TV movie Westerns were introduced.
Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey
Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey (fl. 1495–1548), also known as Malkoç Bey, was an Ottoman military commander and governor, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Mohács (1526). He then served as the Beylerbey of Budin Eyalet until 1541. Bali Bey was the commander of akıncı and gazis.

He was portrayed by Cüneyt Arkın in the classic movie series Malkoçoğlu, and actor Burak Özçivit in  the Turkish television period drama, Muhteşem Yüzyıl (2011–14).

Budin Eyalet
Budin Eyalet (also known as Province of Budin/Buda or Pashalik of Budin/Buda, Ottoman Turkish: ایالت بودین, romanized: Eyālet-i Budin) was an administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire in Central Europe and the Balkans. It was formed on the territories that Ottoman Empire conquered from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and Serbian Despotate. The capital of the Budin Province was Budin (Hungarian: Buda).

Population of the province was ethnically and religiously diverse and included Hungarians, Croats, Serbs, Slovaks, Muslims of various ethnic origins (living mainly in the cities) and others (Jews, Romani, etc.). The city of Buda itself became majority Muslim during the seventeenth century, largely through the immigration of Balkan Muslims.
SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station
The SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station (سیٹلائٹ زمینی اسٹیشن) is a major space research center operated by the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) in Pakistan. It is dedicated to earth observational and remote sensing technology.

Located in Rawat, near Islamabad, the station has an acquisition zone of approximately 2500 kilometers radius, covering Pakistan and 25 other countries, including those in South Asia, Central Asia, Western Asia, and the Middle East.

The SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station acquires and archives data from various earth resources satellites. It offers these data products and related services to both domestic and international users.

Earth observation
Earth observation (EO) is the gathering of information about the physical, chemical, and biological systems of the planet Earth. It can be performed via remote-sensing technologies (Earth observation satellites) or through direct-contact sensors in ground-based or airborne platforms (such as weather stations and weather balloons, for example).

According to the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), the concept encompasses both "space-based or remotely-sensed data, as well as ground-based or in situ data". Earth observation is used to monitor and assess the status of and changes in natural and built environments.
They Will Drown in their Mothers' Tears
They Will Drown in their Mothers' Tears (Swedish: De kommer att drunkna i sina mödrars tårar) is a 2017 novel by Swedish author Johannes Anyuru. It won the 2017 August Prize for Fiction. An English translation by Saskia Vogel was published in 2019.

August Prize
The August Prize (Swedish: Augustpriset) is an annual Swedish literary prize awarded each year since 1989 by the Swedish Publishers' Association. It is awarded to the best Swedish book of the year in each of three categories. The Swedish Publishers' Association also awards the Young August Prize (Lilla Augustpriset) to youth and young adults (age 20 or younger).
Mastodon Field
Mastodon Field is a baseball venue in Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States. It was home to the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons baseball team until the teams discontinuation in 2025.  The venue has a capacity of 200 spectators.

Prior to the 2011 season, the field's surface and pitcher's mound were renovated.  It also features a brick backstop, dugouts, batting cages, and grandstand seating.

Baseball field
A baseball field, also called a ball field or baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park. The term sandlot is sometimes used, although this usually refers to less organized venues for activities like sandlot ball.
Richard Denniss
Richard Denniss is an Australian economist, author and public policy commentator, who is the Executive Director of The Australia Institute. and a former Associate Professor in the Crawford School of Public Policy at the Australian National University in Canberra.

Denniss was described by Mark Kenny in the Sydney Morning Herald as "a constant thorn in the side of politicians on both sides due to his habit of skewering dodgy economic justifications for policy". In October 2018, The Australian Financial Review listed Denniss and Ben Oquist of The Australia Institute as equal tenth-place on their "Covert Power" list of the most powerful people in Australia.

The Monthly
The Monthly is an Australian national magazine of politics, society and the arts, which is published eleven times per year on a monthly basis except the December/January issue. Founded in 2005, it is published by Melbourne property developer Morry Schwartz.
Graph amalgamation
In graph theory, a graph amalgamation is a relationship between two graphs (one graph is an amalgamation of another).  Similar relationships include subgraphs and minors. Amalgamations can provide a way to reduce a graph to a simpler graph while keeping certain structure intact. The amalgamation can then be used to study properties of the original graph in an easier to understand context. Applications include embeddings, computing  genus distribution, and Hamiltonian decompositions.

Hamiltonian decomposition
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a Hamiltonian decomposition of a given graph is a partition of the edges of the graph into Hamiltonian cycles. Hamiltonian decompositions have been studied both for undirected graphs and for directed graphs. 
In the undirected case a Hamiltonian decomposition can also be described as a 2-factorization of the graph such that each factor is connected.
Australian Union of Students
The Australian Union of Students (AUS), formerly National Union of Australian University Students (NUAUS), was a representative body and lobby group for Australian university and college of advanced education students. It collapsed in 1984 and was succeeded by the National Union of Students in 1987.

College of Advanced Education
The College of Advanced Education (CAE) was a class of Australian tertiary education institution that existed from 1967 until the early 1990s. They ranked below universities, but above Colleges of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) which offer trade qualification. CAEs were designed to provide formal post-secondary qualifications of a more vocational nature than those available from universities, chiefly in such areas as teaching, nursing, accountancy, fine art and information technology.

CAEs were intended to greatly expand the capacity of Australian higher education and produce more graduates needed as Australia's economy was becoming more complex and diversified in the post World War 2 era. Stronger demand for places resulted from a broadening appeal of higher education beyond the traditionally elite education provided by the universities.
Ghoufi
Ghoufi, also known as the Rhoufi, Balconies of Ghoufi and the Ghoufi Canyon, is a historic settlement and tourist site in the village of T'kout in Batna Province, Algeria. The canyon, located in the Aures Mountains and Abiod River Valley, was carved by the Abiod River and stretches for 3 to 4 kilometers. The site is remarkable for the   Balconies of Ghoufi, which overlook an oasis.

The Ghoufi balcony ruins include troglodyte homes or domesticated cave dwellings.  The homes are carved out of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, including sandstone.  The home are four centuries old and were inhabited until the 1970s. The ruins preserve traditional and indigenous construction methods.

Ghoufi is included as part of the Parc des Aurès on UNESCO's Tentative List of World Heritage Sites.

Batna Province
Batna Province (Arabic: ولاية باتنة, romanized: Wilāyat Bātnah) is a province of Algeria, in the region of Aurès. The capital is Batna. Localities in this province include N'Gaous, Merouana and Timgad. Belezma National Park is in the Belezma Range area of the province.
Tenderenda the Fantast
Tenderenda the Fantast (German: Tenderenda der Phantast) is a novella by the German writer Hugo Ball. Set in fantastical locations, it consists of episodic chapters and functions as an allegorical story about the creation of the Dada movement in Zurich and Ball's eventual disillusionment with it. The novella is characterised by satire and personal world-weariness. Ball described it as part commentary on the life he had lived, part exorcism against the aspects of the world he personally wished to abandon.

Ball wrote the texts that form the book between the autumn of 1914 and July 1920. Significant parts were performed on stage at Dada soirées, but it was first published posthumously in 1967 by Die Arche in Zurich. It was published in English translation by Malcolm Green in 1995 in the volume Blago Bung, Blago Bung, Bosso Fataka! The First Texts of German Dada. An English-language edition translated and illustrated by Jonathan Hammer was published in 2002.

Speculative fiction
Speculative fiction is an umbrella genre of fiction that encompasses all the subgenres that depart from realism, or strictly imitating everyday reality, instead presenting fantastical, supernatural, futuristic, or other highly imaginative realms or beings.

This catch-all genre includes, but is not limited to: fantasy, science fiction, science fantasy, superhero, paranormal and supernatural horror, alternate history, magical realism, slipstream, weird fiction, utopia and dystopia, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. In other words, the genre presents individuals, events, or places beyond the ordinary real world.

The term speculative fiction has been used for works of literature, film, television, drama, video games, radio, and hybrid media.
State Information Commission (India)
State Information Commission (India) is an autonomous and statutory bodies to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette. The commission will have one State Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (IC) to be appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the Chief Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a state Cabinet Minister nominated by the Chief Minister.

Government gazette
A government gazette (also known as an official gazette, official journal, official newspaper, official monitor or official bulletin) is a periodical publication that has been authorised to publish public or legal notices. It is usually established by statute or official action, and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is usually considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice.
Gazettes are published either in print, electronically or both.
Antennulata
Antennulata is a proposed clade of arthropods comprising Artiopoda (Trilobites and their close relatives), Marrellomorpha and Mandibulata (crustaceans, hexapods and myriapods). As its name suggests, a proposed unifying feature of the clade is the presence of antennulae. It contrasts with the opposing Arachnomorpha hypothesis, which instead posits that artiopods and marrellomorphs are more closely related to Chelicerates.

Marrellomorpha
Marrellomorpha are an extinct group of arthropods known from the Cambrian to the Early Devonian. It is divided into two major groups, Marrellida and Acercostraca. They lacked mineralised hard parts, so are only known from areas of exceptional preservation, limiting their fossil distribution. The best known member is Marrella, with thousands of specimens found in the Cambrian aged Burgess Shale of Canada.
Multimedia search
Multimedia search enables information search using queries in multiple data types including text and other multimedia formats.
Multimedia search can be implemented through multimodal search interfaces, i.e., interfaces that allow to submit search queries not only as textual requests, but also through other media.
We can distinguish two methodologies in multimedia search:

Metadata search: the search is made on the layers of metadata.

Query by example: The interaction consists in submitting a piece of information (e.g., a video, an image, or a piece of audio) for the purpose of finding similar multimedia items.

Metadata
Metadata (or metainformation) is data that defines and describes the characteristics of other data.  It often helps to describe, explain, locate, or otherwise make data easier to retrieve, use, or manage. For example, the title, author, and publication date of a book are metadata about the book. But, while a data asset is finite, its metadata is infinite.

As such, efforts to define, classify types, or structure metadata are expressed as examples in the context of its use. The term "metadata" has a history dating to the 1960s where it occurred in computer science and in popular culture. Different types of metadata serve different functions. For example, descriptive metadata for a document might include the author, creation date, file size and keywords.
History of calculus
Calculus, originally called infinitesimal calculus, is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, continuity, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Many elements of calculus appeared in ancient Greece, then in China and the Middle East, and still later again in medieval Europe and in India. Infinitesimal calculus was developed in the late 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently of each other. An argument over priority led to the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy which continued until the death of Leibniz in 1716. The development of calculus and its uses within the sciences have continued to the present.

Isaac Barrow
Isaac Barrow (October 1630 – 4 May 1677) was an English Christian theologian and mathematician who is generally given credit for his early role in the development of infinitesimal calculus; in particular, for a proof of the fundamental theorem of calculus. His work centered on the properties of the tangent; Barrow was the first to calculate the tangents of the kappa curve. He is also notable for being the inaugural holder of the prestigious Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a post later held by his student, Isaac Newton.
Hotel Oloffson
The Hotel Oloffson was a hotel in central Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Originally a private mansion in the late 19th century, it was later made into a hotel; during its heyday it was known as the "Greenwich Village of the Tropics", hosting celebrity actors, writers, and artists, including Ernest Hemingway and Mick Jagger. The architecture was late-19th century tropical gingerbread house, a French-origin tropical mansion design. The hotel was the real-life inspiration for the hotel in Graham Greene's 1966 novel The Comedians. On 6 July 2025, during a prolonged period of intense lawlessness and gang violence in Haiti, the hotel was incinerated by unknown assailants in an arson attack.

Charles Addams
Charles Samuel Addams (January 7, 1912 – September 29, 1988) was an American cartoonist known for his darkly humorous and macabre characters. Some of his recurring characters became known as the Addams Family, and were popularized through various adaptations.
Scotswood Bridge
Scotswood Bridge is one of the main bridges crossing the River Tyne in North East England. It links the west end of Newcastle upon Tyne on the north bank of the river with the MetroCentre and Blaydon  in Gateshead on the south bank. It is situated 3.2 mi (5.1 km) upstream of the better-known city centre bridges.

Gateshead
Gateshead (/ˈɡeɪts(h)ɛd/) is a town in the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough of Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the River Tyne's southern bank. At the 2021 census, the population was 196,151.

Historically part of County Durham, under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough, meaning it was administered independently of the county council.

The town's attractions include the twenty-metre-tall Angel of the North sculpture on the town's southern outskirts, The Glasshouse International Centre for Music and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. The town shares the Millennium Bridge, Tyne Bridge and multiple other bridges with Newcastle upon Tyne.