hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oscillator strength
In spectroscopy, oscillator strength is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the probability of absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation in transitions between energy levels of an atom or molecule. For example, if an emissive state has a small oscillator strength, nonradiative decay will outpace radiative decay. Conversely, "bright" transitions will have large oscillator strengths. The oscillator strength can be thought of as the ratio between the quantum mechanical transition rate and the classical absorption/emission rate of a single electron oscillator with the same frequency as the transition.

Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy—and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).

A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation of the radiation; attenuation is the gradual reduction of the intensity of light waves as they propagate through a medium.

Although the absorption of waves does not usually depend on their intensity (linear absorption), in certain conditions (optics) the medium's transparency changes by a factor that varies as a function of wave intensity, and saturable absorption (or nonlinear absorption) occurs.
James Hommyll
James Hommyll (floruit 1473–1515), was a wealthy merchant in Edinburgh.

The surname may also be spelled as "Hommyl" or "Homyl". James Hommyll was the son of a royal tailor, also called "James Hommyll".

Royal Mile
55°57′02″N 3°11′08″W﻿ / ﻿55.95056°N 3.18556°W﻿ / 55.95056; -3.18556

The Royal Mile (Scottish Gaelic: Am Mìle Rìoghail) is a series of streets forming the main thoroughfare of the Old Town of Edinburgh, Scotland. The term originated in the early 20th century and has since entered popular usage.

The Royal Mile runs between Edinburgh Castle and Holyrood Palace, two significant locations in the royal history of Scotland, and is almost exactly one mile long. From west to east, and running downhill, it comprises the Castle Esplanade, Castlehill, the Lawnmarket, the High Street, the Canongate and Abbey Strand. It is the busiest tourist street in the Old Town.

The Royal Mile contains shops, restaurants, public houses, and visitor attractions. During the annual Edinburgh Fringe, the High Street becomes crowded with tourists, entertainers, and buskers. Parliament Square is at the heart of Scotland's legal system, being the home of both the High Court of Justiciary and the Court of Session.
Geraint of Dumnonia
Geraint (/ˈɡɛraɪnt/ GHERR-eyent; died 710), known in Latin as Gerontius, was a king of Dumnonia who ruled in the early 8th century. During his reign, it is believed that Dumnonia came repeatedly into conflict with the neighbouring Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex. Geraint was the last recorded king of a unified Dumnonia, and was called King of the Welsh by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Subsequent kings of Dumnonia (for example Donyarth and possibly Huwal) reigned over an area that was eventually reduced to the limits of present-day Cornwall.

Huwal of the West Welsh
Huwal was a Brittonic monarch of the early to mid-10th century whose name appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the ruler of the "West Welsh". His identity is a matter of debate: "West Welsh" in medieval English sources usually refers to the Cornish or Dumnonians, suggesting Huwal may have been an otherwise unknown king of that region, but many scholars identify him instead with Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, in western Wales.
Childhood trauma
Childhood trauma is often described as serious adverse childhood experiences. Children may go through a range of experiences that classify as psychological trauma; these might include neglect, abandonment, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and physical abuse. They may also witness abuse of a sibling or parent, or have a mentally ill parent. Childhood trauma has been correlated with later negative effects on health and psychological wellbeing. However, resilience is also a common outcome; many children who experience adverse childhood experiences do not develop mental or physical health problems.

Child abuse
Child abuse (also called child endangerment or child maltreatment) is physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with.

Different jurisdictions have different requirements for mandatory reporting and have developed different definitions of what constitutes child abuse, and therefore have different criteria to remove children from their families or to prosecute a criminal charge.
Flag of Eindhoven
The flag of Eindhoven, the fifth-largest city in the Netherlands, was adopted at the meeting of the municipal executive on 14 October 1927 and confirmed by the college on 4 October 1994. The municipal flag has two vertical stripes on the hoist side. In addition, five horizontal stripes in red and white can be seen. These horizontal stripes represent the five former municipalities that made up Eindhoven before 1920. The flag colours come from the corresponding municipal coat of arms and also form the colours of the provincial flag of North Brabant. The ratio is 2:3. The flag was designed by architect Louis Kooken.

In the olden days, the municipality used a horizontal bicolour in the colours red and white, making the flag identical to the flag of Indonesia, and the flag of Monaco.

Flag of North Brabant
The flag of North Brabant (Dutch: Vlag van Noord-Brabant) is the official flag of the Dutch province of North Brabant. It consists of a chequy pattern with 24 distinct fields in the colours red and white (Heraldry: gules and argent). The flag has been used since the Middle Ages, but fell into disuse in the 18th century. The flag is now back in use, and has been the official flag of North Brabant since 1959.

The flag was adopted by the Provincial Council on January 21, 1959. In addition, the following description was used: "Rectangular, consisting of four horizontal stripes, divided into six adjacent surfaces of red and white and six vertical lines, divided into four adjacent sides of red and white."

The coat of arms of Croatia and the flag of the Belgian province of Antwerp make use of the same pattern, but the flag of Antwerp makes use of the colours red, white, blue and yellow.
Phormingochilus hatihati
Phormingochilus hatihati, formerly known under the names Cyriopagopus sp. 'hati hati' and Omothymus sp. 'hati hati', commonly known as the purple earth tiger, the Sulawesi violet tarantula, or erroneously as the Borneo purple, is a species of spider in the tarantula family Theraphosidae, found on the island of Sulawesi. It was first described by Simon Müller et al. in 2024.

Cyriopagopus
Cyriopagopus is a genus of southeast Asian tarantulas found from Myanmar to the Philippines. As of March 2017, the genus includes species formerly placed in Haplopelma. It was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1887.
2017 USC Trojans football team
The 2017 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California in the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as members of the South Division of the Pac-12 Conference. They were led by second-year head coach Clay Helton. They finished the season 11–3, 8–1 in Pac-12 play to be champions of the South Division. They represented the South Division in the Pac-12 Championship Game where they defeated Stanford to become Pac-12 Champions. They were invited to play in the Cotton Bowl where they were soundly defeated at the hands of Ohio State, 24–7.

Clay Helton
Clay Charles Helton (born June 24, 1972) is an American college football coach and former player, who is currently the head coach at Georgia Southern University. He was previously the head coach at the University of Southern California from 2015 to 2021. Helton has also been an assistant coach for Duke, Houston and Memphis. His father, Kim Helton, was a coach in college, the National Football League, and the Canadian Football League; his brother, Tyson, is the head coach at Western Kentucky.
European Tour 2015/2016 – Event 6
The European Tour 2015/2016 – Event 6 (also known as the 2016 Gdynia Open) was a professional minor-ranking snooker tournament held between 23 and 28 February 2016 in Gdynia, Poland.

Neil Robertson was the defending champion, but he chose not to defend his title. Local 12-year-old Antoni Kowalski attracted attention with a 4–1 win over Liam Taylor in the opening round, before being beaten 4–0 by Richard Beckham in the next.

Players Tour Championship 2015/2016
The Players Tour Championship 2015/2016 was a series of snooker tournaments which started on 29 July 2015 and ended on 27 March 2016, with events held across Europe and Asia. In this season the European events form the European Tour and events held in Asia the Asian Tour. This season there were seven regular minor-ranking events down from nine the previous season concluding with the finals which held full Ranking event status.
Table tennis at the 2019 European Games – Women's team
The women's team competition in table tennis at the 2019 European Games in Minsk is the second edition of the event in a European Games. It was held at the Tennis Olympic Centre from 27 to 29 June 2019.

Table tennis at the 2019 European Games
Table tennis at the 2019 European Games in Minsk took place from 22 to 29 June 2019 at Tennis Olympic Centre. The three medalists in the men's and women's singles events qualified for the 2020 Summer Olympics while the gold medalists in the men's and women's team events and mixed doubles event received an Olympic quota.
Judge John E. Cooper House
The Judge John E. Cooper House, at 709 N. Main St. in West Liberty, Kentucky, was built in 1872.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

It is a two-story central passage plan I-house.

West Liberty, Kentucky
West Liberty is a home rule-class city in Morgan County, Kentucky, United States. It is the county seat of Morgan County. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 3,215. It is located along the Licking River at the junction of Kentucky Route 7 and U.S. Route 460.
John Holmes House
John Holmes House, also known as the Cresse–Holmes House, is located at 504 U.S. Route 9 North in the Cape May Court House section of Middle Township in Cape May County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 12, 1979, for its significance in vernacular Georgian architecture. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1992.

Middle Township, New Jersey
Middle Township is a township in Cape May County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The township, and all of Cape May County, is part of the Ocean City metropolitan statistical area, and is part of the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD combined statistical area, also known as the Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 20,380, its highest decennial census count ever and an increase of 1,469 (+7.8%) from the 2010 census count of 18,911, which in turn had reflected an increase of 2,506 (+15.3%) from the 16,405 counted at the 2000 census. The township's Cape May Court House section is the county seat of Cape May County.
Hamcrest
Hamcrest is a framework that assists writing software tests in the Java programming language. It supports creating customized assertion matchers ('Hamcrest' is an anagram of 'matchers'), allowing match rules to be defined declaratively. These matchers have uses in unit testing frameworks such as JUnit and jMock. Hamcrest has been included in JUnit 4 since 2007,
but was omitted from JUnit 5 in 2017.

Hamcrest has been ported to C++, C#, Objective-C, Python, ActionScript 3, PHP, JavaScript, Erlang, R, Rust, Java, PHP, Go, Common Lisp and Swift.

JUnit
JUnit is a test automation framework for the Java programming language. JUnit is often used for unit testing, and is one of the xUnit frameworks.

JUnit is linked as a JAR at compile-time. The latest version of the framework, JUnit 6, resides under package org.junit.jupiter. Previous versions JUnit 4 and JUnit 3 were under packages org.junit and junit.framework, respectively.

A research survey performed in 2013 across 10,000 Java projects hosted on GitHub found that JUnit (in a tie with slf4j-api) was the most commonly included external library. Each library was used by 30.7% of projects.
Manitoba Provincial Road 422
Provincial Road 422 (PR 422) is a provincial road in the Pembina Valley Region of the Canadian province of Manitoba. Located entirely within the Rural Municipality of Morris, it runs from Highway 23 near the town of Morris to Provincial Road 205 in Rosenort. It is a paved two-lane highway for its entire length.

Provincial Road 422 is also known as Meridian Road, as its road allowance contains the prime meridian (or first meridian) established in 1869 as part of the Dominion Land Survey of Western Canada. The prime meridian was established at 97°27′28.41″ west, with its southern end being exactly ten miles west of where the Red River crosses the border from the United States into Canada.

Manitoba Highway 23
Provincial Trunk Highway 23 (PTH 23) is a major east–west provincial highway in the southern portion of the Canadian province of Manitoba. It runs from PTH 21 just south of Hartney to PTH 59 in La Rochelle. Along its route, PTH 23 passes through the communities of Elgin, Ninette, Baldur, Miami, Lowe Farm, and Morris.
Mississippi River in the American Civil War
The Mississippi River was an important military highway that bordered ten states, roughly equally divided between Union and Confederate loyalties.

Both sides soon realised that control of the river was a crucial strategic priority. Confederate general Braxton Bragg said "The river is of more importance to us than all the country together." In April 1862, the Union secured two key points, New Orleans at the mouth of the river and a double-bend on the Kentucky-Tennessee line, leaving only the middle section in Confederate hands. When the major river-ports of Memphis and Vicksburg fell (followed automatically by Port Hudson), the liberation of the Mississippi was complete, and Abraham Lincoln declared "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea."

This split the Confederacy in two, with the western half forced to operate as a separate department, the Trans-Mississippi Theater, greatly inhibiting supplies and communications, and tilting the odds decisively in favor of the Union.

Mississippi in the American Civil War
Mississippi was the second southern state to declare its secession from the United States, doing so on January 9, 1861. It joined with six other southern states to form the Confederacy on February 4, 1861. Mississippi's location along the lengthy Mississippi River made it strategically important to both the Union and the Confederacy; dozens of battles were fought in the state as armies repeatedly clashed near key towns and transportation nodes.

Mississippian troops fought in every major theater of the American Civil War, although most were concentrated in the Western Theater. Confederate president  Jefferson Davis was a Mississippi politician and operated a large cotton plantation there. Prominent Mississippian generals during the war included William Barksdale, Carnot Posey, Wirt Adams, Earl Van Dorn, Robert Lowry, and Benjamin G. Humphreys.
VC-10 Challengers
VC-10 Composite Squadron Challengers was a United States Navy aircraft squadron. It was originally known as the Mallards in 1943, but when assigned the F-8 Crusader the squadron pilots unofficially used the name "Challengers". The squadron was formally known as the Challengers from 1961 through 1993.

Grumman S-2 Tracker
The Grumman S-2 Tracker (S2F prior to 1962) is the first purpose-built, single airframe anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft to enter service with the United States Navy. Designed and initially built by Grumman, the Tracker was of conventional design — propeller-driven with twin radial engines, a high wing that could be folded for storage on aircraft carriers, and tricycle undercarriage. The type was exported to a number of navies around the world. Introduced in 1952, the Tracker and its E-1 Tracer derivative saw service in the U.S. Navy until the mid-1970s, and its C-1 Trader derivative until the mid-1980s, with a few aircraft remaining in service with other air arms into the 21st century. Argentina was the last country to operate the Tracker, with the last two Trackers being taken out of service on 19 November 2025.
Follow the Rainbow
Follow the Rainbow is the twelfth studio album by American keyboardist George Duke released in 1979 through Epic Records. The album peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart and No. 17 on the Billboard Top Soul Albums chart.

Clavinet
The Clavinet is an electric clavichord invented by Ernst Zacharias and manufactured by the Hohner company of Trossingen, West Germany, from 1964 to 1982. The instrument produces sounds with rubber pads, each matching one of the keys and responding to a keystroke by striking a given point on a tensioned string, and was designed to resemble the Renaissance-era clavichord.

Although originally intended for home use, the Clavinet became popular on stage, and could be used to create electric guitar sounds on a keyboard. It is strongly associated with the musician Stevie Wonder, who used the instrument extensively, particularly on his 1972 hit "Superstition", and was regularly featured in rock, funk and reggae music throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Modern digital keyboards can emulate the Clavinet sound, but there is also a grass-roots industry of repairers who continue to maintain the instrument.
Miss Universe Chile 2024
Miss Universe Chile 2024 was the 16th edition of the Miss Universe Chile pageant, it was held at the Teatro Ceina in Santiago, Chile, on 7 July 2024.

Celeste Viel of Foreign Community crowned Emilia Dides of Vitacura as her successor at the end of the event. This marked Vitacura's first victory in the pageant. Dides represented Chile at the Miss Universe 2024 pageant in Mexico, where she reached the top 12.

The pageant was broadcast online through the YouTube channel of Miss Universe Chile and was broadcast on the television channel La Red. The contest was presented by Mister Chile 2024 Jorge Aldoney.

Miss Universe Chile
Miss Universe Chile (abbreviated as MUCH; Spanish: Miss Universo Chile) is an annual national beauty pageant that selects Chile's official representative to Miss Universe—one of the Big Four beauty pageants.

The current Miss Universo Chile is Inna Moll of Vitacura, who was crowned in August 2025.
1961 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1961 William & Mary Indians football team was an American football team that represented the College of William & Mary as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1961 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Milt Drewer, William & Mary compiled a 1–9 record (1–6 in conference games), finished in last place in the SoCon, and were outscored by a total of 279 to 125.

The team's statistical leaders included Dan Henning (537 passing yards), Stan Penkunas (327 rushing yards), and Ernie Phillips (299 receiving yards).

The team played its home games at Cary Field in Williamsburg, Virginia.

Milt Drewer
Milton L. Drewer Jr. (March 10, 1923 – October 17, 2012) was an American football coach and college athletic administrator.  He served as the head football coach and athletic director at the College of William & Mary from 1957 to 1963. His William & Mary Indians football teams compiled a 21–46–2 record.

After leaving William & Mary, Drewer went on to a career in banking. He eventually became CEO of First American Bank of Virginia.  Drewer died on October 17, 2012.
Haifa metropolitan area
The Haifa metropolitan area (Hebrew: מטרופולין חיפה) is a metropolitan area including areas from both the Haifa and the Northern districts of Israel. It is located along the Israeli Mediterranean coastline. With an estimated population of almost 1 million, the Haifa metropolitan area is the third largest metropolitan area in Israel, behind Gush Dan and Greater Jerusalem.

Shefa-Amr
Shefa-Amr or Shefar'am (Arabic: شفاعمرو, romanized: Šafāʻamru; Hebrew: שְׁפַרְעָם, romanized: Šəfarʻam) is an Arab city in the Northern District of Israel. In 2023 it had a population of 43,408 with a Sunni Muslim majority and large Christian Arab and Druze minorities.
2024 in Meitei culture
2024 (Meitei: ꯲꯰꯲꯴) in Meitei culture, including but not limited to Meitei architecture, Meitei cinema, Meitei cuisine, Meitei dances, Meitei festivals, Meitei language, Meitei literature, Meitei music, Meitei religion, Meitei script, etc.

Meitei architecture
Meitei architecture, sometimes also referred to as Meetei architecture or Manipuri architecture, is the architecture produced by the Meitei speaking people, whose civilisation flourished in the Kangleipak realm and its neighboring kingdoms for more than the last two millennia. 
It is well known for its religious buildings (Laishang, Kiyong, Thellon), found scattered in the Kangleipak (present day Manipur). Other architectural forms that are still in existence are the grand gates (Hojang), traditional houses (Yumjao), public houses (Sanglen), official buildings (Loishang), etc.
Santa Barbara Machine Head
Santa Barbara Machine Head were a short-lived British electric blues combo that formed and disbanded in late 1966. At the time they formed, Jon Lord was the organist of The Artwoods, Ronnie Wood and Kim Gardner were members of The Birds, and John "Twink" Alder was the drummer for The In Crowd (soon to change their name to Tomorrow). They recorded three instrumental songs together for Immediate Records; "Albert", "Porcupine Juice" and "Rubber Monkey", written by Jon Lord and session producer Gus Dudgeon, released in 1968 on the compilation album Blues Anytime Vol. 3. All four members later went on to achieve success and notoriety with other bands.

The Artwoods
The Artwoods (also sometimes known by Decca Records as the Art Woods) were a British rhythm and blues band who formed in 1963 and were professionally active between 1964 and 1967. They were a popular live attraction, rivalling groups such as the Animals, although, despite releasing a clutch of singles and an album, their record sales never reflected this popularity.
Great Barford
Great Barford is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Bedford, Bedfordshire, England, around 5 miles (8.0 km) north-east of Bedford town centre. It lies on the River Great Ouse at grid reference TL129523. It is twinned with Wöllstein, Germany. The village is bypassed by the busy A421 road on the way between the M1 near Milton Keynes and the A1 near St Neots.

The village is known for its All Saints Church, with a 15th-century tower, and its similarly ancient bridge .  The  surroundings and historic buildings make it a favoured destination for canoeing, angling and picnics.  Nearby places include Renhold and Blunham.

St Neots
St Neots (/sənt ˈniːəts/) is a town and civil parish in the Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, England. It is 18 miles (29 km) west of Cambridge. The areas of Eynesbury, Eaton Ford, Eaton Socon, Love's Farm and Wintringham form part of the town.

The town centre lies on the eastern bank of the River Great Ouse. The town is close to the A1 road (north-south), as well as the A421 and A428 roads which link Cambridge to Bedford and Milton Keynes. St Neots railway station is on the Great Northern route between London and Peterborough. St Neots had a population of 33,410 in 2021.