hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Intensity of counting processes
The intensity  of a counting process is a measure of the rate of change of its predictable part. If a stochastic process  is a counting process, then it is a submartingale, and in particular its  Doob-Meyer decomposition is

where  is a martingale and  is a predictable increasing process.  is called the cumulative intensity of  and it is related to  by

.

Martingale (probability theory)
In probability theory, a martingale is a stochastic process in which the expected value of the next observation, given all prior observations, is equal to the most recent value. In other words, the conditional expectation of the next value, given the past, is equal to the present value. Martingales are used to model fair games, where future expected winnings are equal to the current amount regardless of past outcomes.
Stoke Trister
Stoke Trister is a village and civil parish 2 miles (3 km) south-east of Wincanton and 5 miles (8 km) north-west of Gillingham close to the Dorset border in the county of Somerset, England. The parish includes the hamlet of Bayford.

Wincanton
Wincanton (/ˈwɪŋkæntən/ or /wɪŋˈkæntən/) is a town and electoral ward in Somerset, southwest England. The town lies off the A303 road, a main route between London and South West England, and has some light industry. In the 2021 census the civil parish had a population of 6,568.
Lombardy, Ontario
Lombardy, Ontario, is a community in the Township of Rideau Lakes, Leeds and Grenville County in Eastern Ontario. Its nearest communities are the town of Smiths Falls to the northeast, Rideau Ferry and Perth to the west, and Portland, Ontario to the southwest. The village of Lombardy is home to approximately 100 residents, with many more inhabiting the rural areas surrounding it.  The only store in Lombardy is a vape shop, which was previously a restaurant.

Portland, Ontario
Portland is a police village and unincorporated place located in the municipal township of Rideau Lakes, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville in eastern Ontario, Canada. The community is on Ontario Highway 15 about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Ontario Highway 401 at Kingston by road, and is situated in geographic Bastard Township on the southeast side of Big Rideau Lake.
Işıkören, Kızıltepe
Işıkören (Kurdish: Hêliyê) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Kîkan tribe and had a population of 74 in 2021.

Kızıltepe
Kızıltepe (Turkish pronunciation: [kɯˈzɯɫtepe]; Kurdish: Qoser; Ottoman Turkish: تال ارمين, romanized: Tell Armen, lit. 'Armenian hill') is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,236 km2, and its population is 267,151 (2022). It is mainly populated by Kurds of the Kîkan Kurdish tribe. Kızıltepe is situated in Mardin Province within the broader Kurdish-majority region of southeastern Turkey. Demographic research has identified the Mardin region as having a predominantly Kurdish-speaking population, with Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) as the principal spoken language. Kızıltepe is predominantly inhabited by Kurds and is situated within Mardin Province, which demographic studies have consistently identified as a Kurdish-majority province with high concentrations of Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) speakers.
Chiche Atahaddak
Chiche Atahaddak, (Arabic: شيش أتحداك) is an Algerian game show of challenges and adventures, created by Kanzi Ben Aziza, produced by Ciné Rêve Production, and starring Fayçal Adjaimi. It airs every day during Ramadan, starting May 27, 2017, on Télévision Algérienne, Canal Algérie and A3.

TV3 (Algerian TV channel)
TV3 (in Arabic: الجزائرية الثالثة), also known as El Ikhbariya (in Arabic: الجزائرية الإخبارية) and formerly Algeria 3 (or simply A3), is the third Algerian public national television news channel. It is part of the state-owned EPTV group, along with TV1, TV2, TV4, TV5, TV6, TV7, TV8 and TV9. It is an Arab language channel dedicated for news.
Road signs in Laos
Road signs in Laos generally both follow those used in China and most European countries as set out in the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. Despite this, the country itself has never signed the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. Inscriptions on traffic signs are in Lao, the national language of Laos. However, English is also used for stop and important public places such as tourist attractions, airports, railway stations, and immigration checkpoints. Both Lao and English are used on directional signage.

Road signs in China
Road signs in the People's Republic of China are specified in the Guobiao standard GB 5678-2022.

China's traffic signs closely follow those used in Europe, the US, and Japan. However, China is not a signatory to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals.

The road signs used in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau differ from those used in Mainland China due to colonialism.

Warning signs are triangular in shape, as in Europe, but unlike European countries, warning signs in China have a black border and a yellow background instead of a red border and a white or yellow background. This makes it one of the few countries in the world to use this type of warning sign.
Mid-Cheshire line
The Mid-Cheshire line is a railway line in the north-west of England that runs from Chester to Edgeley Junction in Stockport; it connects Chester with Manchester Piccadilly, via Knutsford. After Chester Northgate closed in 1969, the section between Mickle Trafford Junction and Chester was used for freight trains only until it closed in 1992; from Mickle Trafford, passenger trains use the Chester–Warrington line to Chester General instead. The route taken by passenger trains has changed over the years and now differs considerably from the original. Between 2001 and 2014, passenger journeys on the line increased to over 1.7 million per year. A near doubling of the passenger service was expected to occur from December 2018, however this did not materialise.

British Rail Class 142
Class 142 diesel multiple unit passenger trains were built for British Rail (BR) from 1985 to 1987, with a high level of commonality with the widely used Leyland National bus. They are part of the Pacer family of railbuses. The last set was withdrawn from service in 2020.
Stelios Manolas
Stelios Manolas (Greek: Στέλιος Μανωλάς, born 13 July 1961) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a center back for AEK Athens and a current manager. Widely regarded as the best Greek defender of his era, he is one of the few Greek footballers to have played his entire professional career for a single club. In 2021, the IFFHS chose him in Greece's best XI of all time.

1988–89 Alpha Ethniki
The 1988–89 Alpha Ethniki was the 53rd season of the highest football league of Greece. The season began on 11 September 1988 and ended on 21 May 1989. AEK Athens won their eighth Greek title and their first one in ten years. The championship was decided on the penultimate matchday in an informal final when AEK defeated the host Olympiakos at the Olympic Stadium by 1–0 with a goal by Takis Karagiozopoulos. This match, which essentially decided the title, was met by the very serious incidents between police forces and fans, with dozens injured, more than 7,000 seats broken and damages of 30 million drachmas.

The point system was: Win: 2 points - Draw: 1 point.
Roma Tuscolana railway station
Roma Tuscolana railway station (Italian: Stazione di Roma Tuscolana) is a major station serving the city and comune of Rome, Italy.  It forms part of the Pisa–Livorno–Rome railway and the Rome–Fiumicino railway.

The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI).  Train services are operated by Trenitalia.  Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.

FL lines
The FL lines, formerly Lazio regional railways (Italian: ferrovie regionali del Lazio, also Ferrovie Laziali) consist of 8 commuter rail lines operated by Trenitalia, converging on the city of Rome. It operates as a combined suburban railway system that connects the city-centre and the outskirts of the city via a commuter rail line.

The FL network, initially made up of two lines and called FM lines (Metropolitan Railways), was formally inaugurated in 1994, following the signing of an agreement between the Lazio Region, the Municipality of Rome, the Province of Rome and Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, aimed at implementing a new integrated transport structure in the Roman metropolitan and regional area.

Lines FL1, FL2 and FL3 function like a rapid transit service, integrated with the Rome Metro and surface transportation.  The other lines (numbered from FL4 to FL8) mostly serve the suburban area of Rome and the Lazio region, and used almost exclusively for commuter traffic.
PKS 0405−385
PKS 0405−385 is a blazar in the constellation of Eridanus. This is a compact radio quasar with a redshift (z) of 1.285, an indicator of its significant distance. The radio spectrum of this source appears flat, making it a flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ).

Flat-spectrum radio quasar
A flat-spectrum radio quasar, also known as a optically violent variable quasar or OVV quasar, is a type of highly variable quasar. It is a subtype of blazar that consists of a few rare, bright radio galaxies, whose visible light output can change by 50% in a day. OVV quasars have essentially become unified with highly polarized quasars (HPQ), core-dominated quasars (CDQ), and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQ).  At visible wavelengths, they are similar in appearance to BL Lac objects but generally have stronger broad emission lines.

Different terms are used, but the term FSRQ is gaining popularity, effectively making the other terms archaic. The term FSRQ comes from the distinction between steep spectrum and flat spectrum radio-loud quasars, based on the overall shape of their radio continuum (after disregarding emission features).
Fokker D.I
The Fokker D.I (company designation M.18) was a development of the D.II fighter. The D.I was also flown in Austro-Hungarian service as a fighter trainer aircraft under the designation B.III. Confusing the matter further, both the D.II and D.I arrived at the Front in German service at similar times, in July–August 1916. The main designer was Martin Kreutzer.

Luftstreitkräfte
The Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈlʊftˌʃtʁaɪtkʁɛftə], German Air Combat Forces) – known before October 1916 as Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches (The Imperial German Air Service, lit. "The flying troops of the German Imperial Realm") – was the air arm of the Imperial German Army. In English-language sources it is usually referred to as the Imperial German Air Service, although that is not a literal translation of either name. German naval aviators of the Marine-Fliegerabteilung were an integral part of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine). Both military branches operated aeroplanes, observation balloons and airships.
Castelmur Castle (Bondo)
Castelmur Castle is a castle in the village of Bondo in the municipality of Bregaglia of the Canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.  It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.   The fortifications at Castelmur may be, after the Three Castles of Bellinzona, the most important example of medieval valley fortifications in modern Switzerland.

Castles of Bellinzona
The Castles of Bellinzona are a group of fortifications located around the town of Bellinzona, the capital of the Swiss canton of Ticino. Situated on the Alpine foothills, the group is composed of fortified walls and three castles named Castelgrande, Montebello and Sasso Corbaro. Castelgrande is located on a rocky peak overlooking the valley, with a series of walls that protect the old city and connect to Montebello.  Sasso Corbaro, the highest of the three castles, is located on an isolated rocky promontory south-east of the other two.  The Castles of Bellinzona with their defensive walls have been an UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.
Sirenia Stakes
The Sirenia Stakes is a Group 3 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old horses. It is run at Kempton Park over a distance of 6 furlongs (1,207 metres, and it is scheduled to take place each year in early September.

Kempton Park Racecourse
Kempton Park Racecourse is a horse racing track together with a licensed entertainment and conference venue in Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey, England, on the border with Greater London; it is 13 miles west of Charing Cross in central London. The site has 210 acres (85 hectares) of flat grassland surrounded by woodland with two lakes in its centre. Its entrance borders Kempton Park railway station which was created for racegoers on a branch line from London Waterloo, via Clapham Junction.

It has adjoining inner and outer courses for flat and National Hunt racing. Among its races, the King George VI Chase takes place on Boxing Day, a Grade 1 National Hunt chase which is open to horses aged four years or older.
Morocco at the 2024 Summer Olympics
Morocco competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024. It was the nation's sixteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics, except Moscow 1980, as part of the United States-led boycott.

Morocco national under-23 football team
The Morocco national under-23 football team, also known as the Morocco Olympic football team, represents Morocco in international football competitions such as the Olympic Games. The selection is limited to players under the age of 23, except during the Olympic Games where up to three overage players is allowed. The team is controlled by the Royal Moroccan Football Federation.
Celusa
In Greek mythology, Celusa or Kelousa (Ancient Greek: Κηλοῦσαν or Κηλούσης Kelousê from kêloô ‘to have an abnormal delivery’) was probably a naiad or an oread who personified over Mount Celusa or Celossa in Phliasia. She born the river-god Asopus to Poseidon. Otherwise, Celusa might be the same with Pero, the so called mother of the river-deity by the marine god.

Oread
In Greek mythology, Oreads (/ˈɔːriˌæd, ˈɔːriəd/; Ancient Greek: Ὀρειάς, romanized: Oreiás) or Orestiads (/ɔːˈrɛstiˌæd, -iəd/; Ὀρεστιάδες, Orestiádes) are mountain nymphs. They are described as being companions of Artemis, or as being found alongside gods such as Pan or Dionysus.

A 2nd-century AD epigram relates that, with the help of the daughters of Nilus, they erected a place of worship in honour of the woman Isidora, who died by drowning.
1967 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1967 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 58th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 29 January 1967. The championship ran from 2 April to 8 October 1967.

The final was played on 8 October 1967 at the Athletic Grounds in Cork, between Ballincollig and Youghal, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Ballincollig won the match by 3-08 to 3-07 to claim their sixth championship title overall and a first title in 28 years.

1939 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1939 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 30th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 29 January 1939. The championship ran from 23 April to 13 August 1939.

The final was played on 13 August 1939 at the Mardyke in Cork, between Ballincollig and Ballinora, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Ballincollig won the match by 4–06 to 4–02 to claim their fifth championship title overall and a first championship title in four years.
Princess Tagata
Princess Tagata (田形皇女, 674–728) was a Japanese princess during the Asuka period and Nara period of Japanese history. She was a daughter of Emperor Tenmu and Lady Ōnu, whose father was Soga no Akaye. Prince Hozumi was her older brother, and Princess Ki was her older sister. She was a Saiō.

Saiō
Saiō (斎王) or itsuki no miko was the title of the unmarried female members of the Japanese imperial family, sent to serve at Ise Grand Shrine from the late 7th century to the 14th century. The saiō's residence, Saikū (斎宮), was about 10 km (6.2 mi) north-west of the shrine. The remains of Saikū are situated in the town of Meiwa, Mie Prefecture, Japan.
Ghulam Abbas (singer)
Ghulam Abbas (born 1 January 1955) is a Pakistani radio, television, and film singer. He is known for his ghazals, geets, and playback singing for Urdu and Punjabi movies. Besides winning 4 Nigar Awards as a playback singer, he was also honored with the Tamgha-i-Imtiaz (Medal of Excellence) in 2011 and the Pride of Performance Award in 2020 by the President of Pakistan.

Robin Ghosh
Robin Ghosh (Bengali: রবিন ঘোষ, Urdu: روبن گھوش; 13 September 1939 – 13 February 2016) was a Pakistani-Bangladeshi playback singer and film music composer, best known for singing and composing music for Lollywood films from 1961 to 1986. Robin Ghosh had a notable contribution in establishing career of Playback singer Ahmed Rushdi and to his success. Ghosh gained fame in the mid-1960s when Rushdi sang his compositions in films like Chakori (1967), Jahan Tum Wahan Hum, Paisa, etc.
The Norwegian Club of San Francisco
The Norwegian Club (Den Norske Klub) is a private social club located in San Francisco, California. Since 1936, the club has been headquartered at 1900 Fell Street. As of 2022, its members are primarily of Norwegian descent, and has continued to host regular cultural and social events.

Embassy of Norway, Washington, D.C.
The Embassy of Norway in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of the Kingdom of Norway to the United States.

It is presently located at 2720 34th St., NW, Washington DC 20008. The embassy in Washington, D.C. is Norway's largest, with a staff of approximately 50, including representatives from a number of Norwegian ministries.

The Ambassador is Anniken Huitfeldt.
The Banquet of the Officers of the St George Militia Company in 1627
The Banquet of the Officers of the St George Militia Company  is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch artist Frans Hals, painted from 1626 - 1627, during the Dutch Golden Age. Today, the piece is considered one of the main attractions of the Frans Hals Museum.

This group portrait or schuttersstuk of the St. George (or St. Joris) civic guard of Haarlem serves as the celebration of a banquet for the officers, commemorating their end of service.

Hals's group portraiture is well known for its unique and groundbreaking approach to group portraits, using spontaneous and loose brushstrokes, along with expert use of color that create lively visuals and palpable interaction among the officers within the piece.

Frans Hals Museum
The Frans Hals Museum (formerly Stedelijk Museum van Haarlem) is a museum in the North Holland city of Haarlem, the Netherlands, founded in 1862, known as the Art Museum of Haarlem. Its collection is based on the city's own rich collection, built up from the 16th century onwards. The museum owns hundreds of paintings, including more than a dozen by Frans Hals, to whom the museum owes its name. The Frans Hals Museum is located in the Haarlem city centre, in the 17th-century Oudemannenhuis with regent's rooms. It houses the famous paintings by Frans Hals and other ancient, modern and contemporary art, as well as the museum café. Until August 2025, location Hal regularly hosted exhibitions of modern and contemporary art.
Kızılkaya, Toroslar
Kızılkaya is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Toroslar, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 97 (2022). It is situated in the  Toros Mountains next to another village named Alanyalı. The distance to Mersin is 43 kilometres (27 mi). The village is inhabited by Tahtacı.

Alanyalı
Alanyalı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Toroslar, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 132 (2022). It is situated in the Taurus Mountains. The distance to Mersin is 44 kilometres (27 mi).
Appignano
Appignano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Macerata in the Italian region Marche, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Ancona and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Macerata.

Appignano borders the following municipalities: Cingoli, Filottrano, Macerata, Montecassiano, Montefano, Treia.

Sights include the church of San Giovanni.

Ancona
Ancona (/æŋˈkoʊnə/, also US: /ænˈ-, ɑːnˈ-/; Italian: [aŋˈkoːna] ⓘ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of central Italy. The city of Ancona has an estimated population of around 99,469 as of 2025. Ancona is the capital of the homonymous province and of the region. The city is located 280 km (170 mi) northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea, between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco. The hilly nature around Ancona is a strong contrast to the flatter coastline in areas further north.

Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.

As a result of Ancona's unique elbow shape facing the sea, Ancona is one of the few cities in the world and the only city in Italy where it is possible to see both sunrise and sunset over the sea.
Lioré et Olivier LeO H-27
The four-engined Lioré et Olivier LeO H-27 was one of three French flying boats competing to carry mail over Air France's South Atlantic routes. Flying later than its competitors, it was not selected and only one was built.

Balanced rudder
Balanced rudders are used by both ships and aircraft.  Both may indicate a portion of the rudder surface ahead of the hinge, placed to lower the control loads needed to turn the rudder. For aircraft the method can also be applied to elevators and ailerons; all three aircraft control surfaces may also be mass balanced, chiefly to avoid aerodynamic flutter.
Parliament of Nigeria
The Parliament of Nigeria, sometimes referred to as the Federal Parliament was the federal legislature of the Federation of Nigeria and the First Nigerian Republic, seated at Tafawa Balewa Square in Lagos, and was composed of three parts: the Head of State (Elizabeth II as Queen of Nigeria from 1960–63, Nnamdi Azikiwe as President), the Senate, and the House of Representatives. By constitutional convention, the House was dominant. Regional parliaments had similar chambers: the House of Assembly and the House of Chiefs.

First Nigerian Republic
The First Republic was the republican government of Nigeria between 1963 and 1966 governed by the first republican constitution. The country's government was based on a federal form of the Westminster system. The period between 1 October 1960, when the country gained its independence, and 15 January 1966, when the first military coup d’état took place, is also generally referred to as the First Republic. The first Republic of Nigeria was ruled by different leaders representing their regions as premiers in a federation during this period.
2008–09 Maltese Second and Third Division Knock-Out
The 2008–09 Second and Third Division Knock-Out (known as quick Keno Second and Third Division Knock-Out for sponsorship reasons) was a knockout tournament for Maltese football clubs playing in the Second and Third Division. The winners were Melita which successfully defended this title from their win in the previous season.

2007–08 Maltese Second and Third Division Knock-Out
The 2007–08 Second and Third Division Knock-Out (known as quick Keno Second and Third Division Knock-Out for sponsorship reasons) was a knockout tournament for Maltese football clubs playing in the Second and Third Division. The final was contested by defending champions, Balzan Youths and Melita, the latter winning 5–1.