hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Addamax
Addamax was an American software company that developed Trusted operating systems based on UNIX System V and Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) variants of UNIX.  The company was founded on January 13, 1986 in Champaign, Illinois by Peter A. Alsberg and had a sales and development office in Gaithersburg, Maryland.

Addamax filed a high-profile antitrust lawsuit in 1991 against the Open Software Foundation (OSF), alleging that OSF created a cartel that controlled the UNIX operating system and exerted monopsony price fixing and led to the company going out of business.

The company was dissolved on June 1, 1999.

Gaithersburg, Maryland
Gaithersburg (/ˈɡeɪθərzbɜːrɡ/ ⓘ GAY-thərz-burg) is a city in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. At the time of the 2020 United States census, Gaithersburg had a population of 69,657, making it the third-largest incorporated city and the ninth-most populous community in the state. Gaithersburg is located to the northwest of Washington, D.C., and is considered a suburb and a primary city within the Washington metropolitan area. Gaithersburg was incorporated as a town in 1878 and as a city in 1968.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is headquartered in Gaithersburg directly west of I-270. Other major employers in the city include IBM, Lockheed Martin Information Systems and Global Services business area headquarters, AstraZeneca. Gaithersburg is also the location of the garrison of the United States Army Reserve Legal Command.
Wichhu Qullu (Cochabamba)
Wichhu Qullu (Aymara jichu, wichhu stipa ichu, qullu mountain, "ichu mountain", also spelled Huichu Kkollu) is a mountain in the Bolivian Andes which reaches a height of approximately 3,840 m (12,600 ft). It is located in the Cochabamba Department, Tapacari Province. Wichhu Qullu lies west of the Ch'iyar Jaqhi River and north of the village of Ch'iyar Jaqhi ("black rock", also spelled Chiaraque).

Cochabamba Department
Cochabamba (Aymara: Quchapampa Jach'a Suyu, Spanish: Departamento de Cochabamba pronounced [kotʃaˈβamba] ⓘ, Quechua: Quchapampa Suyu), from Quechua qucha or qhucha, meaning "lake", pampa meaning "plain", is one of the nine departments of Bolivia. It is known to be the breadbasket of the country because of its variety of agricultural products from its geographical position. It has an area of 55,631 km2. Its population in the 2024 census was 2,005,373. Its capital is the city of Cochabamba, known as the "City of Eternal Spring" and "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year.
Peter Collins (slang)
“Peter Collins” was a circus and theatrical colloquialism in British and American English of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, designating an imaginary or nonexistent person to whom a newcomer or beginner was sent on a silly errand as a kind of initiation (e.g., “Go ask Peter Collins for a left-handed screwdriver”). In underworld slang, it had the additional meaning of “nobody” or “no one”. In this latter sense, the term was the basis for the pen name “Peter Collinson” (i.e., Peter Collins's son) used at the very beginning of his writing career by Dashiell Hammett, who later authored The Maltese Falcon and other famous works.

Initiation
Initiation is a rite of passage marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense, it can also signify a transformation in which the initiate is 'reborn' into a new role. Examples of initiation ceremonies might include Christian baptism or confirmation, Jewish bar or bat mitzvah, acceptance into a fraternal organization, secret society or religious order, or graduation from school or recruit training. A person taking the initiation ceremony in traditional rites, such as those depicted in these pictures, is called an initiate.
Egil Lærum
Egil Lærum (11 August 1921 – 27 November 1954) was a Norwegian footballer, ski jumper and athlete.

In association football, he played the wing half position for the clubs Vålerengen and Larvik Turn. Eika also won 16 caps for Norway. In ski jumping, he won the "women's cup" in 1947 and finished eighth in the Holmenkollen event in 1948. He represented the clubs Stranden IL and Vikersund IF in skiing. In athletics, he won the Norwegian junior championship in javelin throw in 1946. He represented Larvik Turn in athletics as well.

He also competed in team handball, bandy, gymnastics, swimming and dogsled racing. He was awarded the prize for versatility, Egebergs Ærespris, in 1950.

He died in 1954, 33 years old, after a long-term illness.

Sled dog racing
Sled dog racing (sometimes termed dog sled racing) is a winter dog sport most popular in the Arctic regions of the United States, Canada, Russia, Greenland and some European countries. It involves the timed competition of teams of sled dogs that pull a sled with the dog driver or musher standing on the runners. The team completing the marked course in the least time is judged the winner.

Sled dogs, known also as sleighman dogs, sledge dogs, or sleddogs, are a highly trained dog type that are used to pull a dog sled, a wheel-less vehicle on runners, over snow or ice, by means of harnesses and lines.
Antonio Galves
Jefferson Antonio Galves (18 June 1947 – 5 September 2023) was a Brazilian mathematician, professor of the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics of the University of São Paulo (USP) and member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. His field of studies was related to statistical models, in particular models that have stochasticity and variable range of memory.  Galves was also the leader of NeuroMat, a research center established in 2013 at USP that is dedicated to integrating mathematical modeling and theoretical neuroscience.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
Chestnut (surname)
Chestnut is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ashlei Sharpe Chestnut, American actress

Ben Chestnut, American billionaire businessman

Charles S. Chestnut IV (born 1962), American politician

Cynthia M. Chestnut (born 1949), American politician

Cyrus Chestnut (born 1963), American jazz pianist, composer and producer

Duce Chestnut (born 2002), American football player

Harold Chestnut (1917–2001), American electrical and control engineer

J. L. Chestnut Jr. (1930–2008), American attorney and civil rights activist

Jacob Chestnut (1940–1998), American police officer

Jennings Chestnut, American luthier

Joey Chestnut (born 1983), American competitive eater

Julius Chestnut (born 2000), American football player

Morris Chestnut (born 1969), American  actor

Randy Chestnut (born 1971), American comedian

Johnson Chesnut Whittaker (1858–1931), American soldier

J. L. Chestnut Jr.
J. L. Chestnut Jr. (December 16, 1930 – September 30, 2008) was an author, attorney, and a figure in the Civil Rights Movement.
He was the first African-American attorney in Selma, Alabama, and the author of the 1991 autobiographical book, Black in Selma: The Uncommon Life of J.L. Chestnut, Jr., which chronicles the history of the Selma Voting Rights Movement, including the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches and Bloody Sunday.

Chestnut was born in Selma, and attended Howard University Law School. He returned home as Selma's only black attorney, and represented civil rights demonstrators at trial there when the Selma Movement began in the 1960s.
Janelle Lynch
Janelle Lynch (born 1969) is an American artist who uses a large-format camera and alternative processes in the discovery of ecological, spiritual, and human connection. Combining portraits and nature imagery, Lynch’s work explores and imagines a world that centers beauty, connection, and empathy as foundational values and healing forces.

Flowers Gallery
Flowers Gallery, also known as Flowers are two galleries in London (on Cork Street in the West End, and in Shoreditch in the East End), a third in the Chelsea district of New York City, and a fourth in Hong Kong.

The gallery represents over 60 artists and artists' estates, including Glenys Barton, Edward Burtynsky,  Elger Esser and Tom Phillips.
Perry River (Eagle River tributary)
The Perry River, sometimes referred to as the North Fork of the Eagle River, is a mountain river in the interior of British Columbia, Canada. It flows out of the Monashee Mountains and joins the Eagle River near the town of Malakwa.  It is part of the Thompson River system, which drains into the Fraser River. The river's watershed area is 43,646 hectares (169 sq mi), and major tributaries to the river include Bews and Rocky creeks.

Monashee Mountains
The Monashee Mountains are a mountain range lying mostly in British Columbia, Canada, extending into the U.S. state of Washington. They stretch 530 km (329 mi) from north to south and 150 km (93 mi) from east to west. They are a sub-range of the Columbia Mountains. The highest summit is Mount Monashee, which reaches 3,274 m (10,741 ft). The name is from the Scottish Gaelic monadh and sìth, meaning "moor" and "peace".
Catharanthus lanceus
Catharanthus lanceus, the lance-leaf periwinkle, grows as a perennial herb up to 1 metre (3 ft) tall. Its fragrant flowers feature white or cream corolla lobes turning pink, reddish-violet or pink-magenta. Its habitat is on volcanic or burned soil, hillside rocks and in open woodland on ridges. Catharanthus lanceus is found from 750–2,000 metres (2,500–6,600 ft) altitude. The plant is used in local medicinal treatments for toothache, fever and skin diseases, and also as a diuretic. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

Two alkaloids have been isolated from the root: lanceine and vinosidine.

Diuretic
A diuretic (/ˌdaɪjʊˈrɛtɪk/ ⓘ) is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from the body, through the kidneys. There exist several classes of diuretic, and each works in a distinct way. Alternatively, an antidiuretic, such as vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), is an agent or drug which reduces the excretion of water in urine.
Political culture of the United Kingdom
The political culture of the United Kingdom was described by the political scientists Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba (1963) as a deferential civic culture. In the United Kingdom, factors such as class and regionalism and the nation's history such as the legacy of the British Empire impact on political culture.

Sidney Verba
Sidney Verba (May 26, 1932 – March 4, 2019) was an American political scientist, librarian and library administrator. His academic interests were mainly American and comparative politics. He was the Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor at Harvard University and also served Harvard as the director of the Harvard University Library from 1984 to 2007.

Verba was educated at Harvard College and Princeton University, and served on the faculty of Princeton, Stanford University, and the University of Chicago, before returning to Harvard, where he would spend the rest of his career. As he gave notice of his intention to retire in 2006, Verba observed: "Academics are the only people I can think of for whom this sentence makes sense: 'I'm hoping to get some time off so that I can get some work done.'"
Family Re-Union
Family Re-Union was a series of conferences and a family policy initiative hosted by former Vice President of the United States Al Gore and second lady Tipper Gore, in Nashville, Tennessee. Launched in 1992 and continuing until 2008, its goal was to strengthen family life in America by bringing together families, experts, and policymakers to address critical issues like work-life balance, education, and healthcare.

Work–life balance in the United States
Work–life balance in the United States is having enough time for work and enough time to have a personal life in the United States. Although related, but in a much broader sense, terms include lifestyle balance and life balance. The most important thing in work and life is the personal ability to demonstrate and meet the needs of work and personal life to achieve goals. People should learn to deal with role engagement management, role conflict management, and manage life needs to achieve balance. Balance is about how to achieve the desired work and life satisfaction properly, and needs in a conflict situation.
Maschio
Maschio (Italian, 'male' or 'castle keep') is an Italian surname. People with this surname include:

Aurelius Maschio (died 1996), Italian priest and missionary in India

Francisco Maschio (born 1890s), Argentinian horse race trainer

Giovanni Maschio (born 2006), Italian racing driver

Humberto Maschio (born 1933), Italian Argentine footballer

Mickaël Maschio (born 1973), French motocross racer

Robert Maschio (born 1966), American actor

Mickaël Maschio
Mickaël Shekel Maschio (born 19 May 1973) is a French former professional motocross racer. He competed in the Motocross World Championships from 1992 to 2005.

Maschio was born in Digne-les-Bains, France. He won the 2002 F.I.M. 125cc motocross world championship riding a Kawasaki motorcycle. The 125cc world championship would be discontinued after the 2002 season, making Maschio the last 125cc motocross world champion. The 125cc class was replaced by the MX2 class for 250cc four stroke engines. Maschio was also a four-time French motocross national champion.
McElreath
McElreath is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jim McElreath (1928–2017), American racing driver in the USAC and CART

Richard McElreath (born 1973), American professor of anthropology

Walter McElreath (1867–1951), American lawyer, legislator, and bank executive

Walter McElreath
Walter McElreath (July 17, 1867 – December 6, 1951) was an American lawyer, legislator, bank executive, and author in Atlanta, Georgia. McElreath was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1909 until 1912. He was one of the founders and the first leader of the Atlanta History Center and its McElreath Hall is named after him.

McElreath was born in Lost Mountain, Georgia. He studied at Powder Springs High School and then Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia.

McElreath wrote about the Cotton States and International Exposition in his memoirs. He wrote an autobiography. He also wrote about Georgia's state constitution. The Atlanta History Center has a collection of his papers.
Starvation Creek Falls
Starvation Creek Falls, is a two tier waterfall located in the Starvation Creek State Park at the north skirt of the Columbia River Gorge, in Hood River County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in a privileged area along the Historic Columbia River Highway, where four waterfalls are located in the Starvation Creek State Park: Cabin Creek Falls, Hole In the Wall Falls, Lancaster Falls, and Starvation Creek Falls—all within 2 miles from each other.

The cascade and its river trail are surrounded by forests in the heart of the Columbia Plateau, off the western skirt of Viento Ridge.

Hood River County, Oregon
Hood River County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,977. The county seat is Hood River. The county was established in 1908 and is named for the Hood River, a tributary of the Columbia River. Hood River County comprises the Hood River, OR Micropolitan Statistical Area. The Hood River Valley produces apples, pears, and cherries. Situated between Mount Hood and the Columbia River in the middle of the Columbia River Gorge, Hood River County is a popular destination for outdoor enthusiasts, such as windsurfers, mountain-bikers, skiers, hikers, kayakers, and many more.
RFA Bacchus (A404)
RFA Bacchus (A404) was a stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom. She was the third ship to bear this name.

Built by Henry Robb of Leith for the British-India Steam Navigation Company and operated by the RFA on a long-term bareboat charter. She was designed to carry naval stores from UK to overseas naval bases, she pioneered containerisation with "Chacons", small wooden containers developed at Chatham Dockyard.

Bacchus was returned to her owners on 1 October 1981, and renamed Cherry Lanka on 6 November 1981. She scrapped at Gadani Beach on 31 December 1985.

Her sister-ship, RFA Hebe (A406) caught fire and was a constructive total loss in 1978 in Gibraltar.

Chatham Dockyard
Chatham Dockyard was a Royal Navy Dockyard located on the River Medway in Kent. Established in Chatham in the mid-16th century, the dockyard subsequently expanded into neighbouring Gillingham; at its most extensive (in the early 20th century) two-thirds of the dockyard lay in Gillingham, one-third in Chatham.

It came into existence at the time when, following the Reformation, relations with the Catholic countries of Europe had worsened, leading to a requirement for additional defences. Over 414 years Chatham Royal Dockyard provided more than 500 ships for the Royal Navy, and was at the forefront of shipbuilding, industrial and architectural technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled artisans and covered 400 acres (1.6 km2). Chatham dockyard closed in 1984, and 84 acres (34 ha) of the Georgian dockyard is now managed as the Chatham Historic Dockyard visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.
Stan Longinidis
Stan "The Man" Longinidis (born 25 June 1965) is an Australian retired heavyweight kickboxer and 8-time world kickboxing champion. Born in Melbourne of Greek ethnicity, Longinidis is one of the few fighters to win world titles in four different styles of kickboxing competition: international rules, Oriental rules, full contact and Muay Thai. He holds notable victories over Branko Cikatić, Adam Watt, Peter Graham, Musashi and Dennis Alexio.

He is also an actor and motivational speaker.

Unanimous decision
A unanimous decision (UD) is a winning criterion in several full-contact combat sports, such as boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai, mixed martial arts and other sports involving striking and submission in which all three judges agree on which fighter won the match.

In boxing, each of the three judges keeps score (round by round) of which fighter they feel is winning (and losing). This only includes landed blows to the head or the body. In MMA, judges look for different criteria such as kicks, take-downs, punches, knees, elbows, cage control, submission attempts, and aggression. A decision is not required to be unanimous for a boxer or mixed martial artist to be given a victory. In the modern era of Olympic boxing, UD is utilized more often than other outcomes, including stoppages. Unanimous decision should not be confused with a majority decision or split decision.
Margherita Gonzaga, Marquise of Ferrara
Margherita Gonzaga, Marquise of Ferrara (1418–1439) was a noblewoman of the House of Gonzaga, from Mantua in modern-day Italy. She was the daughter of Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua and Paola Malatesta. In 1435, she became the first wife of Leonello d'Este, Marquess of Ferrara, making her the Marquise of Ferrara and creating an alliance between the House of Gonzaga of Mantua and the House of Este of Ferrara. The artist Pisanello gave them a painting of Julius Caesar as a wedding gift. The couple had a son, Niccolò, who is also known as Niccolò di Leonello to avoid confusion with his grandfather, Niccolò III d'Este.

House of Este
The House of Este (UK: /ˈɛsti/ EST-ee, US: /ˈɛsteɪ/ EST-ay, Italian: [ˈɛste]) is a European dynasty of North Italian origin whose members ruled parts of Italy and Germany for many centuries.

The original House of Este's elder branch, which is known as the House of Welf, included dukes of Bavaria and of Brunswick. This branch produced Britain's Hanoverian monarchs, as well as one Emperor of Russia (Ivan VI) and one Holy Roman Emperor (Otto IV).

The original House of Este's younger branch, which is simply called the House of Este, included rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597), and of Modena (900–1859) and Reggio (1288–1796). This branch's male line became extinct with the death of Ercole III in 1803.
RFK Grafičar Beograd
RFK Grafičar Beograd (Serbian Cyrillic: РФК Графичар Београд) is a football club based in Senjak, Belgrade, Serbia.

Grafičar has a reputation as an old traditional Belgrade club. Initially, it was financed by the printing industry of major city publishers of books, magazines and newspapers. The club is currently competing in Serbian First League, the second tier of Serbian football. In 2017, Grafičar became affiliated with Red Star Belgrade. As the feeder team, its primary role is developing Red Star's young players.

Serbian First League
The Serbian First League (Serbian: Прва лига Србије / Prva liga Srbije), referred to as the Mozzart Bet First League for sponsorship reasons, is the second tier in professional Serbia's football league. The league was formed in 2005, following a reshuffle of the second tier Serbo-Montenegrin divisions. It is operated by the Football Association of Serbia.
Andrășești
Andrășești is a commune located in Ialomița County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Andrășești and Orboești.

The commune lies in the Bărăgan Plain, at an altitude of 36 m (118 ft), on the banks of the Ialomița River. It is located in the central part of Ialomița County, 18 km (11 mi) west of the county seat, Slobozia.

Andrășești is crossed by the national road DN2A, which starts in Urziceni, 44 km (27 mi) to the east, continues to Slobozia, and ends in the port city of Constanța, on the Black Sea coast. The Andrășești train station serves the CFR Line 701, which connects Slobozia to Ploiești.

Muntenia
Muntenia (Romanian pronunciation: [munˈteni.a], also known in English as Greater Wallachia) is a historical region of Romania, part of Wallachia (also, sometimes considered Wallachia proper, as Muntenia, Țara Românească, and the rarely used Valahia are synonyms in Romanian). It is situated between the Danube (south and east), the Carpathian Mountains (the Transylvanian Alps branch) and Moldavia (both north), and the Olt River to the west. The latter river is the border between Muntenia and Oltenia (or Lesser Wallachia). Part of the traditional border between Wallachia/Muntenia and Moldavia was formed by the rivers Milcov and Siret.
Brecknock (Camden, Delaware)
Brecknock, also known as the Howell's Mill Seat, is a historic home located near Camden, Kent County, Delaware.  The house is in four sections; two of brick and two frame. The original one-room house possibly dates before 1700 and is constructed of brick.  A brick section was added in the 1740s.  The 2+1⁄2-story, frame, main house was added in the mid-18th century and abuts the second brick section.  The final frame section was added in the 1880s and is a four-room apartment originally built for the wagon driver, but later incorporated into the house.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Kent County, Delaware
Kent County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Delaware. As of the 2020 census, the population was 181,851, making it the least populous county in Delaware, but the most populous county in the United States to be the least populous in its state. The county seat is Dover, the state capital of Delaware. It is named for Kent, an English county.

Kent County comprises the Dover metropolitan area, which is included in the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD combined statistical area.