hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of sociology
This is a timeline of sociology. Each entry lists important works published during that decade.

1810s in sociology

1820s in sociology

1830s in sociology

1840s in sociology

1850s in sociology

1860s in sociology

1870s in sociology

1880s in sociology

1890s in sociology

1900s in sociology

1910s in sociology

1920s in sociology

1930s in sociology

1940s in sociology

1950s in sociology

1960s in sociology

1970s in sociology

1980s in sociology

1990s in sociology

2000s in sociology

2010s in sociology

2020s in sociology

1940s in sociology
The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1940s. In particular, this was a critical decade for the publication of a number of important works, including both during World War II and its aftermath. A number of notable sociologists were born during the Baby Boom Generation that started in 1945.
Robes of War
Robes of War (French: Robe de guerre) is a Canadian animated short film, directed by Michèle Cournoyer and released in 2003. The film centres on the impact of war on women, centring in particular on an Iranian women wearing a chador.

It won the Jutra Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 12th Jutra Awards in 2010.

Prix Iris for Best Animated Short Film
The Prix Iris for Best Animated Short Film (French: Prix Iris du meilleur film d'animation) is an annual film award presented by Québec Cinéma as part of its Prix Iris program, to honour the year's best animated short film made within the cinema of Quebec.
2018 IAAF World Challenge
The 2018 IAAF World Challenge was the ninth edition of the annual, global circuit of one-day track and field competitions organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The series featured a total of nine meetings, with the meetings remaining unchanged from the previous year. The host venue of the Brazilian leg of the series moved from São Bernardo do Campo to Bragança Paulista.

IAAF World Challenge
The IAAF World Challenge was an annual, global circuit of one-day track and field competitions organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). First held in 2010, it replaced the IAAF Grand Prix and IAAF Super Grand Prix series to form the second tier of international one-day meetings, after the IAAF Diamond League. Unlike the Diamond League, the IAAF World Challenge comprised stand-alone meetings, and no overall winners are crowned. The series was made defunct at the end of 2019 and was replaced by the World Athletics Continental Tour, which includes series winners for non-Diamond League events.
Shahdol division
Shahdol Division is an administrative division of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

The division was inaugurated on 14 June 2008. It comprises Shahdol, Umaria, Anuppur. The total area of this administrative division is 13,920 km2 (5,370 sq mi). At present, there are only three districts in Shahdol division i.e., Shahdol, Umaria and Anuppur. Anuppur, Shahdol and Umaria districts used to be part of Rewa Division. Initially Dindori was also the part of this division, but now it is in Jabalpur division.

The division forms a part of the Baghelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh.

Rewa division
Rewa Division is an administrative geographical unit of Madhya Pradesh state of India situated in the northeast part of state bordering with Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Baghelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh.  Rewa is the administrative headquarters of the division. As of 2024, the division consists of districts of Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Singrauli, Mauganj and Maihar. The division forms a part of the Baghelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh.
The divisional headquarters are in the Kothi Compound area of Rewa.
FC Nasaf
Football Club Nasaf (Uzbek: "Nasaf" futbol klubi), commonly referred to as Nasaf Qarshi, is a professional football club based in Qarshi (Qashqadaryo Region), Uzbekistan. Founded in 1986, the club competes in the Uzbekistan Super League.

2013 Uzbekistan Cup
The 2013 Uzbekistan Cup was the 21st season of the annual Uzbek football Cup competition. The Cup draw was held on February 25, 2013 in Tashkent.

The competition to start on March 24, 2013, and ends in September 25, 2013 with the final to be held at the Pakhtakor Markaziy Stadium in Tashkent. Bunyodkor are the defending champions.

The cup winner is guaranteed a place in the 2014 AFC Champions League.
Claydon (deanery)
51°55′55″N 0°58′16″W﻿ / ﻿51.932°N 0.971°W﻿ / 51.932; -0.971
Claydon Deanery is part of the Archdeaconry of Buckingham within the Diocese of Oxford, England.

It includes four benefices, including two team benefices, which contain 20 parishes in rural north-west Buckinghamshire in England. The deanery also includes eight Church of England schools.

Twyford, Buckinghamshire
Twyford is a village and civil parish in the Buckinghamshire district of the county of Buckinghamshire, England. It is about 2 miles (3 km) west of Steeple Claydon and 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Bicester in Oxfordshire.

Twyford's toponym is derived from the Old English for "double ford". It is a common name in England.

The village has a Church of England parish church, a URC chapel and a Church of England primary school. There is one public house, one general store which is community owned and run by volunteers.
Blink (company)
Blink is a British independent development studio and production company. They make TV series, commercials, music videos, short films, branded content and video games. The company structure comprises Blink Industries (TV & Film), Blinkink (commercials & music videos with a focus on mixed media/animation), Blink Productions (commercials & music videos with a focus on live action) and Blink Games (video game development). The group operates from 3 studio locations in London.

Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity
The Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity (formerly the International Advertising Festival) is a global event for those working in creative communications, advertising, and related fields. It is considered the largest gathering of the advertising and creative communications industry.

The five-day festival, incorporating the awarding of the Lions awards, is held yearly at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès in Cannes, France. During June, around 15,000 registered delegates from 90 countries visited the Festival. They celebrated the best of creativity in brand communication, discussed industry issues, and networked with one another. The week's activities include multiple award ceremonies, as well as an opening and closing gala.
SpartaDOS X
SpartaDOS X (or SpartaDOS 4.0) is a disk operating system for the Atari 8-bit computers that closely resembles MS-DOS. It was developed and sold by ICD in 1987-1993, and many years later picked up by the third-party community SpartaDOS X Upgrade Project, which still maintains the software.

Del (command)
In computing, del (or erase) is a command in command-line interpreters (shells) such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe, 4DOS, NDOS, 4OS2, 4NT and Windows PowerShell. It is used to delete one or more files or directories from a file system.
Neunkirchen, Saarland
Neunkirchen (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʏnkɪʁçn̩] ⓘ; Palatine German: Neinkeije) is a town and a municipality in Saarland, Germany. It is the largest town and the seat of the district of Neunkirchen. It is situated on the river Blies, approx. 20 km northeast of Saarbrücken. With about 50,000 inhabitants, Neunkirchen is Saarland's second largest city.

Neunkirchen (German district)
Neunkirchen (German: [ˈnɔʏnkɪʁçn̩] ⓘ) is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Sankt Wendel, Saarpfalz, Saarbrücken, and Saarlouis in Saarland and Kusel in Rhineland-Palatinate
BMW X5 (E70)
The BMW E70 is the second-generation BMW X5 mid-size luxury crossover SUV. It replaced the BMW X5 (E53) in July 2006. It was manufactured alongside the BMW X6 at BMW's Greer, South Carolina plant in the U.S. and BMW's facility in Toluca, Mexico.

Volkswagen emissions scandal
The Volkswagen emissions scandal, sometimes known as Dieselgate or Emissionsgate, began in September 2015, when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a notice of violation of the Clean Air Act to German automaker Volkswagen Group. The agency had found that Volkswagen had intentionally programmed turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engines to activate their emissions controls only during laboratory emissions testing, which caused the vehicles' NOx output to meet US standards during regulatory testing. However, the vehicles emitted up to 40 times more NOx in real-world driving. Volkswagen deployed this software in about 11 million cars worldwide, including 500,000 in the United States, in model years 2009 through 2015.
Fürstenberg-Stühlingen
Fürstenberg-Stühlingen was a German county during the Middle Ages. It was located in the territorial landgraviate of Stühlingen. It emerged as a partition of Fürstenberg-Blumberg in 1614. It was partitioned in 1704 between the sons of Count Prosper Ferdinand, with Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg going to Joseph William Ernest and Fürstenberg-Weitra going to his posthumous son, Louis Augustus Egon.

House of Fürstenberg (Swabia)
The House of Fürstenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈfʏʁstn̩ˌbɛʁk] ⓘ; Fürstenhaus zu Fürstenberg) was an influential Swabian noble family in Germany, based primarily in what is today southern Baden-Württemberg near the source of the Danube river. Numerous members of the family have risen to prominence over the centuries as soldiers, churchmen, diplomats, and academics. Sometimes the name is transcribed as von Fürstenberg, gallicized as de Furstenberg or anglicized as Furstenberg.
General Authority for Border Protection
The General Authority for Border Protection (Mongolian: Хил хамгаалах ерөнхий газар) is an agency that is part of the Government of Mongolia and acts as a reserve force for the Armed Forces of Mongolia. It guards the country's entry and exit points on its borders with Russia and China as well as prevents/suppresses illegal activities such as smuggling and human trafficking. It also is responsible for border patrol and the regulation of illegal immigration. The agency is supported by over 3,000 personnel across 300-350 permanent border guard units from the Mongolian Armed Forces, the National Police Agency and other government agencies. It is currently an agency of the Mongolian Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs.

National Police Agency (Mongolia)
The National Police Agency (Mongolian: Цагдаагийн Ерөнхий Газар, romanized: Tsagdaagiin Erönkhii Gazar) is an agency that is part of the Government of Mongolia and acts as a reserve force for the Armed Forces of Mongolia. It is currently an agency of the Mongolian Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs and is the primary law enforcement organization in Mongolia. The Police is assisted by the Directorate of the Internal Troops of Mongolia.
Ars Disputandi
Ars Disputandi (Latin: the art of debate) was an online peer-reviewed academic journal of the philosophy of religion that was established in 2001 and published by Utrecht University's Igitur Publishing. It is abstracted and indexed in the ATLA Religion Database. In 2013 it was incorporated into the International Journal of Philosophy and Theology, which was previously known as Bijdragen: International Journal for Philosophy and Theology.

Atla Religion Database
The Atla Religion Database (ATLA RDB) is an index of academic journal articles in the area of religion. It is updated monthly and published by the American Theological Library Association. The database indexes articles, essays, and book reviews related to a wide range of scholarly fields related to religion. The database is available on a subscription basis through a database aggregator.

The total database includes over 3.0 million article citations from over 2,400+ journals. There are more than a quarter of a million essay citations from more than 18,000 multi-author works. The number of book reviews is over half a million. Atla indexes multi-author works, such as Festschriften and conference proceedings, with separate records for each essay.
11β-Hydroxyprogesterone
11β-Hydroxyprogesterone (11β-OHP), also known as 21-deoxycorticosterone, as well as 11β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a naturally occurring, endogenous steroid and derivative of progesterone. It is a potent mineralocorticoid. Syntheses of 11β-OHP from progesterone is catalyzed by the steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) enzyme, and, to a lesser extent, by the aldosterone synthase enzyme (CYP11B2).

Mineralocorticoid
Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which in turn are a class of steroid hormones. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance). The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.
Balsa Nova
Balsa Nova is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil. It has a population of 13,092 and covers 348.926 square kilometres (134.721 sq mi). Balsa Nova borders the municipalities of Araucária, Campo Largo, Contenda, Lapa, Palmeira and Porto Amazonas, all in the east of the state of Paraná.

Contenda
Contenda is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the South Region of Brazil.

Named Potato Capital after the Emperor D. Pedro II visit Lapa City, at 1880. área : 344,8 km².

A healthy country town province of plantation by Curitiba
Sir Gregor MacGregor, 6th Baronet
Brigadier Sir Gregor MacGregor, 6th Baronet (22 December 1925 – 30 March 2003) was a British Army officer and Scottish clan chief. He succeeded his father, Malcolm MacGregor, 5th Baronet, and became the 23rd Chief of Clan Gregor from 1958 until his death. Having served as an officer of the Scots Guards, he was Defence and Military Attaché to Greece between 1975 and 1978.

Scottish clan chief
The Scottish Gaelic word clann means children. In early times, and possibly even today, Scottish clan members believed themselves to descend from a common ancestor, the founder of the clan, after whom the clan is named. The clan chief (ceannard cinnidh) is the representative of this founder, and represents the clan. In the Scottish clan system, a chief is greater than a chieftain (ceann-cinnidh), a designation applied to heads of branches of a clan. Scottish clans that no longer have a clan chief are referred to as armigerous clans.
Jerrod Heard
Jerrod Alexander Heard (born September 10, 1995) is an American former professional football wide receiver and quarterback. He played college football for the Texas Longhorns from 2014 to 2018. He previously played with the Dallas Renegades and Team 9 of the XFL. He also played for the Frisco Fighters of the Indoor Football League (IFL).

2020 XFL season
The 2020 XFL season was the first season in the reboot of the XFL, and the second in the history of the XFL brand created and owned by professional wrestling magnate Vince McMahon, coming 19 years after the 2001 XFL season.

The season began on February 8, 2020, with the DC Defenders hosting and defeating the Seattle Dragons. The league planned to have a ten-week regular season through April 12, with division championships April 18 and 19, with the XFL Championship scheduled for April 26 in Houston.

In March 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the XFL announced that the league would be canceling the rest of the season, ahead of the league's suspension of operations and bankruptcy filing a month later.
Cornwallis Island (South Shetland Islands)
Cornwallis Island is an island 1 mile (1.6 km) long, which lies 5 miles (8 km) northeast of the east end of Elephant Island, in the South Shetland Islands. Named for Sir William Cornwallis following its 1819 discovery by Sir William Parry, this island became a strategic site in 1947 with the opening of a weather station and airstrip at Resolute. Now serving as the Arctic Archipelago's main communications terminal, it is the essential jumping-off point for transporting goods to isolated stations across the ice-bound perimeter of the islands.

Elephant Island
Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated 245 kilometres (152 miles) north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1,253 kilometres (779 miles) west-southwest of South Georgia, 935 kilometres (581 miles) south of the Falkland Islands, and 885 kilometres (550 miles) southeast of Cape Horn. It is within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom.

The Brazilian Antarctic Program maintains a shelter on the island, Goeldi, and formerly had another (Wiltgen) supporting the work of up to six researchers each during the summer. Wiltgen was dismantled in the summers of 1997 and 1998.
Atheist billboard
An atheist billboard is an outdoor billboard that promotes divestment or outreach to atheists, nontheists, or nonreligious individuals. Similar to the Atheist Bus Campaign first undertaken in the United Kingdom by Ariane Sherine in October 2008, atheist billboards often include messages or graphics which either assert the lack of evidence for the existence of deities or positively encourage those who are privately questioning the existence of a deity (or the supernatural), and such advertisements have garnered controversy and negative reactions from local theists.

Billboard
A billboard (also called a hoarding in the UK and many other parts of the world) is a large outdoor advertising structure (a billing board), typically found in high-traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large advertisements to passing pedestrians and drivers. Typically brands use billboards to build their brands or to push for their new products.

The largest ordinary-sized billboards are located primarily on major highways, expressways, or principal arterials, and command high-density consumer exposure (mostly to vehicular traffic). These afford the greatest visibility due not only to their size, but because they allow creative "customizing" through extensions and embellishments.

Posters are another common form of billboard advertising, located mostly along primary and secondary arterial roads. Posters are in a smaller format and are viewed primarily by residents and commuter traffic, with some pedestrian exposure.
William Lort Mansel
William Lort Mansel (2 April 1753 – 27 June 1820) was an English churchman and Cambridge fellow. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge from 1798 to his death in 1820, and also Bishop of Bristol from 1808 to 1820.

Bishop of Bristol
Christianity portal

The Bishop of Bristol heads the Church of England Diocese of Bristol in the Province of Canterbury, in England.

The present diocese covers parts of the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire together with a small area of Wiltshire.  The see is in the City of Bristol where the seat is located at Bristol Cathedral. The bishop's residence is a house in Winterbourne, Gloucestershire, north of Bristol.

The most recent bishop was Vivienne Faull (previously Dean of York), from the confirmation of her election on 25 June 2018. She was consecrated at St Paul's Cathedral on 3 July 2018 and enthroned in her Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Bristol on 20 October 2018. On 6 February 2025, Faull announced that she intended to retire effective 1 September. In the ensuing vacancy, Neil Warwick, Bishop of Swindon (as sole suffragan bishop of the diocese) is acting diocesan bishop.
Mount Todd
Mount Todd is a peak rising to 3,600 m at the north extremity of Probuda Ridge in north-central Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica. It surmounts Embree Glacier to the west, Patleyna Glacier to the northeast and Ellen Glacier to the south-southeast.

The peak was named in 1984 by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Edward P. Todd, a physicist for the National Science Foundation from 1963 to 1984, and the director of the Division of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1977 to 1984. Todd also had responsibility for the development of the U.S. Antarctic Research Program.

Embree Glacier
Embree Glacier is a 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) long glacier in the north-central part of Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains, draining the eastern slopes of Mount Hale, Mount Davis and Mount Bentley, the northeast slopes of Mount Anderson, and the northwestern slopes of Probuda Ridge, flowing north-northeastwards and north of Mount Schmid turning east to join Rutford Ice Stream east of Mount Tegge.  Named by the US-ACAN for Maj. Henry Embree, USAF, who participated in the establishment of the South Pole Station in 1956. Embree Glacier is in Antarctica.
Sangeetha Mahayuddham
Sangeetha Mahayuddham, also known as Amul Sangeetha Mahayuddham, is a 2010–2012 Indian reality TV singing competition in the Tamil language that was broadcast on Sun TV.

The show features 6 Indian playback singers who lead their teams of contestants to compete against each other team with a view of winning the Sangeeta Mahayuddham Champion Trophy.

Madhu Balakrishnan
Madhu Balakrishnan (born 24 June 1974) is an Indian playback singer who primarily sings in Malayalam. He has also sung songs in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada  languages. He has sung over 10 thousand songs in films and several devotional albums.
Samson en Gert (TV series)
Samson & Gert is a Dutch-language Belgian children's television series produced by Eline van Noppen, centered on the talking dog Samson and his owner Gert. In its entire run, the show was originally aired on TV1 from Christmas Day 1989 until 1 December 1997, where it moved to Ketnet and continues airing all of its episodes to this day.

Unseen character
An unseen character in theatre, comics, film or television, or a silent character in radio or literature, is a character who is mentioned but not directly known to the audience, but who advances the action of the plot in a significant way, and whose absence enhances their effect on the plot.
Alstom Coradia 1000
The Coradia 1000 is a type of Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU) operating in Great Britain and which is part of the Alstom Coradia family of diesel and electric multiple units. There are two types that were built, the Class 175 and Class 180.

As of 2025 these DMUs are operated by two different train operating companies. The Class 175 is operated by Great Western Railway and the Class 180 is operated by the train operating company Grand Central.

Alstom Coradia
The Alstom Coradia is a family of diesel multiple units, electric multiple units, and unpowered rail cars for intercity and regional service manufactured by Alstom, with variants operating in Europe, North America, and Africa.
Ksawery Lubomirski
Franciszek Ksawery Lubomirski (1747–1819) was a Polish noble, Russian general.

Franciszek was born in a family of Stanisław Lubomirski voivode of Kijow who he had many possessions in Kiev Voivodeship, which following the First Partition of Poland fell under the Russian Empire control.

Franciszek Ksawery decided to become a Russian citizen. In 1777 he joined the Russian Army, eventually reaching the rank of general major.

Married three times, he had several children. His first wife was a daughter of the voivode of Kijow Franciszek Salezy Potocki. His second wife was a daughter of the Great Standard-bearer of Lithuania Stanisław Ferdynand Rzewuski. His third wife was a granddaughter of Kirill Razumovsky.

Stanisław Lubomirski (1704–1793)
Prince Stanislaw Lubomirski (1704–1793) was a Polish noble (szlachcic) and magnate.  He was the son of Jerzy Aleksander Lubomirski and Joanna von Starzhausen.

Stanisław became the Podstoli of the Crown in 1739. He became the voivode of Bracław Voivodeship in 1764 and of Kiev Voivodeship in 1772. He was also the starost of Nowy Sącz.

He owned large estates, 31 cities, and 738 villages and had an income of about 2,920,000 zł per year.

He was a knight of the Order of the White Eagle, awarded on 3 August 1744 in Warsaw.

He married Ludwika Honorata Pociej and had several children.  His son Józef Aleksander Lubomirski's son was Prince Henryk Ludwik Lubomirski, who married Teresa Czartoryska.