hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pseudostate trajectory model
The pseudostate trajectory model is an approximation method to calculate spacecraft trajectories in the presence of more than one planetary-sized bodies. This method was developed as an astodynamical calculations model by J.S. Wilson in order to improve upon the method of patched conic approximation.

Orbital mechanics
Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to rockets, satellites, and other spacecraft. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from laws of motion and of universal gravitation derived by Isaac Newton. Astrodynamics is a core discipline within space-mission design and control.

Celestial mechanics treats more broadly the orbit dynamics of systems under the influence of gravity, including both spacecraft and natural astronomical bodies such as star systems, planets, moons, and comets. Orbital mechanics focuses on spacecraft trajectories, including orbital maneuvers, orbital plane changes, and interplanetary transfers, and is used by mission planners to predict the results of propulsive maneuvers.

General relativity is a more exact theory than Newton's laws for calculating orbits, and it is sometimes necessary to use it for greater accuracy or in high-gravity situations (e.g. orbits near the Sun).
Cherokee Southwest Township (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
The Cherokee Southwest Township (CSWT) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is a large group of Cherokee families enrolled with the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. It is not a so-called Cherokee heritage group, but a satellite of the main tribal jurisdiction.

All of the township members originated in Eastern Oklahoma and migrated to New Mexico and are citizens of either the Cherokee Nation or United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. The township incorporated under the Cherokee Nation as a Cherokee Township for Cherokee Nation citizens who migrated to New Mexico during the Oklahoma Dust Bowl in the 1930s (the same migration wave that Cherokee migrant Florence Owens Thompson was part of).

The township has monthly meetings and hosts Cherokee language and history classes. The Albuquerque Cherokee Township has a significant number of native Cherokee speakers.  Former principal chief Chad "Corntassel" Smith visited the township four times per year.

United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma (ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ or Anigiduwagi Aniyvwiya, abbreviated United Keetoowah Band or UKB) is a federally recognized tribe of Cherokee Native Americans headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. According to the UKB website, its members are mostly descendants of "Old Settlers" or "Western Cherokees," those Cherokees who migrated from the Southeast to present-day Arkansas and Oklahoma around 1817. Some reports estimate that Old Settlers began migrating west by 1800, before the forced relocation of Cherokees by the United States in the late 1830s under the Indian Removal Act.

Although politically the UKB is not associated with the Trail of Tears, many of the members have direct ancestors who completed the journey in 1838–39.
Fauskevåg
Fauskevåg is a village in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway.  It is located on the island of Hinnøya, along the Vågsfjorden, about 20 km (12 mi) south of the town of Harstad. The population (2001) of Fauskevåg is 341.  The village has an elementary school called Fauskevåg skole with grades 1 through 4.

Fauskevåg is located near the island of Grasholmen, a popular beach and recreation area, so tourism is important in Fauskevåg during the months of June and July.  The village is located about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of European route E10 and the Tjeldsund Bridge. The village is located nearby the villages of Sørvika, Sandtorg, and Kilbotn.

Vågsfjorden, Troms
Vågsfjorden (Norwegian) or Váhkvierddas (Northern Sami) is a fjord in the southern part of Troms county in Norway. The fjord is located between Norway's two largest islands, Hinnøya to the south and Senja to the north. The fjord connects to the Andfjorden and the Tranøyfjorden to the north, and to the Astafjorden and Tjeldsundet to the south. The smaller islands of Grytøya and Sandsøya lie on the western side of the fjord and the islands of Andørja and Rolla lie along the eastern side of the fjord.

The 46-kilometre (29 mi) long fjord flows through the municipalities of Harstad, Senja, Dyrøy, Ibestad, and Tjeldsund. The town of Harstad, on the fjord's western shore, is popularly known as Vågsfjordens perle (English: pearl of Vågsfjorden).
Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia, or simply Proklamasi) was read at 10:00 Tokyo Standard Time on Friday, 17 August 1945 in Jakarta. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949. The document was signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day.

The date of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was made a public holiday by a government decree issued on 18 June 1946.

George McTurnan Kahin
George McTurnan Kahin (January 25, 1918 – January 29, 2000) was an American historian and political scientist. He was one of the leading experts on Southeast Asia and a critic of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. After completing his dissertation, which is still considered a classic on Indonesian history, Kahin became a faculty member at Cornell University. At Cornell, he became the director of its Southeast Asia Program and founded the Cornell Modern Indonesia Project. Kahin's incomplete memoir was published posthumously in 2003.
2024 World Senior Curling Championships
The 2024 World Senior Curling Championships were held from April 20 to 27 at the Östersund Arena in Östersund, Sweden. The event was held in conjunction with the 2024 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship.

World Senior Curling Championships
The World Senior Curling Championships is an annual curling tournament featuring curlers from around the world who are at least 50 years old. Matches at the World Senior Championships are played in 8 ends played instead of the 10 played in most international events.

The tournament began in 2002 with only 7 men's teams and 4 women's teams but has since expanded.

The 2020 & 2021 event were cancelled on March 14, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Dempster Heming
Dempster Henry Ratcliffe Heming (November 30, 1885 – April 20, 1967) was an English-born political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Moose Jaw City from 1944 to 1960 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member.

He was born in London and was educated at Westminster School and King's College London. Heming came to Canada in 1905, settling on a homestead near Arcola, Saskatchewan. He was also working for the Canadian Pacific Railway at the same time and sold his farm in 1912 to become a full-time employee of the railway at Moose Jaw. He helped organize the Labour Representative League there in 1916, which led to the election of William George Baker to the provincial assembly in 1921. Heming was elected to Moose Jaw City Council in 1937, serving until 1947. He retired from politics in 1960 and died in Moose Jaw at the age of 81.

William George Baker
William George Baker (January 16, 1885 – April 9, 1960) was a railway conductor and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Moose Jaw City in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1921 to 1929 as a Labour and then Liberal-Labour member and then from 1938 to 1944 as a Liberal.

He was born in Owen Sound, Ontario, and was the son of Wesley Baker and Mary McTavish. William George Baker was educated in his birthplace of Owen Sound, Ontario. In 1912, Baker married Pearl Green. He worked for the Canadian Pacific Railway as a conductor. Baker ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1917 and in a 1918 by-election before being elected in 1921. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1929, 1934 and 1944.
Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra
The Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra (YBh, Sanskrit; Treatise on the Stage of Yoga Practice) is a large and influential doctrinal compendium, associated with Sanskritic Mahāyāna Buddhism (particularly Yogācāra). According to Ulrich Timme Kragh, it is "a massive treatise that brings together a wealth of material stemming from Mainstream as well as Mahāyāna Buddhism."

Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
In Buddhism, the bodhipakkhiyā dhammā (Pali; variant spellings include bodhipakkhikā dhammā and bodhapakkhiyā dhammā; Skt.: bodhipakṣa dharma) are qualities (dhammā) conducive or related to (pakkhiya) awakening/understanding (bodhi), i.e. the factors and wholesome qualities which are developed when the mind is trained (bhavana).

In the Pali commentaries, the term bodhipakkhiyā dhammā is used to refer to seven sets of such qualities regularly attributed to the Buddha throughout the Pali Canon. Within these seven sets of bodhi-related qualities, there is listed a total of thirty-seven repetitious and interrelated qualities (sattatiṃsa bodhipakkhiyā dhammā).

These seven sets of qualities are recognized by both Theravadan and Mahayanan Buddhists as complementary facets of the Buddhist path to bodhi.
Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo
The coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo has a shield with a rampant red lion holding a torch. The background color of the shield is gold with a green, wavy, horizontal stripe along the middle. A golden crown sits above the shield. Two large African war elephants support the shield. A banner with the national motto "Unité, Travail, Progrès" (lit. 'Unity, Work, Progress'; translated from "La Congolaise") is draped from a bar supporting the war elephants. The arms were adopted in 1960 and readopted in 1991 after having been replaced with a simpler, unheraldic symbol during the People's Republic of the Congo era from 1970 to 1991.

La Congolaise
"La Congolaise" (English: "The Congolese"; Kongo: "Besi Kôngo") is the national anthem of the Republic of the Congo. It was adopted upon independence from France in 1959, replaced in 1969 by "Les Trois Glorieuses" but reinstated in 1991. The lyrics were written by Jacques Tondra and Georges Kibanghi, and the music was composed by Jean Royer and Joseph Spadilière.
New England Great Chowder Cook-Off
The Great Chowder Cook-Off is an annual event that was held at the Newport Yachting Center in Newport, Rhode Island, US, for 33 years and is now held at Fort Adams State Park in Newport, RI. The event typically takes place in early or mid June.

At first, the Cook-Off was open only to local chefs but more recently, there have been entries from as far away as Seattle, New York, Atlantic City, California,Florida, Carolina Beach, North Carolina, and Ireland.

Clam chowder
Clam chowder is any of several chowder soups in American cuisine containing clams. In addition to clams, common ingredients include diced potatoes, salt pork, and onions. It is believed that clams were used in chowder because of the relative ease of harvesting them. Clam chowder is usually served with saltine crackers or small, hexagonal oyster crackers.

Clam chowder originated in the Northeastern United States, but is now commonly served in restaurants throughout the country. Many regional variations exist, but the three most popular are New England or "white" clam chowder, which is made with milk or cream; Manhattan or "red" clam chowder, which includes tomatoes; and Rhode Island or "clear" clam chowder, which omits both.
Bleikvassli Church
Bleikvassli Church (Norwegian: Bleikvassli kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Hemnes Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Bleikvasslia. It is the church for the Bleikvassli parish which is part of the Indre Helgeland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. The red, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1955 using plans drawn up by the architect Torgeir Alvsaker. The church seats about 190 people.

Hemnes Municipality
Hemnes is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland traditional region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Korgen. Other villages include Bjerka, Bleikvasslia, Finneidfjord, Hemnesberget, and Sund.

The municipality sits south of the Ranfjorden and stretches south and east toward the border with Sweden. The Nordland Line and European route E6 cross Hemnes on their way to the town of Mo i Rana about 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the northeast. The E6 highway enters Hemnes from the west through the Korgfjell Tunnel from Vefsn Municipality.

The 1,590-square-kilometre (610 sq mi) municipality is the 49th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Hemnes Municipality is the 194th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 4,485. The municipality's population density is 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.3/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 1.5% over the previous 10-year period.
2025 Hamas–Doghmush conflict
In October 2025, following a ceasefire that paused the Gaza war, Hamas redeployed 7,000 militants to assert control over the Gaza Strip, reportedly arresting dozens of suspected collaborators and anti-Hamas clan members, with executions expected. The Doghmush clan had already opposed Hamas in the past, with a 2008 siege on a compound in Sabra that left 11 dead, resulting from a clan member who had killed a police officer. Violent clashes erupted in October 2025 when Hamas forces attacked the Doghmush stronghold in Tel al-Hawa, leading to heavy fighting and civilian casualties, with both sides accusing each other of instigating the violence.

Sabra, Gaza City
Sabra (Arabic: الصبرة) is a neighborhood district in western Gaza City. It was established during the Mandatory Palestine period in Palestine. It contains the city's municipal mark, built in the 1930s south of Omar Mukhtar Street. An UNRWA health center is located in the neighborhood.

In March 2004, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin was assassinated when IDF helicopters launched multiple missiles towards him as he was coming back from morning prayers at the mosque near his residence in the Sabra neighborhood. The assassination also killed nine Palestinian bystanders and caused injuries to 15 individuals, among them being two sons of Sheikh Yassin.

During the Gaza war (2023–present), Israeli forces carried out operations in the Sabra neighborhood. According to Reuters, at least 10-12 Palestinians were reported killed in the area, with the IDF stating the strikes targeted militant infrastructure.
Shanag
Shanag  is a genus of paravian theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Period of Mongolia. It may be a dromaeosaurid, but some researchers are skeptical of this classification. The type species is S. ashile.

Avialae
Avialae ("bird wings") is a clade containing the only living dinosaurs, the birds, and their closest relatives. It is usually defined as all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds (Aves) than to deinonychosaurs, though alternative definitions are occasionally used (see below).

Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the late Jurassic Period Solnhofen Formation of Germany, is usually considered the earliest known avialan which may have had the capability of powered flight; a minority of studies have suggested that it might have been a  deinonychosaur instead. Several older (but non flight-capable) possible avialans are known from the late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of China, dated to about 160 million years ago.
Karapadites
Karapadites is an extinct ammonoid genus belonging to the desmoceratacean family Kossmaticeratidae and is considered by some to be a subgenus of Kossmaticeras.

Karapadites (=K(Karapadites)) which lived during the Late Cretaceous in the late Campanian has a strongly ribbed evolute shell, all whorls exposed, ribs crossing the rounded outer rim, or venter.

Desmoceratoidea
Desmoceratoidea, formerly Desmocerataceae, is a superfamily of Cretaceous ammonites, generally with round or oval-whorled shells that are mostly smooth or weakly ribbed and rarely tuberculate, but commonly with constrictions. Regarded as monophyletic, the Desmocerataceae are derived from the Phylloceratidae, splitting off in the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) and persisting to the end of the Maastrichtian.
Borno South Senatorial District
Borno SouthListenⓘ is one of the three senatorial districts in Borno State, Nigeria. Located in the southern part of the state, the district is made up of nine local government areas. The local government areas include: Biu, Hawul, Kwaya Kusar, Shani, Damboa, Chibok, Askira/Uba, Bayo, Gwoza. Mohammed Ali Ndume is the current senator representing the district, he has been representing the district since 2011.

Bayo, Nigeria
BayoListenⓘ is a Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town Fikhayel.

It has an area of 956 km2 and a population of 78,978 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 603.

It is one of the four LGAs that constitute the Biu Emirate, a traditional state located in Borno State, Nigeria.
Chelonoidis
Chelonoidis is a genus of turtles in the tortoise family erected by Leopold Fitzinger in 1835. They are found in South America and the Galápagos Islands, and formerly had a wide distribution in the West Indies.

The multiple subspecies of the Galápagos tortoise (C. niger) are among the largest extant terrestrial chelonians. Giant members of the genus, such as Lutz's giant tortoise (C. lutzae) were also present in mainland South America and the West Indies during the Pleistocene, and the latter into the Holocene.

Chelonoidis niger vicina
Chelonoidis niger vicina, commonly known as the Cerro Azul giant tortoise, Iguana Cove tortoise or the Isabela Island giant tortoise, is a subspecies of Galápagos tortoise endemic to Isabela Island in the Galápagos.
Observer Publishing Company
Observer Publishing Company is a newspaper publishing company headquartered in Washington, Pennsylvania. The company publishes The Observer–Reporter, a daily newspaper covering Washington County, Greene County, and the Mon Valley in Pennsylvania, with some overlap into the South Hills of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County. Other publications include The Almanac, a weekly publication covering the South Hills and northern Washington County, and several niche publications and associated websites.

Greene County, Pennsylvania
Greene County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 35,954. Its county seat is Waynesburg. Greene County is part of the Pittsburgh media market. The county is part of the Southwest region of the commonwealth.
Geissler (crater)
Geissler is a small lunar impact crater that lies on the northern floor of the much larger walled plain Gilbert, near the eastern limb of the Moon. Just to the northeast of this crater, attached to the outer rim of Gilbert, is the crater pair of Weierstrass and Van Vleck.

The rim of Geissler is nearly circular, with a slight outward bulge toward the northwest. The rim is sharp-edged and not notably worn. The inner walls are simple slopes that run down gradually to the small interior floor, which has a diameter about one third that of the crater. This formation is not significantly eroded, and is otherwise undistinguished.

This crater was formerly designated Gilbert D before being assigned a unique name by the IAU in 1976.

Van Vleck (crater)
Van Vleck is a lunar impact crater that is located near the northeastern rim of the walled plain Gilbert, to the west of the Mare Smythii. The similar crater Weierstrass is nearly joined to the northwestern rim of Van Vleck. To the east is the small Carrillo.

The rim of this crater is nearly circular with no overlying craters of note, although a small crater abuts against the northeastern side and another along the southern inner wall. The inner sides slope down to a slumped ring of unconsolidated material that encircles the interior floor. There is a small peak just to the north of the crater center.

This crater was previously identified as Gilbert M before being assigned a name by the IAU in 1976.
Daniel J. Tobin
Daniel Joseph Tobin (April 1875 – November 14, 1955) was an American labor leader and president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT, or "the Teamsters") from 1907 to 1952. From 1917 to 1928, he was treasurer of the American Federation of Labor.  He served on the federation's Executive Council beginning in 1934, and served until his resignation in 1952.

William Green (U.S. labor leader)
William B. Green (March 3, 1873 – November 21, 1952) was an American trade union leader. Green is best remembered as the president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) from 1924 to 1952. He was a strong supporter for labor-management co-operation and was on the frontline for wage and benefit protections and industrial unionism legislation.

As president of the AFL, he continued the development of the federation away from the foundations of "pure and simple unionism" to a more politically active "social reform unionism."
Njao Island
Njao Island (Kisiwa cha Njao, in Swahili) is a small island located in Gando ward of Wete District in Pemba North Region, Tanzania. Together with the larger Fundo Island, which lies immediately to the south, it forms a natural barrier and breakwater for the harbour of the town of Wete, which lies seven kilometres to the southeast.

Wete
Wete is a town located on the Tanzanian island of Pemba. It is the capital of Pemba North Region, as well as the administrative seat for Wete District. It lies on the west side of the northern part of the island. The town has a population of 35,951 in 2022. The harbor at Wete was a major port-of-entry for accessing the Pemba island.
Birau (boat)
Birau, is a type of small dugout canoe of the Sama-Bajau people of the Philippines. They are made from a single log hollowed into a canoe with a rounded bottom. The prow and stern of the vessel usually has knob-like protrusions. A smaller wider variant without these knobs is known as bitok. Birau are usually around 1.5 to 4.5 m (4.9 to 14.8 ft) long. They are sometimes equipped with two outrigger floats. They are very similar to the buggoh, differing only in that the prow and the stern of the birau slope inward.

Dugout canoe
A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed-out tree. Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon. Monoxylon (μονόξυλον) (pl: monoxyla) is Greek – mono- (single) + ξύλον xylon (tree) – and is mostly used in classic Greek texts. In German, they are called Einbaum ("one tree" in English). Some pirogues are also constructed in this manner.

Dugouts are the oldest boat type archaeologists have found, dating back about 8,000 years to the Neolithic Stone Age. This is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than others, such as bark canoes.
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It is split across two articles:

Glossary of geography terms (A–M) lists terms beginning with the letters A through M.

This page, Glossary of geography terms (N–Z), lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z.

Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of astronomy.

Glossary of geology
This glossary of geology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to geology, its sub-disciplines, and related fields. For other terms related to the Earth sciences, see Glossary of geography terms (disambiguation).