hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Citicoline
Citicoline (INN), also known as cytidine diphosphate-choline (CDP-choline) or cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine is an intermediate in the generation of phosphatidylcholine from choline, a common biochemical process in cell membranes. Citicoline is naturally occurring in the cells of human and animal tissue, in particular the organs.

Cardiolipin
Cardiolipin (IUPAC name 1,3-bis(sn-3’-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol, "sn" designating stereospecific numbering) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It can also be found in  the membranes of most bacteria. The name "cardiolipin" is derived from the fact that it was first found in animal hearts. It was first isolated from the beef heart in the early 1940s by Mary C. Pangborn. In mammalian cells, but also in plant cells, cardiolipin (CL) is found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism.
Auxiliary ship
An auxiliary ship is a naval ship designed to support combatant ships and other naval operations. Auxiliary ships are not primary combatant vessels, though they may have some limited combat capacity, usually for purposes of self-defense.

Auxiliary ships are extremely important for navies of all sizes because if they were not present the primary fleet vessels would be unsupported. Thus, virtually every navy maintains an extensive fleet of auxiliary ships, however, the composition and size of these auxiliary fleets vary depending on the nature of each navy and its primary mission. Smaller coastal navies tend to have smaller auxiliary vessels focusing primarily on littoral and training support roles, while larger blue-water navies tend to have larger auxiliary fleets comprising longer-range fleet support vessels designed to provide support far beyond territorial waters.

Blue-water navy
A blue-water navy is a maritime force capable of operating globally, essentially across the deep waters of open oceans. While definitions of what actually constitutes such a force vary, there is a requirement for the ability to exercise sea control at long range.

The term "blue-water navy" is a maritime geographical term in contrast with "brown-water navy" (littoral waters and near to shore) and "green-water navy" (near to shore and open oceans).

The Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency of the United States has defined the blue-water navy as "a maritime force capable of sustained operation across the deep waters of open oceans.  A blue-water navy allows a country to project power far from the home country and usually includes one or more aircraft carriers. Smaller blue-water navies are able to dispatch fewer vessels abroad for shorter periods of time."
Potato Labour Scandal 1971
The Potato Labour Scandal of 1971 was a scandal that was exposed through investigative journalism initiated on concerns raised by Irish Catholic Priests in Scotland.
It raised the concern of forced labour by Irish Labour Suppliers of Irish workers, particularly from the West of Ireland to the Scottish Lowlands.

The Welsh journalist Tom Davies wrote about the conditions, singling out five Nevin brothers from Achill, County Mayo, Ireland. Fr. Michael Cassidy was a main witness in the treatment of workers. The News of the World exposed the story on 18 July 1971 after journalist Gerry Brown posed as a worker in one of the Nevin brothers work gangs. Tim Pat Coogan referred to the Labour Suppliers as "Mafia" in his book Wherever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora. It led to reform in legislation protecting the rights of seasonal "potato pickers" or "tattie hoakers".

Achill Island
Achill Island (/ˈækəl/; Irish: Acaill, Oileán Acla) is located off the west coast of Ireland in the historical barony of Burrishoole, County Mayo. It is the largest of the Irish isles and has an area of approximately 148 km2 (57 sq mi). Achill had a population of 2,345 in the 2022 census. The island, which has been connected to the mainland by a bridge since 1887, is served by Michael Davitt Bridge, between the villages of Achill Sound and Polranny. Other centres of population include the villages of Keel, Dooagh, Dooega, Dooniver, and Dugort. There are a number of peat bogs on the island.

Roughly half of the island, including the villages of Achill Sound and Bun an Churraigh, are in the Gaeltacht (traditional Irish-speaking region) of Ireland, although the vast majority of the island's population speaks English as their daily language.

The island is within a civil parish, also called Achill, that includes Achillbeg, Inishbiggle and the Corraun Peninsula.
Thomas Livingstone Learmonth
Thomas Livingstone Learmonth of Parkhill (2 May 1818 – 28 October 1903) was an early settler of Australia, of Scots descent, who established himself as a squatter on land around Ballarat, then in the colony of New South Wales, in the 1830s.

Polmont
Polmont (Scottish Gaelic: Poll-Mhonadh) is a village in the Falkirk council area of Central Scotland. It lies towards the east of the town of Falkirk, north of the Union Canal, which runs adjacent to the village.

Due to its situation in Central Scotland, many locations can be seen from Polmont, ranging from the Ochil Hills and the River Forth, to Cairnpapple Hill.  Although giving its name to Polmont Young Offenders Institution, the prison is in fact in Reddingmuirhead.
Fred H. Frank
Fred H. Frank (July 1, 1895 in Lessor, Wisconsin – July 10, 1957) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly who lived in Appleton. During World War I, he served with the First Army of the American Expeditionary Forces. From 1940 to 1945, Frank was Sheriff of Outagamie County, Wisconsin.

American Expeditionary Forces
The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) was a formation of the United States Armed Forces on the Western Front during World War I, composed mostly of units from the U.S. Army. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in Chaumont, France under the command of then-major general John J. Pershing. It fought alongside French Army, British Army, Canadian Army, British Indian Army, New Zealand Army and Australian Army units against the Imperial German Army. A small number of AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in 1918 against the Austro-Hungarian Army. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood) in the summer of 1918, and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918.
Salleh Kalbi
Salleh bin Haji Kalbi (10 August 1964 – 13 April 2025) was a Malaysian politician who served as the Member of Parliament for the Silam constituency in Sabah from 2008 to 2013. He represented the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition.

Salleh was elected to Parliament in the 2008 general election, succeeding his UMNO colleague, Samsu Baharun, as the representative for Silam. He was not selected as a candidate by UMNO for the 2013 general election.

Salleh died in Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia on 13 April 2025, at the age of 60.

Parliament of Malaysia
The Parliament of Malaysia (Malay: Parlimen Malaysia; Jawi: ‏ڤرليمن مليسيا‎) is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives, lit. "People's Assembly") and the Dewan Negara (Senate, lit. "State Assembly"). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), as the head of state, is the third component of Parliament.

The Parliament assembles in the Malaysian Houses of Parliament, located in the national capital city of Kuala Lumpur.

The term "Member of Parliament (MP)" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament. The term "Senator" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Negara, the upper house of the Parliament.
Rhaebo hypomelas
Rhaebo hypomelas is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Colombia and known from the Chocó region in the departments of Antioquia, Chocó, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca, and Cauca, at elevations of 10–1,600 m (33–5,249 ft) asl. There are also reports from Ecuador but these are not considered valid.
Its natural habitats are lowland tropical moist forests. It is a terrestrial species living in leaf litter near water. It is a rare species that is threatened by habitat loss.

True toad
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the best known.
Citropsis articulata
Citropsis articulata, known commonly as the African cherry orange, West African cherry orange, Uganda cherry orange, and locally as omuboro, is a species of flowering plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It is native to tropical West Africa.

The species is usually a shrub, sometimes a tree. The leaves are up to 33 centimeters long and are made up of pointed leaflets. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers with four white petals each nearly 2 centimeters long. The style may be 1.5 centimeters long. The fruit is 2 or 3 centimeters long.

In Uganda, an infusion made of the ground root of omuboro, drunk once a day for three days is considered to be a powerful aphrodisiac for men only. Science has not investigated the veracity of this belief. The herbal preparation is sold locally. Conservationists in Uganda are concerned that demand for the plant is such that the species may require conservation efforts.

Rutaceae
The Rutaceae (/ruːˈteɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) is a family, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.

Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large trees.

The most economically important genus in the family is Citrus, which includes the orange (C. × sinensis), lemon (C. × limon), grapefruit (C. × paradisi), and lime (various). Boronia is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial oil production. Other large genera include Zanthoxylum, several species of which are cultivated for Sichuan pepper, Melicope, and Agathosma. The family Rutaceae contains about 160 genera.
Franciscus J. M. Heylaerts
Franciscus J.M. Heylaerts  (1831–1916) was a Dutch entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera (most notably Psychidae world species) and Coleoptera. By profession he was a physician. His collection of Psychidae is held by Rijksmuseum Natural History, Leiden.

Naturalis Biodiversity Center
Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Dutch: Nederlands Centrum voor Biodiversiteit Naturalis) is a national museum of natural history and a research center on biodiversity in Leiden, Netherlands. It was named the European Museum of the Year 2021.
Although its current name and organization are relatively recent, the history of Naturalis can be traced back to the early 1800s. Its collection includes approximately 42 million specimens, making it one of the largest natural history collections in the world.
Generations of Chinese leadership
Generations of Chinese leadership is a term historians use to characterize distinct periods of the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and, by extension, successive changes in the ideology of the CCP. Historians have studied various periods in the development of the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) by reference to these "generations".

Li Ruihuan
Li Ruihuan (born September 17, 1934) is a Chinese retired politician. Li was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), China's top decision-making body, between 1989 and 2002. Li served as Chairman of the 9th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) from 1993 to 2003; before that, he was the CCP secretary of Tianjin.
Swimming at the 1975 Pan American Games – Women's 100 metre freestyle
The women's 100 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 1975 Pan American Games took place on 24 October. The last Pan American Games champion was Sandy Neilson of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in freestyle.

Swimming at the 1971 Pan American Games – Women's 100 metre freestyle
The women's 100 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 1971 Pan American Games took place on 11 August. The last Pan American Games champion was Erika Bricker of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in freestyle.
The Fabulous Sound of Lester Flatt & Earl Scruggs
The Fabulous Sound of Lester Flatt & Earl Scruggs is a studio album by bluegrass artists Flatt and Scruggs. It was released in 1964 by Columbia Records (catalog number CL 2255).

The album debuted on Billboard magazine's Top Country Albums chart on January 2, 1965, peaked at No. 2, and remained on the chart for a total of 26 weeks.

Flatt and Scruggs
Flatt and Scruggs were an American bluegrass duo. Singer and guitarist Lester Flatt and banjo player Earl Scruggs, both of whom had been members of Bill Monroe's band, the Bluegrass Boys, from 1945 to 1948, formed the duo in 1948. Flatt and Scruggs are viewed by music historians as one of the premier bluegrass groups in the history of the genre.

Flatt and Scruggs recorded and performed together until 1969. Their backing band, the Foggy Mountain Boys, included fiddle player Paul Warren, a master player in both the old-time and bluegrass fiddling styles whose technique reflected all qualitative aspects of "the bluegrass breakdown" and fast bowing style; dobro player Burkett Howard "Uncle Josh" Graves, an innovator of the advanced playing style of the instrument now used in the genre; stand-up bass player English P. "Cousin Jake" Tullock; and mandolinist John "Curly" Seckler.
The Harbour Lights (1914 film)
The Harbour Lights is a 1914 British silent drama film directed by Percy Nash and starring Gerald Lawrence, Mercy Hatton and Daisy Cordell. It is an adaptation of the Victorian melodramatic play The Harbour Lights by George R. Sims.

Percy Nash
Percy Nash (1868-1958) was a pioneer British producer, director and screenwriter, who made some 70 films between 1912 and 1927. He was a key figure in the creation of Elstree Studios.

He was born in Kensington, London.
Carmouche
Carmouche is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Edward M. Carmouche (1921–1990), American attorney and politician

Liz Carmouche (born 1984), American mixed martial arts fighter

Paul Carmouche (born 1943), American lawyer

Pierre Carmouche (1797–1868), French playwright and chansonnier

Pierre Carmouche
Pierre Carmouche (9 April 1797 - 9 December 1868) was a French playwright and chansonnier. He wrote more than 200 successful plays, comedies, comédies en vaudevilles and texts for opéras comiques, in collaboration with diverse authors - Brazier, Dumersan, Mélesville, de Courcy, etc.

In 1824 he married the actress Jenny Vertpré.

He also collected a rich library, bequeathed in part to marshal Canrobert.
Sandžačka TV Mreža
Sandžačka TV Mreža or STV (Serbian Cyrillic: Санџачка ТВ Мрежа) is a Serbian commercial television channel with regional coverage dedicated to local news from territory of Sandžak and Raška. Company headquarters is located in Tutin, Bogoljuba Čukića 9 street.

Raška (region)
Raška (Serbian Cyrillic: Рашка; Latin: Rascia) is a geographical and historical region of Serbia. Initially a small borderline district between early medieval Serbia and Bulgaria (city/area of Ras), and the Byzantine Empire, it became the center of the Grand Principality of Serbia and of the Serbian Kingdom in the mid-12th century. From that period on, the name of Raška became associated with the state of Serbia, eventually covering the south-western parts of modern Serbia, and historically also including north-eastern parts of modern Montenegro, and some of the most eastern parts of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its southern part covering the modern region of Sandžak.
2020 Marbella Tennis Open – Doubles
Kevin Krawietz and Andreas Mies were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Gerard Granollers and Pedro Martínez won the title after defeating Luis David Martínez and Fernando Romboli 6–3, 6–4 in the final.

Kevin Krawietz
Kevin Krawietz (born 24 January 1992) is a German professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He achieved his career-high doubles ranking of world No. 5 on 10 February 2025. Krawietz has won twelve doubles titles on the ATP Tour, including the 2024 ATP Finals with Tim Pütz, becoming the first all-German pair to win the title. He is a two-time Grand Slam champion at the French Open in 2019 and 2020 with Andreas Mies.

Krawietz was also a finalist with Tim Pütz at the 2024 US Open and reached the mixed doubles semifinals at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships and at the 2022 French Open, partnering Květa Peschke and Nicole Melichar-Martinez respectively.

In singles, Krawietz reached his highest ranking of world No. 211 in December 2018. He has represented Germany in the Davis Cup since 2019, and also competed at the 2020 Olympic Games in men's and mixed doubles and 2024 Olympic Games in men's doubles.
Surrender of Quebec
The surrender of Quebec in 1629 was the taking of Quebec City, during the Anglo-French War (1627–1629).  It was achieved without battle by English privateers led by David Kirke, who had intercepted the town's supplies.

Tadoussac
Tadoussac (French pronunciation: [tadusak]) is a village municipality in La Haute-Côte-Nord RCM (Regional County Municipality), on the north shore of the maritime section of the estuary of St. Lawrence river, in Côte-Nord region, Quebec, Canada.
The Town of No Return
"The Town of No Return" is the first episode of the fourth series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series The Avengers, starring Patrick Macnee and Diana Rigg in her Avengers debut, and guest starring Alan MacNaughton, Patrick Newell, Terence Alexander. It was first broadcast on ABC Weekend TV on 28 September 1965. The episode was written by Brian Clemens, directed by Roy Ward Baker, and produced by Brian Clemens.

Spy-fi (subgenre)
Spy-fi is a subgenre of spy fiction that includes elements of science fiction, and is often associated with the Cold War. Features of spy-fi include the effects of technology on the espionage trade and the technological gadgets used by the characters, even though the technologies and gadgets portrayed are well beyond contemporary scientific reality.
Margaret Fernald Dole
Margaret Fernald Dole (May 5, 1896 – March 1, 1970) was an American painter.

She was born Margaret Fernald in Melrose, Massachusetts. She studied at Radcliffe College from 1914 to 1915, and at the Boston Museum School Fine Art from 1915 to 1918. In 1921 she married John S. Dole. She died in Port Chester, New York.

During her career she exhibited in the Paris Salon, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, the National Academy of Design, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington and the Smithsonian Institution. Her work is included in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, the Harvard Art Museums and the Seattle Art Museum.

Corcoran Gallery of Art
The Corcoran Gallery of Art was an art museum in Washington, D.C., at the location where the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design, a part of the George Washington University, is now.

Founded in 1869 by philanthropist William Wilson Corcoran, the gallery was one of the earliest public art museums in the United States.  It held an important collection that became concentrated in American art. In 1890, it started its art school. Its Beaux-Arts style building on The Ellipse was opened in 1897. Due to a prolonged economic shortfall, the Gallery failed in October 2014; pursuant to its founding charter, its art school and building transferred to GWU and the 19,456 works in its collection were distributed to other public museums and institutions in Washington, D.C., primarily the National Gallery of Art.
Southern rufous hornbill
The southern rufous hornbill (Buceros mindanensis), is a large species of hornbill endemic to the Philippines. It inhabits Mindanao, Dinagat, Siargao, Balut, Bucas, Talikud and Basilan islands of the Philippines. It prefers rainforest habitats and eats fruits, small animals, insects, and seeds. It is threatened by hunting, illegal pet trade, and use of biological resources in their habitat which all leads to their population declining.

Wildlife smuggling
Wildlife smuggling, or wildlife trafficking, concerns the illegal gathering and trade of endangered species and protected wildlife, including plants and byproducts or products utilizing a species. Research on wildlife smuggling has increased, however, knowledge of the illicit trade remains limited. The differences between international policies and tendencies likely contribute to the extensive estimated range of wildlife smuggling, anywhere from $5-$23 billion, with an additional $67-$193 billion when timber and fish are included. The prolific growth of wildlife smuggling makes it the fourth-largest criminal enterprise globally after drug, firearm, and human trafficking. Products demanded by the trade include but are not limited to ivory, bushmeat, traditional medicine, and exotic pets. China and the United States are the largest buyers in the illegal wildlife trade. It often involves other illegal activities such as tranquilizing animals without proper authorization.
Urbania (media group)
Urbania is a Montreal-based media group that was created in 2000. The company operates diverse digital media, a brand agency, a technological laboratory, and an audiovisual production house.

The media group distinguishes itself with its unconventional tone, its close attention to graphic design and visual presentation and its focus on discussing controversial news.

Urbania also operates in France since 2020.

TV5 Québec Canada
TV5 Québec Canada (abbreviated to TV5) is a Canadian French-language specialty channel that focuses primarily on programming from international French-speaking broadcasters.

The channel shares a broadcast licence with its sister network, Unis, a channel devoted to broadcasting programming primarily focusing on Canadian French-speaking communities, in particular, those living outside of Quebec.
Sverker Olofsson
Sverker Olofsson (born April 14, 1947 in Vännäs, Västerbotten), is a Swedish TV-personality. He has led the consumer show Plus since 1987 on SVT, and is one of their most well-known faces, appearing in a series of advertisements for SVT and was in 2006 a part of the Swedish election survey called Karavanen. He has also appeared on the consumer issues program 24 Konsument. In 2009 he was awarded the Lukas Bonnier Great Journalist Award.

He is the father of TV-journalist Linda Olofsson, who also works at SVT.

Stora Journalistpriset
Stora Journalistpriset ("The Swedish Grand Prize for Journalism") is an annual Swedish award, founded in 1966 by Bonnier AB, given to "recognize achievement in journalism".

The prize money is SEK 100,000 and is awarded in four categories:

Scoop of the Year (Årets Avslöjande)

Storyteller of the Year (Årets Berättare)

Innovator of the Year (Årets Förnyare)

Lukas Bonnier's Grand Prize for Journalism (Lukas Bonniers Stora Journalistpris)