hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treason Act 1540
The Treason Act 1540 (32 Hen. 8. c. 25) was an act of the Parliament of England. Its long title was "An Act declaring the Dissolution of the King's pretensed Marriage with the Lady Anne of Cleves."

The act confirmed that the marriage between King Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves was annulled. They had married on 6 January 1540, but Henry had had the marriage annulled on 9 July of the same year. The act also made it high treason for anyone "by word or deed, to accept, take, judge, or believe the said marriage to be good, or to procure or do any thing to the repeal of this act."

Annulment
Annulment is a legal procedure within secular and religious legal systems for declaring a marriage null and void. Unlike divorce, it is usually retroactive, meaning that an annulled marriage is considered to be invalid from the beginning almost as if it had never taken place. In legal terminology, an annulment makes a void marriage or a voidable marriage null.
Ghari (sweet)
Ghari or Surati Ghari is a sweet Gujarati dish from Surat, Gujarat, India. Ghari is made of puri batter, milk 'mawa', ghee and sugar – made into round shapes with sweet filling, to be consumed on Chandani Padva festival. It is also available in many varieties and flavours such as pistachio, almond-elachi and mawa.

Priest Nirmaladasji referred Devshankar Shukla to make Ghari in 1838.

Ghari was prepared by the Devshankar Shukla for Tatya Tope to provide extra strength to the freedom fighter's soldiers in 1857. It began to be consumed in the crematorium for peace to the soul of the dead particularly by people of some castes. (Gujarati Modi Ghanchi and Khatri)

Batter (cooking)
Batter is a flour mixture with liquid and other ingredients such as sugar, salt, egg, milk and leavening used for cooking. Batters are a pourable consistency that cannot be kneaded.
 Batter is most often used for cake, pancakes and as a coating for fried foods. It is also used for a variety of batter breads.

The word batter comes from the French word battre, which means to beat, as many batters require vigorous beating or whisking in their preparation.
Sarita Schoenebeck
Sarita Yardi Schoenebeck is an American computer scientist at the University of Michigan, where she serves as Director of the Living Online Lab. Her research considers human–computer interactions, social media and social computing. She was awarded the University of Michigan School of Information Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Award in 2017 for her work on LGBTQ+ families and online communities.

Knight Foundation
The John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, also known as the Knight Foundation, is an American philanthropic organization that provides grants for the arts, journalism, research, and community development, with a focus on impact.

The organization was founded as the Charles L. Knight Memorial Education Fund in 1940. The fund was incorporated as the Knight Foundation in December 1950 in Ohio, and reincorporated as the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation in Florida in 1993.

The Foundation’s mission is to support a more effective democracy by funding projects that promote free expression, arts and culture, research in media and democracy, and the success of its 26 Knight communities, where the Knight brothers published newspapers.
Perceptual asynchrony
Perceptual asynchrony refers to the phenomenon of two simultaneously presented attributes of the visual world being perceived by humans asynchronously instead of simultaneously.

Perceptual asynchrony was first demonstrated in 1997 by Konstantinos Moutoussis and Semir Zeki. The Moutoussis and Zeki provided evidence that people perceive the color and direction of motion of a visual stimulus with a time lag - they may perceive the color before the direction of motion. They quantified this time gap to be between 70 – 80 milliseconds.

Semir Zeki
Semir Zeki FMedSci FRS (born 8 November 1940) is a British and French neurobiologist who has specialised in studying the primate visual brain and more recently the neural correlates of affective states, such as the experience of love, desire and beauty that are generated by sensory inputs within the field of neuroesthetics. He was educated at University College London (UCL) where he was Henry Head Research Fellow of the Royal Society before being appointed Professor of Neurobiology. Since 2008 he has been Professor of Neuroesthetics at UCL.
Dublin, North Carolina
Dublin is a town in Bladen County, North Carolina, United States. At the 2020 census, the town population was 267. Dublin is located on North Carolina Highway 87 and is known as the "Peanut Capital of North Carolina".

North Carolina Highway 87
North Carolina Highway 87 (NC 87) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. NC 87 begins in the Atlantic coastal town of Southport and crosses into Virginia at the Virginia state line five miles (8 km) north of Eden in Rockingham County. At 240 miles (390 km) in length, NC 87 is the second-longest state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina with only North Carolina Highway 24 (NC 24) being longer. The longest north–south state highway, NC 87 travels along a relatively straight southeast–northwest path, connecting Cape Fear region with the Piedmont. It is also the main north-south route connecting the cities of Fayetteville, Sanford,  Burlington and Reidsville.
Karl Holtz
Karl Holtz  (14 January 1899, Berlin – 18 April 1978 Rehbrücke) was a German artist and cartoonist.

During the November Revolution his caricatures were published in the newspaper The Red Flag and the journal Die Aktion. Holtz took part in 1919 in the fighting in Berlin. From 1920 to 1923 he traveled through Germany, Italy, France and Tunisia.

After the Second World War Holtz lived in East Germany where he participated in the Ulenspiegel magazine.

When the Swiss satirical magazine Nebelspalter published a caricature of Stalin by him, Holtz was arrested. A Soviet military court sentenced him in 1949 to a prison sentence of 25 years, which was enforced in Bautzen prison. On July 25, 1956, he was released by way of a pardon, but was not in rehabilitation at that time.

Die Aktion
Die Aktion ("The Action") was a German literary and political magazine, edited by Franz Pfemfert and published between 1911 and 1932 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf; it promoted literary Expressionism and stood for left-wing politics. To begin with, Die Aktion was published weekly, after 1919 fortnightly, and only sporadically beginning from 1926.

Publication of Die Aktion was resumed in 1981 by the Edition Nautilus publishing house. Issues appear irregularly.
Pterostylis hians
Pterostylis hians, commonly known as opera house greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to New South Wales. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves flat on the ground but flowering plants have a single shiny white and green flower. This greenhood is only known from a single location near Ulladulla.

Rosette (botany)
In botany, a rosette is a circular arrangement of leaves or of structures resembling leaves.

In flowering plants, rosettes usually sit near the soil, but they can also be at the top of an otherwise leafless branch or trunk. Their structure is an example of a modified stem in which the internode gaps between the leaves do not expand, so that all the leaves remain clustered tightly together and at a similar height. Some insects induce the development of galls that are leafy rosettes.

In bryophytes and algae, a rosette results from the repeated branching of the thallus as the plant grows, resulting in a circular outline.
1953 Leeds City Council election
The 1953 Leeds municipal elections were held on Thursday 7 May 1953, with one third of the council as well as a vacancy in Richmond Hill to be elected.

Winning control of Leeds was one of Labour's highlights in a night that seen them make gains across the country. Whilst there was a swing away from Labour to the Conservatives of over four percent from the previous year's high benchmark, Labour were able to repeat most of the gains they achieved the year before, with the two exceptions being Armley - a seat they already held - and Beeston, which the Tories managed to hold by sixty-six votes this time around. In total they gained seven seats, replacing the Tories slim majority of two with a majority of twelve. Turnout continued its trend downwards with a post-war low of 41.4%.

Armley
Armley is a district in the west of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It starts less than 1 mile (1.6 km) from Leeds city centre. Like much of Leeds, Armley grew in the Industrial Revolution and had several mills, one of which now houses the Leeds Industrial Museum at Armley Mills. Armley was historically – and predominantly still is – a largely working-class area of the city; it retains many smaller industrial businesses, and has many rows of back-to-back terraced houses.

It sits in the Armley ward of Leeds City Council and Leeds West and Pudsey parliamentary constituency.

In 2022, statistics released by West Yorkshire Police revealed Armley and New Wortley had the second highest crime rate in Leeds after Leeds city centre.
Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth
Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth is a children's novel by E. L. Konigsburg. It was published by Atheneum Books in 1967 and next year in the UK by Macmillan under the title Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth and Me.

Jennifer, Hecate was the author's first book published, the same year as her second book From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler. Mixed-Up Files won the 1968 Newbery Medal and Jennifer, Hecate won a Newbery Honor, making Konigsburg the only person to win both citations in one year.
She had submitted both manuscripts to editor Jean E. Karl, who accepted both.

Atheneum Books
Atheneum Books is a New York City publishing house established in 1959 by Alfred A. Knopf Jr., Simon Michael Bessie and Hiram Haydn. Simon & Schuster has owned Atheneum properties since 1994, and it created Atheneum Books for Young Readers as an imprint for children's literature in the 2000s.
1996 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 1996 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships were contested to determine the individual and team national champions of men's and women's NCAA collegiate indoor track and field events in the United States after the 1995–96 season, the 32nd annual meet for men and 14th annual meet for women.

The championships were again held at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana.

George Mason claimed the men's team title, the Patriots' first. This was the first men's championship since 1983 not won by Arkansas.

Three-time defending champions LSU again won the women's team title, the Lady Tigers' seventh.

George Mason Patriots
The George Mason Patriots are the intercollegiate athletic teams representing George Mason University (GMU), located in Fairfax, Virginia. The Patriots compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference for most sports.
Río Belgrano Formation
The Río Belgrano Formation is a Barremian to Aptian geologic formation of the Austral Basin in Patagonia, southern Argentina. Among others, pterosaur and ichthyosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation.

Aptian
The Aptian is an age in the geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is a subdivision of the Early or Lower Cretaceous Epoch or Series and encompasses the time from 121.4 ± 0.6 Ma to 113.2 ± 0.3 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Aptian succeeds the Barremian and precedes the Albian, all part of the Lower/Early Cretaceous.

The Aptian partly overlaps the upper part of the Western European Urgonian Stage.

The Selli Event, also known as OAE1a, was one of two oceanic anoxic events in the Cretaceous Period, which occurred around 120 Ma and lasted approximately 1 to 1.3 million years, being marked by enhanced silicate weathering, as well as ocean acidification. The Aptian extinction was a minor extinction event hypothesized to have occurred around 116 to 117 Ma.
1904 Washington University football team
The  1904 Washington University football team represented Washington University in St. Louis as an independent during the 1904 college football season. Led by L. W. Boynton in his second and final season as head coach, the team compiled a record of 4–7 and was outscored by its opponents 162 to 85. Washington University played all 11 of its games at home in St. Louis, at the newly-opened World's Fair Stadium—now known as Francis Olympic Field—on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, also known as the St. Louis World's Fair. The stadium also hosted the 1904 Summer Olympics.

1904 Summer Olympics
The 1904 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the III Olympiad and also known as St. Louis 1904) were an international multi-sport event held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from 1 July to 23 November 1904. Many events were conducted at what is now known as Francis Field on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis. This was the first time that the Olympic Games were held outside Europe.

Tensions caused by the Russo–Japanese War and difficulties in traveling to St. Louis resulted in very few top-class athletes from outside the United States and Canada taking part in the 1904 Games. Only 69–74 of the 651 athletes who competed came from outside North America, and only between 12 and 15 nations were represented in all. Some events subsequently combined the U.S. national championship with the Olympic championship. The current three-medal format of gold, silver and bronze for first, second and third place was introduced at the 1904 Olympics.
Without Her Consent
Without Her Consent is a 1990 American made-for-television drama film directed by Sandor Stern. Originally airing on NBC, the film is based on a true story and stars Melissa Gilbert as a woman who seeks justice after being raped by an acquaintance.

Acquaintance rape
Acquaintance rape is rape that is perpetrated by a person who knows the victim. Examples of acquaintances include someone the victim is dating, a classmate, co-worker, employer, family member, spouse, counselor, therapist, religious official, or medical doctor. Acquaintance rape includes a subcategory of incidents labeled date rape that involves people who are in romantic or sexual relationships with each other. When a rape is perpetrated by a college student on another student, the term campus rape is sometimes used.

Most rapes are perpetrated by a person known to the victim, but acquaintance rape is less likely to be reported than stranger rape. Thus, crime statistics often underestimate the prevalence of acquaintance rape compared to national surveys. The legal consequences of acquaintance rape are generally the same as for stranger rape, except in jurisdictions where marital rape is legal.
Chris Beatty
Christopher Beatty (born June 19, 1973) is an American professional football coach and former wide receiver who is the wide receivers coach for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He recently served as the interim offensive coordinator for the Chicago Bears. He has previously served as the wide receivers coach for the Los Angeles Chargers from 2021 to 2023.

Beatty played college football at East Tennessee State University as a wide receiver and played in the Canadian Football League for two seasons with the Baltimore Stallions and Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He previously served as an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Chargers, the University of Pittsburgh, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Virginia, University of Wisconsin–Madison, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Vanderbilt University, West Virginia University, Northern Illinois University and Hampton University.

Wisconsin Badgers football
The Wisconsin Badgers football program represents the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the sport of American football. Wisconsin competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) within the Big Ten Conference (Big Ten). The Badgers have competed in the Big Ten since its formation in 1896. They play their home games at Camp Randall Stadium, the fourth-oldest stadium in college football.

Wisconsin is one of 26 College football programs to win 700 or more games. The program has been one of the most successful since the 1990s. Wisconsin has had two Heisman Trophy winners, Alan Ameche and Ron Dayne, and has had twelve former players inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.
Sceliphron spirifex
Sceliphron spirifex is a species of sphecid wasp. It has a medium-sized body (17–27 millimetres or 0.7–1.1 inches), which is dull black with a long, yellow petiole (waist). The legs are black with yellow bands, the antennae are black and the wings are clear.

Females build large multi-celled mud nests attached to cliffs, rocks, tree trunks, bridges and buildings. The cells are mass-provisioned with several spiders and sealed with mud.

S. spirifex lives in diverse habitats across Africa and Southern Europe, but is strongly associated with buildings and other man-made structures.

Petiole (insect anatomy)
In entomology, petiole is the narrow waist of some hymenopteran insects, especially ants, bees, and wasps in the suborder Apocrita.
The petiole can consist of either one or two segments, a characteristic that separates major subfamilies of ants.
Murder of Hilda Feste
The murder of Hilda Feste was a criminal case in Norway, involving the rape and murder of a 98-year-old victim, Hilda Feste (20 February 1913 – 1 January 2012), perpetrated by then 19-year-old Christian Haugland (born 1993). In December 2012, Haugland was found guilty of the crime and sentenced to 19 years in prison, and he accepted the sentence. The case attracted media attention due to its brutality. The verdict described the crime as one of the most serious crimes ever committed in Norway by such a young man.

Criminal procedure
Criminal procedure is the adjudication process of the criminal law. While criminal procedure differs dramatically by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge with the person on trial either being free on bail or incarcerated, and results in the conviction or acquittal of the defendant. Criminal procedure can be either in form of inquisitorial or adversarial criminal procedure.
Feodosia Raion
The Feodosia Raion or Feodosiiskyi Raion (Ukrainian: Феодосійський район) is a prospective raion (district) of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in Ukraine. It was created on September 7, 2023 from the territories of Islam-Terek Raion and Ichki Raion. The administrative center is the city of Feodosia.

Due to the ongoing Russian occupation of Crimea, the Ukrainian government only has de jure control over the peninsula, and this raion has not yet been implemented on the ground.

Feodosia
Feodosia (Ukrainian: Феодосія, Теодосія, Feodosiia, Teodosiia; Russian: Феодосия, tr. Feodosiya), also called in English Theodosia (from Greek: Θεοδοσία), is a city on the Crimean coast of the Black Sea. Feodosia serves as the administrative center of Feodosia Municipality, one of the regions into which Crimea is divided. During much of its history, the city was a significant settlement known as Caffa (Ligurian: Cafà) or Kaffa (Old Crimean Tatar/Ottoman Turkish: کفه‎; Crimean Tatar/Turkish: Kefe). According to the 2014 census, its population was 69,145.
Hornby, New Zealand
Hornby is a residential and retail suburb at the western edge of Christchurch, New Zealand. The suburb is directly connected to other parts of Christchurch and the South Island by a number of main arterial routes, including State Highway 1 and the Christchurch Southern Motorway.

Islam in New Zealand
Islam is the third-largest religion in New Zealand (1.5%) after Christianity (32.3%) and Hinduism (2.9%). Small numbers of Muslim immigrants from South Asia and eastern Europe settled in New Zealand from the early 1900s until the 1960s. Large-scale Muslim immigration began in the 1970s with the arrival of Indian Fijians, followed in the 1990s by refugees from various war-torn countries.

According to the 2023 New Zealand census, there are 75,144 Muslim New Zealanders, representing 1.5% of the total population.

The first Islamic centre in New Zealand opened in 1959 and there are now several mosques and two Islamic schools. The majority of Muslims in New Zealand are Sunni, with significant Shia and Ahmadiyya minorities. The Ahmadiyya Community has translated the Qur'an into the Māori language.
Baleia Rossi
Luiz Felipe Baleia Tenuto Rossi (born 9 June 1972), commonly known as Baleia Rossi, is a Brazilian politician and entrepreneur, incumbent Federal Deputy from São Paulo and National President of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB).

Born in the state, he lives in Ribeirão Preto, where his family built their strong political bounds. It was in Ribeirão Preto where Baleia Rossi began his professional career, as entrepreneur, and joined the political life.

Rossi is son of former Deputy and former Minister of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, Wagner Rossi.

Ministry of Agriculture (Brazil)
The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Portuguese: Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, abbreviated MAPA) is a federal department in Brazil. The jurisdiction of this ministry is to formulate and implement policies for agribusiness development, integrating the aspects of market, technological, organizational and environmental care for the consumers of the country and abroad, promoting food security, income generation and employment, reducing inequalities and increasing social inclusion.

The Ministry was founded during the Brazilian Empire in 1860.  Originally named Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios da Agricultura, Comércio e Obras Públicas, the body was extinguished in the early years of the First Brazilian Republic and re-established in 1906 as the Ministerio dos Negocios da Agricultura, Industria e Commercio. In 1930, it was renamed the Ministério da Agricultura.
Saclà
Fratelli Saclà S.p.A. is a multinational Italian food company founded by Secondo Ercole
and his wife Piera Campanella in Asti, Piedmont, in north-west Italy in 1923.

Saclà focuses its international product range primarily on pasta sauces, notably pesto, alongside a smaller selection of canned vegetables. In Italy, Saclà features a wider range of products including both canned vegetables and various pestos, which are the only pasta sauces offered domestically.

As of 2024, Saclà which is still run by the founding family, with a current CEO from the third generation, Chiara Ercole, daughter of Lorenzo and granddaughter of the founders, is part of the consortium company Almaverde Bio Italia Srl specialized in the production of organic products.

Organic product
An organic product is made from materials produced by organic agriculture. Most well known organic products are organic food items, however clothing and personal care items can also be made with organic agriculture.

Many countries have strict consumer safety regulations to protect consumers from consuming harmful products. These agencies often certify cultivated products as organic. The United States uses USDA certification through the National Organic Program to define products as organic. According to USDA, in order for a product to be considered organic, several standards must be met. The National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances details synthetic and non-synthetic substances that can be used in the process of producing organic products. Operations involving these organic products must be "protecting natural resources, conserving biodiversity, and using only approved substances."