hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Geoffrey K. Pullum
Geoffrey Keith Pullum (/ˈpʊləm/; born 8 March 1945) is a British and American linguist specialising in the study of English. Pullum has published over 300 articles and books on various topics in linguistics, including phonology, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, computational linguistics, and philosophy of language. He is Professor Emeritus of General Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh.

Pullum is a co-author of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002), a comprehensive descriptive grammar of English. He co-founded Language Log and is a contributor to Lingua Franca at The Chronicle of Higher Education, often criticizing prescriptive rules and linguistic myths.

Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language is the philosophical study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, indexicality, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought.

Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell were pivotal figures in analytic philosophy's "linguistic turn". These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle, logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.
Education in Maharashtra
Modern education was introduced to Maharashtra region during the 19th century by British colonial administration. 
Census of 2011 showed literacy rates in the state for males and females were around 78% and 67% respectively.
Education at different levels in the state is provided by the state, government supported charities, or private institutions. There are also a number of institutes offering vocational training.

College of Engineering, Pune
The College of Engineering Pune (COEP) Technological University is a unitary public university of the Government of Maharashtra, situated in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Established in 1854, it is the 3rd oldest engineering education institute in India, after the College of Engineering, Guindy (1794) and IIT Roorkee (1847). The students and alumni are colloquially referred to as COEPians.
On 23 June 2022, the Government of Maharashtra issued a notification regarding upgrading the college to an independent technological university. On 24 March 2022, both the houses of the state government passed the CoEP Technological University bill, which has conferred a unitary state university status on the institute.
Yesler Creek
47°39′25″N 122°17′17″W﻿ / ﻿47.65694°N 122.28806°W﻿ / 47.65694; -122.28806

Yesler Creek is a stream that originates in the Bryant and Wedgwood neighborhoods of Seattle, Washington, and flows southward to empty into Union Bay of Lake Washington.  Portions are daylighted, such as those flowing between 39th and 40th Avenue NE and through Burke Gilman Park.  The stream also continues underground underneath Seattle Children's Hospital.

Seattle Children's
Seattle Children's (previously Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center; previously Children's Orthopedic Hospital) is a children's hospital in the Laurelhurst neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. The hospital specializes in the care of infants, children, teens, and young adults ranging from the ages of 0–21 in several specialties.
Professional Building
Professional Building can refer to:

Professional Building (Phoenix, Arizona), listed on the NRHP in Arizona

Professional Building (West Palm Beach, Florida), listed on the NRHP in Florida

Professional Building (Waterville, Maine), listed on the NRHP in Maine

Professional Building (Kansas City, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Missouri

Professional Building (Raleigh, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in North Carolina

Physicians and Dentists Building, also known as Professional Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, listed on the NRHP in Pennsylvania

Working Benevolent Temple and Professional Building, Greenville, SC, listed on the NRHP in South Carolina

Professional Building (Suffolk, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Virginia

Professional Building (Suffolk, Virginia)
Professional Building, also known as the American Bank and Trust Company building, is a historic commercial building located at Suffolk, Virginia. It was built between 1916 and 1919, and is a seven-story, steel frame building with Pyrobar fireproofing.  The building measures 35.2 feet wide by 81 feet deep.  It is 80 feet tall and has Colonial Revival style architectural details.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.  It is located in the Suffolk Historic District.
Gyurma
Gyurma is a blood sausage made with yak or sheep's blood in Tibetan cuisine. Rice or roasted barley flour can be added as filler. The sausage uses natural yak or sheep casing (intestine). This sausage is also consumed in the region of Sikkim, Bhutan, Uttrakhand and Ladakh in India and Himalayan regions of Nepal.

Yak
The yak (Bos grunniens), also known as the Tartary ox, grunting ox, hairy cattle, sarlak or sarlyk, or domestic yak, is a species of long-haired domesticated cattle found throughout the Himalayan region, the Tibetan Plateau, Tajikistan, the Pamir Mountains, and as far north as Mongolia and Siberia. It is descended from the wild yak (Bos mutus).
Design on a Dime
Design on a Dime is a decorating television series that aired on HGTV from 2003 to 2013. In this long-running series, a design team demonstrates how problem areas can be revitalized on a budget of only $1,000. The show was based in Chicago, IL. and featured a rotation of design teams and hosts. Later episodes featured designer Casey Noble (a season five Design Star contestant) using innovative solutions to the toughest makeover scenarios and with a bigger budget of $2,500. There were a few variations, including episodes highlighting a $3,000 wedding, Christmas, a special "Etsy" episode, and more.

Wedding
A wedding is a ceremony in which two people are united in marriage. Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures, ethnicities, races, religions, denominations, countries, social classes, and sexual orientations. Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of marriage vows by a couple; a presentation of a gift (e.g., an offering, rings, a symbolic item, flowers, money, or a dress); and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure or celebrant. Special wedding garments are often worn, and the ceremony is sometimes followed by a wedding reception. Music, poetry, prayers, or readings from religious texts or literature are also commonly incorporated into the ceremony, as well as superstitious customs.
With Me (Destiny's Child song)
"With Me" is a song recorded by American group Destiny's Child for their eponymous debut studio album (1998). The song was produced by Jermaine Dupri and Manuel Seal Jr., and contains elements of Master P's song "Freak Hoes". According to the group, "With Me" was written as an answer song to Usher's "You Make Me Wanna...".

"With Me" was released on April 20, 1998, as the second and final single from Destiny's Child by Columbia Records. Critically acclaimed, it was a moderate commercial success, peaking at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart.

Master P
Percy Robert Miller (born April 29, 1970), better known by his stage name Master P, is an American rapper, actor, and entrepreneur. He founded No Limit Records in 1991, which was relaunched into the spin-off labels New No Limit Records and No Limit Forever Records. Miller gained fame in the mid-1990s as a member of the label's hip hop group TRU,and 504 Boyz as well as his fifth solo album, Ice Cream Man (1996), and its namesake lead single. His 1997 single, "Make 'Em Say Uhh!" received platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

In total, Miller has released 15 studio albums.
Iqbaal Ramadhan
Iqbaal Dhiafakhri Ramadhan (born 28 December 1999) is an Indonesian actor and singer. He is best known as an ex-member of the Indonesian boy band CJR (also known as Coboy Junior, and for his leading role in Dilan 1990 (2018). In 2018, he won the Variety Asian Star: Up Next award at the International Film Festival & Awards Macao for his role in that drama.

Columbia Journalism Review
The Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) is a biannual magazine for professional journalists that has been published by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism since 1961. Its original purpose was "to assess the performance of journalism in all its forms, to call attention to its shortcomings and strengths, and to help define—or redefine—standards of honest, responsible service." The CJR's contents include news and media industry trends, analysis, professional ethics, and stories behind news.

In 2015, the CJR announced that the publishing frequency of the print magazine was being reduced from six to two issues per year in order to focus on its digital operations.
Eric Devenport
Christianity portal

Eric Nash Devenport (3 May 1926 – 10 November 2012) was Bishop of Dunwich from 1980 to 1992.

Devenport was born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent. He attended the Lichfield Cathedral choir school until the family moved to Durham. His training at Kelham Hall theological college was interrupted by National Service in the Royal Navy. He was also educated at the Open University. After ordination he held curacies at St Mark's Church, Leicester and  St Matthew, Barrow-in-Furness. Following this he was Succentor at  Leicester Cathedral, then Vicar of Shepshed and finally (before his ordination to the episcopate)  Leader of Mission for the Diocese of Leicester. He resigned in 1992 and  became Archdeacon of Italy and Malta and Chaplain of St Mark's, Florence, a post he held for five years.

In retirement he was an assistant bishop in the Norwich Diocese until his death in 2012.

Diocese of Norwich
The Diocese of Norwich is an ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Church of England, forming part of the Province of Canterbury in England. Its origins trace back to the early medieval bishopric of Elmham and Thetford, which were subsequently merged and relocated to Norwich in 1095 under Bishop Herbert de Losinga. Historically, the diocese has overseen numerous parishes across Norfolk and Suffolk, and it played a significant role in the religious and political developments of medieval England. Today, it continues to function as an important administrative and spiritual centre within the Anglican Church.
Kermack–McKendrick theory
Kermack–McKendrick theory is a hypothesis that predicts the number and distribution of cases of an immunizing infectious disease over time as it is transmitted through a population based on characteristics of infectivity and recovery, under a strong-mixing assumption. Building on the research of Ronald Ross and Hilda Hudson, A. G. McKendrick and W. O. Kermack published their theory in a set of three articles from 1927, 1932, and 1933.  Kermack–McKendrick theory is one of the sources of the SIR model and other related compartmental models.  This theory
was the first to explicitly account for the dependence of infection characteristics and transmissibility on the age of infection.
Because of their seminal importance to the field of theoretical epidemiology, these articles were republished in the Bulletin of Mathematical Biology in 1991.

Society for Mathematical Biology
The Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB) is an international association co-founded in 1972 in the United States by George Karreman, Herbert Daniel Landahl and (initially chaired) by Anthony Bartholomay for the furtherance of joint scientific activities between Mathematics and Biology research communities. The society publishes the Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, as well as the quarterly SMB newsletter.
Sulm (Germany)
The Sulm (German pronunciation: [zʊlm] ⓘ) is a river in the Heilbronn district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is an unnavigable right tributary of the Neckar. It rises in the Löwenstein Mountains and after 26.3 kilometres (16.3 mi) distance and 315 metres (1,033 ft) elevation drop flows into the Neckar at Bad Friedrichshall, near Untereisesheim and Neckarsulm. Its valley together with its tributary valleys is also known as the Weinsberg Valley (Weinsberger Tal), after Weinsberg, which is located there. The medieval region of Sulmgau, as well as the city of Neckarsulm, were named for it. The upper valley of the Sulm is a protected area.

Heilbronn
Heilbronn (German pronunciation: [haɪlˈbʁɔn] ⓘ) is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, surrounded by the Heilbronn District.

From the late Middle Ages on, it developed into an important trading centre. At the beginning of the 19th century, Heilbronn became one of the centres of early industrialisation in Württemberg. Heilbronn's old town was completely destroyed during the air raid of 4 December 1944 and rebuilt in the 1950s. Today Heilbronn is the economic centre of the Heilbronn-Franken region.

Heilbronn is known for its wine industry and is nicknamed Käthchenstadt, after Heinrich von Kleist's Das Käthchen von Heilbronn.

In October 2025, Heilbronn was named the European Green Capital for 2027.
Nemo (magazine)
Nemo, the Classic Comics Library was a magazine devoted to the history and creators of vintage comic strips. Created by comics historian Rick Marschall, it was published between 1983 and 1990 by Fantagraphics.

Nemo ran for 31 issues (the last being a double issue) plus one annual. Most issues were edited by Marschall. The title was taken from the classic comic strip Little Nemo. While some issues were thematic, most were a mix of articles, interviews, comic strip reprints and more.

Marschall later co-founded another magazine about comics, Hogan's Alley.

Rube Goldberg
Reuben Garrett Lucius Goldberg (July 4, 1883 – December 7, 1970) was an American cartoonist, sculptor, author, engineer, and inventor.

Goldberg is best known for his popular cartoons depicting complicated gadgets performing simple tasks in indirect, convoluted ways. The cartoons led to the expression "Rube Goldberg machines" to describe similar gadgets and processes. Goldberg received many honors in his lifetime, including a Pulitzer Prize for political cartooning in 1948, the National Cartoonists Society's Gold T-Square Award in 1955, and the Banshees' Silver Lady Award in 1959. He was a founding member and first president of the National Cartoonists Society, which hosts the annual Reuben Award, honoring the top cartoonist of the year and named after Goldberg, who won the award in 1967. He is the inspiration for international competitions known as Rube Goldberg Machine Contests, which challenge participants to create a complicated machine to perform a simple task.
Reindert de Favauge
Romain "Reindert" Henri Theodor David de Favauge (22 December 1872 – 8 October 1949) was a Dutch sport shooter who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Bergen op Zoom and died in Bloemendaal.

In 1908, he finished fourth with the Dutch team in the team trap shooting event. In the individual trap competition he finished 22nd. Twelve years later, he finished sixth as a member of the Dutch team in the team clay pigeons event.

Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's team trap
The men's team clay pigeons was a shooting sports event held as part of the Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance of the event. The competition was held on 22 and 23 July 1920. 48 shooters from eight nations competed.

The International Olympic Committee medal database shows Frederick Plum as medalist for the United States but he did not compete in this event. The correct medalist is Jay Clark.
Lawrence Van Gelder
Lawrence Ralph Van Gelder (February 17, 1933 – March 11, 2016) was an American journalist and instructor in journalism who worked at several different New York City-based newspapers in his long career. Until 2010, he was a senior editor of the Arts and Leisure weekly section of The New York Times, as well as a film critic.  Among the newspapers for which Van Gelder worked were the New York Daily Mirror, the New York Daily News, the New York World-Telegram and Sun and the World-Journal-Tribune.

Biologist Richard Van Gelder was his brother and Gordon Van Gelder, the editor and publisher of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, a nephew. Van Gelder graduated from Columbia University in 1953 (Columbia College (New York) and Columbia Law School). He began working at the Times in May 1967.

Lawrence Van Gelder died of leiomyosarcoma on March 11, 2016, aged 83.

New York World Journal Tribune
The New York World Journal Tribune (WJT) was an evening daily newspaper published in New York City from September 1966 until May 1967. The World Journal Tribune represented an attempt to save the heritages of several historic New York City newspapers by merging the city's three mid-market papers (the Journal-American, the World-Telegram and Sun and the Herald Tribune) together into a consolidated newspaper.
Desertmartin GAC
Saint Martin's GAC Desertmartin (Irish: CLG Naomh Mhartain Diseart Mhartain) is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Desertmartin, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The club is a member of Derry GAA and currently caters for Gaelic football and Ladies' Gaelic football.

The club has won the Derry Senior Football Championship once in its history and appeared in four finals. Underage teams up to U-12s play in South Derry league and championships, the U-14 team and upwards compete in All-Derry competitions.

Derry Intermediate Football Championship
The Derry Intermediate Football Championship (currently also known for sponsorship reasons as the M&L Contracts Derry Intermediate Football Championship) is an annual competition between the mid-tier Gaelic football clubs affiliated to Derry GAA.
Cyril Ramond
Cyril Ramond (born February 12, 1980) is a French professional football player. Currently, he plays in the Championnat National for Rodez AF.

He played on the professional level in Ligue 1 for Montpellier HSC, Ligue 2 for ASOA Valence, Montpellier HSC, AS Nancy and Stade Brestois 29 and Belgian First Division for K. Sint-Truidense V.V.

In March 2006, Ramond and two other players were questioned by the police as part of an investigation into match-fixing.

Sint-Truidense V.V.
Koninklijke Sint-Truidense Voetbalvereniging (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə sɪnˈtrœydə(n)sə ˈvudbɑlvərˌeːnəɣɪŋ]), commonly known as Sint-Truiden or STVV (pronounced [ˌɛsteːveːˈveː]) or by their nickname De Kanaries (pronounced [də kaːˈnaːris]), is a Belgian professional football club located in the city of Sint-Truiden in Limburg.  Sint-Truiden plays in the Belgian Pro League.

Their best ranking was a second place in 1965–66. They also reached the final of the Belgian Cup twice. The club was founded in 1924. They are matricule number 373. The club colours are yellow and blue, hence their nickname De Kanaries, meaning 'The Canaries'. They have played their home games at the Stayen since 1927.
Warburg–Christian method
The Warburg–Christian method is an ultraviolet spectroscopic protein and nucleic acid assay method based on the absorbance of UV light at 260 nm and 280 nm wavelengths.  Proteins generally absorb light at 280 nanometers due to the presence of tryptophan and tyrosine.  Nucleic acids absorb more at 260 nm, primarily due to purine and pyrimidine bases. The Warburg–Christian method combines measurements at these wavelengths to estimate the amounts of protein and nucleic acid present. Original description of the method appeared in 1941.

The method is named for its creators, the German cancer researcher Otto Heinrich Warburg, Nobel Prize winner, and his employee Walter Christian of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin.

Absorbance
In spectroscopy, absorbance (abbreviated as A) is a logarithmic value which describes the portion of a beam of light which does not pass through a sample. Whilst the name refers to the absorption of light, other interactions of light with a sample (reflection, scattering) may also contribute to attenuation of the beam passing through the sample. The term "internal absorbance" is sometimes used to describe beam attenuation caused by absorption, while "attenuance" or "experimental absorbance" can be used to emphasize that beam attenuation can be caused by other phenomena.
Gold Ridge, Georgia
Gold Ridge is the historical name of an unincorporated community in Cherokee County, Georgia, United States.

The area was settled in the mid-1800s and is located between Canton and the Sixes community, home to the now-defunct Sixes Gold Mine.  Gold Ridge is located in the Georgia Gold Belt, which runs southwest to northeast along the southern edge of the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Gold Ridge is located between Georgia State Route 20 (Knox Bridge Highway), Marietta Highway (former Georgia State Route 5), the Sixes community and the Etowah River / Lake Allatoona. Bells Ferry Road (former Georgia State Route 205), Ridge Road and Butterworth Road traverse the area, which is now mostly residential.

Gold Ridge ("Goldridge") had its own post office in the early 1900s.

Foothills
Foothills or piedmont are geographically defined as gradual increases in elevation at the base of a mountain range, higher hill range or an upland area. They are a transition zone between plains and low relief hills and the adjacent topographically higher mountains, hills, and uplands.  Frequently foothills consist of alluvial fans, coalesced alluvial fans, and dissected plateaus.
Vernon Mount
Vernon Mount (sometimes Vernon Mount House or Mount Vernon) is a ruined Georgian manor house in Cork, Ireland. It was built between the 1780s and early 1790s to designs attributed to Abraham Hargrave. Originally built for the merchant Hayes family, the house was named for Mount Vernon, the home of US president George Washington. Passing through several owners, the house remained largely disused and subject to deterioration from the late 20th century. It was included in the Record of Monuments and Places by the National Monuments Service, and on the Record of Protected Structures for Cork County Council. It remained largely intact until 2016, when a significant fire largely gutted the house, and the building was subsequently listed on the derelict sites register. In 2021, the building was subject to a funding request for stabilisation works due to "risk of collapse".

Irish Georgian Society
The Irish Georgian Society is an architectural heritage and preservation organisation which promotes and aims to encourage an interest in the conservation of distinguished examples of architecture and the allied arts of all periods across Ireland, and records and publishes relevant material. The aims of this membership organisation are pursued by documenting, education, fundraising, grant issuance, planning process participation, lobbying, and member activities; in its first decades, it also conducted considerable hands-on restoration activities.
New Kingman-Butler, Arizona
New Kingman-Butler is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mohave County, Arizona, United States, directly north of and bordering the city of Kingman. The population was 12,907 as of the 2020 census.

Kingman, Arizona
Kingman is a city in and the county seat of Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It is named after Lewis Kingman, an engineer for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The population was 32,693 at the 2020 census.