hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Social equilibrium
In sociology, a system is said to be in social equilibrium when there is a dynamic working balance among its interdependent parts. Each subsystem will adjust to any change in the other subsystems and will continue to do so until an equilibrium is retained. The process of achieving equilibrium will only work if the changes happen slowly. Rapid changes would tend to throw the social system into chaos, unless and until a new equilibrium can be reached.

Social change
Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society which may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations. Sustained at a larger scale, it may lead to social transformation or societal transformation.
Chiselhampton
Chiselhampton is a village in the civil parish of Stadhampton, on the River Thame, in the South Oxfordshire district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England. It is about 6 miles (10 km) southeast of Oxford. In 1931 the parish named Chislehampton had a population of 136. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Stadhampton.

West gallery music
West gallery music, also known as Georgian psalmody, refers to the sacred music (metrical psalms, with a few hymns and anthems) sung and played in Church of England parish churches, as well as nonconformist chapels, from 1700 to around 1850. In the late 1980s, west gallery music experienced a revival and is now sung by several west gallery "quires" (choirs).

The term "west gallery" derives from the wooden galleries which in the 18th century were constructed at the west end of typical churches, and from which gallery the choir would perform. Churches were built in a standard layout, with the nave running from east-west away from the altar, so that the west gallery or choir, would face the altar, the same way as, but above, the church-goers. Victorians disapproved of the Georgian galleries, and most were removed during restorations in the 19th century.
Aversor
Aversor is an extinct genus of embolomere which lived in the Early Permian of Russia. It contains a single species, Aversor dmitrievi, which is based on skull and jaw fragments from the Intinskaya Svita (Inta Formation) near Pechora. It may have been the youngest known eogyrinid, and was the youngest known embolomere until the discovery of Seroherpeton, a Late Permian embolomere described in 2020. Aversor and Seroherpeton both lived at higher latitudes than older embolomeres, suggesting that the group abandoned arid equatorial areas prior to their final demise.

Pechora
Pechora (Russian: Печо́ра; Komi: Печӧра, romanized: Pećöra) is a town in the Komi Republic, Russia, located on the Pechora River, west of and near the northern Ural Mountains. The area of the town is 28.9 square kilometres (11.2 mi2).  Population:  43,105 (2010 census); 48,700 (2002 census); 64,746 (1989 Soviet census).
1939–40 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
The 1939–40 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1939–40 season. Under the first year of head coach Dwight Steussey, the team finished the season 13–10 and 6–5 in the Southern Conference. This was the 35th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary, whose nickname is now the Tribe.

The Indians finished in a tie for 8th in the conference and did not quality for the 1940 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament.

William & Mary played its first overtime game in program history in February 1940 against Washington and Lee in a 33–36 loss. Additionally, the Indians played several teams for the first time this season, including St. Francis (NY), Seton Hall, The Citadel, and Furman.

1940 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament
The 1940 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament took place from February 29–March 2, 1940, at Thompson Gym in Raleigh, North Carolina. The North Carolina Tar Heels won their seventh Southern Conference title, led by head coach Bill Lange.
Bugzilla
Bugzilla is a web-based general-purpose bug tracking system and testing tool originally developed and used by the Mozilla project, and licensed under the Mozilla Public License.

Released as open-source software by Netscape Communications in 1998, it has been adopted by a variety of organizations for use as a bug tracking system for both free and open-source software and proprietary projects and products. Bugzilla is used, among others, by the Mozilla Foundation, WebKit, Linux kernel, FreeBSD, KDE, Apache and LibreOffice. Red Hat uses it, but is gradually migrating its product to use Jira. It is also self-hosting.

Proprietary software
Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.

Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.
White Order of Thule
The White Order of Thule was a loosely organized American society formed in the mid-1990s by federal prisoner Peter Georgacarakos, art school graduate Michael Lujan and New Age occultist Joseph Kerrick. It described itself as an "esoteric brotherhood working toward the revitalization of the Culture-Soul of the European people". The Southern Poverty Law Center has described it as a racist hate group based in Deer Park, Washington. The group ceased publication of their newsletter Crossing the Abyss (for the first issue it was called simply "The Abyss") and announced that they were disbanding in 2000.

In 2005, a White Order of Thule blog was founded by Moody Lawless of the United Kingdom which was discontinued by 2011. This website reproduced much of the original material printed by the group in addition to new material.

Hate group
the white nationalist Celtic cross

the Winged Odal

the white power raised fist

the Iron Cross with the Nazi swastika

the SS Sig runes

the SS Totenkopf

A hate group is a social group that advocates and practices hatred, animosity, hostility, malice, and/or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, nation, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, or any other designated sector of society.

According to the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a hate group's "primary purpose is to promote animosity, hostility, and malice against persons belonging to a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin which differs from that of the members of the organization."
1992 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1992 in the United Kingdom. This year was the Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

This year is notable for a fourth-term general election victory for the Conservative Party; "Black Wednesday" (16 September), the suspension of the UK's membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism; and an annus horribilis for the Royal Family.

John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
Edward John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer (24 January 1924 – 29 March 1992), styled Viscount Althorp until June 1975, was a British peer, military officer, and courtier. He was the father of Diana, Princess of Wales, and the maternal grandfather of William, Prince of Wales, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.
AXN White
AXN White is a channel operated by Sony Pictures Television International Networks Europe. Its programming is focused on comedy and romantic television series and movies. The channel was launched in Portugal on 14 April 2012 and in Spain on 7 May 2012 replacing Sony Entertainment Television. The channel replaced AXN Crime on 1 October 2013 in Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Moldova.

On October 3, 2017 the channel was replaced by Sony Max in Hungary. On May 1, 2023 the channel was replaced by AXN Movies in Spain. In 1 September 2023, German channel Sony Channel was renamed as AXN White.

Colin McAllister and Justin Ryan
Colin Lewis McAllister and Justin Patrick Ryan are Scottish interior decorators and television presenters. The couple have been romantic partners since 1985 and entered into a civil partnership in 2008.

The pair have hosted and appeared in numerous home improvement television shows in both the United Kingdom and Canada.
Para-Methoxyamphetamine
para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA), also known as 4-methoxyamphetamine (4-MA), is a designer drug of the amphetamine class with serotonergic effects. Unlike other similar drugs of this family, PMA does not produce stimulant, euphoriant, or entactogenic effects, and behaves more like an antidepressant in comparison, though it does have some psychedelic properties.

PMA has been found in tablets touted as MDMA (ecstasy) although its effects are markedly different compared to those of MDMA. The consequences of such deception have often included hospitalization and death for unwitting users. PMA is commonly synthesized from anethole, the flavor compound of anise and fennel, mainly because the starting material for MDMA, safrole, has become less available due to law enforcement action, causing illicit drug manufacturers to use anethole as an alternative.

Anise
Anise (/ˈænɪs/; Pimpinella anisum), also called aniseed or rarely anix, is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia.

The flavor and aroma of its seeds have similarities with some other spices and herbs, such as star anise, fennel, liquorice, and tarragon. It is widely cultivated and used to flavor food, candy, and alcoholic drinks, especially around the Mediterranean.
Axon (surname)
Axon is an English surname. Notable people with this surname include the following:

Annemarie Carney Axon, American judge

David Axon (1951–2012), British astrophysicist

John Axon (1900–1957), English engine driver awarded the George Cross

John Axon (actor) (1960–2008), English actor; grandson of John Axon the engine driver

Rachael Axon (b. 1985), English footballer

William Axon (1846–1913), English antiquary

John Axon
John Axon (4 December 1900 – 9 February 1957) was an English train driver from Stockport (Edgeley Depot) who died while trying to stop a runaway freight train on a 1 in 58 gradient at Chapel-en-le-Frith in Derbyshire after a brake failure. The train consisted of an ex-LMS Stanier Class 8F 2-8-0 No. 48188 hauling 33 wagons and a brake van.
Patricia Spears Jones
Patricia Spears Jones (born 1951) is an American poet. She is the author of five books of poetry. Jones is the editor of "The Future Differently Imagined", an issue of About Place Journal, the online publication of Black Earth Institute. Previously, she was the co-editor for Ordinary Women: Poems of New York City Women. Her poem "Beuys and the Blonde" was nominated for a Pushcart Prize. Jones was the winner of the Jackson Poetry Prize for 2017, and she was the 2020 Louis D. Rubin Jr. Writer-in-Residence at Hollins University.

A native of Forrest City, Arkansas, Jones lives in New York City. She received her BA degree from Rhodes College in 1973, and her MFA from Vermont College in 1992. She has been a constant presence in the New York writing community.

Hollins University
Hollins University is a private university in Hollins, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1842 as Valley Union Seminary in the historical settlement of Botetourt Springs, it is one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the US.

Hollins enrolls about 800 undergraduate and graduate students. As Virginia's first chartered women's college, undergraduate programs are female-only. Men are admitted to the graduate-level programs.
Lya De Putti
Lya de Putti (born Amália Helena Mária Róza Putti; Hungarian: Putti Amália Helena Mária Róza, 10 January 1896 – 27 November 1931) was a Hungarian film actress during the silent era. She was noted for her portrayals of vamp characters.

The Sorrows of Satan (1926 film)
The Sorrows of Satan is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith, and based on the 1895 allegorical horror novel The Sorrows of Satan by Marie Corelli.

Reportedly Griffith did not want to do this project, but as his first Paramount Pictures assignment he was not given a choice. However, the film turned out to be one of Griffith's most fully realized works and its critical stock has risen considerably in the last several decades.

The film featured Carol Dempster in her final screen role, although she lived until 1991.
Godna
Godna, also known as Khoda, is an ancient traditional form of tattoo art originating from the tribal communities of Northern and Central India, and present in their diasporas. These tattoos are characterized by intricate designs and vivid colors, often depicting elements of nature, mythology, and daily life. They are exclusive to women.

Bhunjia
Bhunjias are an ethnic group found in India mainly who reside in Sunabeda plateau in Odisha and Chhattisgarh. They are mostly found in Nuapada district, which is roughly between 22° 55′ N and 21° 30′ N latitude and 82° 35′ E longitude. It was a part of Khariar Zamindari, which formed the eastern and the southeastern region of Raipur district of Chhattisgarh division in Central Province till 1 April 1936, when it was transferred to Odisha on its creation. It is now in Komna block of Nuapada district in Orissa. In Chhattisgarh they are found in Raipur district.
Katherine McCall Anderson
Katherine Edith McCall Anderson RRC & Bar (5 January 1866 – 7 April 1924) was a leading civilian and military matron, receiving the Royal Red Cross (RRC) award for her service in the Second Boer War and the RRC Bar for her service in World War I.

Royal Red Cross
The Royal Red Cross (RRC) is a military decoration awarded in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth for exceptional services in military nursing. It was created in 1883, and the first two awards were to Florence Nightingale and Jane Cecilia Deeble. Deeble had served in Zulu Kingdom and the Colony of Natal during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879, and she had noted that the work of the nurses was not recognised officially.
Mount Dowe
Mount Dowe is a mountain in the North West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of an old shield volcano that was active around 18 million years ago. With an elevation of 1,457 metres (4,780 ft) above sea level, Mount Dowe is the second highest mountain in the Nandewar Range, only being just short of Mount Kaputar, at 1,508 metres (4,948 ft) above sea level.

On the mountain peak are television and radio transmitters which broadcast to locations such as Moree, Tamworth, Gunnedah and Narrabri as it provides a prime location to give television coverage to vast areas in the North West Slopes and Plains region.

The summit of Mount Dowe is often 10 °C (18 °F) colder than the valley floor. Mount Dowe can also receive snow during winter but usually this is only a light dusting.

Australian Height Datum
The Australian Height Datum was introduced in 1971 as the official vertical datum for Australia, and thereby serves as the benchmark to which all height measurements are referred. The Australian Height Datum is an amalgamation of decades of spirit levelling work conducted by numerous state and territory authorities across the country, and was corrected to align with the mean sea level observations of thirty tide gauges positioned around the entire coastline. While it remains the published vertical datum for all surveying and engineering operations performed throughout Australia, newer technologies have uncovered numerous deficiencies, offsets and distortions within the Australian Height Datum, leading to discussions about defining a new Australian vertical datum.
Dhola Post
Dhola Post was a border post set up by the Indian Army in June 1962 at a location called Che Dong (Chinese: 扯冬; pinyin: Chě dōng) in the Namka Chu river valley disputed by China and India. The area is now generally accepted to be north of the McMahon Line as drawn on the treaty map of 1914, though it is to the south of the Thagla Ridge, where India held the McMahon Line to lie.

On 20 September 1962, amidst various border tensions, the post was attacked by Chinese forces from the Thagla Ridge, sporadic fighting continued until 20 October when an all-out attack was launched by China leading to the Sino-Indian War. Facing an overwhelming force, the Indian Army evacuated the Dhola Post as well as the entire area of Tawang, retreating to Sela and Bomdila. After the war, the post was left unoccupied until the 1986 Sumdorong Chu standoff, after which the area was again strengthened by the Indian Army.

John Dalvi
Brigadier John Parashuram Dalvi (3 July 1920 – October 1974) was an Indian Army officer. During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, he was the commander of the Indian 7th Brigade, which was destroyed, leading Dalvi to be captured by the People's Liberation Army on 22 October 1962.
RNAS Longside
RNAS Longside is a former Royal Naval Air Service airship station located 3.2 miles (5.1 km) south of Longside, Aberdeenshire and 3.7 miles (6.0 km) north of Hatton, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was constructed in 1915 and was operational from 1916 until 1920 when the extensive buildings were demolished. It is sometimes referred to as RNAS Lenabo particularly by locals who termed the airships 'Lenobo Soo' a reference to the name of the area combined with the local dialect for a pig. It was the most northerly air ship station in mainland Britain. The air ships also used a small mooring site near Montrose in bad weather. The remit was to patrol the shipping lanes in the North Sea and the north east coast.

Since the airship station was decommissioned, it has been used as a forestry plantation and there is little indication of its former use.

Hatton, Aberdeenshire
Hatton (occasionally Hatton of Cruden) is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland that lies on the A90 road, approximately equidistant from both Ellon and Peterhead.

It has a biscuit factory that was once called Simmers – it was Hatton's only claim to fame, as it supplied biscuits to such upmarket shops as Marks and Spencers. However, it was purchased by McVities and then acquired by Murdoch Allan and Sons. It also has a shop, a village hall, a primary school and small park.
1951–52 Svenska mästerskapet (men's handball)
The 1950–51 Svenska mästerskapet was the 21st and final season of Svenska mästerskapet, a tournament held to determine the Swedish Champions of men's handball. Starting in the following season, the title of Swedish Champions would be awarded to the winners of Allsvenskan. The tournament was contested by all Allsvenskan teams and all District Champions, along with invited teams from Division II. 32 teams competed in the tournament. AIK were the defending champions, but were defeated by IFK Kristianstad in the final. IFK Kristianstad won their third title. The final was played in Sporthallen in Kristianstad and was watched by 1,272 spectators.

IFK Lidingö
IFK Lidingö is a Swedish sports club, part of the IFK system, based on the island of Lidingö outside Stockholm. Although the club takes part in numerous sports, it is most famous for its football, athletics and orienteering sections. The football team are called IFK Lidingö FK.

The club was founded in 1932 and in 1985 it became an alliance club with independent sections. It currently has 400 members, most of them under around 15 years of age. The club arranges Lidingöloppet, which attracts nationwide attention.
Jerzy Owsiak
Jerzy Zbigniew Owsiak (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjɛʐɨ ˈɔfɕak]; born 6 October 1953) is a Polish journalist and social campaigner. He is the founder of the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity (WOŚP / Wielka Orkiestra Świątecznej Pomocy), one of the largest non-governmental, non-profit charity organizations in Poland. Owsiak is the main initiator and promoter for the group's Grand Finale, an annual worldwide festival where money is raised for the medical care of children as well as the elderly suffering from various medical conditions. He is also the creator of the annual Pol'and'Rock Festival, formerly known as Przystanek Woodstock ("Woodstock Festival"), the largest annual music festival in Poland, and one of the largest annual music festivals in the world.

Owsiak is married to Lidia Niedźwiedzka-Owsiak, the Medical Affairs Director for WOŚP. He is also a stained glass maker, and has qualifications in psychotherapy.

Jarocin Festival
The Jarocin Festival is a rock music festival in Poland. In the 1980s, it was one of the biggest and most important rock music festivals in Europe, and by far the biggest festival of alternative music in the Warsaw Pact countries. Following reduced popularity in the 1990s after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, it was closed in 1994, but was revived in 2005 and continues to this day.
2023 Open Aix Provence – Doubles
Titouan Droguet and Kyrian Jacquet were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Jason Kubler and John Peers won the title after defeating Nuno Borges and Francisco Cabral 6–7(5–7), 6–4, [10–7] in the final.

Jason Kubler
Jason Murray Kubler (/ˈkuːblər/ KOOB-lər; born 19 May 1993) is an Australian professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 63 achieved on 24 April 2023 and a best doubles ranking of No. 27 reached on 22 May 2023. His best career achievement was a major doubles title at the 2023 Australian Open, with compatriot Rinky Hijikata.

Despite a promising junior career, which included the junior world No. 1 ranking and comparisons to Rafael Nadal, Kubler has spent the majority of his professional career on the lower circuits due to a hereditary knee condition that results in weakened meniscus around the joints. The condition has plagued Kubler throughout his career, resulting in seven knee surgeries. Kubler also spent four years of his professional career playing exclusively on clay courts to avoid further structural damage to his knees.
Müller (surname)
Müller (German pronunciation: [ˈmʏlɐ] ⓘ; Czech and Slovak feminine: Müllerová) is a German-language surname, meaning 'miller' (as a profession). It is the most common family surname in Germany, Switzerland, and the French departments of Bas-Rhin and Moselle (with the spelling Müller, Mueller or Muller) and is the fifth most common surname in Austria (see List of most common surnames in Europe). Other forms are Miller (mainly Southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland) and Möller (Northern and Central Germany and the Netherlands).

Carl Wilhelm Müller
Carl Wilhelm Müller, also Karl Wilhelm Müller, (15 September 1728 in Knauthain – 28 February 1801 in Leipzig) served as mayor of the city of Leipzig several times from 1778 until his death. In this role, he made a particular contribution to the school system and urban development of Leipzig.
Criticism of Human Rights Watch
The international non-governmental organization Human Rights Watch (HRW) has been the subject of extensive criticism from a number of observers. Critics of HRW include the national governments it has investigated, the media, and its former chairman Robert L. Bernstein.

The criticism generally falls into the category of alleged bias, frequently in response to critical HRW reports. Bias allegations include the organization's being influenced by United States government policy, particularly in relation to reporting on Yugoslavia, Latin America, and the misrepresentation of human-rights issues in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Accusations in relation to the Arab–Israeli conflict include claims that HRW is biased against Israel. HRW has publicly responded to criticism of its reporting on Latin America and the Arab–Israeli conflict.

Sarah Leah Whitson
Sarah Leah Whitson is an American lawyer and the executive director of Democracy for the Arab World Now (DAWN). She previously served as director of the Middle East and North Africa division of Human Rights Watch.