hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Limiting amplitude principle
In mathematics, the limiting amplitude principle is a concept from operator theory and scattering theory used for choosing a particular solution to the Helmholtz equation. The choice is made by considering a particular time-dependent problem of the forced oscillations due to the action of a periodic force.
The principle was introduced by Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov and Alexander Andreevich Samarskii.
It is closely related to the limiting absorption principle (1905) and the Sommerfeld radiation condition (1912).
The terminology -- both the limiting absorption principle and the limiting amplitude principle -- was introduced by Aleksei Sveshnikov.

Helmholtz equation
In mathematics, the Helmholtz equation is the eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator. It corresponds to the elliptic partial differential equation:

where ∇2 is the Laplace operator, –k2 is the eigenvalue, and f is the (eigen)function. When the equation is applied to waves, k is known as the wave number. The Helmholtz equation has a variety of applications in physics and other sciences, including the wave equation, the diffusion equation, and the Schrödinger equation for a free particle.

In optics, the Helmholtz equation is the wave equation for the electric field.

The equation is named after Hermann von Helmholtz, who studied it in 1860.
Joseph G. Peterson
Joseph G. Peterson (born 1965) is an American novelist and poet from Chicago, Illinois. He grew up in Wheeling, Illinois and attended Wheeling High School. He worked at an aluminum mill and then studied philosophy at the University of Chicago. He lives in Chicago with his wife and two daughters.

From 1992-1998, he edited and published the zine Storyhead, which Factsheet Five called "a zine of stunning illustration and provocative writing that ranks among the very best." Peterson published writers such as Stu Mead, David Greenberger, and Wisława Szymborska, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize for Literature.

Wisława Szymborska
Maria Wisława Anna Szymborska (Polish: [viˈswava ʂɨmˈbɔrska]; 2 July 1923 – 1 February 2012) was a Polish poet, essayist, translator, and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent (now part of Kórnik in west-central Poland), she resided in Kraków until the end of her life. In Poland, Szymborska's books have reached sales rivaling prominent prose authors, though she wrote in a poem, "Some Like Poetry" ("Niektórzy lubią poezję"), that "perhaps" two in a thousand people like poetry.

Szymborska was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality". She became better known internationally as a result. Her work has been translated into many European languages, as well as into Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, Persian and Chinese.
2016 Asian Canoe Slalom Championships
The 2016 Asian Canoe Slalom Championships was the 9th edition of the Asian Canoe Slalom Championships. The event took place from 23 to 24 April 2016 in Toyama, Japan. The event was the only Asian qualification for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Toyama (city)
Toyama (富山市, Toyama-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [toꜜ.ja.ma, to.ja.maꜜ.ɕi]) is the capital city of Toyama Prefecture, Japan, located on the coast of the Sea of Japan in the Chūbu region on central Honshū, about 200 km (120 mi) north of the city of Nagoya and 300 km (190 mi) northwest of Tokyo. As of 1 June 2019, the city had an estimated population of 415,844 in 176,643 households, and a population density of 335 persons per km2. Its total area was 1,241.77 square kilometres (479.45 sq mi). The city has been designated an environmental model city by the national government for its efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
Mieczysław Witold Gutkowski
Mieczysław Witold Gutkowski (July 9, 1893, in Szumlin – September 17, 1943, in Wilno) was a Polish lawyer, an economist  who specialized in public finance, and one of the first scholars of economic analysis of law in Poland. He was a professor at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno. He was murdered by German SS units and Lithuanian collaborators in the Ponary massacre.

Law and economics
Law and economics, or economic analysis of law, is the application of microeconomic theory to the analysis of law. The field emerged in the United States during the early 1960s, primarily from the work of scholars from the Chicago school of economics such as Aaron Director, George Stigler, and Ronald Coase. The field uses economics concepts to explain the effects of laws, assess which legal rules are economically efficient, and predict which legal rules will be promulgated. There are two major branches of law and economics. One is based on the application of the methods and theories of neoclassical economics to the positive and normative analysis of the law. The second branch focuses on an institutional analysis of law and legal institutions, with a broader focus on economic, political, and social outcomes, and overlapping with analyses of the institutions of politics and governance.
Soumiya Labani
Soumiya Labani (born 3 February 1975 in Safi) is a Moroccan long-distance runner, winner of the 23rd edition of the Marrakech Marathon with a time of 2:34:56. Soumiya competed in the marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics but did not finish the race.

Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's marathon
The women's marathon at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held on the Olympic marathon street course on 5 August.

The course started and finished on The Mall in central London. Runners completed one short circuit of 2.219 miles around part of the City of Westminster and then three longer circuits of 8 miles around Westminster, the Victoria Embankment and the City of London. The course was designed to pass many of London's best known landmarks, including Buckingham Palace, Trafalgar Square, St Paul's Cathedral, the Guildhall, Leadenhall Market, the Monument, the Tower of London and the Houses of Parliament.

Tiki Gelana from Ethiopia won the gold medal, completing the course in an Olympic record-breaking time of 2 hours 23 minutes 7 seconds. Kenya's Priscah Jeptoo finished second to win silver and Tatyana Petrova Arkhipova, representing Russia, took bronze.
Pyrone
Pyrones or pyranones are a class of heterocyclic chemical compounds. They contain an unsaturated six-membered ring, which has one oxygen atom and a carbonyl functional group. There are two isomers, denoted as 2-pyrone and 4-pyrone. The 2-pyrone (or α-pyrone) structure is a lactone and is found in nature as part of the coumarin ring system. The 4-pyrone (or γ-pyrone) structure is an ether–ketone found in some natural chemical compounds such as chromone, maltol and kojic acid.

Saturated and unsaturated compounds
A saturated compound is a chemical compound (or ion) that resists addition reactions, such as hydrogenation, oxidative addition, and the binding of a Lewis base. The term is used in many contexts and classes of chemical compounds.  Overall, saturated compounds are less reactive than unsaturated compounds. Saturation is derived from the Latin word saturare, meaning 'to fill'. An unsaturated compound is also a chemical compound (or ion) that attracts reduction reactions, such as dehydrogenation and oxidative reduction.
American School of Santo Domingo
The American School of Santo Domingo (ASSD) is an international bilingual school in Santo Domingo.

Accredited by the Dominican Ministry of Education and by AdvancED, its students graduate with a high school diploma valid in the Dominican Republic, the United States, and internationally.

Ranked #109 in the list of 1899 high schools in the country and #65 in math scores according to the state national exams

Bilingual education
In bilingual education, students are taught in two (or more) languages. It is distinct from learning a second language as a subject because both languages are used for instruction in different content areas like math, science, and history. The time spent in each language depends on the model. For example, some models focus on providing education in both languages throughout a student's entire education while others gradually transition to education in only one language. The ultimate goal of bilingual education is fluency and literacy in both languages through a variety of strategies such as translanguaging and recasting.
Rachel Chernos Lin
Rachel Chernos Lin is a Canadian politician. She is currently a Toronto City Councillor and previously was the chair of the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). On 4 November 2024, she won a by-election to replace the late Jaye Robinson on Toronto City Council. She represents Ward 15 Don Valley West. In 2018, her political career started when she was elected as a TDSB school trustee for Ward 11. She was re-elected as the Ward 11 trustee in the October 2022 municipal election. On 15 November 2022 she was elected as the TDSB’s chair. While a school board trustee, she led the board to join a class-action lawsuit against social media companies because of how their products can potentially affect students negatively. She also serves on the board of directors of the Canadian Film Centre. Chernos Lin lives in the  Don Valley West  electoral district with her husband and two children. She is Jewish and her husband is Asian.

Don Valley West (provincial electoral district)
Don Valley West is a provincial electoral district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It elects one member to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

It was created in 1999 from parts of Don Mills, York Mills, York East and Eglinton.

The riding was particularly notable in the 2007 election because John Tory, who at the time was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, was defeated by his Liberal opponent Kathleen Wynne. In February 2013, Wynne became Premier of Ontario.
Ma Jianjun
Ma Jianjun (born 8 October 1984 in Baise, Guangxi) is a male Chinese water polo player who was part of the gold medal winning team at the 2007 National Championships. He competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Baise
Baise (Chinese: 百色; pinyin: Bǎisè, Bósè; local pronunciation: paːk˧˥ ɬɐk˥), or Bose, is the westernmost prefecture-level city of Guangxi, China bordering Vietnam as well as the provinces of Guizhou and Yunnan. At the end of 2024, the registered population of the city was 4,214,900, and the resident population of the city was 3,464,700, of which the urban resident population was 1,636 million, accounting for 47.22% of the resident population (the urbanization rate of the resident population).

The name is from Youjiang Zhuang Baksaek, meaning "in, or blocking, a mountain pass". The name Bwzswz is the Zhuang transliteration of the Chinese name.
Pierre Frédéric Sarrus
Pierre Frédéric Sarrus (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ fʁedeʁik saʁy]; 10 March 1798, Saint-Affrique – 20 November 1861) was a French mathematician.

Sarrus was a professor at the University of Strasbourg, France (1826–1856) and a member of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris (1842). He is the author of several treatises, including one on the solution of numeric equations with multiple unknowns (1842); one on multiple integrals and their integrability conditions; and one on the determination of the orbits of the comets.

Sarrus discovered a mnemonic rule for solving the determinant of a 3-by-3 matrix, named rule of Sarrus. He also demonstrated the fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations. Additionally, he also developed the Sarrus linkage, the first linkage capable of transforming rotary motion into perfect straight-line motion, and vice versa. Sarrus numbers (Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2) are also named after Sarrus, who discovered the first number (341).

Lemma (mathematics)
In mathematics and other fields, a lemma (pl.: lemmas or lemmata) is a generally minor, proven proposition which is used to prove a larger statement. For that reason, it is also known as a "helping theorem" or an "auxiliary theorem". In many cases, a lemma derives its importance from the theorem it aims to prove; however, a lemma can also turn out to be more important than originally thought.
Jiangyue Road station
Jiangyue Road (Chinese: 江月路; pinyin: Jiāngyuè Lù) is a station on Line 8 of the Shanghai Metro. This station is part of the southern extension of Line 8 and opened on July 5, 2009. It is located near the junction of Puxing Highway and Jiangyue Road.

Shanghai Metro
The Shanghai Metro (Chinese: 上海地铁; pinyin: Shànghǎi Dìtiě; Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 Di6thiq7) is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, operating urban and suburban transit services to 14 of its 16 municipal districts and to the neighboring township of Huaqiao, in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.

Forming the vast majority of the broader, multi-operator Shanghai rail transit network, the Shanghai Metro system is the world's second longest metro system by route length, totaling 808 kilometres (502 mi) and the second largest system by number of stations, with 506 stations across 19 lines (408, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). It also ranks first in the world by annual ridership, with 3.88 billion rides delivered in 2019. The last daily ridership record was set on 9 March 2024, at 13.39 million rides. Ridership routinely stands at over 10 million on an average workday, accounting for 73% of trips on public transport in the city.
Sir Henry Harpur, 5th Baronet
Sir Henry Harpur, 5th Baronet (24 June 1708 – 7 June 1748) was an English baronet and politician.

He was the oldest son of Sir John Harpur, 4th Baronet, of Calke Abbey, and his wife Catherine, daughter of Thomas Crew, 2nd Baron Crew.  He was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford.

Harpur was a Tory Member of Parliament (MP) for Worcester from 1744 to 1747, and for Tamworth from  1747 until his death in 1748, aged 40.

On 2 October 1734, Harpur married Lady Caroline Manners (died 10 November 1769), daughter of the Duke of Rutland. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his second but eldest surviving son Henry (c.1739–1789).

His daughter Caroline married the Scottish MP Adam Hay.  In 1753, his widow, Lady Caroline, married Sir Robert Burdett, 4th Baronet.

Tamworth (UK Parliament constituency)
Tamworth is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament, based on the town of Tamworth in Staffordshire, England. The seat is currently represented by Sarah Edwards of the Labour Party, re-elected in the UK 2024 general election.
Mount Madonna
Mount Madonna is a prominent peak located near the southern end of the Santa Cruz Mountains in southwest Santa Clara County, California.  The iconic landmark is surrounded by a county park, and is viewable along U.S. Route 101 in South Santa Clara Valley, and California State Route 152 near Watsonville in south Santa Cruz County.

South Santa Clara Valley, California
South Santa Clara Valley is a census county division (CCD) located in south Santa Clara County, California. Commonly known as South Valley, the area covers approximately 118 square miles (310 km2), and includes the cities of Morgan Hill, San Martin, and Gilroy as well as their immediate outlying unincorporated areas.  The area is bounded by Coyote to the north, Llagas-Uvas to the west, Diablo Range to the east, and San Benito County to the south.

As of the 2010 US Census, the population was 103,477 residents of whom 47.0% were Hispanic, 40.8% non-Hispanic white, 7.6% Asian, and 4.6% of other races, with a median age of 40.5 years old.

Most residents and businesses in the area use postal zip codes from neighboring cities of Morgan Hill, San Martin, and Gilroy.  The telephone area code is 408.
Sejm Constituency no. 38
Piła, officially known as Constituency no. 38 (Polish: Okręg wyborczy nr 38), is one of the 41 constituencies of the Sejm, the lower house of the Parliament of Poland, the national legislature of Poland. The constituency was established in 2001, after a major redistricting process across Poland. It is located in the Greater Poland Voivodeship and includes the area of the following counties: Chodzież, Czarnków-Trzcianka, Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Międzychód, Nowy Tomyśl, Oborniki, Piła, Szamotuły, Wągrowiec, Wolsztyn and Złotów. The constituency's district electoral commission is located in Piła. The constituency currently elects 9 of the 460 members of the Sejm using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2023 parliamentary election it had 586,375 citizens eligible to vote.

Oborniki County
Oborniki County (Polish: powiat obornicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Oborniki, which lies 29 kilometres (18 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. The only other town in the county is Rogoźno, lying 17 km (11 mi) north-east of Oborniki.

The county covers an area of 712.65 square kilometres (275.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 55,976, out of which the population of Oborniki is 17,850, that of Rogoźno is 10,905, and the rural population is 27,221.
Willard Burleson
Willard McKenzie Burleson III (born October 9, 1965) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who served as commanding General of the Eighth United States Army and chief of staff of the ROK/US Combined Forces Command from 2020 to 2024.

Previously, Burleson served as the director of operations of the United Nations Command, ROK/US Combined Forces Command, and United States Forces Korea.

Eighth Army (United States)
The Eighth Army is a U.S. field army which commands all United States Army forces in South Korea. It is headquartered at the Camp Humphreys in the Anjeong-ri of Pyeongtaek, South Korea. Eighth Army relocated its headquarters from Yongsan to Camp Humphreys in the summer of 2017. It is the only field army in the U.S. Army. It is responsible to United States Forces Korea and United States Army, Pacific.
Woodbine, Maryland
Woodbine is an unincorporated rural community in Howard and Carroll counties, Maryland, United States. It is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area. It is located southeast of Frederick, west of Baltimore, north of Washington, D.C., and east of Mount Airy. The community was named for the woodbine plant, which grew in the community in fields and along riverbanks.

Patapsco River
The Patapsco River (/pəˈtæpˌskoʊ/ pə-TAP-skoh ⓘ) mainstem is a 39-mile (63 km) river in central Maryland that flows into Chesapeake Bay. The river's tidal portion forms the harbor for the city of Baltimore. With its South Branch, the Patapsco forms the northern border of Howard County, Maryland. The name "Patapsco" is derived from the Algonquian pota-psk-ut, which translates to "backwater" or "tide covered with froth".
Timor blue flycatcher
The Timor blue flycatcher (Eumyias hyacinthinus) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is found on Timor island. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

Old World flycatcher
The Old World flycatchers are a large family, the Muscicapidae, of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia), with the exception of several vagrants and two species, bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) and northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), found also in North America. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing. The large family includes 357 species and is divided into 57 genera.
Amanda Schulman
Amanda Maria Linnea Sunnanäng Schulman (née Widell; 15 May 1980) is a Swedish television producer and media-personality. Schulman has worked in different fields within media and television, within the production company Mastiff she has been the manager for character driven programs. Along with her sister Hannah Widell she runs the production company Perfect day since 2011. At the newspaper Aftonbladets website the two sisters runs the lifestyle project C/O Hannah och Amanda, which included blogs and the web-TV show Middag med Hannah & Amanda. In 2012, the concept was expanded with the magazine C/O Hannah & Amanda which is released once a month. Together they also have the podcast Fredagspodden med Hannah och Amanda.

She is one of five daughters born to Bengt Widell (son of Gunny Widell) and Stina Stjernberg.

Amanda Schulman is married to Alex Schulman Together the couple have two daughters Charlie (2009) and Frances (2012) and son Louis (2017).

Means of communication
Means of communication or media are ways used by people to communicate and exchange information with each other as an information sender and a receiver. Diverse arrays of media that reach a large audience via mass communication are called mass media.
Ganeshrao Dudhgaonkar
Ganesh Nagorao Raut-Dudhagaonkar (born 9 September 1945) is an Indian politician from Parbhani, Maharashtra. He was a member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India representing Parbhani constituency. He was a member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly in 1980 and 1985, representing Basmath and Jintur, respectively. He was a member of the Indian National Congress, Shiv Sena, and Nationalist Congress Party. Ahead of the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election he joined Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi. He defeated Suresh Warpudkar, a Congress candidate in 2009.

Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
The Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi (translation: Deprived Majority Front; abbr. VBA) is an Indian political party founded by Prakash Ambedkar on 20 March 2018. The party is primarily based in Maharashtra  in India. Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi follows Phule-Ambedkarite ideology.
Garstons Down
50°39′25″N 1°20′06″W﻿ / ﻿50.657°N 1.335°W﻿ / 50.657; -1.335

Garston's Down is an area of downland on the Isle of Wight, rising to an altitude of 151 m (495 ft). It is located in the centre of the island, south of Carisbrooke and west of Gatcombe, and is one of the best remaining inland examples of unimproved chalk downland. An area of 20.3 hectares (50 acres) was notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1971 for its biological features. The down is situated in a remote area and provides extensive views over the surrounding countryside and distant coast.

Gatcombe
Gatcombe is a village in the civil parish of Chillerton and Gatcombe, on the Isle of Wight, England. It is located about two and a half miles south of Newport, in the centre of the island. The parish, which includes Chillerton, had a population of 422 at the 2011 census.
Portland–Lewiston Interurban
The Portland–Lewiston Interurban (PLI) was an electric railroad subsidiary of the Androscoggin Electric Company operating from 1914 to 1933 between Monument Square in Portland and Union Square in Lewiston, Maine. Hourly service was offered over the 40-mile (64 km) route between the two cities. Express trains stopping only at West Falmouth, Gray, New Gloucester, Upper Gloucester and Danville made the trip in 80 minutes, while trains making other local stops upon request required 20 minutes more. The line was considered the finest interurban railroad in the state of Maine.

Little Androscoggin River
The Little Androscoggin River is a 51.4-mile-long (82.7 km) river in Maine. It flows from Bryant Pond in Woodstock (44°21′53″N 70°38′18″W﻿ / ﻿44.3646°N 70.63825°W﻿ / 44.3646; -70.63825﻿ (Little Androscoggin River source)) to its confluence with the Androscoggin River in Auburn. The Androscoggin flows into Merrymeeting Bay in the Kennebec River estuary.

The Little Androscoggin flows through the towns of Woodstock, Greenwood, West Paris, Paris (including the village of South Paris), Norway, Oxford, Mechanic Falls, Minot, and Poland, and the city of Auburn.