hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hải Hưng province
Hải Hưng (pronounced "high-hung") is a former province in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. It was established in 1968. On November 6, 1996, Hải Hưng was split into two provinces: Hải Dương and Hưng Yên.
The capital of Hải Hưng is Hải Dương. Hải Hưng had one town (Hưng Yên), and ten districts: Chí Linh, Kim Môn, Nam Thanh, Cẩm Bình, Tứ Lộc, Ninh Thanh, Mỹ Văn, Châu Giang, Kim Thi and Phù Tiên.

Kim Thành district
Kim Thành is a rural district of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 125,633. The district covers an area of 113 square kilometres (44 sq mi). The district capital lies at Phú Thái.
Region Västerbotten
Region Västerbotten, formerly known as Västerbotten County Council (Swedish: Västerbottens läns landsting), is the regional council for Västerbotten County, Sweden. The Region is primarily responsible for healthcare and public transport but also oversees regional development and culture.

Regions of Sweden
In Sweden, a region (Swedish: [rɛɡɪˈuːn]) is a self-governing administrative division responsible primarily for healthcare and public transport. Sweden's regions correspond geographically to Sweden's 21 counties (Swedish: län) and were previously known as county councils (Swedish: landsting) until they were restructured and renamed in 2020. Regions (Swedish: regioner) are one of the principal administrative subdivisions of Sweden.
Polynucleobacter hirudinilacicola
Polynucleobacter hirudinilacicola is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter.

The type strain was isolated from a small alkaline lake located in Austria. The genome sequence of the strain was fully determined. The type strain dwells as a free-living, planktonic bacterium in the water column of the lake, thus is part of freshwater bacterioplankton. Among the described Polynucleobacter species, P. hirudinilacicola is closest related to P. campilacus.

Polynucleobacter
Polynucleobacter is a genus of bacteria, originally established by Heckmann and Schmidt (1987) to exclusively harbor obligate endosymbionts of ciliates belonging to the genus Euplotes.

Recently, several new Polynucleobacter species were described, which all represent free-living (i.e. not host-associated) planktonic freshwater bacteria. Thus, the genus Polynucleobacter currently includes one species containing obligate endosymbionts of ciliates and nine species representing free-living planktonic strains. The type strains of the planktonic species were isolated from freshwater systems located in Antarctica, Armenia, Austria, China, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Spain, Uganda, and the United States. Currently, the genus harbors 31 species.

Free-living Poynucleobacter bacteria represent important members of bacterioplankton in freshwater systems such as lakes, ponds, and streams.
Bartholomew Lane
Bartholomew Lane, in the City of London, runs between the junction of Lothbury and Throgmorton Street in the north to Threadneedle Street in the south. The lane is bordered on its western side by the Bank of England.

The lane is associated with the auctioneer George Robins, whose premises The Auction Mart stood opposite the rotunda of the Bank.

The church of St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange stood on the eastern side on the corner with Threadneedle Street until it was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. It was rebuilt by the office of Sir Christopher Wren and demolished in 1840.

Threadneedle Street
Threadneedle Street is a street in the City of London, England, between Bishopsgate at its northeast end and Bank junction in the southwest. It is one of nine streets that converge at Bank. It lies in the ward of Cornhill.
James Clinton (sternwheeler)
James Clinton was a steamboat which operated on the upper Willamette River from 1856 to 1861.  Although the Clinton was said to have been "not a very good boat.", it was the first steamer ever to reach Eugene, Oregon.  James Clinton was destroyed in April 1861, when a large fire broke out at Linn City, Oregon in a shoreside structure near to where the vessel was moored.

Enterprise (1855)
The Enterprise was an early steamboat operating on the Willamette River in Oregon and also one of the first to operate on the Fraser River in British Columbia. This vessel should not be confused with the many other vessels, some of similar design, also named Enterprise.   In earlier times, this vessel was sometimes called Tom Wright's Enterprise after one of her captains, the famous Tom Wright.
GDesklets
gDesklets is a GNOME program which provides the architecture for small applets (desktop widgets) to be placed on top of the user's desktop.  It is comparable to other desktop widget programs.  The applets placed on the desktop are meant to be quick ways for the user to retrieve information and not get in the way of normal activity.

Software widget
A software widget is a relatively simple and easy-to-use software application or component made for one or more different software platforms.

A desk accessory or applet is an example of a simple, stand-alone user interface, in contrast with a more complex application such as a spreadsheet or word processor. These widgets are typical examples of transient and auxiliary applications that don't monopolize the user's attention.

On the other hand, graphical control elements (GUI "widgets") are examples of reusable modular components that are used together to build a more complex application, allowing programmers to build user interfaces by combining simple, smaller components.
Logical grammar
Logical grammar or rational grammar is a term used in the history and philosophy of linguistics to refer to certain linguistic and grammatical theories that were prominent until the early 19th century and later influenced 20th-century linguistic thought. These theories were developed by scholars and philosophers who sought to establish a logical and rational basis for understanding the relationship between reality, meaning, cognition, and language. Examples from the classical and modern period represent a realistic approach to linguistics, while accounts written during the Age of Enlightenment represent rationalism, focusing on human thought.

Logical, rational or general grammar was the dominant approach to language until it was supplanted by romanticism. Since then, there have been attempts to revive logical grammar. The idea is today at least partially represented by categorial grammar, formal semantics, and transcendental phenomenology,

Universal grammar
Universal grammar (UG), in modern linguistics, is the theory of the innate biological component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky. The basic postulate of UG is that there are innate constraints on what the grammar of a possible human language could be. When linguistic stimuli are received in the course of language acquisition, children then adopt specific syntactic rules that conform to UG. The advocates of this theory emphasize and partially rely on the poverty of the stimulus (POS) argument and the existence of some universal properties of natural human languages. However, the latter has not been firmly established.

Other linguists have opposed that notion, arguing that languages are so diverse that the postulated universality is rare. The theory of universal grammar remains a subject of debate among linguists.
2016 SEABA Under-18 Championship
The 2016 SEABA Under-18 Championship was the qualifying tournament for Southeast Asia Basketball Association at the 2016 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship. The tournament was the tenth edition and took place in Medan, Indonesia from 23 April to 28 April 2016. Due to the Philippines' top five finish at the 2014 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship, the subzone was allotted another spot to be contested, totaling to three spots for SEABA in the Asian tournament.

SEABA Under-18 Championship
The SEABA Under-18 Championship is an under-18 basketball championship in the International Basketball Federation's Southeast Asia Basketball Association, one of FIBA Asia's subzone. The event started in 1996 and is held bi-annually (except in 2000). The winners represent SEABA in the FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship.

The Philippines are the defending champions, and the most successful team in the subzone, have won their sixth straight title since 2008 and their ninth title overall. Malaysia have won the other two titles, in 2002 and 2006 and consistently the second-best team in the region.
Hans Haga
Hans Haga (8 December 1924 – 22 June 2008) was a Norwegian agrarian leader.

He spent most of his career in the Norwegian Agrarian Association. He was first hired as a secretary for the county chapter in Oppland in 1952, and became press consultant nationally in 1954. In 1965 he became a member of the board, from 1974 to 1980 he was chairman of the organization and from 1980 to 1988 he was secretary general. He then worked as an advisor until retiring in 1992. For many years, the Norwegian Agrarian Association had cose ties with the Centre Party.

Hans Haga hailed from Nannestad, but settled in Nes. He died in a nursing home there.

Hans Haga was the father of former Centre Party leader Åslaug Haga.

Åslaug Haga
Åslaug Marie Haga (born 21 October 1959) is a Norwegian diplomat, politician and international civil servant. She has been board chair for various organizations, including the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) and the Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO). Haga has published three books: two on Norwegian politics and one novel.

She is currently the associate vice-president of the External Relations and Governance Department at the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Prior to that, she was executive director of the Global Crop Diversity Trust from 2013 to 2019.
Harriet (singer)
Harriet (born Harriet Roberts, 8 September 1966, Sheffield, England) is an English dance-pop singer. She released two singles, "Woman to Man" and "Temple of Love", in 1990, on EastWest/Atlantic Records. "Temple of Love" cracked the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1991, peaking at #39. Her single also reached #14 on the US Billboard R&B chart.  Harriet released an album, Woman To Man on East West Records, but is remembered only as a one-hit wonder in the US.

In 1991 Harriet took part in the Italian Song Festival in San Remo with the English version of the song "In questa città"  (written by Pino Daniele and performed in Italian by Loredana Bertè). The English version was titled, "All That We Are".

She co-wrote the song "Whatever You Need" with Russ Courtenay for Tina Turner's 1999 album, Twenty Four Seven.

In 2014 she released the digital album Reality containing ten tracks, under the name Harriet Roberts.

Loredana Bertè
Loredana Bertè (Italian pronunciation: [loreˈdaːna berˈtɛ]; born 20 September 1950) is an Italian singer, songwriter and actress. She has worked with prominent Italian songwriters such as Pino Daniele, Ivano Fossati, Mario Lavezzi, Mango and Enrico Ruggeri, among others; her sister Mia Martini (Mimì Bertè) was also an acclaimed singer. She has experimented with different genres, from rock to reggae, from funk to pop. Bertè is known for the eccentric clothing she wears onstage for her performances.
Lucio Lombardo-Radice
Lucio Lombardo-Radice (Catania, 10 July 1916; Brussels, 21 November 1982) was an Italian mathematician. A student of Gaetano Scorza, Lombardo-Radice contributed to finite geometry and geometric combinatorics together with Guido Zappa and Beniamino Segre, and wrote important works concerning the Non-Desarguesian plane. He was also a leading member of the Italian Communist Party and a member of its central committee. He had a long professional and political friendship with German natural scientist and dissident Robert Havemann.

Lombardo-Radice's parents were Giuseppe Lombardo Radice and Gemma Harasim. His children included the writer Marco Lombardo Radice and actor Giovanni Lombardo Radice.

The Istituto Tecnico Statale Commerciale "Lucio Lombardo Radice" per Programmatori, a school in Rome, Italy, founded in 1982 as the XXV Istituto Tecnico Commerciale per Programmatori, was in 1992 renamed after Lombardo-Radice. It is now named Istituto di Istruzione Superiore Lombardo Radice

Guido Zappa
Guido Zappa (7 December 1915 – 17 March 2015) was an Italian mathematician and a noted group theorist: his other main research interests were geometry and also the history of mathematics. Zappa was particularly known for some examples of algebraic curves that strongly influenced the ideas of Francesco Severi.
2022 Maryland Terrapins football team
The 2022 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland during the 2022 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Terrapins played their home games at SECU Stadium in College Park, Maryland, and competed in the Big Ten Conference in the East Division. The team was coached by fourth-year head coach Mike Locksley and finished in fourth place in the East Division. The Terrapins defeated NC State in the Duke's Mayo Bowl to achieve their first back-to-back bowl game wins since 2002-03.

SECU Stadium
SECU Stadium is an outdoor athletic stadium on the campus of the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland. It is the home of Maryland Terrapins football and men's lacrosse teams, which compete in the Big Ten Conference. The facility was formerly named Byrd Stadium after Harry "Curley" Byrd, a multi-sport athlete, football coach, and university president in the first half of the 20th century, and temporarily Maryland Stadium after objections to Byrd's naming due to his history of supporting segregation.
1994–95 NHL season
The 1994–95 NHL season was the 78th regular season of the National Hockey League. The season start was delayed due to a lockout of players imposed by the NHL franchise owners. After a new labour agreement was reached between the owners and the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA), a 48-game season started on January 20. The season ended when the New Jersey Devils swept the heavily favored Detroit Red Wings for their first Stanley Cup win. It was also their first appearance in the finals overall.

National Hockey League Players' Association
The National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA, French: Association des joueurs de la Ligue nationale de hockey (AJLNH)) is the labour union for the group of professional hockey players who are under Standard Player Contracts to the 32 member clubs in the National Hockey League (NHL) located in the United States and Canada. The association represents its membership in all matters dealing with their working conditions and contractual rights as well as serving as their exclusive collective bargaining agent.
HPA Award for Outstanding Visual Effects – Television (Under 13 Episodes)
The Hollywood Professional Association Award for Outstanding Visual Effects - Television (Under 13 Episodes) is an annual award given by the Hollywood Professional Association (HPA) to post production workers in the film and television industry, in this case visual effects artists. It was first awarded in 2006, and outside of 2008 and 2010, has been presented every year since.  From 2006 to 2012, the category was titled HPA Award for Outstanding Compositing - Television. In 2018, the category started separating series that had more than 13 episodes a season, and those that had less than 13.

Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects
This is a list of the winning and nominated programs of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a series, miniseries, film, or special. Since the award ceremony of 1998, the category has been divided into Special Visual Effects for a Series and Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special. In 1991, the Television Academy nominated four programs, but did not determine a winner.

Before becoming well-known directors, Neill Blomkamp, Gareth Edwards, and Robert Stromberg were nominees for the award.
Jasus caveorum
Jasus caveorum is a species of spiny lobster found on a single seamount in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1995 by fishermen from New Zealand. It is most similar to Jasus frontalis from the nearby Juan Fernández Islands, but is more closely related to species from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

Jasus paulensis
Jasus paulensis, also commonly known as the St Paul rock lobster, is a species of spiny lobster found in the waters around Saint Paul Island in the southern Indian Ocean and around Tristan da Cunha in the southern Atlantic Ocean. At one time the rock lobsters on Tristan da Cunha were believed to be a separate species known as the Tristan rock lobster (Jasus tristani), but the use of mitochondrial DNA sequencing has shown them to be identical. Some authorities, for example the International Union for Conservation of Nature, retain them as separate species. The Tristan rock lobster features on the coat of arms and the flag of Tristan da Cunha.
National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film
The National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film is one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the National Film Development Corporation of India. It is one of several awards presented for non-feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

The award was instituted in 1985, at 33rd National Film Awards and awarded annually for films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages.

National Film Awards
The National Film Awards are awards for artistic and technical merit given for excellence within the Indian film industry. Established in 1954, it has been administered, along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals from 1973 until 2020, and by the NFDC since 2021.

Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in New Delhi, where the President of India presents the awards. This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival, where award-winning films are screened for the public. Declared for films produced in the previous year across the country, they hold the distinction of awarding merit to the best of Indian cinema overall, as well as presenting awards for the best films in each region and language of the country.
2019 WAFF U-15 Girls Championship
The 2019 WAFF U-15 Girls Championship was the second edition of the WAFF U-15 Girls Championship, an international women's football youth tournament organised by the West Asian Football Federation for the women's under-15 national teams of West Asia. Initially, Lebanon was scheduled to host the tournament from December 12 to 16, featuring four teams, with players born on or after 1 January 2004 eligible to participate. In November 2019, it was announced that the hosting rights had been reallocated to Jordan, which would serve as the new host.

Jordan were the defending champions, having won last year's edition in the United Arab Emirates. However, they failed to defend their title, falling to Lebanon on the second match day. On the other hand, Lebanon went on to win their first title undefeated.

WAFF Women's Championship
The WAFF Women's Championship (Arabic: بطولة غرب آسيا للسيدات) is the international football tournament organised by the West Asian Football Federation (WAFF) for the women's national teams of West Asia.

The championship has been held, on average, every two to three years. The first edition was held in 2005, with hosts Jordan winning the competition. Jordan are also the current champions, having won the 2024 edition, and are the most successful team with six titles. The United Arab Emirates have won the other two titles.
Optical properties
The optical properties of a material define how it interacts with light. The optical properties of matter are studied in optical physics (a subfield of optics) and applied in materials science. The optical properties of matter include:

Refractive index

Dispersion

Transmittance and Transmission coefficient

Absorption

Scattering

Turbidity

Reflectance and Reflectivity (reflection coefficient)

Albedo

Perceived color

Fluorescence

Phosphorescence

Photoluminescence

Optical bistability

Dichroism

Birefringence

Optical activity

Photosensitivity

A basic distinction is between isotropic materials, which exhibit the same properties regardless of the direction of the light, and anisotropic ones, which exhibit different properties when light passes through them in different directions.

The optical properties of matter can lead to a variety of interesting optical phenomena.

Dichroism
In optics, a dichroic material refers to:

a material which causes visible light to be split up into two distinct beams of different wavelengths (colours), one of which is reflected and one of which is transmitted (not to be confused with dispersion), or

a material in which light rays having different polarization directions are absorbed differently.
John Scobell (cricketer)
John Frederick Scobell (22 February 1844 – 8 July 1898) was an English first-class cricketer and clergyman.

The son of John Edmund Scobell, he was born at Plymouth in February 1844. He was educated at Marlborough College, before going up to Lincoln College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1865–67, making four appearances. He scored 73 runs in his four matches, with a high score of 44.

After graduating from Oxford, Scobell took holy orders in the Church of England. He was a chaplain in the British Indian Army at Calcutta from 1873, before returning to England where he was vicar of St John the Baptist's Church, Bognor until his death in 1898 at St Leonards-on-Sea.

Marlborough College
Marlborough College is a public school (English private boarding school) for pupils aged 13 to 18 in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. It was founded as Marlborough School in 1843 by the Dean of Manchester, George Hull Bowers, for the education of the sons of Church of England clergy. It now adopts a co-educational model. In 2023 there were around 1000 pupils, approximately 45% of whom were female.

In 2024, the school was included in The Schools Index as one of the 150 best private schools in the world and among the top 30 senior schools in the UK. Fees for boarding pupils in 2024/2025 are £50,985 per year.
Peri-implant mucositis
Peri-implant mucositis is defined as an inflammatory lesion of the peri-implant mucosa in the absence of continuing marginal bone loss.

The American Academy of Periodontology defines peri‐implant mucositis as a disease in which inflammation of the soft tissues surrounding a dental implant is present without additional bone loss after the initial bone remodeling that may occur during healing following the surgical placement of the implant.

Peri-implant mucositis is largely accepted as the precursor of peri-implantitis and corresponds to gingivitis around natural teeth.

Important criteria to defining peri-implant mucositis are, the inflammation of mucosa surrounding an endosseous implant and the absence of continuing marginal peri-implant bone loss.

Debridement
Debridement is the medical removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining healthy tissue. Removal may be surgical, mechanical, chemical, autolytic (self-digestion), or by maggot therapy.

In podiatry, practitioners such as chiropodists, podiatrists and foot health practitioners remove conditions such as calluses and verrucas.

Debridement is an important part of the healing process for burns and other serious wounds; it is also used for treating some kinds of snake and spider bites.

Sometimes the boundaries of the problem tissue may not be clearly defined. For example, when excising a tumor, there may be micrometastases along the edges of the tumor that are too small to be detected, but if not removed, could cause a relapse. In such circumstances, a surgeon may opt to debride a portion of the surrounding healthy tissue to ensure that the tumor is completely removed.