hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shaft and chamber tomb
A shaft and chamber tomb is a type of chamber tomb used by some ancient peoples for burial of the dead. They consist of a shaft dug into the outcrops of rock with a square or round chamber excavated at the bottom where the dead were placed. These chambers can consist of a single shaft and chamber like the Mexican tombs or sometimes quite elaborate as was built in ancient Egypt.

Shaft and chamber tombs are found at Xemxija in Malta which are Neolithic and Dayeh-va-dokhtar tombs in Fars province of Iran. They were also employed by the ancient Egyptians. The late pre-Classic and early Classic Era cultures of west Mexico (what are now the states of Colima, Nayarit, and Jalisco) used tombs of this kind and much of what little is known about these cultures is known from art objects found in these tombs. As a result, these early West Mexico cultures are sometimes referred to as the West Mexico shaft tomb culture.

Tomb
A tomb (from Ancient Greek: τύμβος tumbos, meaning "mound" or "burial monument") is a repository for the remains of the dead. It may be above or below ground and can vary greatly in form, size, and cultural significance. Tombs are one of the oldest forms of funerary monuments, serving both as a means of final disposition and as expressions of religious belief, commemoration, and social status.

Placing a body in a tomb can be called entombment, distinct from simpler burial practices. Tombs often involve architectural or artistic design and can become significant cultural or religious landmarks.
Adapur
Adapur is a block in East Champaran district of Bihar, India. Adapur railway station is located 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Motihari, the district headquarters. The state capital Patna is 175 kilometres (109 mi) in south. Adapur is located on the India-Nepal border.

Motihari
Motihari is a city and headquarters of East Champaran district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is located 80 kilometres west of Muzaffarpur and 152 kilometres northwest of the state capital Patna. In early days the land of Motihari was ruled by different kingdoms as Videha, Sunga, Kanvas. It is also believed that Champaran used to be a major part of King Janak's empire. Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Satyagraha movement from here.
Wilhelmstrassenfest
The Wilhelmstraßenfest is an annual street festival in Wiesbaden, Germany, which began in 1977 in celebration for the reopening of the Hessian state theatre. With roughly 250,000 visitors attending on the two festival days, it is the largest street festival in Germany. It takes place annually during the second weekend of June, on Friday and Saturday, on the namesake Wilhelmstraße and in the adjacent parks of  Bowling Green and Warmer Damm. Its official name is "Theatrium." The name "Theatrium" is derived from then from "theater" and "Atrium" (Latin for "open air"). The festival offers the largest outdoor event in the city, a variety of culinary specialties, and many music show performances, up to seven large and small stages, rides, a craft market with 130 exhibitors, and a grand finale: a fireworks show.

Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden
The Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden (Hessian State Theatre Wiesbaden), also known as the Staatstheater Wiesbaden or Theater Wiesbaden, is a German theatre located in Wiesbaden, in the German state of Hesse.  The company produces operas, plays, ballets, musicals and concerts on four stages. It has a resident orchestra, the Hessisches Staatsorchester. The theatre was inaugurated in 1894.

The theatre is the host for the annual festival Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden, established in 1896 after the Bayreuth Festival.
Fonnkèr
Fonnkèr is, in Réunion Creole, a state of mind specific to the people of the French overseas department of Réunion which conveys a deep feeling, a sense of love, happiness, bitterness, emotion, or thought. The term, which comes from the French fond du cœur ("bottom of one's heart"), is also applied to the modes of expression that allow such a state of mind to be externalized, in particular Réunionnais poetry, to the extent that fonnkèr can be used synonymously with "poem."

Fonnkèr can be expressed orally (as part of the island's oral traditions) or in writing or song. It follows a natural rhythm rather than more formal meter and rhyme. Artists who have specialized in fonnkèr include Danyèl Waro, Kréolokoz, Zanmari Baré, and Ann O'aro. These artists are known as fonnkézéz and fonnkézèr. The form is celebrated at the annual Koktèl Fonnkèr festival.

Literature of Réunion
Literature of Réunion is the literature of persons linked to the island of Réunion, a French overseas department in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar. It is written in French and in Réunionnais creole as well as other languages.
Stemphylium solani
Stemphylium solani is a plant pathogen fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is the causal pathogen for grey leaf spot in tomatoes and leaf blight in alliums and cotton, though a wide range of additional species can serve as hosts.  Symptoms include white spots on leaves and stems that progress to sunken red or purple lesions and finally leaf necrosis.  S. solani reproduces and spreads through the formation of conidia on conidiophores.  The teleomorph name of Stemphyllium is Pleospora though there are no naturally known occurrences of sexual reproduction.  Resistant varieties of tomato and cotton are common, though the pathogen remains an important disease in Chinese garlic cultivation.

Pleospora
Pleospora is a genus of ascomycete fungi. This genus was originally described by Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst in 1857 and was revised by Wehmeyer and Müller. There was an estimated 63 species in 2008. As of 8 August 2023, the GBIF lists up to 440 species, while Species Fungorum lists about 375 species.
Horovlu
39°24′00″N 47°05′41″E﻿ / ﻿39.40000°N 47.09472°E﻿ / 39.40000; 47.09472

Horovlu (Gorovlu, and Khorovlu) village within the administrative-territorial unit of the same name in the Jabrayil district of Azerbaijan, located on a plain, 8 km east of the city of Jabrayil.

It was occupied by the Armed Forces of Armenia between 1993 and late 2020.

Jabrayil
Jabrayil (Azerbaijani: Cəbrayıl, IPA: [dʒæbɾɑˈjɯl] ⓘ) is a city in Azerbaijan, nominally the administrative capital of Azerbaijan's Jabrayil District.

A town with Azerbaijani majority and Armenian plurality at various times during the Russian imperial era, and Azerbaijani majority since the Soviet times, it was abandoned since its destruction by local Armenian forces during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. On 4 October 2020, Azerbaijani forces retook the city during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. Reconstruction of the city started in 2021, and the first residents returned in 2024.
Prelude in A minor, Op. 51, No. 2 (Scriabin)
Alexander Scriabin's Prelude Opus 51 No. 2 is the second of his Quatre Morceaux (Four Pieces) op. 51, published in 1906. It is notated in A minor. It is written in a 6/8 beat in 30 measures (plus upbeat) and should be expressed Lugubre (dire).

This is one of several pieces Scriabin never played in public (together with the Sonata No. 6 (op. 62)). He called it "Shattered Strings" (German "Zersprungene Saiten") when Leonid Sabaneyev reminded him of the piece during a discussion about minor and major. Sabaneyev quotes him with "Oh, let's not talk about this! This is a ghastly piece! [...] I was in an appalling situation back then. This Prelude, and also the Marche funebre in the First Sonata formed in moments disheartenment... But only these two!" (referring to his allegation that he had abandoned the minor tonality a long time ago).

A minor
A minor is a minor scale based on A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats or sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major.

The A natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:
Nickel allergy
Nickel allergy is any of several allergic conditions provoked by exposure to the chemical element nickel. Nickel allergy often takes the form of nickel allergic contact dermatitis (Ni-ACD), a form of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Ni-ACD typically causes a rash that is red and itchy and that may be bumpy or scaly.  The main treatment for it is avoiding contact with nickel-releasing metals, such as inexpensive jewelry. Another form of nickel allergy is a systemic form: systemic nickel allergy syndrome (SNAS) can mimic some of the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and also has a dermatologic component.

Helper T cell
The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considered essential in B cell antibody class switching, breaking cross-tolerance in dendritic cells, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils. CD4+ cells are mature Th cells that express the surface protein CD4. Genetic variation in regulatory elements expressed by CD4+ cells determines susceptibility to a broad class of autoimmune diseases.
František Horčička
František Horčička (German: Franz Horcziczka; 29 June 1776 – 5 April 1856) was a Czech history and portrait painter. Along with painters Antonín Machek and František Tkadlík and sculptor Václav Prachner, he was among the first local artists to reimagine Neoclassicism using Romantic ideas.

Jan Evangelista Purkyně
Jan Evangelista Purkyně (Czech: [ˈjan ˈɛvaŋɡɛˌlɪsta ˈpurkɪɲɛ] ⓘ; also written Johann Evangelist Purkinje) (17 or 18 December 1787 – 28 July 1869) was a Czech anatomist and physiologist. In 1839, he coined the term "protoplasma" for the fluid substance of a cell. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. Such was his fame that when people from outside Europe wrote letters to him, all that they needed to put as the address was "Purkyně, Europe".
2023 AFL season
The 2023 AFL season was the 127th season of the Australian Football League (AFL), the highest-level senior Australian rules football competition in Australia. The season featured 18 clubs and ran from 16 March to 30 September, comprising a 23-match home-and-away season followed by a four-week finals series featuring the top eight clubs.

Collingwood won the premiership, defeating the Brisbane Lions by four points in the 2023 AFL Grand Final; it was Collingwood's 16th VFL/AFL premiership. Collingwood also won the minor premiership by finishing atop the home-and-away ladder with an 18–5 win–loss record. The Brisbane Lions' Lachie Neale won his second Brownlow Medal as the league's best and fairest player, and Carlton's Charlie Curnow won his second consecutive Coleman Medal as the league's leading goalkicker.

Charlie Curnow
Charles Curnow (born 3 February 1997) is a professional Australian rules footballer who plays as a key forward for the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL). He previously played 149 games for Carlton between 2016 and 2025.

Widely praised for his dominance and athleticism, Curnow is a two-time winner of the Coleman Medal, awarded to the leading goalkicker in the home-and-away season. He has been named in the All-Australian team twice, and was Carlton's leading goalkicker five times.

Curnow was drafted by Carlton with the 12th pick in the 2015 national draft. After suffering multiple serious knee injuries that kept him sidelined for extended periods between 2019 and 2021, he made a successful comeback in 2022, re-establishing himself as one of the league's elite forwards before being traded to the Sydney Swans at the end of the 2025 season. His older brother, Ed Curnow, also played for Carlton.
1987 Barcelona municipal election
A municipal election was held in Barcelona on Wednesday, 10 June 1987, to elect the 3rd City Council of the municipality. All 43 seats in the City Council were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities and local elections all across Spain, as well as the 1987 European Parliament election.

1987 European Parliament election in Spain
An election was held in Spain on Wednesday, 10 June 1987, to elect the MEP delegation from the country for the 2nd European Parliament. All 60 seats allocated to the Spanish constituency as per the 1985 Treaty of Accession were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.

Spain had acceded the European Communities on 1 January 1986 and had been represented in the European Parliament by 60 temporarily appointed delegates until a proper election could be held. As a European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term.
Putnam State Forest
Putnam State Forest, officially known as C.C. Putnam State Forest, covers 13,633 acres (55.17 km2)  in Lamoille and Washington County in Vermont. The forest is managed by the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation in parts of Stowe, Elmore,
Waterbury, Worcester and Middlesex.

Activities in the forest include hiking, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and wildlife viewing.

The forest is located in the Worcester Range, part of the Green Mountains, and includes Mount Hunger, Mount Putnam and Mount Worcester. All the land above 2,500 feet elevation is designated as Worcester Range Natural Area, an area of 4,032 acres.

An 80-acre section in Stowe is designated as the Moss Glen Falls Natural Area (Stowe) and features one of the highest waterfalls in the state, with a total drop of over 100 feet.

Waterbury, Vermont
Waterbury is a town in Washington County in central Vermont, United States. Although the town is still home to the Waterbury Village Historic District, the village sharing the name of the town officially dissolved as a municipality in 2018. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,331.
Tulipa suaveolens
Tulipa suaveolens, synonym Tulipa schrenkii, the van Thol tulip or Schrenck's tulip, is a bulbous herbaceous perennial of species of tulip (Tulipa) in the family Liliaceae. It belongs to section Tulipa. It is the probable wild ancestor of the garden tulip (Tulipa gesneriana).

Tulipa sylvestris
Tulipa sylvestris, the wild tulip or  woodland tulip, is a Eurasian and North African species of wild tulip, a plant in the lily family. Its native range extends from Portugal and Morocco to western China, covering most of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins, and Central Asia. The species is also cultivated as an ornamental and naturalized in central and northern Europe as well as a few scattered locations in North America. 
It was first recorded as being naturalised in Britain in the late 17th century.
Hyperostosis
Hyperostosis is an excessive growth of bone. It may lead to exostosis. It occurs in many musculoskeletal disorders and from use of drugs like Isotretinoin.

Disorders featuring hyperostosis include:

Camurati-Engelmann disease, type 2

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, primary, autosomal recessive, 2

Melorheostosis

Tumoral calcinosis, hyperphosphatemic, familial, 1

Worth disease

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is a medical condition combining clubbing and periostitis of the small hand joints, especially the distal interphalangeal joints and the metacarpophalangeal joints. Distal expansion of the long bones as well as painful, swollen joints and synovial villous proliferation are often seen. The condition may occur alone (primary), or it may be secondary to diseases like lung cancer. Among patients with lung cancer, it is most associated with adenocarcinoma and least associated with small cell lung cancer. These patients often get clubbing and increased bone deposition on long bones. Their presenting signs and symptoms are sometimes only clubbing and painful ankles.
Techtro Swades United FC
Techtro Swades United Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Una, Himachal Pradesh. The club currently competes in the Indian Football League 2 and the Himachal Football League. The club was established on 29 August 2020, and began their first competitive season in the HFL.

Una, Himachal Pradesh
Una is a city with Municipal Council and district headquarter in Una district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Una sits on the border with Punjab, Una is one of the gateways to Himachal Pradesh. It lies on the bank of River Swan, a tributary of Sutlej.

The city's terrain is a mix of both hilly and plain areas. In fact, the low hilly terrain gradually flattens to merge with the plains, giving Una a tropical climate which gets quite hot in summer months.

Himachal has 5 Shakti PeethsChintpurni Temple is one of them located in Chintpurni village, about 45 km north of the city.

Chintpurni Temple, Kila Baba Bedi ji and Pong Dam are major tourist attractions of this area.

Palampur is served by the Una Himachal railway station (UNA), NH 503 and NH 503A connects Palampur, nearest airports are Chandigarh Airport and Kangra Airport (IATA: DHM, ICAO: VIGG).
Matt Sherrod
Matthew Sherrod (born 11 July 1968) is an American drummer, musician, and a former member of the band Crowded House. Sherrod first became known as a musician playing drums for rock artist Beck. In 2007, following the 2005 death of Crowded House's drummer, Paul Hester, Sherrod was selected as a member of the band's reunion.

Paul Hester
Paul Newell Hester (8 January 1959 – 26 March 2005) was an Australian musician and television personality. He was the drummer for the band Split Enz from November 1983 until their break-up in December 1984, and co-founding member and drummer of the band Crowded House.
1922 Bodmin by-election
The 1922 Bodmin by-election was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons. The constituency of Bodmin in Cornwall polled on 23 February 1922. The by-election was notable for the opposition Liberal Party gaining a seat from the Coalition-supporting Conservative Party.

Bodmin (UK Parliament constituency)
Bodmin was the name of a parliamentary constituency in Cornwall from 1295 until 1983. Initially, it was a parliamentary borough, which returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of England, House of Commons of Great Britain and later the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until the 1868 general election, when its representation was reduced to one member.

The old borough was abolished with effect from the 1885 general election, but the name was transferred to a county constituency, which elected a single member until the constituency was abolished with effect from the 1983 general election, when it was largely replaced by the new South East Cornwall, though some areas, including the town of Bodmin itself, were transferred to the existing North Cornwall.
2012 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl
The 2012 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl, the fifth edition of the game formerly known as the  St. Petersburg Bowl, was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on December 21, 2012 at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida, as part of the 2012–13 NCAA Bowl season.

The game, broadcast at 7:30 p.m. ET on ESPN, featured the UCF Knights from Conference USA and Ball State Cardinals from the Mid-American Conference. It was the final game of the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season for both teams. The Knights advanced to the game after losing to the Tulsa Golden Hurricane in the Conference USA Championship Game.

2012 Conference USA Football Championship Game
The 2012 Conference USA Football Championship Game was played on December 1, 2012 between the Tulsa Golden Hurricane, winners of the Conference USA West division and the UCF Knights, the winners of the East division.

It was the third match-up between the Golden Hurricane and Knights in the C-USA Championship Game and the first in Tulsa. The two teams previously met in 2005 and 2007, which were both played in Orlando.
Punjab Canal Colonies
The Punjab Canal Colonies is the name given to parts of western Punjab which were brought under cultivation through the construction of canals and agricultural colonisation during the British Raj.

The Punjab underwent an agricultural revolution, with arid subsistence production getting replaced by commerce-oriented production of huge amounts of wheat, cotton and sugar. Between 1885 and 1940, nine canal colonies were created in the inter-fluvial tracts west of the Beas and Sutlej and east of the Jhelum rivers. In total, over one million Punjabis settled in the new colonies, relieving demographic pressures in central Punjab.

Many of these colonies were called Chak and given a number. Earlier their equivalent subdivisions used to be the Subah or Taraf, Pargana or Mahal, Mauza or Pir, which were replaced by the administrative divisions of India after the partition of India in 1947, though the Chak as name of villages still continues in the former Punjab Canal Colonies.

Jats
The Jat people (Hindi: [dʒaːʈ], Punjabi: [dʒəʈː]), also spelt Jaat and Jatt, are a traditionally agricultural caste in Northern India and Pakistan. Originally pastoralists in the lower Indus river-valley of Sindh, many Jats migrated north into the Punjab region in late medieval times, and subsequently into the Delhi Territory, northeastern Rajputana, and the western Gangetic Plain in the 17th and 18th centuries. Of Hindu, Muslim and Sikh faiths, they are now found mostly in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan and the Pakistani regions of Sindh, Punjab and AJK.

By the 20th century, the landowning Jats became an influential group in several parts of North India, including Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi. Over the years, several Jats abandoned agriculture in favour of urban jobs, and used their dominant economic and political status to claim higher social status.
1949 Raisin Bowl (December)
The 1949 Raisin Bowl (December) was an American college football bowl game played on December 31, 1949 at Ratcliffe Stadium in Fresno, California. The game pitted the San Jose State Spartans and the Texas Tech Red Raiders. This was the fifth and final Raisin Bowl played.

Raisin Bowl
The Raisin Bowl was an annual post-season American college football bowl game played at Ratcliffe Stadium in Fresno, California, from 1946 to 1949.  The first four games were played on January 1, the last on December 31.  The games pitted a California team against an at-large team; the California team prevailed in four of the five games.

This game is not to be confused with the California Bowl which was later staged in Fresno, which in its later years was marketed as the California Raisin Bowl due to the sale of naming rights to the California Raisin Marketing Board.
Dujon Sterling
Dujon Henriques Sterling (born 24 October 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Scottish Premiership club Rangers.

He is a product of the Chelsea Academy and started his professional career with Chelsea in 2017. During his time with the club, he had been loaned out to Coventry City, Wigan Athletic, Blackpool and Stoke City.

2016 UEFA European Under-17 Championship
The 2016 UEFA European Under-17 Championship was the 15th edition of the UEFA European Under-17 Championship (34th edition if the Under-16 era is included), the annual European international youth football championship contested by the men's under-17 national teams of UEFA member associations. Azerbaijan, which were selected by UEFA on 20 March 2012, hosted the tournament between 5 and 21 May 2016.

A total of 16 teams competed in the final tournament, with players born on or after 1 January 1999 eligible to participate. Each match had a duration of 80 minutes, consisting of two halves of 40 minutes with a 15-minute half-time.

Portugal were crowned champions for the second time in the under-17 era, and sixth time overall, after beating Spain in the final 5–4 through a penalty shootout. France were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the group stage.