hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pieranna Garavaso
Pieranna Garavaso is an analytic philosopher and professor emerita at the University of Minnesota Morris. Her areas of interest include epistemological and metaphysical issues in philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, and feminist epistemology. She received her doctorate in philosophy from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. She is the recipient of two distinguished teaching awards: the University of Minnesota, Morris Alumni Association Teaching Award in 2003 and the Horace T. Morse University of Minnesota Alumni in 2004. She is a fraudulent false rape claiming bigot, who harmed countless innocent men, destroyed the Philosophy Department and the University at Morris and may finally be held accountable, since it seems that it is finally legal to charge women for crimes in Minnesota again.

Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language is the philosophical study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, indexicality, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought.

Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell were pivotal figures in analytic philosophy's "linguistic turn". These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle, logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.
Fermi problem
A Fermi problem (or Fermi question, Fermi quiz), also known as an order-of-magnitude problem, is an estimation problem in physics or engineering education, designed to teach dimensional analysis or approximation of extreme scientific calculations. Fermi problems are usually back-of-the-envelope calculations. Fermi problems typically involve making justified guesses about quantities and their variance or lower and upper bounds. In some cases, order-of-magnitude estimates can also be derived using dimensional analysis. A Fermi estimate (or order-of-magnitude estimate, order estimation) is an estimate of an extreme scientific calculation.

Estimation theory
Estimation theory is a branch of statistics that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured empirical data that has a random component.  The parameters describe an underlying physical setting in such a way that their value affects the distribution of the measured data. An estimator attempts to approximate the unknown parameters using the measurements.
In estimation theory, two approaches are generally considered:

The probabilistic approach (described in this article) assumes that the measured data is random with a probability distribution dependent on the parameters of interest

The set-membership approach assumes that the measured data vector belongs to a set which depends on the parameter vector.
Olivier Prechac
Olivier Prechac (5 January 1949 – 12 January 2007) was a French ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Winter Olympics. He later played 5 games for Boston University in 1971, helping the program win its fist national championship.

1968 Winter Olympics
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (French: Les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 18 February 1968 in Grenoble, France. Thirty-seven countries participated.

The 1968 Winter Games marked the first time the IOC permitted East and West Germany to enter separately, and the first time the IOC ordered drug and gender testing of competitors.

Norway won the most gold and overall medals, the first time since the 1952 Winter Olympics that the Soviet Union did not top the medal table by both parameters.
Miguel Ángel Rangel
Miguel Ángel Rangel Ávila (born 15 October 1964) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party (PAN). 
In the 2003 mid-terms, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
to represent Guanajuato's 15th district during the 59th session of Congress.

LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LIX Legislature (59th session) of the Congress of Mexico met from September 2003 to August 2006. All members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) were elected in the elections of July 2003 while members of the upper house (Senate) were elected in the elections of July 2000.
Jim Croston
Alfred James Croston (3 April 1911 – August 1992) was an English rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s, and coached rugby league in the 1940s and 1950s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Hampshire, at military level for Army Rugby Union (with Frank Whitcombe), and the 38th Field Company Royal Engineers, and at club level for United Services Portsmouth, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain, England and Lancashire, and at club level for Castleford and Wakefield Trinity (captain), as a centre, and coached at club level for Wakefield Trinity.

Hampshire Rugby Football Union
Hampshire Rugby Football Union is the governing body for rugby union in the county of Hampshire, England. It represent clubs sides not just from Hampshire but also from the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands, who take part in many of the competitions organized by the Hampshire RFU.
Pimelea alpina
Pimelea alpina, the alpine rice-flower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is an erect, prostrate or spreading shrub or undershrub with narrowly elliptic leaves crowded at the ends of branches and heads of pinkish red or white flowers.

Thymelaeaceae
The Thymelaeaceae /ˌθɪmɪliːˈeɪsiː, -siˌaɪ/ are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants composed of 50 genera (listed below) and 898 species. It was established in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The Thymelaeaceae are mostly trees and shrubs, with a few vines and herbaceous plants, the latter including some annual species.
American Country Countdown Awards
The American Country Countdown Awards were a country music award presentation that was held in 2014 and 2016. Produced by Dick Clark Productions and co-branded with the syndicated radio show American Country Countdown, it featured awards based on album sales, touring data, and radio airplay (with the exception of the Breakthrough Artist of the Year award which is fan-voted).

The ACCAs were broadcast by Fox, serving as a de facto replacement for their previous American Country Awards show.

American Country Countdown
American Country Countdown, also known as ACC, is a weekly internationally syndicated radio program which counts down the top 30 country songs of the previous week, from No. 30 to No. 1, according to the Billboard Country Airplay chart. The program premiered in 1973 and as of January 2025 is hosted by Ryan Fox.  It is syndicated by Westwood One.
Aida Yūji
Aida Yūji (会田 雄次; 5 March 1916 – 17 September 1997) was a  Japanese historian specialising in the Renaissance. He was active as a conservative thinker, commentator and major exponent of the Nihonjinron. He was born in Kyōto on 5 March 1916. He graduated from Kyoto University in 1940 and had his master's degree in history interrupted in 1943, when he was drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army. He participated in the Burma campaign of 1944 as an infantryman. He surrendered to the British Army at the war's end and was detained at a prisoner-of-war camp in the British colony of Burma. His experiences in the camp are described in his best-selling memoir, Aaron Shūyōjo (1962). Upon his repatriation in 1947, he began to teach at Kobe University. He was appointed full professor at Kyoto University's Humanities Department in 1952. He retired from the university in 1979, when he became an emeritus professor. He died of pneumonia on 17 September 1997.

Kobe University
Kobe University (神戸大学, Kōbe daigaku), also known in the Kansai region as Shindai (神大), is a national research university located in Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan.

The university was established in 1949, but the academic origins of Kobe University trace back to the establishment of Kobe Higher Commercial School in 1902, which was renamed as Kobe University of Commerce in 1929, and Kobe University of Economics in 1940.

It comprises 14 graduate schools and 11 undergraduate faculties, and holds about 16,000 students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs. International students accounted for 1,179 members of the student body as of 1 May 2021. It also has 3,102 staff members, including professors, associate professors and administrative officials.

The university is known to be the sole university in Japan to have a faculty dedicated to maritime sciences. It was also the first university to establish a faculty dedicated to business administration in the country.
Algas calcareas
Algas calcareas, also known as AlgaeCal, is a plant-based dietary supplement derived from Lithothamnion superpositum, a red marine algae native to South America. It is a source of calcium, magnesium, and other trace minerals. Several studies have shown safety and improvement in bone density.

Magnesium in biology
Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion. It is an essential mineral nutrient (i.e., element) for life and is present in every cell type in every organism. For example, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in cells, must bind to a magnesium ion in order to be biologically active. What is called ATP is often actually Mg-ATP. As such, magnesium plays a role in the stability of all polyphosphate compounds in the cells, including those associated with the synthesis of DNA and RNA.

Over 300 enzymes require the presence of magnesium ions for their catalytic action, including all enzymes utilizing or synthesizing ATP, or those that use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA.

In plants, magnesium is necessary for synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthesis.
Samaon Sulaiman
Samaon Sulaiman was a Filipino musician who was a recipient of the National Living Treasure award. The Maguindanaon was known for his mastery of the indigenous kutyapi instrument.

Born on 3 March 1953, Sulaiman first learned to play the kutyapi at around 13 years old from his uncle. By the time he was 35 years old, he was already recognized in Maganoy for his skills in playing the instrument as well as being a teacher to aspiring kutyapi practitioners. He is credited with influencing other local experts in his area such as Esmael Ahmad, Bitul Sulaiman, Nguda Latip, Ali Ahmad and Tukal Nanalon. Sulaiman also played the kulintang, agong (suspended bossed gong with a wide rim), gandingan, palendag, and the tambul.

He was a barber, as well as an imam at the Libutan mosque. He died on 21 May 2011.

Gandingan
The gandingan is a Philippine set of four large, hanging gongs used by the Maguindanao as part of their kulintang ensemble. When integrated into the ensemble, it functions as a secondary melodic instrument after the main melodic instrument, the kulintang. When played solo, the gandingan allows fellow Maguindanao to communicate with each other, allowing them to send messages or warnings via long distances. This ability to imitate tones of the Maguindanao language using this instrument has given the gandingan connotation: the “talking gongs.”
Mannheim (surname)
Mannheim or Manheim is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Amédée Mannheim (1831–1906), French inventor of the modern slide rule

Camryn Manheim (born 1961), American actress

Jean Mannheim (1863–1945), German-born American painter and educator

Karl Mannheim (1893–1947), Hungarian sociologist

Kjetil Manheim (born 1968), Norwegian musician

Lucie Mannheim (1899–1976), German actress

Milo Manheim (born 2001), American actor

Ralph Manheim (1907–1992), American translator

Robbie Mannheim or Roland Doe (born c. 1935), a boy who was exorcised in the late 1940s, partial inspiration for The Exorcist novel and film

Milo Manheim (born 2001), American actor

Fictional characters include:

Bruno Mannheim, one of Superman's enemies

Moxie "Boss" Mannheim, a DC Comics villain

Amédée Mannheim
Victor Mayer Amédée Mannheim (17 July 1831 – 11 December 1906) was the inventor of the modern slide rule.  Around 1850, he introduced a new scale system that used a runner to perform calculations. This type of slide rule became known under the name of its inventor: the Mannheim.
Beauharnois, Quebec
Beauharnois  (/boʊˈhɑːrnwɑː/; French pronunciation: [boaʁnwa]) is a city located in the Beauharnois-Salaberry Regional County Municipality of southwestern Quebec, Canada, and is part of the Greater Montreal Area. The city's population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 13,638. It is home to the Beauharnois Hydroelectric Power Station, as well as the Beauharnois Lock of the Saint Lawrence Seaway.

Residential area
A residential area is a land used in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas.

Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family housing, multi-family residential, or mobile homes. Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses.  Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR (floor area ratio) than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning. The area may be large or small.
Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church refers to the history of the Catholic Church as an institution, written from a particular perspective. There is a traditional approach to such historiography. The generally identified starting point is Eusebius of Caesarea, and his work Church History.

Since there is no assumption that contemporary historians of the Catholic Church who are also Catholics adopt this perspective, this “traditional approach” is a chapter of historiography, not yet closed, but applying to a definite area that is not central to the academic history of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Theodoret
Theodoret of Cyrus or Cyrrhus (Ancient Greek: Θεοδώρητος Κύρρου; c. 393 – c. 458) was a notable theologian of the School of Antioch, biblical commentator, and bishop of Cyrrhus (423–457). He participated in several 5th-century Christological controversies within the Eastern Roman Church that resulted in various ecumenical acts and schisms. Theodoret wrote against Cyril of Alexandria's Twelve Anathemas, which were sent to Nestorius, and did not condemn Nestorius until the Council of Chalcedon. Selected writings by Theodoret directed against Cyril formed part of the subject matter of the Three Chapters Controversy and were condemned posthumously at the Second Council of Constantinople (553). He is accorded the epithet "Blessed" in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Franco Atchou
Franco Atchou is a Togolese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya.

Atchou played for the Togo under-20 side in the 2015 Orange African U-20 Cup of Nations in all 4 of their qualifying games against Morocco and Mali in 2014.

He played for Togo on 4 October 2016 in a friendly against Uganda. He had previously represented Togo in qualifying tournament for the 2016 African Nations Championship.

2015 African U-20 Championship qualification
The qualification phase of the 2015 African U-20 Championship decided the participating teams of the final tournament. A total of eight teams will play in the final tournament, to be hosted by Senegal.

Qualification ties were played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. If the sides were level on aggregate after the second leg, the away goals rule was applied, and if still level, the tie proceeded directly to a penalty shoot-out (no extra time was played).
Fenshen
Fenshen (Chinese: 分身; lit. 'divide the body') or fenxing 分形 ("divide the physical form") was a legendary Daoist and fangshi Master of Esoterica technique for multilocation, that is, transforming or multiplying one's body into two or more identical versions. A famous story about fenshen concerns general Cao Cao ordering the execution of the alchemist Zuo Ci, who when taken into prison playfully divided himself into multiple Master Zuos, thus bamboozling the guards and escaping death.

Baopuzi
Baopuzi (simplified Chinese: 抱朴子; traditional Chinese: 抱樸子) is a literary work written by Ge Hong (AD 283–343), (Chinese: 葛洪; Wade–Giles: Ko Hung), a scholar during the turbulent Jin dynasty.

Baopuzi is divided into two main sections, the esoteric Neipian (Chinese: 內篇,; lit. 'Inner Chapters') and the section intended for the public to understand: Waipian (Chinese: 外篇; lit. ''Outer Chapters''). The Taoist Inner Chapters discuss topics such as techniques to achieve "hsien" (Chinese: 仙; lit. 'immortality', 'transcendence'), Chinese alchemy, elixirs, and demonology. The Confucian Outer Chapters discuss Chinese literature, Legalism, politics, and society.
Cornell Gowdy
Cornell Anthony Gowdy (born October 2, 1963) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football for the Morgan State Bears.

Morgan State Bears football
The Morgan State Bears football team competes in American football on behalf of Morgan State University. The Bears compete in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision, currently as a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC). The Bears play their home games at Hughes Stadium, a 10,000-seat facility in Baltimore.

Morgan State began playing football in 1898, 31 years after the school was founded. The team's all-time record is 405 wins, 379 losses and 38 ties. 173 of those wins came between 1929 and 1959 when Edward P. Hurt was the head coach and the Bears won 14 Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) championships. Earl Banks won four CIAA championships during the 1960s and an additional championship in 1971 after Morgan entered the MEAC. The Bears have won three MEAC Championships (1976, 1979 and 2014).
Semizbughy
Semizbughy (Kazakh: Семізбұғы) is a mountain massif in Bukhar-Zhyrau District, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan.

Semizbughy is the highest point in the district. Semizhbugy mining village is located on the western side, at the foot of the mountain.

Karaganda Region
Karaganda Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Karaganda. The region borders Akmola and Pavlodar Region to the north; Abai Region to the east; Jetisu, Almaty, and Zhambyl Regions to the south; and Kostanay and Ulytau regions to the west.

In 2022, the western parts of this region was split off and became the Ulytau Region.
Atlantic Coast Financial
Atlantic Coast Financial Corporation was an American publicly traded bank holding company headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida (a Maryland corporation) and listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market (Nasdaq: ACFC), which wholly owned Atlantic Coast Bank. In 2018, Ameris Bancorp completed its acquisition of Atlantic Coast Bank. The banks services were focused primarily on personal banking and business banking in the Northeast Florida, Central Florida and Southeast Georgia regions.  The company has been recognized by the Jacksonville Business Journal as one of north Florida's "Best Places to Work" in both 2015 and 2016, and was also selected as one of Florida's "Best Companies" by Florida Trend Magazine in July 2016.

Commercial bank
A commercial bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and gives loans to its clients to make a profit.

It can also refer to a bank or a division of a larger bank that deals with wholesale banking to corporations or large or middle-sized businesses, to differentiate from retail banks and investment banks. Commercial banks include private sector banks and public sector banks. However, central banks function differently from commercial banks, despite a common misconception known as the "bank analogy". Unlike commercial banks, central banks are not primarily focused on generating profits and cannot become insolvent in the same way as commercial banks in a fiat currency system.
Belk (surname)
Belk is an English surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Bill Belk (born 1946), American football defensive lineman

Darren Belk, English songwriter, bassist, and guitarist

Habib Belk (born 1989), Moroccan gnawa singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist

Irwin Belk (1922–2018), American businessman and politician

J. Blanton Belk, Up With People founder and chairman emeritus

John M. Belk (1920–2007), head of a department store chain

Mary Gardner Belk (born 1956), politician

Paul Belk (born 1977), former competitive swimmer

Rocky Belk (1960–2010), American football wide receiver

Russell W. Belk, American business academic

Tim Belk (born 1970), baseball player

Tim Belk
Timothy William Belk (born April 6, 1970) is a former professional first baseman who played one season for the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball. He made his Major League debut on June 25, 1996, and played his final game on July 3, 1996.  He was drafted by the Reds on June 1, 1992 and signed with them on June 4, 1992. He was later traded to the Detroit Tigers on March 20, 1998, for Kevin Baez, but did not play a game.
Werner Pochath
Werner Pochath (29 September 1939 – 18 April 1993) was an Austrian film actor. He worked in Germany, Italy and the United States, and then in the 1980s he began a second career as a Hollywood agent.
He had been the partner of the ballet director of the Hamburg State Opera, John Neumeier.

In 2019, director Alexander Wank made a documentary about Werner called Werner Pochath, Mr Nice Guy.

Hamburg State Opera
The Hamburg State Opera (in German: Staatsoper Hamburg) is a German opera company based in Hamburg. Its theatre is near the square of Gänsemarkt. Since the 2025/26 season, the Intendant of the company is Tobias Kratzer, and the Generalmusikdirektor is Omer Meir Wellber.
Trần Tuấn Anh
Trần Tuấn Anh  (Vietnamese pronunciation: [t͡ɕən˨˩ twən˧˦ ʔajŋ̟˧˧]; born 6 April 1964 in Hanoi) is a Vietnamese politician. His family is originally from Đức Phổ District, Quảng Ngãi Province. He was the Minister of Industry and Trade of Vietnam and a member of the National Assembly of Vietnam 14th term of 2016-2021 of the delegation of the National Assembly of Quảng Ngãi. He attended the Central Economic Commission on February 6, 2021 but resigned in 2024. Before, he had been President of Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry, Vice Chairman of People's Committee of Cần Thơ City and Consul General of Vietnam in San Francisco. Between 2011 and 2013, he was also rector of the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City.

Anh became member of the Communist Party of Vietnam on November 29, 1996.

Cần Thơ
Cần Thơ (Vietnamese pronunciation: [kə̀n tʰə̄ː] ⓘ) is the fourth-largest city in Vietnam, and the largest city along the Mekong Delta region in Vietnam. It is noted for its floating markets, Bánh tráng-making village, and picturesque rural canals. It has a population of around 4,199,824 as of 2024, and is located on the south bank of the Hậu River, a distributary of the Mekong River.

The city is nicknamed the "Western Metropolis" (Tây Đô / 西都), and is located 169 kilometres (105 miles) from Hồ Chí Minh City.
Krupský potok
The Krupský potok is a tributary of the Dolná Blava in Trnava District,  Western Slovakia. Its source is located near Okrúhla in the Little Carpathians Mountains. It flows into the Dolná Blava in Dolné Lovčice. It is 30.7 km (19.1 mi) long and its basin size is 131 km2 (51 sq mi).

Trnava District
Trnava District (Slovak: okres Trnava) is a district in the Trnava Region of Slovakia. In its present borders the district was established in 1996. Before that date Hlohovec district was a part of it. It comprises the villages around Trnava, which forms an administrative, cultural and economy center of the district. The towns and villages are partly bedroom communities for the people who work in Trnava or Bratislava.