hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Distance matrices in phylogeny
Distance matrices  are used in phylogeny as 
non-parametric distance methods and were originally applied to phenetic data using a matrix of pairwise distances. These distances are then reconciled to produce a tree (a phylogram, with informative branch lengths). The distance matrix can come from a number of different sources, including measured distance (for example from immunological studies) or morphometric analysis, various pairwise distance formulae (such as euclidean distance) applied to discrete morphological characters, or genetic distance from sequence, restriction fragment, or allozyme data. For phylogenetic character data, raw distance values can be calculated by simply counting the number of pairwise differences in character states (Hamming distance).

Restriction fragment
In molecular biology, a restriction fragment is a DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme (restriction endonucleases). Each restriction enzyme is highly specific, recognising a particular short DNA sequence (a restriction site) and cutting both DNA strands at specific points within this site. Most restriction sites are palindromic (i.e. the sequence of nucleotides is the same on both strands when read in the 5' to 3' direction of each strand) and are four to eight nucleotides long. Many cuts are made by one restriction enzyme because of the chance repetition of these sequences in a long DNA molecule, yielding a set of restriction fragments. A particular DNA molecule will always yield the same set of restriction fragments when exposed to the same restriction enzyme.  Restriction fragments can be analyzed using techniques such as gel electrophoresis or used in recombinant DNA technology.
Scott Cameron (swimmer)
Scott Mark Cameron (born 12 November 1976) is an Olympic swimmer from New Zealand. He swam for New Zealand at the 1996 Olympics.

Alongside Trent Bray, John Davis and Danyon Loader he was part of the bronze medal-winning 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team at the 1998 Commonwealth Games. He trained under Duncan Laing at Moana Pool in Dunedin.

New Zealand at the 1996 Summer Olympics
New Zealand competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. The New Zealand Olympic Committee was represented by 97 athletes and 60 officials. Former Olympic swimmer Dave Gerrard was the team's chef de mission.
Scott Suder
Scott Suder (born September 28, 1968) is president of the Wisconsin Paper Council. Previously, he was a politician from Abbotsford, Wisconsin. He was the Republican Majority Leader of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the 69th district from January 1998 until September 2013. He was preceded by Robert K. Zukowski and succeeded by Bob Kulp. Suder was a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), serving as Wisconsin state leader.

Abbotsford, Wisconsin
Abbotsford is a city in Clark and Marathon counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 2,275 at the 2020 census. Of this, 1,665 were in Clark County, and 610 were in Marathon County. Abbotsford is nicknamed "Wisconsin's First City" due to its alphabetical place on a list of Wisconsin cities.
Bill Bryson's African Diary
Bill Bryson's African Diary is a 2002 book by bestselling travel writer Bill Bryson. In this book, Bryson recounts his trip to Kenya in 2002, sharing his experiences and observations about Kenyan culture, geography, and politics. He also discusses his visits to poverty-fighting projects run by CARE International, to which he donated all royalties from the book.

Bill Bryson
William McGuire Bryson (/ˈbraɪsən/ BRYE-sən; born 8 December 1951) is an American-British journalist and author. Bryson has written nonfiction books on topics including travel, the English language, and science. Born in the United States, he has resided in Britain for most of his adult life, returning to the U.S. between 1995 and 2003, and holds dual American and British citizenship. He was the chancellor of Durham University from 2005 to 2011.

In 1995, while in the United Kingdom, Bryson wrote Notes from a Small Island, an exploration of Britain. In 2003, he authored A Short History of Nearly Everything. In October 2020, he announced that he had retired from writing books. In 2022, he recorded an audiobook for Audible, The Secret History of Christmas. He has sold over 16 million books worldwide.
Korea's Got Talent season 2
Korea's Got Talent is a South Korean reality television show that was first broadcast in 2012 on tvN. The show is based on the Got Talent series format, originating with Britain's Got Talent. This is the show's second and final season. The judges were Kolleen Park, Jang Jin and Jang Hang-jun, and a guest judge was Kim Gura.

Jang Hang-jun
Jang Hang-jun (Korean: 장항준; born September 17, 1969) is a South Korean film director and television director, and also screenwriter in both fields. He is also professor at the Department of Theater and Film at Digital Seoul Culture Arts University. He made his directional debut in the 2002 film Break Out. Jang has directed the feature films Spring Breeze (2003), Forgotten (2017), Rebound (2023), and The King's Warden (2026).

In 2011, he turned to the small screen, co-wrote and directed Sign, a medical crime investigation drama starring Park Shin-yang and Kim Ah-joong.
2016–17 North West Counties Football League
The 2016–17 North West Counties Football League season (known as the Hallmark Security League for sponsorship reasons) was the 35th in the history of the North West Counties Football League, a football competition in England. Teams were divided into two divisions: Premier Division and First Division.

Barnton F.C.
Barnton Football Club is a football club in the village of Barnton, near Northwich, in Cheshire. They are currently members of the North West Counties League Division One South and play at Townfield Lane, known as the Creative Hut Stadium.
Ethel Beatty
Ethel Newcomb Beatty, Countess Beatty (née Field; 1873 – July 17, 1932) was a socialite and a member of the aristocracy. The daughter of American millionaire Marshall Field, she enjoyed a lavish lifestyle.

Socialite
A socialite is a person, typically a woman from a wealthy or aristocratic background, who is prominent in high society. A socialite generally spends a significant amount of time attending various fashionable social gatherings, instead of having traditional employment.
Gallery Galschiøt
Gallery Galschiøt is a workshop in Odense, Denmark, and is 8,000 square meters. Gallery Galschiøt contains the artist Jens Galschiot's workshop.

In the gallery there is access to:

The Gallery, where a large amount of Galschiot's work is exhibited. Also other artists exhibits with a number of paintings etc. The gallery has also been visited by the Danish princess Marie.

The workshop, where Galschiot creates his sculptures.

The park, where it is possible to see a lot of Galschiot's biggest sculptures.

The Gallery has a permanent exhibition, which also contains works of Michael Kvium, Jørgen Boberg, Laurits Tuxen, Wilhelm Marstrand, Gerhard Henning.

Princess Marie of Denmark
Princess Marie of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, RE (born Marie Agathe Odile Cavallier; 6 February 1976) is a member of the Danish royal family. She is the second wife of Prince Joachim of Denmark, the younger brother of King Frederik X of Denmark.
Carabus hummelii middendorfi
Carabus hummelii middendorfi is a subspecies of ground beetle that is endemic to Russia, where it can only be found on Bolshoy Shantar Island in Primorsky Krai. They are wooden brown coloured with black pronotum.

Prothorax
The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum (dorsal), the prosternum (ventral), and the propleuron (lateral) on each side. The prothorax never bears wings in extant insects (except in some cases of atavism), though some fossil groups possessed wing-like projections. All adult insects possess legs on the prothorax, though in a few groups (e.g., the butterfly family Nymphalidae) the forelegs are greatly reduced. In many groups of insects, the pronotum is reduced in size, but in a few it is hypertrophied, such as in all beetles (Coleoptera). In most treehoppers (family Membracidae, order Hemiptera), the pronotum is expanded into often fantastic shapes that enhance their camouflage or mimicry. Similarly, in the Tetrigidae, the pronotum is extended backward to cover the flight wings, supplanting the function of the tegmina.
Leon MacIntosh Ellis
Leon MacIntosh Ellis (17 July 1887 – 25 November 1941) was a New Zealand forestry administrator and consultant. He was born in Meaford, Ontario, Canada on 17 July 1887.

Ellis oversaw the creation of the New Zealand Forestry Service and the employment of specialists to assist the Service in its aims.  One of the specialists hired by the New Zealand Forestry Service was Mary Sutherland a notable New Zealand forester and botanist.

Meaford, Ontario
Meaford is a municipality in Grey County, Ontario, Canada located on Nottawasaga Bay, a sub-basin of Georgian Bay and Owen Sound Bay.  The municipality's seal and motto reflect its heritage as a place of apple orchards, but in the 21st century the area has partly switched to weekend homes, seasonal homes, and lakeside tourism.

The Canadian Army maintains a training facility, the 4th Canadian Division Training Centre Meaford (4 CDTC), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northwest of the town of Meaford.
Aleshea Harris
Aleshea Harris is an American playwright, performer, and screenwriter. Her play Is God Is won the American Playwriting Foundation's Relentless Award in 2016. In 2023, her play On Sugarland was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.

Her work has been commissioned for the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. Her plays have toured in France and in Belgium and have been presented at Playfest at the Orlando Shakespeare Theater, the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Harriet Tubman Center for Social Justice, California Institute of the Arts, VOXfest at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, and the Comédie de Saint-Étienne-National Drama Center in France.

Orlando Shakespeare Theater
The Orlando Shakespeare Theater is a theater company based in Orlando, Florida that produces classic, contemporary, and children’s plays. The company was founded as the Orlando-UCF Shakespeare Festival and performed its first productions in 1989. It is based at the John and Rita Lowndes Shakespeare Center in Orlando's Loch Haven Park.
Paris by Night 98
Paris by Night 98: Fly With Us to Las Vegas  is a Paris by Night program produced by Thúy Nga that was filmed at the Theatre for the Performing Arts in Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on September 18 and 19, 2009 and had a DVD release on December 10, 2009. The show was hosted by Nguyễn Ngọc Ngạn and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên.

Hương Thủy (singer)
Nguyễn Thị Hương Thủy, commonly known by her stage name Hương Thủy, is a Vietnamese-language singer from southern Vietnam known for ca dao and cải lương singing. She appears on the long running Vietnamese diaspora variety show Paris by Night, making her debut in Paris By Night 72: Tiếng Hát Từ Nhịp Tim. She also acts in their plays and musicals.
Ultrasonic testing
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse waves with centre frequencies ranging from 0.1-15MHz and occasionally up to 50MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion and erosion. Ultrasonic testing is extensively used to detect flaws in welds.

Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminum construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.

Aerospace
Aerospace refers to the technology and industry involved with the atmosphere and outer space collectively. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering consists of aeronautics and astronautics. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, maintain, and repair both aircraft and spacecraft.

The border between space and the atmosphere has been proposed as 100 kilometres (62.1 mi) above the ground according to the physical explanation that the air density is too low for a lifting body to generate meaningful lift force without exceeding orbital velocity. This border has been called the Kármán line.
Vassiliki Anastasiadou
Vassiliki Anastasiadou (Greek: Βασιλική Αναστασιάδου; born 3 May 1958), is a Cypriot politician and was the Minister of Transport, Communications and Works from 1 March 2018 in the second cabinet of Nicos Anastasiades until 3 December 2019, in a reshuffling of the cabinet.

Born in Nicosia, Anastasiadou got her degree in Laws at University of Athens and a master's degree in European Law from the University of Leicester. In her youth, Anastasiadou was an amateur singer and participated in the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, Canada, representing Cyprus in a Song Festival. In 1983, she was appointed member of the Secretariat of the House of Representatives, becoming First Secretary. In 2002, Anastasiadou was appointed director of the European Affairs Service of the House of Representatives, which was in charge of harmonizing the European law to the Cypriot legislation for the inclusion of the country to the EU.

1978 Commonwealth Games
The 1978 Commonwealth Games were held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, from 3 to 12 August, two years after the 1976 Summer Olympics was held in Montreal, Quebec. They were boycotted by Nigeria, in protest at New Zealand's sporting contacts with apartheid-era South Africa, as well as by Uganda, in protest at alleged Canadian hostility towards the government of Idi Amin. The Bid Election was held at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.

This was the first Commonwealth Games where a computerized system was used to handle ticket sales. This was the first Commonwealth Games to be named under the current title as Commonwealth Games, having dropped British. The Games were opened by Queen Elizabeth II for the first time since becoming Queen in 1952.
2022 Rio Open – Singles
Carlos Alcaraz defeated Diego Schwartzman in the final, 6–4, 6–2 to win the singles title at the 2022 Rio Open. Alcaraz became the youngest winner of an ATP 500 event since the category was created in 2009.

Cristian Garín was the defending champion from when the event was last held in 2020, but lost to Federico Coria in the first round.

Sebastián Báez
Sebastián Báez (Spanish pronunciation: [seβasˈtjam ˈbaes]; born 28 December 2000) is an Argentine professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 18 achieved on 24 June 2024 and a best doubles ranking of No. 189 reached on 29 July 2024. He is currently the No. 3 singles player from Argentina.

Báez reached an ITF junior combined ranking of world No. 1 on 12 March 2018.

Báez has won seven ATP Tour singles titles. He represents Argentina at the Davis Cup.
Boris Strel
Boris Strel (20 October 1959 – 28 March 2013) was a Slovenian alpine skier. He was born in Žiri, Slovenia (then part of Yugoslavia). In December 1981, Strel took the only Slovenian top-level win in men's giant slalom in the 1982 Alpine Skiing World Cup competition in Cortina d'Ampezzo. He ended his career after the 1984/85 season due to problems with his spine and was later active as a ski school and a ski repair shop owner. Strel committed suicide on 28 March 2013.

Žiri
Žiri (pronounced [ʒiˈɾíː] ⓘ; formerly also Žir, locally Žier, German: Sairach) is a town in northwestern Slovenia. It is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Žiri, created in 1994. Prior to this the town belonged administratively to the area of Škofja Loka.
Three Lakes Valley
Three Lakes Valley can refer to:

Fountain Valley (British Columbia) (officially Three Lake Valley)

Three Lakes Valley (Nevada)

Three Lakes Valley (South Orkney Islands)

Martin Valley, South Georgia (unofficial local name)

Three Lakes Valley (South Orkney Islands)
Three Lakes Valley (60°42′S 45°37′W﻿ / ﻿60.700°S 45.617°W﻿ / -60.700; -45.617) is a low valley containing three freshwater lakes, extending from the vicinity of Elephant Flats northward to Stygian Cove on Signy Island, in the South Orkney Islands. The three lakes, from north to south, are Heywood Lake, Knob Lake, and Pumphouse Lake. The valley was surveyed and given this descriptive name by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1947.

Heywood Lake is the northernmost lake in the valley. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Ronald B. Heywood, a limnologist with the British Antarctic Survey.

Knob Lake is the central lake in the valley. It was named by UK-APC because there is a glacier-scoured rock knob forming a small island near the south end of the lake.

Pumphouse Lake is the southernmost of the three lakes. It was named by UK-APC because of the abandoned pump house and pipeline, built by whalers, on the east side of the lake.
Channel 15 TV stations in Canada
The following television stations broadcast on digital or analog channel 15 in Canada:

CFGC-DT-2 in North Bay, Ontario

CFTO-TV-21 in Orillia, Ontario

CFVS-DT in Val-d'Or, Quebec

CHCH-DT in Hamilton, Ontario

CIII-DT-12 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario

CIVK-DT in Carleton, Quebec

CIVQ-DT in Quebec City, Quebec

CKMI-DT-1 in Montreal, Quebec

CFTO-DT
CFTO-DT (channel 9, cable channel 8) is a television station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, serving as the flagship station of the CTV Television Network, a division of Bell Media. It is sister to Barrie-based CTV2 flagship CKVR-DT, channel 3 (although the two stations maintain separate operations). CFTO-DT's studios are located at 9 Channel Nine Court in the former city of Scarborough, and its transmitter is located atop the CN Tower in Downtown Toronto. The station shares the Agincourt studio complex with CTV's national headquarters, which includes studios for the network's news programming (CTV National News and the CTV News Channel), along with most of Bell Media's specialty channels.
Pennsylvania's 21st congressional district
Pennsylvania's twenty-first congressional district was a congressional district in northwestern Pennsylvania. It was created following the 1830 census and was disbanded after the 2000 census removed two representatives from Pennsylvania.

1830 United States census
The 1830 United States census, the fifth  census undertaken in the United States, was conducted on June 1, 1830. The only loss of census records for 1830 involved some countywide losses in Massachusetts, Maryland, and Mississippi.

It determined the population of the 24 states to be 12,866,020, of which 2,009,043 were slaves. The center of population was about 170 miles (274 km) west of Washington, D.C. in present-day Grant County, West Virginia.

This was the first census in which a city—New York—recorded a population of over 200,000.
Sacred Heart Church, Zhongding
Sacred Heart Church or Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, commonly known as Zhongding Catholic Church, is a Catholic church in Bingzhongluo, Gongshan, Yunnan, China. It was founded by Annet Genestier in 1908, destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, and rebuilt in 1996. It has been subjected to the government-controlled Catholic Patriotic Association since 1957.

Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County
Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 贡山独龙族怒族自治县; traditional Chinese: 貢山獨龍族怒族自治縣; pinyin: Gòngshān Dúlóngzú Nùzú Zìzhìxiàn; Lisu: ꓗꓳꓹ-ꓢ ꓔꓴꓽ-ꓡꓳꓽ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓠꓳꓸ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓚꓲꓸ ꓛꓬꓽ ꓗꓪꓼ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓫꓯꓹ; Derung: Koksang, the name has nothing to do with the Derung language for Gaoligong Mountains) is an autonomous county located in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, in the northwest of Yunnan province, China. It has an area of 4,506 km2 (1,740 sq mi) and a population of about 37,894 according to the 2010 Census. The county government is stationed in Cikai Town (Derung: Svkeun)

The Nu people in Gongshan (Vnung'long) belongs to the Anu branch (Vnung) and use the Anu language (Nujiang dialect of the Derung language).
Efthymios Mitropoulos
Efthymios (Thimio) E. Mitropoulos (Greek: Ευθύμιος Μητρόπουλος; born 30 May 1939 in Piraeus, Greece) was the seventh Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a United Nations agency. Mitropoulos was elected as Secretary-General on 18 June 2003 during the 19th session of the International Maritime Organization Council. His four-year term started on 1 January 2004, and then was extended until 31 December 2011 by the IMO Council on 9 November 2006. He was succeeded by Koji Sekimizu.

Mitropoulos was an accomplished chief engineer officer, coast guard officer, rear admiral, shipping economist, marine technologist, harbor master, lecturer, chancellor, chairman, and author of books about shipping economics and policy, merchant vessels, and navigation safety, among other shipping-related subjects.

Harbourmaster
A harbourmaster (or harbormaster, see spelling differences) is an official responsible for enforcing the regulations of a particular harbour or port, in order to ensure the safety of navigation, the security of the harbour and the correct operation of the port facilities.
Navneet Kaur (field hockey)
Navneet Kaur (born 26 January 1996 at Shahabad Markanda) is an Indian field hockey player. She plays as a forward for the Indian national team and has 100 international caps to her credit.

Navneet was part of the Indian team that won a silver at the 2018 Asian Games.

On 8 April 2022, she made her 100th international appearance in the 2021-22 Women's FIH Pro League match against the Netherlands team. She also won the Player of the Match award for her performance against the Dutch team.

She is presently employed with Western Railway of the Indian Railways.

India women's national field hockey team
The Indian women's national field hockey team represents India in international field hockey, and is governed by Hockey India. They are ranked 10th in the world and the second best team in Asia. They have won the gold at the 2002 Commonwealth Games and the 1982 Asian Games. They have also won the Asia Cup twice, in 2004 and 2017, and the Asian Champions Trophy thrice, in 2016, 2023 and 2024.
2006 Thai political party dissolution charges
Party dissolution charges were a series of events and scandals that eventually led to the dissolution of the Thai Rak Thai Party, Thailand's biggest political party, and a few small parties following a general election in April, 2006.

Sonthi Boonyaratglin
Sonthi Boonyaratglin (Thai: สนธิ บุญยรัตกลิน, RTGS: Sonthi Bunyaratkalin, IPA: [sǒn.tʰíʔ bun.já.rát.kà.lin]; born 2 October 1946) is a Thai former general who was Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army and former head of the Council for Democratic Reform, the military junta that ruled the kingdom. He was the first Muslim in charge of the army of the mostly Buddhist country. On 19 September 2006, he became the de facto head of government of Thailand after overthrowing the elected government in a coup d'état.  After retiring from the Army in 2007, he became deputy prime minister, in charge of national security.

Sonthi is a multimillionaire and has two wives, Sukanya and Piyada, despite legal prohibitions against bigamy.