hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mother tongue mirroring
Mother tongue mirroring is the adaptation of word-for-word translation in language education. The aim is to make foreign constructions salient and transparent to learners and, in many cases, spare them the technical jargon of grammatical analysis. It differs from literal translation and interlinear text as used in the past, since it takes the progress learners have made into account and only focuses upon one specific structure at a time. As a didactic device, it can only be used to the extent that it remains intelligible to the learner, unless it is combined with a normal idiomatic translation.

Language education
Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually including some applied linguistics. There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies, cross-cultural experiences, and multiple literacies.
Angels Hotel
The Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, was the hotel where the author Mark Twain heard a story that he would later turn into his short story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County".

The hotel was originally a canvas tent erected by C. C. Lake in 1851, and replaced by a one-story wooden structure. It was rebuilt with stone in 1855, and a second story was added in 1857.

In front of the building is the "Frog Hop of Fame", where commemorative plaques are embedded in the sidewalk for the winners of the annual Jumping Frog Jubilee frog jumping contest.

The building, no longer operated as a hotel, is registered as California Historical Landmark #734. It was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is currently an apartment complex.

Angels Hotel, date unknown

The hotel in 2009

Sidewalk
A sidewalk (North American English), pavement (British English, South African English), or footpath (Irish English, Indian English, Australian English, New Zealand English) is a path along the side of a road. Usually constructed of concrete, pavers, brick, stone, or asphalt, it is designed for pedestrians. A sidewalk is normally higher than the roadway, and separated from it by a curb. There may also be a planted strip between the sidewalk and the roadway and between the roadway and the adjacent land.
Jim Ronayne
James William Ronayne (31 March 1877 – 6 August 1936) was an Irish hurler who played for the Cork senior team.

Ronayne joined the team during the 1902 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 1912 championship. During that time he won one All-Ireland medal and six Munster medals.

At club level Ronayne was a three-time county club championship medal winner with Dungourney.

1902 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 1902 was the 16th series of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Ireland's premier hurling knock-out competition.  Cork (Dungourney) won the championship, beating London 3–13 to 0–00 in the final.
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens baseball
The Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Delaware in Newark, Delaware, United States. The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I and are members of the Conference USA.

Newark, Delaware
Newark (/ˈnjuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark) is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. Home to the University of Delaware, it is located 8 miles (13 km) west-southwest of Wilmington and 28 miles (45 km) southwest of Philadelphia. According to the 2020 census, the town's population is 30,601. It constitutes part of the Delaware Valley, and the Philadelphia metropolitan area.
David Rozenberg
David Iokhelevich Rosenberg (Russian: Давид Иохелевич Розенберг; 27 November 1879, Šateikiai – 17 February 1950, Moscow) was a Soviet economist.

He joined the General Jewish Labour Bund in Odesa in the early 1900s and was exiled to Narymsky Krai in Siberia in 1914. After the Russian Revolution he joined the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), moved to Moscow and taught Marxist-Leninist political economy. Author of several texts that were endorsed as textbooks during the Stalin era and beyond. Was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1939. He is buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

He was criticized by Mikhail Vasilyevich Popov.

Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (until 1946 the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union).

In 1991, by the decree of the President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Russian Academy of Sciences was established on the basis of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.
1942 Japanese general election
General elections were held in Japan on 30 April 1942 to elect members of the House of Representatives. They were the only elections held in Japan during World War II. By this time, the House of Representatives had lost much of its power to the military dictatorship, a process that had begun with the "Manchurian Incident" when the Imperial Army invaded Manchuria without approval from the (then still civilian) cabinet in 1931. Since 1932 when Admiral Viscount Saitō Makoto was appointed prime minister of the first so-called "national unity cabinet", fewer members of the political parties in the House of Representatives had held any significant role in government. Additionally, the military had by this point sought to transform Japan into a one-party state.

Saitō Makoto
Viscount Saitō Makoto (斎藤 実; 27 October 1858 – 26 February 1936) was a Japanese admiral and politician who was prime minister of Japan from 1932 to 1934. Upon distinguishing himself during his command of two cruisers in the First Sino-Japanese War, Saitō rose rapidly to the rank of rear admiral by 1900. He was promoted to vice admiral during the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. After serving as Minister of the Navy from 1906 to 1914, Saitō held the position of Governor-General of Korea from 1919 to 1927 and again from 1929 to 1931. When Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated in May 1932, he took his place as prime minister and served one term in office. Saitō returned to public service as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal in February 1935 but was assassinated only a year later during the February 26 Incident. Saitō along with Takahashi Korekiyo were the last former prime ministers of Japan to be assassinated until 2022, with the assassination of Shinzo Abe.
Hurricane Lidia (1993)
Hurricane Lidia was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1993 Pacific hurricane season. Forming from a tropical wave on September 8, Lidia steadily organized and became a hurricane on September 10. The hurricane continued to strengthen while developing a well-defined eye, and peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on September 11. However, it weakened considerably before making landfall in Sinaloa as a Category 2 storm. Lidia dissipated near Austin on September 14 and was later absorbed by a cold front. Across Mexico, the hurricane killed seven people; over 100,000 people were forced to evacuate their homes. A total of 160 homes were destroyed and 10,000 people were left homeless because of the storm. In the United States, five people suffered injuries and storm damage totaled $8 million (1993 USD).

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches
Tropical cyclone warnings and watches are alerts issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane intensity. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track.
Aksak
In Ottoman musical theory, aksak (Ottoman Turkish: آغساق, romanized: aġsak) is a rhythmic system in which pieces or sequences, executed in a fast tempo, are based on the uninterrupted reiteration of a matrix, which results from the juxtaposition of rhythmic cells based on the alternation of binary and ternary quantities, as in 2+3, 2+2+3, 2+3+3, etc. The name literally means "limping", "stumbling", or "slumping", and has been borrowed by Western ethnomusicologists to refer generally to irregular, or additive meters.

In Turkish folk music, these metres occur mainly in vocal and instrumental dance music, though they are found also in some folksongs. Strictly speaking, in Turkish music theory the term refers only to the grouping of nine pulses into a pattern of 2+2+2+3. Some examples are shown below.

Ottoman Turkish alphabet
The Ottoman Turkish alphabet (Ottoman Turkish: الفبا, romanized: elifbâ) is a version of the Perso-Arabic script used to write Ottoman Turkish for over 600 years until 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.

Though Ottoman Turkish was primarily written in this script, non-Muslim Ottoman subjects sometimes wrote it in other scripts, including Armenian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew alphabets.
Mina Markovič
Mina Markovič is a professional rock climber who specialized in competition climbing, from which she is now retired. She competed in the World Cup and World Championships in competition lead climbing, competition bouldering, and competition speed climbing, obtaining her best results in lead.  She also climbs on outdoor sport climbing routes where she has redpointed to 9a (5.14d).

Redpoint (climbing)
In rock climbing, a redpoint is a successful free-climb of a climbing route performed by a lead climber.

The climber can use rock-climbing equipment only for protection, not as an artificial aid to rest or climb. The climber can have attempted or practised the route many times beforehand, such as by headpointing or by top roping.

When performed on the first attempt, a successful redpoint is typically called onsight (without prior knowledge about beta), or flash (with beta provided by others). Typically, climbers try to redpoint a route after having failed to onsight or flash it.

Regardless of the number of attempts required to perform it, the first successful redpoint of a climbing route is recorded as the first free ascent (FFA) of that route.
Geographic data and information
Geographic data and information is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as data and information having an implicit or explicit association with a location relative to Earth (a geographic location or geographic position). It is also called geospatial data and information, georeferenced data and information, as well as geodata and geoinformation.

Geographic data and information is stored in geographic databases and geographic information systems (GIS).
There are many different formats of geodata, including vector files, raster files, web files, and multi-temporal data.

Spatial data or spatial information is broader class of data whose geometry is relevant but it is not necessarily georeferenced, such as in computer-aided design (CAD), see geometric modeling.

Geographic coordinate system
A geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. It is the simplest, oldest, and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system, geographic coordinate systems are not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface.

A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location.
Ngotwane Dam
Ngotwane Dam is an earth-fill type dam located on the Ngotwane River, near Lobathleng, North West, South Africa. It was established in 1982 and serves primarily for irrigation purposes. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked significant (2).

North West (South African province)
North West (Afrikaans: Noord-Wes [nuərtˈvɛs]; Tswana: Bokone Bophirima) is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Mahikeng. The province is located to the west of the major population centre and province of Gauteng, to the south of the country of Botswana, and southwest of the northernmost province of Limpopo.
Musaeus of Athens
Musaeus of Athens (Greek: Μουσαῖος, Mousaios) was a legendary Greek polymath, philosopher, historian, prophet, seer, priest, poet, and musician, said to have been the founder of priestly poetry in Attica. He composed dedicatory and purificatory hymns and prose treatises, and oracular responses.

Elefsina
Elefsina (Greek: Ελευσίνα, romanized: Elefsína) or Eleusis (/ɛˈljuːsɪs/ eh-LEW-siss; Ancient Greek: Ἐλευσίς, romanized: Eleusís) is a suburban city and a municipality within the Athens metropolitan area in Attica, Greece. It is located in the Thriasio Plain, at the northernmost end of the Saronic Gulf, in the regional unit of West Attica. North of Elefsina are the towns of Mandra and Magoula, while Aspropyrgos is to the northeast.

It is the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries and the birthplace of Aeschylus.  Today, Elefsina is a major industrial centre, with the largest oil refinery in Greece as well as the home of the Aeschylia Festival, the longest-lived arts event in the Attica Region. On 11 November 2016, Elefsina was named the European Capital of Culture for 2021, which became effective in 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic postponement.
Big Levels salamander
The Big Levels salamander (Plethodon sherando) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Virginia in the eastern United States. First described in 2004, it derives its specific name, sherando, from Sherando Lake in the George Washington National Forest. Its common name refers to the Big Levels area of southeastern Augusta County, Virginia, a series of flat to gently rolling mountain tops in the Blue Ridge Mountains, where it was found.

It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to its limited distribution. Little is known about its conservation status or threats, but it may be threatened by logging-related ecosystem degradation.

George Washington and Jefferson National Forests
The George Washington and Jefferson National Forests is an administrative entity combining two U.S. National Forests into one of the largest areas of public land in the Eastern United States. The forests cover 1.8 million acres (2,800 sq mi; 730,000 ha) of land in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky.  Approximately 1 million acres (1,600 sq mi; 400,000 ha) of the forest are remote and undeveloped and 139,461 acres (218 sq mi; 56,438 ha) have been designated as wilderness areas, which prohibits future development.
Julia Strachey
Julia Strachey (14 August 1901 – 1979) was an English writer, born in Allahabad, India, where her father, Oliver Strachey, the elder brother of Lytton Strachey, was a civil servant. Her mother, Ruby Mayer (1881–1959), was of Swiss-German origin. For most of Julia's life she lived in England, where she worked as a model at Poiret, as a photographer and as a publisher's reader, before she embarked upon a career in novel-writing. She is perhaps best remembered for her novella Cheerful Weather for the Wedding.

Persephone Books
Persephone Books is an independent publisher based in Bath, England. Founded in 1999 by Nicola Beauman, Persephone Books reprints works largely by women writers of the late 19th and 20th century, though a few books by men are included. The catalogue includes fiction (novels and short stories) and non-fiction (diaries, memoirs and cookery books). Most books have a grey dustjacket and endpaper using a contemporaneous design, with a matching bookmark.

The company sells books mostly through its website, but also maintains a shop in Bath.
Emergency Ward (film)
Emergency Ward (Spanish: Sala de guardia) is a 1952 Argentine film directed by Tulio Demicheli during the classical era of Argentine cinema. It was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival and was one of the nominees for the Grand Prize of the Festival.

Tulio Demicheli
Tulio Demicheli (born August 15, 1914, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. May 25, 1992, Madrid, Spain) was an Argentine born Spanish film director, screenwriter and film producer notable for his work during the classical era of Argentine cinema.

Born as Armando Bartolomé Demichelli in 1914, Demicheli initially began as a screenwriter in 1944 but by 1950 with his directorial debut in Arrabalera in 1950 he began to simultaneously direct and write for his films. He directed and wrote for some 60 films between 1944 and 1987. Overall he is best known for his work in tango film production and worked with popular actors of the period such as Tita Merello, Santiago Gómez Cou and Tito Alonso.

He died on May 25, 1992, from cancer, aged 77.
Hatsune Miku: Project Diva
Hatsune Miku: Project Diva (初音ミク -Project DIVA-; stylized as Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA) is a series of rhythm games created by Sega and Crypton Future Media. The series currently consists of 6 main titles, released on various PlayStation consoles, the Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows, and in arcades, the 2 Project Mirai games for the Nintendo 3DS, and 4 spin-offs for mobile and VR platforms. The series primarily makes use of Vocaloids, a series of singing synthesizer software developed by the Yamaha Corporation, and the songs created using these Vocaloids, most notably the virtual-diva Vocaloid Hatsune Miku.

Virtual reality game
A virtual reality game or VR game is a video game played on virtual reality (VR) hardware. Most VR games are based on player immersion, typically through a head-mounted display unit or headset with stereoscopic displays and one or more controllers.

The video game industry made early attempts at VR in the 1990s, most notably with Sega's VR-1 and Virtuality for arcades, along with unsuccessful attempts for home consoles with the Sega VR prototype and Nintendo's Virtual Boy. With the introduction of the first consumer-ready home VR product, the Oculus Rift, in 2013, home VR games soon followed, including existing games adapted for the VR hardware, and new games designed directly for VR. While VR hardware and games grew modestly for the remainder of the 2010s, Half-Life: Alyx, a full VR game developed by Valve and released in 2020, was considered the killer application for VR games.
Love Affairs (song)
"Love Affairs" is a song recorded by American country music artist Michael Martin Murphey. It was co-written by Murphey and Mike d'Abo. It was released in March 1983 as the fourth and final single from the album Michael Martin Murphey.  The song peaked at number 11 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles and at number 18 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.

The backing vocals are performed by Jennifer Warnes.

Jennifer Warnes
Jennifer Jean Warnes (born March 3, 1947) is an American singer and songwriter who has performed as a vocalist on a number of film soundtracks. She has won two Grammy Awards, in 1983 for the Joe Cocker duet "Up Where We Belong", and in 1987 for the Bill Medley duet "(I've Had) The Time of My Life". Warnes also collaborated closely with Leonard Cohen.
Lachlan Boshier
Lachlan Boshier (born 16 November 1994) is a New Zealand rugby union player who currently plays as a loose forward for Taranaki in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the Chiefs in the international Super Rugby competition.

Taranaki (National Provincial Championship)
Taranaki (often known as the Taranaki Bulls) are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in New Plymouth, New Zealand. They represent the Taranaki region and compete National Provincial Championship. The union was originally established in 1889, with the National Provincial Championship established in 1976.

The team is governed by the Taranaki Rugby Football Union, and typically play their home games at Stadium Taranaki in New Plymouth. The team is affiliated with the Chiefs Super Rugby franchise. Their home playing colours are amber and black.
1975 Hawaii Open
The 1975 Hawaii Open, also known by its sponsored name Island Holidays Pro Classic, was a men's tennis tournament played an outdoor hard courts in Maui, Hawaii, in the United States. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 29 September through 5 October 1975. The tournament was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit and categorized in Group B. First-seeded Jimmy Connors won the singles title.

Grand Prix tennis circuit
The ITF Grand Prix Circuit  was a professional tennis tour for male players founded in 1970 as the ILTF Grand Prix Tennis Circuit  it was administered by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and ran annually until 1989 when it and the rival WCT Circuit were replaced by a single world wide ATP Tour.

The women's tour the ILTF Women's International Grand Prix Circuit ran from 1971 to 1976. It's events were absorbed to form the Colgate International Series.
Cavazzoli
Cavazzoli or Villa Cavazzoli (I Cavasō in Reggiano dialect; De Cavazzolis in Latin) is a frazione of the municipality of Reggio Emilia with 1,378 inhabitants, now a small northwestern extension of the urban area of Reggio.

The fraction is the birthplace of Cesare Campioli, the first mayor of Reggio Emilia after the Liberation, the silver medal of the Resistance Paolo Davoli, and the tenor Ferruccio Tagliavini.

Locally, according to tradition, the remains of Saint Julius the Martyr rest, contained in a transparent reliquary in the namesake oratory located in the Valle di San Giulio.

Milan–Bologna railway
The Milan–Bologna railway is the northern part of the traditional main north–south trunk line of the Italian railway network. It closely follows the ancient Roman Road, the Via Aemilia. The line was opened between 1859 and 1861 as a single-line railway, and was doubled between 1866 and 1894. It was electrified at 3,000 volts DC in 1938. High-speed trains on the route have used the parallel Milan–Bologna high-speed line since 13 December 2008.
The Enchanted Type-Writer
The Enchanted Type-Writer is a collection of short stories by John Kendrick Bangs, published in 1899 with illustrations by Peter Newell. Bangs attributes many of the stories to the late (and invisible) James Boswell, who has become an editor for a newspaper in Hades, and who communicates with the author by means of an old typewriter. The stories are part of the author's Associated Shades series, sometimes called the Hades series for its primary setting. Their genre has become known as Bangsian fantasy.

There are ten stories in the collection, and ten plates from illustrations by Newell.
They were first published serially in Harper's Weekly beginning August 5, 1899, including the Newell illustrations.

Harper's Weekly
Harper's Weekly, A Journal of Civilization was an American political magazine based in New York City. Published by Harper & Brothers from 1857 until 1916, it featured foreign and domestic news, fiction, essays on many subjects, and humor, alongside illustrations. It carried extensive coverage of the American Civil War, including many illustrations of events from the war. During its most influential period, it was the forum of the political cartoonist Thomas Nast.