hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sessile drop technique
In materials science, the sessile drop technique is a method used for the characterization of solid surface energies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surface energies. The main premise of the method is that by placing a droplet of liquid with a known surface energy and contact angle, the surface energy of the solid substrate can be calculated. The liquid used for such experiments is referred to as the probe liquid, and the use of several different probe liquids is required.

Adhesion
Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. (Cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles and surfaces to cling to one another.)

The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can be divided into several types. The intermolecular forces responsible for the function of various kinds of stickers and sticky tape fall into the categories of chemical adhesion, dispersive adhesion, and diffusive adhesion. In addition to the cumulative magnitudes of these intermolecular forces, there are also certain emergent mechanical effects.
Wayflyer
Wayflyer is an Irish non-bank lender and inventory finance company which was founded in 2019 in Dublin, Ireland with a focus on consumer brands. It provides finance through invoice discounting and factoring with a focus on revenue-based financing. The company lends mainly to e-commerce and technology based companies which generate income from advertising and non-recurring revenue streams.

As of November 2024, it has offices in Dublin, London, New York and Sydney.

Revenue-based financing
Revenue-based financing (also known as royalty financing or royalty-based financing) is a type of financial capital provided to growing businesses in which investors inject capital (sometimes called an advance) into a business in return for a fixed percentage of ongoing gross revenues (called royalties), with payment increases and decreases based on business revenues, typically measured as monthly revenue.

It is a non-dilutive form of financing, which means that the company's management retains complete independence and control, as there is no equity investment or impact on the company's shareholding. Usually, the returns to the investor continue until the initial capital amount, plus a multiple (also known as a cap) is repaid. Generally, RBF investors expect the loan to be repaid within 1 to 5 years of the initial investment depending on the model and the funded companies.
Somali National University
Somali National University (SNU) (Somali: Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, Arabic: الجامعة الوطنية الصومالية, Italian: Università Nazionale Somala) is a national university in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. Its campus grounds were located four kilometers from the Mogadishu International Airport (Aden Adde International Airport). It was established in 1971, but was "officially" founded in 1954. It closed in 1990. After closing down for a number of years, the university reopened in August 2014.

Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud (Somali: Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud; Arabic: حسن شيخ محمود, romanized: Ḥasan Shaykh Muḥamūd; born 29 November 1955) is a Somali politician serving as the president of Somalia since 15 May 2022. He previously held the office from 2012 to 2017.

Hassan was previously a university professor and dean at SIMAD University, which he co-founded. During 2012 he was elected President of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). Time magazine placed him on an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013. During 2014 he controversially welcomed the entry of Ethiopian troops into the African Union mission in the wake of the 2006 invasion. His first administration faced serious criticism for rampant corruption, media restrictions and abuse of power.

After losing power in 2017, he became the founder and current chairman of the Union for Peace and Development Party. He was indirectly elected as President of the Federal Republic of Somalia on 15 May 2022.
Satah Mountain volcanic field
The Satah Mountain volcanic field (SMVF) is an extensive north-south trending volcanic chain in the Central Interior of British Columbia that stretches south of the Itcha Range shield volcano to northeast of Nimpo Lake. The chain is located on the Chilcotin Plateau, a major subdivision of the Interior Plateau that includes other nearby volcanic features. It forms a segment of the east-west trending Anahim Volcanic Belt, whose volcanic activity ranges in age from Miocene-to-Holocene.

This volcanic chain is named after its highest volcano, Satah Mountain, 35 km (22 mi) northeast of Nimpo Lake.

Nimpo Lake
Nimpo Lake is a freshwater lake in the Chilcotin District of British Columbia, Canada. It is located 300 kilometres (190 miles) west of Williams Lake on the Chilcotin Highway (Hwy 20) and is approximately 160 kilometres (99 miles) east of Bella Coola. The lake is over 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) long with several protected bays and has an area of 9.88 km2.
Sarnath capital
The Sarnath capital is a pillar capital, sometimes also described as a "stone bracket", discovered in the archaeological excavations at the ancient Buddhist site of Sarnath in 1905. The pillar displays Ionic volutes and palmettes. It used to be dated to the 3rd century BCE, during the Mauryan Empire period, but is now dated to the 1st century BCE, during the Sunga Empire period.

One of the faces shows a galloping horse carrying a rider, while the other face shows an elephant and its mahaut.

The capital is suggestive of the Hellenistic Ionic order, and is often discussed in conjunction with the Pataliputra capital. The two capitals have also been described as "quasi-Ionic", and compared for example to the anta capitals of the Temple of Apollo in Didyma.

The capital is now located in the Sarnath Museum.

Reconstruction of the full capital by Percy Brown

Frontal views of the Sarnath capital, in the Sarnath Museum

Volute
A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column. It was later incorporated into Corinthian order and Composite column capitals. Four are normally to be found on an Ionic capital, eight on Composite capitals and smaller versions (sometimes called helix) on the Corinthian capital.

The word derives from the Latin voluta ("scroll"). It has been suggested that the ornament was inspired by the curve of a ram's horns, or perhaps was derived from the natural spiral found in the ovule of a common species of clover native to Greece. Alternatively, it may simply be of geometrical origin.

The ornament can be seen in Renaissance and Baroque architecture and is a common decoration in furniture design, silverware and ceramics. A method of drawing the complex geometry was devised by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius through the study of classical buildings and structures.
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST; 上海理工大学) is a municipal public university in Yangpu, Shanghai, China. The university is affiliated with the City of Shanghai and funded by the Shanghai Municipal People's Government.

The school originated from the Hujiang University founded in 1906 and the German Medicine and Engineering School founded in 1907. In the early 1950s, the former Hujiang University and the former National Shanghai Advanced Mechanical Vocational School were respectively reorganized into Shanghai Institute of Mechanical Engineering (renamed East China University of Technology in 1994) and Shanghai Mechanical College. In 1996, the two schools merged to form University of Shanghai for Science and Technology. In 1998, the school was transferred from the former Ministry of Machinery Industry to the management of the Municipality of Shanghai.

Power engineering
Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power, and the electrical apparatus connected to such systems. Although much of the field is concerned with the problems of three-phase AC power – the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world – a significant fraction of the field is concerned with the conversion between AC and DC power and the development of specialized power systems such as those used in aircraft or for electric railway networks. Power engineering draws the majority of its theoretical base from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering.
Botrychium pinnatum
Botrychium pinnatum is a species of fern in the family Ophioglossaceae, known by the common name northwestern moonwort. It is native to North America from Alaska to northern Canada to California and Arizona, where it is generally scattered and uncommon, growing in coniferous forests and grassy meadows. This is very small plant growing from an underground caudex and sending one thin, shiny, green leaf above the surface of the ground. The leaf is less than 8 centimeters tall and is divided into a sterile and a fertile part. The flat sterile part of the leaf has oval to widely lance-shaped leaflets. The fertile part of the leaf is very different in shape, with grapelike clusters of sporangia by which it reproduces.

Caudex
A caudex (pl.: caudices) of a plant is a stem, but the term is also used to mean a rootstock and particularly a basal stem structure from which new growth arises.

In the strict sense of the term, meaning a stem, "caudex" is most often used with plants that have a different stem morphology from the typical angiosperm dicotyledon stem; examples include palms, ferns, and cycads. The largest of all caudices is that of the ombu (Phytolacca dioica) of the Pampas of South America, which can reach up to 14 metres girth.

The related term caudiciform, literally meaning stem-like, is sometimes used to mean pachycaul, thick-stemmed. Caudices should not be confused with lignotubers which can also be very large.
Min-kyung
Min-kyung, also spelled Min-kyoung, is a Korean given name.

People with this name include:

Sim Min-kyung (born 1955), stage name Sim Soo-bong, South Korean female singer

Min Kwon (full name Min-Kyung Kwon, born 1970s), South Korean-born American female pianist

Choi Min-kyung (born 1982), South Korean female short track speed skater

Jun Min-kyung (born 1985), South Korean female football goalkeeper

Hwang Min-kyoung (born 1990), South Korean female volleyball player

Kang Min-kyung (born 1990), South Korean female singer, member of Davichi

Haru Nomura (Korean name Mun Min-gyeong, born 1992), Japanese female golfer of Korean descent

Choi Min-kyung
Choi Min-kyung (Korean: 최민경; Hanja: 崔敏敬; born 25 August 1982) is a South Korean short track speed skater.

She competed for South Korea at the 1998 Winter Olympics. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, she won a gold medal in the 3000 m relay with teammates Choi Eun-kyung, Park Hye-won, and Joo Min-jin.

In 2004, Choi joined the French national team. She competed for France at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Pilgrim's Route
The Pilgrim's Route, (Norwegian: Pilegrimsleden) also known as St. Olav's Way or the Old Kings' Road, was a pilgrimage route to the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway. The cathedral is the site of the medieval tomb of St. Olav. The main route is approximately 640 kilometres (400 mi) long. It starts in the ancient part of Oslo and heads north along the lake Mjøsa, up the Gudbrandsdalen valley, over the Dovrefjell mountains, and down the through the Oppdal and Gauldalen valleys to end at the Nidaros Cathedral.

Dombås
Dombås (pronunciationⓘ) is a village in Dovre Municipality in northern Innlandet county, Norway. The village serves as the commercial centre for the upper Gudbrandsdalen valley. It lies at an important junction of roads with the European route E6 highway heading north and south connecting the cities of Oslo and Trondheim and the European route E136 highway heading west to Åndalsnes. The Dovrebanen and Raumabanen railway lines meet in the village at Dombås Station as well. Dombås Church is located in the village.

The 1.57-square-kilometre (390-acre) village has a population (2024) of 1163 and a population density of 741 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,920/sq mi).
History of Gmail
The public history of Gmail dates back to 2004. Gmail, a free, advertising-supported webmail service with support for Email clients, is a product from Google. Over its history, the Gmail interface has become integrated with many other products and services from the company, with basic integration as part of Google Account and specific integration points with services such as Google+, Google Calendar, Google Drive, Google Hangouts, Google Meet, YouTube, and Google Buzz. It has also been made available as part of Google Workspace (formerly G Suite). The Official Gmail Blog tracks the public history of Gmail from July 2007.

Google Hangouts
Google Hangouts was a  cross-platform instant messaging (IM) service developed by Google. It originally was a feature of Google+, becoming a standalone product in 2013, when Google also began integrating features from Google+ Messenger and Google Talk into Hangouts. Google then began integrating features of Google Voice, its Internet telephony product, into Hangouts, stating that Hangouts was designed to be "the future" of Voice.

In 2017, Google began developing two separate enterprise communication products: Google Meet and Google Chat, as a part of its Google Workspace office suite. Google began transitioning Workspace users from Hangouts to Meet and Chat in June 2020. Subsequently, Gmail users transitioned from Hangouts to Meet and Chat during 2021, and Hangouts was discontinued on November 1, 2022.
Brightsand Lake
Brightsand Lake is a lake in the Canadian Province of Saskatchewan. It is in the Rural Municipality of Mervin No. 499 in the west-central part of the province in the aspen parkland ecoregion. Brightsand Creek — located on the western side of the lake — is the outflow and it flows in a southerly direction into Turtlelake River, which is a tributary of the North Saskatchewan River. Turtle Lake is about 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) to the east and the Meadow Lake Escarpment is to the north-east.

There are several communities and a regional park dotted around its shores. At the southern end of the lake is Crystal Bay-Sunset and Thunderchild Indian Reserve 115Z; along the eastern shore is Evergreen Beach, Mowrey Beach, and Lakeshore Estates subdivision; and Brightsand Lake Regional Park is at the northern end. Access to the lake is from Highways 795 and 796.

North Saskatchewan River
The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that flows from the Canadian Rockies continental divide east to central Saskatchewan, where it joins with the South Saskatchewan River to make up the Saskatchewan River. Its water flows into the Hudson Bay via Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River.

The Saskatchewan River system is the largest shared between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its watershed includes most of southern and central Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Jalal Chafai
Jalal Chafai-Alaoui (born 22 January 1980) is a Moroccan former professional tennis player.

Chafai, an Arab world junior champion from Salé, spent his early career in the United States playing collegiate tennis for the Drury Panthers, who were coached by Moroccan Amine Boustani. After graduating in 2001 he competed on the professional tour and reached a best singles world ranking of 546, with an ITF Futures title win in Algeria in 2003. His career included an ATP Tour doubles main draw appearance at the 2002 Grand Prix Hassan II in Casablanca. He has also played professional tennis for the Springfield Lasers in the World TeamTennis competition. Returning to Drury to complete a Master's degree, Chafai served for a period as a tennis assistant coach for the college.

Springfield Lasers
The Springfield Lasers was a World TeamTennis franchise.  The franchise was purchased and donated to the city of Springfield, Missouri by the Cooper family in 1996. They play their home matches at Mediacom Stadium at Cooper Tennis Complex.
Doddaballapur Assembly constituency
Doddaballapur Assembly constituency is one of the 224 constituencies in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly of Karnataka, a state of India. It is also part of Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency and was formerly in Mysore State.

Karnataka Legislative Assembly
The Karnataka Legislative Assembly (formerly the Mysore Legislative Assembly) is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of the southern Indian state of Karnataka. Karnataka is one of the six states in India where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the Vidhan Sabha (lower house) and the Vidhan Parishad (upper house).

There are 224 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and are directly elected  through adult franchise. Karnataka is thus divided into 224 constituencies to elect members to the Assembly, each constituency electing one member. The assembly is elected using the simple plurality or "first past the post" electoral system. The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India.
Vision Street Wear
Vision Street Wear is an American clothing, skateboarding and BMX brand. Started in 1976 by Brad Dorfman, the company sponsored early skateboarding greats such as Mark 'Gator' Rogowski, and Mark Gonzales.

Although Vision is mostly known for its skateboards, the brand also commercializes skate footwear and a clothing line that includes t-shirts, hoodies, and shorts.

Hoodie
A hoodie is a type of sweatshirt with a hood that, when worn up, covers most of the head and neck, and sometimes the face.

The most common 'pullover' style hoodies often include a single large kangaroo pocket or muff on the lower front, while hoodies with zippers usually include two pockets, one on either side of the zipper, in the same location. Both styles typically include a drawstring to adjust the hood opening. Hoodies may be worn for aesthetic purposes, or protection against the weather, such as cold, wind, and rain.
Bedmar Conspiracy
The Bedmar Conspiracy was a supposed plot to overthrow the Venetian Republic by coup d'état on Ascension Day in 1618, prompted by the Marquess of Bedmar, Ambassador to the Republic for Hapsburg Spain. It is unclear that there was such a conspiracy, but its reality may have been believed by the Council of Ten. Much of the attention later given to this incident resulted from the 1674 account in French published by César Vichard de Saint-Réal, which formed the source of Thomas Otway's English tragedy Venice Preserv'd of 1682. Contemporary scholarly work has concluded that there is little enough evidence to support the details of the Savoyard Saint-Réal's narrative, or even to conclude that there was a definite plot. Hugh Trevor-Roper wrote:

Was it real, a carefully laid plan to seize the city, or a fantasy generated in the heated atmosphere of the time? We do not know. But whatever it was, it led nowhere.

Council of Ten
The Council of Ten (Italian: Consiglio dei Dieci; Venetian: Consejo de i Diexe), or simply the Ten, was from 1310 to 1797 one of the major governing bodies of the Republic of Venice. Elections took place annually and the Council of Ten had the power to impose punishments upon patricians. The Council of Ten had a broad jurisdictional mandate over matters of state security. The Council of Ten and the Full College constituted the inner circle of oligarchical patricians who effectively ruled the Republic of Venice.
Frances Perkins Building
The Frances Perkins Building is the Washington, D.C. headquarters of the United States Department of Labor.  It is located at 200 Constitution Avenue NW and sits above Interstate 395.  The structure is named after Frances Perkins, the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933–1945 and the first female cabinet secretary in U.S. history.

United States Secretary of Labor
The United States secretary of labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and as the head of the United States Department of Labor, controls the department, and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.

Formerly, there was a Department of Commerce and Labor. That department split into two in 1913. The Department of Commerce is headed by the secretary of commerce.

Secretary of labor is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule, thus earning a salary of $221,400 as of January 2021.

Lori Chavez-DeRemer has been appointed as secretary since March 11, 2025 by President Donald Trump.
Vinzenz Geiger
Vinzenz Geiger (born 24 July 1997) is a German Nordic combined skier and the 2022 Olympic champion.

He debuted in the World Cup in the 2015–16 season in Lillehammer, Norway in December 2016 finishing 31st in the Large Hill. His first win in the World Cup came in Val di Fiemme, in the 2018–19 season, in January 2019.

2015–16 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup
The 2015/16 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 33rd World Cup season, organized by the International Ski Federation. It started on 4 December 2015 in Lillehammer, Norway and ended on 6 March 2016 in Schonach, Germany.
Radhouane
Radhouane (Arabic: رضوان) is a masculine North African given name, a Francized form of Arabic Ridwan, which means "satisfaction". Notable people with the given name include:

Radhouane Ben Ouanès (born 1980), Tunisian footballer

Radhouane Charbib (born 1968), Tunisian man recognized as the world's tallest man from 1998 to 2005

Radhouane Chebbi (born 1986), Tunisian Greco-Roman wrestler

Radhouane Salhi (born 1967), Tunisian footballer

Radhouane Slimane (born 1980), Tunisian basketball player

Radhouane Slimane
Radhouane Slimane (born 16 August 1980) is a Tunisian basketball player who currently plays for Sagesse SC of the Lebanese Basketball League. Standing at 2.05 m (6 ft 8+1⁄2 in), Nicknamed "Sekka" in the Tunisian basketball scene, Slimane mainly plays as power forward.

Born in Kairouan, he started out his career playing six seasons with his hometown team JS Kairouan. Slimane then played in Portugal, the United Arab Emirates as well as other Arab countries. He spent significant time with ES Sahel before signing with US Monastir. He captained Monastir to their first BAL championship in 2022.

Slimane played for the Tunisia national basketball team during his career, winning three AfroBasket tournaments in 2011, 2017 and 2021.
2026 SAFF U-20 Championship
The 2026 SAFF U-20 Championship will be 8th edition of the SAFF U-20 Championship, an international football competition for men's under-20 national teams from South Asia region, organized by the South Asian Football Federation (SAFF). The tournament is scheduled to be played in Maldives from 23 March–4 April 2026.

Bangladesh are the defending champions, having won their first title in the 2024 edition by beating Nepal.

South Asian Football Federation
The South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) is an association of the football playing nations in South Asia. Incorporated in 1997, it is a regional subsidiary of the Asian Football Confederation. The members of the association are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.