hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Calvisius Rufus
Calvisius Rufus was a governor of Britannia Inferior, a province of Roman Britain during the reign of Severus Alexander (AD 222 and 235). It is unclear whether his governorship precedes or succeeds those of Claudius Apellinus and Valerius Crescens Fulvianus. Little else is known of him, although an inscription records his remodeling of a building at Old Penrith.

Britannia Inferior
Britannia Inferior (Latin for "Lower Britain") was a new province carved out of Roman Britain probably around AD 197 during the reforms of Septimius Severus although the division may have occurred later, between 211 and 220, under Severus's son Caracalla. The removal of the governors in Londinium from control over the legions guarding Hadrian's Wall was aimed at reducing their power, given Clodius Albinus's recent bid to become emperor. The province was probably formalised around 214 by Caracalla.

Including most of modern northern England and the Midlands, the region was governed from the city of Eboracum (modern York) by a praetorian legate in command of a single legion stationed in the city. This subdivision of Britannia lasted throughout the Severan dynasty until the reorganisation of the empire under Diocletian in 296.
Radical of an ideal
In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, the radical of an ideal  of a commutative ring is another ideal defined by the property that an element  is in the radical if and only if some power of  is in . Taking the radical of an ideal is called radicalization. A radical ideal (or semiprime ideal) is an ideal that is equal to its radical. The radical of a primary ideal is a prime ideal.

This concept is generalized to non-commutative rings in the semiprime ring article.

Noncommutative ring
In mathematics, a noncommutative ring is a ring whose multiplication is not commutative; that is, there exist a and b in the ring such that ab and ba are different. Equivalently, a noncommutative ring is a ring that is not a commutative ring.

Noncommutative algebra is the part of ring theory devoted to study of properties of the noncommutative rings, including the properties that apply also to commutative rings.

Sometimes the term noncommutative ring is used instead of ring to refer to an unspecified ring which is not necessarily commutative, and hence may be commutative. Generally, this is for emphasizing that the studied properties are not restricted to commutative rings, as, in many contexts, ring is used as a shorthand for commutative ring.

Although some authors do not assume that rings have a multiplicative identity, in this article we make that assumption unless stated otherwise.
Russula galbana
Russula galbana is a fungus in the family, Russulaceae, found in leaf litter in open forests of Allocasuarina littoralis and Eucalyptus tereticornis in Queensland.

It was first described in 2007 by Teresa Lebel and Jennifer Tonkin.

Russulaceae
The Russulaceae are a diverse family of fungi in the order Russulales, with roughly 1,900 known species and a worldwide distribution. They comprise the brittlegills and the milk-caps, well-known mushroom-forming fungi that include some edible species. These gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle flesh of their fruitbodies.

In addition to these typical agaricoid forms, the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally striped (pleurotoid), closed (secotioid or gasteroid), or crust-like (corticioid). Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new, distinct lineages.

An important group of root-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and shrublands around the world includes Lactifluus, Multifurca, Russula, and Lactarius. The crust-forming genera Boidinia, Gloeopeniophorella, and Pseudoxenasma, all wood-decay fungi, have basal positions in the family.
Still the Water
Still the Water (2つ目の窓, Futatsume no Mado) is a 2014 Japanese romance film written and directed by Naomi Kawase. It was filmed in the scenic nature of Amami City in Kagoshima Prefecture in 2013. The score was composed by singer-songwriter Hasiken.

Still the Water was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Describing the film as her "masterpiece", Kawase said it was deserving of the Palme d'Or. "This is the first time that I have said this about a film," the writer-director said, "After the Camera d'Or and the Grand Prix, there is nothing I want more than the Palme d'Or. I have my eyes on nothing else."

2014 Cannes Film Festival
The 67th Cannes Film Festival took place from 14 to 25 May 2014. New Zealand filmmaker Jane Campion was the head of the jury for the main competition. Turkish filmmaker Nuri Bilge Ceylan won the Palme d'Or, the festival's top prize, for the drama film Winter Sleep.

The festival poster featured Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni from Federico Fellini's 1963 film 8½, which was presented in the Out of Competition section of the 1963 Cannes Film Festival. French actor Lambert Wilson hosted the opening and closing ceremonies.

Due to European Parliament elections which took place on 25 May 2014, the closing ceremony took place on 24 May.

The festival opened with Grace of Monaco by Olivier Dahan, and closed with a restored 4K version of Sergio Leone's 1964 western A Fistful of Dollars.
Karl Jakob Weber
Karl Jakob Weber (1 August 1712 – 15 February 1764) was a Swiss archeologist, military engineer and mercenary who worked under the orders of the Spanish military engineer Roque de Alcubierre in the excavations of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiae, under the patronage of King Charles VII of Naples. At first a soldier and military engineer, he joined the excavations in 1749. Weber's detailed drawings provided some of the basis for the luxurious royal folios of Le Antichità di Ercolano esposte, by means of which the European intelligentsia became aware of the details of what was being recovered. He is considered a pioneer of modern archeology.

Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte
The Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte (Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed) is an eight-volume book of engravings of the findings from excavating the ruins of Herculaneum in the Kingdom of Naples (now Italy). It was published between 1757 and 1792, and copies were given to selected recipients across Europe. Despite the title, the Antichità di Ercolano shows objects from all the excavations the Bourbons undertook around the Gulf of Naples. These include Pompeii, Stabiae, and two sites in Herculaneum: Resina and Portici.

The engravings are high quality and the accompanying text displays great scholarship, but the book lacks the information on context that would be expected of a modern archaeological work. Le Antichità was designed more to impress readers with the quality of the objects in the King of Naples' collection than to be used in research. The book gave impetus to the neoclassical movement in Europe by giving artists and decorators access to a huge store of Hellenistic motifs.
Crowdfunding in Estonia
Crowdfunding in Estonia is a rapidly growing sector that allows individuals and organisations to raise funds for various projects through online platforms. While crowdfunding in Estonia holds significant potential and is appealing to both investors and entrepreneurs, it requires a careful approach to project selection and a thorough understanding of the associated risks.

Funding
Funding is the act of providing resources to finance a need, program, or project. While this is usually in the form of money, it can also take the form of effort or time from an organization or company. Generally, this word is used when a firm uses its internal reserves to satisfy its necessity for cash, while the term financing is used when the firm acquires capital from external sources.

Sources of funding include credit, venture capital, donations, grants, savings, subsidies, and taxes. Funding methods such as donations, subsidies, and grants that have no direct requirement for return of investment are described as "soft funding" or "crowdfunding". Funding that facilitates the exchange of equity ownership in a company for capital investment via an online funding portal per the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (alternately, the "JOBS Act of 2012") (U.S.) is known as equity crowdfunding. Funds can be allocated for either short-term or long-term purposes.
Drew Smith (politician)
Drew Smith is a Scottish Labour politician. He was Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Glasgow region from 2011 to 2016, serving as Scottish Labour's frontbench spokesperson on social justice, the constitution and equalities and as Chair of the Trades Union Group of Labour MSPs.

Glasgow (Scottish Parliament electoral region)
Glasgow is one of the eight electoral regions of the Scottish Parliament. Under the additional-member electoral system used for elections to the Scottish Parliament, eight of the parliament's 73 first past the post constituencies are sub-divisions of the region, which also elects seven of the 56 additional-member Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs). The region thus elects a total of 15 MSPs. Prior to the Second periodic review of Scottish Parliament boundaries in 2025 the region consisted of nine constituencies, and thus elected 16 MSPs in total.
Polygalaceae
The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 27 genera and ca. 900 known species of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one genus, Polygala, the milkworts.

The family was first described in 1809 by Johann Hoffmansegg and Johann Link. In 1896, Robert Chodat split it into three tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe Polygaleae in 1992.  Under the Cronquist classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the family belongs in Fabales.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies.

As of 2016, four incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration, published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. An important motivation for the group was what they considered deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications since they were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor).

APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system.
2012 Baton Rouge mayoral election
The 2012 Baton Rouge mayoral election was held on November 6, 2012, to elect the mayor-president of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor-president Kip Holden. Since Holden won an outright majority in the first round, no runoff was necessitated.

Kip Holden
Melvin Lee "Kip" Holden (August 12, 1952 – May 14, 2025) was an American politician who served from 2005 to 2016 as the Democratic Mayor-President of Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. The parish includes the state capital of Baton Rouge and smaller suburban cities such as Baker, Central City, and Zachary.

Holden was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate in the 2015 race for lieutenant governor, losing to Republican Billy Nungesser.

He vacated his position as Mayor-President at the end of 2016 and was succeeded by Sharon Weston Broome, another member of the Democratic Party.
Paterson baronets
There have been two baronetcies created for people with the surname Paterson, both in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia.

The first creation, of Bannockburn in the county of Stirling, was for Hugh Paterson on 16 March 1686. The second baronet sat in the House of Commons for Stirlingshire and was attainted in 1716, when the title was forfeit.

The second creation, of Eccles in the county of Berwick, was for William Paterson on 9 July 1687. The third baronet sat in the House of Commons for Berwickshire. On his death in 1782 the title became dormant.

Berwickshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Berwickshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1708 to 1918, when it was amalgamated with neighbouring Haddington(shire) to form a new Berwick and Haddington constituency.
Rerhaia Airfield
Rerhaia Airfield was a World War II military airfield in Algeria, located approximately 3 km northwest of Boudouaou, about 32 km east-southeast of Algiers.  It was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force 350th Fighter Group between July and November 1943 during the North African Campaign against the German Afrika Korps.

It was also used by the 416th Night Fighter Squadron, which flew Bristol Beaufighters from the field between 27 December 1943 – 25 January 1944.

Today, the remnants of the main runway and other areas can be seen in aerial photography.

350th Fighter Group
The 350th Fighter Group was an air combat unit of the United States Army Air Force formed in 1942 and inactivated in 1945. The fighter group consisted of 345th, 346th and 347th Fighter Squadron. The group was formed in England in 1942 flying Bell P-39 Airacobras and participated in the Mediterranean and North African Campaigns of World War II. 350th Fighter Group was based in North Africa, in Algeria and Morocco from January to July 1943. They then moved on to the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Corsica in November 1943 and February 1944 and were based in Italy from September 1944 to July 1945. After the group was inactivated on 7 November 1945 at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base following the end of the war. It was redesignated the 112th Fighter Group and placed under the control of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard in 1946.
James M. Ashley and Thomas W.L. Ashley United States Courthouse
The James M. Ashley and Thomas W.L. Ashley United States Courthouse, formerly the United States Courthouse, Toledo, Ohio, is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio built in Toledo, Ohio, in 1932. It is named for two former Congressmen, Republican James M. Ashley, and his great grandson, Democrat Thomas W. L. Ashley.

James Mitchell Ashley
James Mitchell Ashley (November 14, 1824 – September 16, 1896) was an American politician and abolitionist. A member of the Republican Party, Ashley served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio during the American Civil War, where he became a leader of the Radical Republicans and pushed for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, ending slavery in the United States. He also authored the resolution which started the first impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson. After the war, he served as Governor of the Montana Territory and president of the Ann Arbor Railroad.
Ma Wei
Ma Wei (Chinese: 马威; 19 December 1986, Changzhou, Jiangsu) is a Chinese field hockey player. At the 2012 Summer Olympics she competed with the China women's national field hockey team in the women's tournament.

Changzhou
Changzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China. It was previously known as Yanling, Lanling, and Jinling. Located on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, Changzhou borders the provincial capital of Nanjing to the west, Zhenjiang to the northwest, Wuxi to the east, and the province of Zhejiang to the south. The population of the Changzhou Municipality was 5,278,121 at the 2020 census. The city is the birthplace of Zhou Youguang who created the pinyin romanization system.
Carl, My Childhood Symphony
Carl, My Childhood Symphony (Danish: Min fynske barndom, lit. 'My Funen Childhood') is a 1994 Danish drama film directed by Erik Clausen. The film was selected as the Danish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

The film is about the childhood of the Danish composer Carl Nielsen.

Erik Clausen
Erik Clausen (7 March 1942 – 30 October 2024) was a Danish actor, film director and screenwriter. He directed fourteen films from 1981. His 2007 film Temporary Release was entered into the 29th Moscow International Film Festival. Clausen died on 30 October 2024, at the age of 82.
Doubling-oriented Doche–Icart–Kohel curve
In mathematics, the doubling-oriented Doche–Icart–Kohel curve is a form in which an elliptic curve can be written. It is a special case of the Weierstrass form and it is also important in elliptic-curve cryptography because the doubling speeds up considerably (computing as composition of 2-isogeny and its dual). It was introduced by Christophe Doche, Thomas Icart, and David R. Kohel in Efficient Scalar Multiplication by Isogeny Decompositions.

Isogeny
In mathematics, particularly in algebraic geometry, an isogeny is a morphism of algebraic groups (also known as group varieties) that is surjective and has a finite kernel.

If the groups are abelian varieties, then any morphism f : A → B of the underlying algebraic varieties which is surjective with finite fibres is automatically an isogeny, provided that f(1A) = 1B. Such an isogeny f then provides a group homomorphism between the groups of k-valued points of A and B, for any field k over which f is defined.

The terms "isogeny" and "isogenous" come from the Greek word ισογενη-ς, meaning "equal in kind or nature". The term "isogeny" was introduced by Weil; before this, the term "isomorphism" was somewhat confusingly used for what is now called an isogeny.
Book of Jehu
The Book of Jehu is a lost text that may have been written by the Biblical prophet Jehu ben Hanani, who was one of King Baasha's contemporaries. The book is described in 2 Chronicles 20:34: "Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of Jehu the son of Hanani, which is mentioned in the book of the Kings of Israel."

This manuscript is sometimes called Annals of Jehu ben Hanani

Jehoshaphat
Jehoshaphat (/dʒəˈhɒʃəfæt/; alternatively spelled Jehosaphat, Jehosophat, Josaphat, or Yehoshafat; Hebrew: יְהוֹשָׁפָט, Modern: Yəhōšafaṭ, Tiberian: Yŏhōšāp̄āṭ, "Yahweh has judged"; Greek: Ἰωσαφάτ, romanized: Iosafát; Latin: Josaphat), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the son of Asa, and the fourth king of the Kingdom of Judah, in succession to his father. His children included Jehoram, who succeeded him as king. His mother was Azubah. Historically, his name has sometimes been connected with the Valley of Josaphat.
Carlos Hank Rhon
Carlos Hank Rhon (born 1947) is a Mexican billionaire. He made his fortune from selling his financial firm Grupo Financiero Interacciones to Banorte. He also owns the diversified Grupo Hermes.

In 2022, Forbes ranked him the #661 fortune worldwide with a net worth of $4.4 billion.

Jorge Hank Rhon
Jorge Hank Rhon (born January 28, 1956) is a Mexican businessman and owner of Mexico's largest sports betting company, Grupo Caliente. He served from December 2004 to February 2007 as the president of the municipality of Tijuana. He is the son of former Mexico City mayor Carlos Hank González and Guadalupe Rhon. The Hank family has alleged links to drug trafficking. He has been accused of money laundering,  murder, arrested for possession of unlicensed arms and dealing in the trade of exotic animals.
Marsh Rainbow Arch Bridge (Lake City, Iowa)
The Marsh Rainbow Arch Bridge, also known as the Coon River Bridge and Rainbow Bend Access, is located south of Lake City, Iowa, United States. The 271-foot (83 m) three-span bridge carried traffic on Iberia Avenue over the North Raccoon River. It was designed by Des Moines engineer James Barney Marsh in his patented rainbow arch configuration, and constructed by the Iowa Bridge Company in 1914 for $10,970. It replaced a Howe truss bridge that had been built by the King Bridge Company of Cleveland. That bridge was put in service upstream and remained in use until 1983 when it was taken down. The Marsh arch bridge was bypassed in 1985, and remains in place in a county park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

A model of the Marsh Rainbow Arch Bridge is included in The Big Treehouse, a campground tourist attraction.

Lake City, Iowa
Lake City is a city in Calhoun County, Iowa, United States, founded in 1856. The population was 1,731 at the time of the 2020 census. The sign coming into town proudly proclaims that Lake City has "Everything but a Lake."
1983 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1983 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 73rd completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889.

Buffers Alley entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 25 September 1983 at Wexford Park, between Buffers Alley and St Martin's, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Buffers Alley won the match by 1–13 to 1–01 to claim their sixth championship title overall and a second consecutive title.

Wexford GAA
The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford. The county board is also responsible for the Wexford county teams.

Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling.

The county hurling team last won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship in 1996.

The county football team has won five All-Ireland Senior Football Championships, with the most recent win achieved in 1918.
Arjun Lal Garg
Arjun Lal Garg (born 1960) is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. He is a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Bilara Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in Jodhpur district. He won the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (ISO: Rājāsthān Vidhān Sabhā), is the unicameral legislature of the state of Rajasthan. It is a vital part of the state government, responsible for making and implementing laws.

The assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan situated in Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan.
Ivara Esu
Ivara Ejemot Esu OFR, (born 3 May 1951) is a Nigerian politician, academic administrator and professor and the former Deputy Governor of Cross River State. He hails from Agwagune in Biase Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria.

Obafemi Awolowo University
Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), formerly known as the University of Ife, is a federal university in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The university was founded in 1961 and classes commenced in October 1962 as the University of Ife by the regional government of Western Nigeria, which was led by Samuel Ladoke Akintola. It was renamed "Obafemi Awolowo University" on 12 May 1987, by the Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida-led military administration, in honour of Obafemi Awolowo (1909–1987), the first premier of the Western Region of Nigeria, who initially thought of the idea of establishing the university.
Jadraya
Jadraya (Arabic: جدرايا)  is a Syrian village located in Muhambal Nahiyah in Ariha District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Jadraya had a population of 1820 in the 2004 census.

Ariha District
Ariha District (Arabic: منطقة أريحا, romanized: manṭiqat Arīḩā) is a district of the Idlib Governorate in northwestern Syria. Administrative centre is the city of Ariha. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 175,994.