hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leycesteria formosa
Leycesteria formosa, the pheasant berry, is a deciduous shrub in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to the Himalayas and southwestern China.  It is considered a noxious invasive species in Australia, New Zealand, the neighbouring islands of Micronesia, and some other places.

In the Himalayas, the shrub is frequently used in the traditional medicine of the various countries and peoples encompassed within the region.

Lithophyte
Lithophytes are plants that grow in or on rocks.  Epilithic (or epipetric) lithophytes grow on the surfaces of rocks, while endolithic (or chasmophytes) lithophytes grow in the cracks or crevices of rocks. Obligate lithophytes grow solely on rocks, while facultative lithophytes will grow partially on a rock and on another substrate simultaneously.
Croatian linguistic purism
One of the defining features of modern Croatian is according to some a preference for word coinage from native Slavic morphemes, as opposed to adopting loanwords or replacing them altogether. This particularly relates to other Serbo-Croatian standards of Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian which liberally draw on Turkish, Latin, Greek, Russian and English loanwords.

Illyrian movement
The Illyrian movement (Croatian: Ilirski pokret; Slovene: Ilirsko gibanje) was a pan-South-Slavic cultural and political campaign with roots in the early modern period, and revived by a group of young Croatian intellectuals during the first half of the 19th century, around the years of 1835 to 1863. This movement aimed to create a Croatian national establishment in Austria-Hungary through linguistic and ethnic unity, and through it lay the foundation for cultural and linguistic unification of all South Slavs under the revived umbrella term Illyrian.

Aspects of the movement pertaining to the development of Croatian culture are considered in Croatian historiography to be part of the Croatian national revival (Croatian: Hrvatski narodni preporod).
Boston Charley
Boston Charley (c. 1854 – October 3, 1873) was an Modoc warrior in the Modoc War of 1872. He was reportedly given the "Boston" moniker by miners who felt he had a lighter complexion than the other warriors. In 1873 he had joined the group led by Kintpuash, and was later involved in a massacre in which fourteen people were killed at Tule Lake. On April 11, 1873, he was part of a group that murdered Edward Canby. Charley did not personally kill Canby, but during the raid he killed a Dr. Thomas. On October 3, 1873, Boston Charley, Kintpuash, Schonchin John and Black Jim were executed for the murder of Edward Canby. He reportedly met his execution stoically, asking only for tobacco.

Modoc people
The Modoc are an Indigenous American people who historically lived in the area which is now northeastern California and central Southern Oregon. Currently, they include two federally recognized tribes, the Klamath Tribes in Oregon and the Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma, now known as the Modoc Nation.
G. G. Coulton
George Gordon Coulton FBA (15 October 1858 – 4 March 1947) was a British historian, known for numerous works on medieval history. He was known also as a keen controversialist.

Coulton was born in King's Lynn and educated at King's Lynn Grammar School, Felsted School, and St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

He taught for a short period, and was ordained in 1883. He did not however pursue a life in the Church of England, due to the absence of vocation, and took further teaching jobs, beginning as an independent scholar to study the history of the Middle Ages. A fierce anti-Catholic, he was often, especially during the 1930s, embroiled in embittered journalistic controversy with Hilaire Belloc, who detested him.

In 1911 Coulton found a lecturing position at the University of Cambridge. He became a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1919, and a Fellow of the British Academy in 1929.

Felsted School
Felsted School is a co-educational independent boarding and day school, situated in Felsted in Essex, England. It is in the British public school tradition, and was founded in 1564 by Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich. Felsted is one of the 12 founder members of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, and a full member of the Round Square Conference of world schools. 
Felsted School is featured in the Good Schools Guide and is regularly featured in Tatler's Schools Guide. Felsted School was shortlisted for 'Boarding School of the Year' 2020 by the Times Education Supplement (TES).

Felsted is notable for having educated a British head of state, Richard Cromwell, who was Lord Protector from 1658 to 1659. The current buildings date from the 1850s and were largely designed by Frederic Chancellor.
Desmodus
Desmodus is a genus of bats which—along with the genera Diaemus and Diphylla—are allied as the subfamily Desmodontinae, the carnivorous, blood-consuming vampire bats of the New World leaf-nosed bat family Phyllostomidae.

The genus was erected in 1826 to accommodate a new species Desmodus rufus described by Maximilian Wied in the second volume of his work detailing his explorations in Brazil. The type species was previously described with the name Phyllostoma rotundus by Étienne Geoffroy in 1810.

subfamilia Desmodontinae

genus Desmodus
†Desmodus archaeodaptes, extinct,
†Desmodus draculae – giant vampire bat, extinct,
Desmodus rotundus – common vampire bat, extant,
†Desmodus rotundus puntajudensis (Desmodus puntajudensis) - Cuban vampire bat, extinct,
†Desmodus stocki – Stock's vampire bat, extinct.

White-winged vampire bat
The white-winged vampire bat (Diaemus youngi), a species of vampire bat, is the only member of the genus Diaemus. They are found from Mexico to northern Argentina and are present on the islands of Trinidad and Margarita Island.
Music of Ukraine
Ukrainian music covers diverse and multiple component elements of the music that is found in the Western and Eastern musical civilization. It also has a very strong indigenous Slavic and Christian uniqueness whose elements were used among the areas that surround modern Ukraine.

Ukraine is also the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former Russian Empire, home to its first professional music academy, which opened in the mid-18th century and produced numerous early musicians and composers.

Modern Ukraine is situated north of the Black Sea, previously part of the Soviet Union. Several of its ethnic groups living within Ukraine have their own unique musical traditions and some have developed specific musical traditions in association with the land in which they live.

Yikhav Kozak za Dunai
"Yikhav Kozak za Dunai" (Ukrainian: «Їхав козак за Дунай», lit. 'The Cossack Rode beyond the Danube') is a Ukrainian folk song. It was written by the Ukrainian philosopher and poet Semen Klymovsky.

Under the name "Schöne Minka" it also became popular in Germany. The German title comes from the first words of a poem by Christoph August Tiedge, "Schöne Minka, ich muß scheiden".
Symphony No. 3 (Schumann)
The Symphony No. 3 in E♭ major, Op. 97, also known as the Rhenish, is the last symphony composed by Robert Schumann, although not the last published. It was composed from 2 November to 9 December 1850 and premiered on 6 February 1851 in Düsseldorf, conducted by Schumann himself, and was received with mixed reviews, "ranging from praise without qualification to bewilderment". However, according to A. Peter Brown, members of the audience applauded between every movement, and especially at the end of the work when the orchestra joined them in congratulating Schumann by shouting "hurrah!".

Eighth note
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An eighth note (American) or a quaver (British) is a musical note played for one eighth the duration of a whole note (semibreve). Its length relative to other rhythmic values is as expected—e.g., half the duration of a quarter note (crotchet), one quarter the duration of a half note (minim), and twice the value of a sixteenth note. It is the equivalent of the fusa in mensural notation.
Boża Wola, Lublin County
Boża Wola [ˈbɔʐa ˈvɔla] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakrzew, within Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Zakrzew and 37 km (23 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

Zakrzew, Lublin County
Zakrzew [ˈzakʂɛf] is a village in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zakrzew. It lies approximately 40 km (25 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.
Ministry of Economy (Argentina)
The Ministry of Economy (Spanish: Ministerio de Economía) of Argentina is the country's state treasury and a ministry of the national executive power that manages economic policy.

The Ministry of Economy is one of the oldest ministries in the Argentine government, having existed continuously since the formation of the first Argentine executive in 1854, in the presidency of Justo José de Urquiza – albeit under the name of Ministry of the Treasury. The current minister responsible is Luis Caputo, who has served since 2023 in the cabinet of Javier Milei.

Ministries of the Argentine Republic
The ministries of Argentina, which form the cabinet, currently consist of eight ministries under a ministerial chief of staff. The ministers are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the president. The current organization derives from the constitutional revision of 1994.
E-mini S&P
E-mini S&P, often abbreviated to "E-mini" (despite the existence of many other E-mini contracts) and designated by the commodity ticker symbol ES, is a stock market index futures contract traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The notional value of one contract is 50 times the value of the S&P 500 stock index; thus, for example, on December 04, 2024, the S&P 500 cash index closed at 6,098.50, making each E-mini contract a $304,925 bet.

Notional amount
The notional amount (or notional principal amount or notional value) on a financial instrument is the nominal or face amount that is used to calculate payments made on that instrument. This amount generally does not change and is thus referred to as notional.
Tirumala
Tirumala is a Hindu religious temple town in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the neighbourhoods of the Tirupati city. The town is a part of Tirupati Urban Development Authority and located in Tirupati (urban) mandal of Tirupati revenue division. The town is strictly vegetarian. It is a hill town where Tirumala Venkateswara Temple is located, a popular shrine of Vishnu. Vishnu is believed to reside here with his full power, as in Vaikuntha, and thus the place is also called 'Bhuloka Vaikuntha'.

Tirupati Urban mandal
Tirupati Urban mandal is one of the 36 mandals in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It has its headquarters at Tirupati city in Tirupati district. The mandal is bounded by Chandragiri, Tirupati (rural) and  Kodur Mandals.
LingCloud
LingCloud is a suite of open-source cloud computing system software developed by Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is licensed under Apache License 2.0. LingCloud provides a resource single leasing point system for consolidated leasing physical and virtual machines, and supports various heterogeneous application modes including high performance computing, large scale data processing, massive data storage, etc. on shared infrastructure. LingCloud can help an organization to build private cloud to manage the computing infrastructure.

LingCloud is based on Xen virtualization platform and uses OpenNebula to manage the virtual infrastructure.

Apache License
The Apache License is a permissive free-software license written by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). It allows users to use the software for any purpose, to distribute it, to modify it, and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license, without concern for royalties. The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License. The license is also used by many non-ASF projects.
2023 Antrim Senior Hurling Championship
The 2023 Antrim Senior Hurling Championship was the 123rd staging of the Antrim Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Antrim County Board in 1901. The draw for the group stage placings took place on 12 April 2023. The championship ran from 5 August to 15 October 2023.

Cúchulains Dunloy entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Loughgiel Shamrocks in the semi-finals.

The final was played on 15 October 2023 at Corrigan Park in Belfast, between RuairÍ Óg, Cushendall and Loughgiel Shamrocks, in what was their first meeting in the final in six years. RuairÍ Óg, Cushendall won the match by 1–20 to 1–19 to claim their 15th championship title overall and a first title in five years.

2017 Antrim Senior Hurling Championship
The 2017 Antrim Senior Hurling Championship is the 117th staging of the Antrim Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Antrim County Board in 1901. The winners receive the Volunteer Cup.

Ruairí Óg, Cushendall won in 2016, defeating Loughgiel Shamrocks by 1–15 to 1-12
2009–10 Ukrainian Premier League
The 2009–10 Ukrainian Premier League season was the nineteenth since its establishment and second since its reorganization. Dynamo Kyiv were the defending champions, having won their 13th league title. A total of 16 teams participated in the league, 14 of which participated in the 2008–09 season, and two of which were promoted from the Ukrainian First League.

The season began on 17 July 2009. The winter break in the season was from 13 December 2009 until 28 February 2010. The last round of the season was played on 9 May 2010.

On 5 May 2010, Shakhtar Donetsk regained the title after a 1–0 win against rivals Dynamo Kyiv.

2010–11 UEFA Europa League
The 2010–11 UEFA Europa League was the second season of the UEFA Europa League, Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 40th edition overall including its predecessor, the UEFA Cup. It began on 1 July 2010, with the first qualifying round matches, and concluded on 18 May 2011, with the final at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, between Porto and first-time finalists Braga. This was the first all-Portuguese final of a European competition and only the third time that two Portuguese teams faced each other in Europe, following Braga's elimination of Benfica in the semi-finals. Porto defeated Braga 1–0, with a goal from the competition's top goalscorer Radamel Falcao, and won their second title in the competition, after victory in the 2002–03 UEFA Cup. Atletico Madrid were the defending champions but were eliminated in group stage.
NGC 2420
NGC 2420 is an open cluster in the constellation Gemini. It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 19 November 1783. The cluster is about two billion years old and it is located 10,000 light years away.

Gemini (constellation)
Gemini is one of the constellations of the zodiac and is located in the northern celestial hemisphere.  It was one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations today. Its name is Latin for twins, and it is associated with the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek mythology. Its old astronomical symbol is  (♊︎).
Outline of social science
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to social science:

Social science – main branch of science comprising scientific fields concerned with societies, human behaviour, and social relationships.

Social relation
A social relation is the fundamental unit of analysis within the social sciences, and describes any voluntary or involuntary interpersonal relationship between two or more conspecifics within and/or between groups. The group can be a language or kinship group, a social institution or organization, an economic class, a nation, or gender. Social relations are derived from human behavioral ecology, and, as an aggregate, form a coherent social structure whose constituent parts are best understood relative to each other and to the social ecosystem as a whole.
Edward Adjaho
Edward Korbly Doe Adjaho, MP (born 3 January 1957) is a Ghanaian politician and lawyer who was Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana from 2013 to 2017. He is the fifth Speaker elected in the Fourth Republic of Ghana and the first Speaker to have been elected from amongst members of Ghana's parliament in the Fourth Republic. Following his elevation to the position of Speaker, he resigned his position as Member of Parliament for the Avenor-Ave constituency in the Parliament of Ghana.

He was one of the few politicians who retained their seats in parliament throughout the Fourth Republic of Ghana serving for 20 years from 1993 to 2013. He was also a member of the Pan-African Parliament.

1992 Ghanaian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Ghana on 29 December 1992, the first since 1979. Voter turnout was just 28.1% amidst a boycott by opposition parties, who had claimed the preceding presidential elections in November – won by former military ruler Jerry Rawlings with 58% of the vote – were fraudulent, with international observers considering them not to have been conducted in a free and fair manner.

The result was a victory for Rawlings's National Democratic Congress, which won 189 of the 200 seats.
Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) order of battle
This is the order of battle for the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present). It should not be considered complete, up-to-date, nor fully accurate, being based on open-source press reporting.

An updated order of battle estimate for 23 April 2023, by the Institute for the Study of War is accessible at:

Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 23 April

Another ISW-relevant publication, published in October 2023:

Russian Regular Ground Forces Order of Battle: Russian Military 101

Rusich Group
The Sabotage Assault Reconnaissance Group (DShRG) "Rusich" (Russian: Диверсионно-штурмовая разведывательная группа «Русич», romanized: Diversionno-shturmovaya razvedyvatel'naya gruppa «Rusich») is a Russian far-right and neo-Nazi paramilitary unit that has been fighting against Ukrainian forces in the Russo-Ukrainian War. Its co-founder and leader is Alexey Milchakov and operates within the Wagner Group. "Rusich" fought on the side of pro-Russian military in the Donbas war from June 2014 to July 2015, and in the Russian invasion of Ukraine alongside Russian troops.
Multiple instruction, multiple data
In computing, multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) is a technique employed to achieve parallelism. Machines using MIMD have a number of processor cores that function asynchronously and independently. At any time, different processors may be executing different instructions on different pieces of data.

MIMD architectures may be used in a number of application areas such as computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing, simulation, modeling, and as communication switches. MIMD machines can be of either shared memory or distributed memory categories. These classifications are based on how MIMD processors access memory. Shared memory machines may be of the bus-based, extended, or hierarchical type. Distributed memory machines may have hypercube or mesh interconnection schemes.

Shared memory
In computer science, shared memory is memory that may be simultaneously accessed by multiple programs with an intent to provide communication among them or avoid redundant copies. Shared memory is an efficient means of passing data between programs. Depending on context, programs may run on a single processor or on multiple separate processors.

Using memory for communication inside a single program, e.g. among its multiple threads, is also referred to as shared memory.
Heidt Tavern-Singleton House
The Heidt Tavern-Singleton House is a historic house in Wartrace, Tennessee, U.S.. It was built as a tavern run by Mr Heidt in 1790. In the early 1840s, it was purchased by Dr Robert L. Singleton, who expanded it into a house by the 1850s. The house was designed in the Federal and Greek Revival architectural styles. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 24, 1991.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Bedford County, Tennessee
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bedford County, Tennessee.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Bedford County, Tennessee, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 33 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Two other properties were once listed, but have since been removed.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 20, 2026.
Deer Commission for Scotland
The Deer Commission for Scotland was an executive non-departmental body of the Scottish Government. It was responsible for the conservation, control and sustainable management of all species of wild deer in Scotland. It also acted as the Government's advisor on deer-related matters.

The Commission consisted of 10 members, appointed by the Scottish Ministers. Its head office was at Great Glen House, Inverness, and the organisation was a member of SEARS (Scotland's Environmental and Rural Services).

Public bodies of the Scottish Government
Public bodies of the Scottish Government (Scottish Gaelic: Buidhnean Poblach Riaghaltas na h-Alba) are organisations that are funded by the Scottish Government. They form a tightly meshed network of executive and advisory non-departmental public bodies ("quangoes"); tribunals; and nationalised industries. Such public bodies are distinct from executive agencies of the Scottish Government, as unlike them they are not considered to be part of the Government and staff of public bodies are not civil servants, although executive agencies are listed in the Scottish Government's directory of national public bodies alongside other public bodies.
Telecommunications in Israel
Telecommunications in Israel are the most developed in the Middle East. Israel's system consists of coaxial cables, optical fibers, and microwave radio relay. Prior to the 1990s, Israel's telecommunication market was dominated by Bezeq, a government-owned corporation. During the 1990s, the Israeli telecommunication industry transitioned from government owned monopolies to diversified private competition by a range of new companies. As of 2014, the telecommunications sector in Israel had revenues over ₪15 billion, representing about 2% of the GDP.

Technology and industry-wise, the Israeli telecom industry has been among global leaders in technology development pioneering developments of protocols such as WiMAX, VoIP and TDMoIP. During the 2000s Israel emerged as a leading supplier for the global telecommunications industry, and a global leader in technological research.

Second Authority for Television and Radio
The Second Authority for Television and Radio (Hebrew: הרשות השניה לטלויזיה ורדיו, HaRashut HaShniya Le'Televizya VeRadio) is an Israeli commercial television and radio authority, established in the wake of a law passed by the Knesset in 1990.

Besides conducting tenders and selecting operators, the authority regulates and supervises commercial broadcasts,  ensuring that a certain percentage of the broadcast content is produced locally.