hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Time in physics
In physics, time is defined by its measurement: time is what a clock reads.  In classical, non-relativistic physics, it is a scalar quantity (often denoted by the symbol ) and, like length, mass, and charge, is usually described as a fundamental quantity. Time can be combined mathematically with other physical quantities to derive other concepts such as motion, kinetic energy and time-dependent fields.  Timekeeping is a complex of technological and scientific issues, and part of the foundation of recordkeeping.

Ilya Prigogine
Viscount Ilya Romanovich Prigogine (/prɪˈɡoʊʒiːn/; Russian: Илья́ Рома́нович Приго́жин; 25 January [O.S. 12 January] 1917 – 28 May 2003) was a Belgian physical chemist, noted for his work on dissipative structures, complex systems, and irreversibility.

Prigogine's work most notably earned him the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures”, as well as the Francqui Prize in 1955, and the Rumford Medal in 1976.
Bay de Verde Peninsula
The Bay de Verde Peninsula is the largest peninsula that makes up part of the Avalon Peninsula, of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The peninsula separates both Trinity and Conception Bay.

Avalon Peninsula
The Avalon Peninsula (French: Péninsule d'Avalon) is a large peninsula that makes up the southeast portion of the island of Newfoundland in Canada. It is 9,220.61 square kilometres (3,560.10 sq mi) in size.

The peninsula is home to 270,348 people, about 52% of  the province's population, according to the 2016 Canadian census. The peninsula is the location of St. John's, the provincial capital and largest city. It is connected to the main section of the island by the 5 km (3 mi) wide Isthmus of Avalon. The peninsula protrudes into the rich fishing zones near the Grand Banks. Its four major bays (Trinity Bay, Conception Bay, St. Mary's Bay and Placentia Bay) have long been the centre of Newfoundland's fishing industry.
Jamshed Gulzar Kiani
Jamshed Gulzar Kiani (Urdu: جمشید گلزار کیانی; b.20 July 1944 – 1 November 2008), HI(M), SJ, SBt, TJ, was a three-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army, intelligence officer and the former Colonel Commandant of the Baloch Regiment and commander of X Corps.

Kiani came into limelight when he had served as Director-General of the Pakistan Army's Military Intelligence and the commander of the X Corps. Later, Kiani had served as a chairman of Federal Public Service Commission during the General Musharraf's regime and had to leave when he and the then Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz developed differences.

Sitara-e-Jurat
Sitara-e-Jurat (Urdu: ستارہِ جرأت, Star of Courage) is the third highest military award of Pakistan. It was established in 1957 after Pakistan became a republic; however, it was instituted retrospectively back to 1947. It is awarded for gallantry or distinguished service in combat; and can be bestowed upon officers, junior commissioned officers, petty officers, warrant officers, soldiers, sailors, airmen, and equivalents in the Pakistan Army, Navy, Air Force, and various paramilitary forces under federal control, such as the Frontier Corps, the Frontier Constabulary, and the Pakistan Rangers. It may be considered to be roughly equivalent to the Military Cross and the Silver Star.
Savings Bank of South Australia
The Savings Bank of South Australia was a bank founded in the colony of South Australia in 1848, based in Adelaide. In the early 20th century it established a presence in schools by setting up a special category of savings accounts for schoolchildren, and grew through the following decades.

In 1984 it merged with the State Bank of South Australia, with the merged entity taking the latter name. This entity later became known as BankSA, and as of 2022 is a division and a trading name of St George Bank, which is a subsidiary of Westpac.

Westpac
Westpac Banking Corporation, also known as Westpac, is an Australian multinational banking and financial services company headquartered at Westpac Place in Sydney.

Established in 1817 as the Bank of New South Wales, it acquired the Commercial Bank of Australia in 1981 before being renamed to Westpac Banking Corporation in 1982. Westpac is one of Australia's Big Four banks, and is Australia's first and oldest banking institution. Its name is a portmanteau of "Western" and "Pacific".

As of 2025, Westpac has 13 million customers worldwide, and employs around 35,000 people.

In 2022 Westpac held the 53rd position in the "Top 1000 World Banks".
Vignale–Riotorto railway station
Vignale–Riotorto railway station is an Italian railway station on the Tirrenica railway line, located in the hamlet of Vignale, near Riotorto, in the municipality of Piombino, Province of Livorno, Tuscany.

Piombino
Piombino is an Italian town and comune of about 35,000 inhabitants in the province of Livorno, southern Tuscany. It lies on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma.
1973 Swedish Open
The 1973 Swedish Open, also known as the Swedish International Tennis Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts held in Båstad, Sweden. It was classified as a Group B category tournament and was part of the 1973 Grand Prix circuit. It was the 26th edition of the tournament and was held from 8 July through 15 July 1973. First-seeded Stan Smith won the singles title and earned $8,400 first-prize money. It was the third tournament he won in Sweden within an eight month period, after the Stockholm Open on hard court in November 1972 and the Swedish Pro on carpet court in April 1973.

1973 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1973 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix was a tennis circuit administered by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) which served as a forerunner to the current Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The circuit consisted of the four modern Grand Slam tournaments and open tournaments recognised by the ILTF. Bonus points were awarded to players who were nominated to play in certain 1973 Davis Cup ties and who missed tournaments through competing in those ties. The Commercial Union Assurance Masters is included in this calendar but did not count towards the Grand Prix.
Agononida incerta
Agononida incerta is a species of squat lobster in the family Munididae. It is found from Taiwan and the Philippines to southern Western Australia, ranging from 280 to 460 metres (920 to 1,510 ft) in depth. The males usually measure from 7 to 38 millimetres (0.28 to 1.50 in) and the females from 7.5 to 21 millimetres (0.30 to 0.83 in). It forms a species complex with A. africerta, A. auscerta, A. indocerta, A. norfocerta, A. madagascerta, A. polycerta, A. tasmancerta, A. vanuacerta, and A. rubrizonata.

Agononida indocerta
Agononida indocerta is a species of squat lobster in the family Munididae. The species name is a combination of Indian Ocean and the Latin word incerta, the feminine version of the word incertus, meaning "doubtful".
Voigtländer Vitessa
The Vitessa was a line of 35mm compact rangefinder cameras made by Voigtländer in the 1950s, equipped with leaf shutters, similar in concept to and marketed against the competing Kodak Retina cameras manufactured by Kodak. Most of the Vitessa cameras were fixed-lens models equipped with collapsable lenses for portability. One of the later Vitessa models, the Vitessa T (1956), introduced the Deckel (DKL) bayonet mount for interchangeable photographic lenses.

When sold by Voigtländer, the Vitessa line was their mid-range rangefinder camera, positioned between the professional Prominent (135) and the entry-level Vito / Vitomatic / Vitoret.

Kodak Retina
Retina was the brand-name of a long-running series of German-built Kodak 35mm cameras, produced from 1934 until 1969. Kodak Retina cameras were manufactured in Stuttgart-Wangen by the Kodak AG Dr. Nagel Werk which Kodak had acquired in December 1931.

The Retina line included a variety of folding and non-folding models, including the Retina Reflex single lens reflex camera.  Retina cameras were noted for their compact size, high quality, and low cost compared to competitors.  These cameras retain a strong following today, of both photographers and collectors.

Kodak AG also offered a companion line of less-expensive Retinette cameras, with similar looks and function.
KINT-TV
KINT-TV (channel 26) is a television station in El Paso, Texas, United States, affiliated with the Spanish-language network Univision. It is owned by Entravision Communications alongside UniMás affiliate KTFN (channel 65). The two stations share studios on North Mesa Street/Highway 20 in northwest El Paso; KINT-TV's transmitter is located atop the Franklin Mountains on the El Paso city limits.

Entravision Communications
Entravision Communications Corporation is an American media company based in Santa Monica, California. Entravision primarily caters to the Spanish-speaking Hispanic and Latino community and owns television and radio stations and outdoor media, in several of the top Hispanic and Latino markets. It is the largest affiliate group of the Univision and UniMás television networks. Entravision also owns a small number of English-language television and radio stations.
1966 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1966 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 56th completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889.

Faythe Harriers entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final, a replay, was played on 11 September 1966 at Wexford Park, between Geraldine O'Hanrahans and Enniscorthy Shamrocks. Geraldine O'Hanrahans won the match by 2–10 to 3–04 to claim their fourth championship title overall and a first title in 21 years.

Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The Wexford Senior Hurling Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the Pettitt's SuperValu Senior Hurling Championship) is an annual hurling competition contested by top-tier Wexford GAA clubs. The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1889.

St Martin's are the title holders after defeating Rathnure by 2-14 to 0–16 in the final.
Bracondale Hill
Bracondale Hill, also known as Hillcrest Village or Hillcrest (not to be confused with Hillcrest in North York), is a residential neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Annexed by the old City of Toronto in 1909 and developed in 1911 from the Turner estate, Bracondale Hill is on the eastern border of West End Toronto; neighbouring Midtown (east of Bathurst), stretching above Davenport Road from the south, below St. Clair Avenue West from the north, Wychwood Park & Bathurst St. to the East and Winona Dr. to the West. This neighbourhood is home to the Hillcrest Village Business Improvement Area (BIA).

Hillcrest Village
Hillcrest Village is a neighbourhood located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the northern district of North York.  It is bordered by Finch to the South, Leslie Street to the West, Steeles to the North and Victoria Park to the East. Both neighbourhoods share the Don Valley as a point of reference in the Eastern border of the neighbourhoods.

The Don valley provides a hillside landscape in the east end of the neighbourhood. In conjunction with Duncan Creek and numerous parks the area has some natural splendour.
2/13th Battalion (Australia)
The 2/13th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. Formed in April 1940 from volunteers drawn primarily from New South Wales, as part of the 20th Brigade of the 7th Division, the battalion served in North Africa in 1941–1942, after being reassigned to the 9th Division. While most of the 9th Division was withdrawn from Tobruk, during October 1942, the battalion remained and fought alongside the new garrison built around the British 70th Division. Following the lifting of the siege, the battalion returned to Australia during 1943. It later took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943–1944 and Borneo in 1945, before being disbanded in 1946.

Second Battle of El Alamein
The Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November 1942) was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein. The First Battle of El Alamein and the Battle of Alam el Halfa had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt.

In October 1942 Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery,  commander of Eighth Army, opened his offensive against the Axis forces. In a 13-day battle the Axis Panzerarmee Afrika was crushed and forced to retreat from Egypt and Libya to the borders of Tunisia. The Allied victory at El Alamein was the beginning of the end of the Western Desert Campaign.

The battle ended the Axis threat to the Middle East and Iran and revived the morale of the western Allies, being their first big success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941. The end of the battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch on 8 November, which opened a second front in North Africa.
Codex Sangermanensis I
The Codex Sangermanensis I, designated by g1 or 7 (in Beuron system), is a Latin manuscript, dated AD 822 of portions of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The text, written on vellum, is a version of the Latin. The manuscript contains the Vulgate Bible, on 191 leaves (39.3 by 33 cm) of which, in the New Testament, the Gospel of Matthew contain Old Latin readings. It contains Shepherd of Hermas.

John Wordsworth
John Wordsworth FBA (21 September 1843 – 16 August 1911) was an English Anglican bishop and classical scholar. He was Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture at the University of Oxford from 1883 to 1885, and Bishop of Salisbury from 1885 to 1911.
Douentza
Douentza (Fulfulde: Duwayⁿsa) is a town and urban commune in the Mopti Region of central Mali. The town lies 145 km east-northeast of Mopti on the RN16, a paved road that links Mopti and Gao. It is the administrative center of the Douentza Cercle.

The town's old quarter is mostly Fulfulde-speaking. Newer sections of the town near the highway are mostly Bambara-speaking.

Mopti
Mopti (Fulfulde: Mobti) is a town and an urban commune in the Inner Niger Delta region of Mali. The town is the capital of the Mopti Cercle and the Mopti Region. Situated 630 km northeast of Bamako, the town lies at the confluence of the Niger and the Bani Rivers and is linked by an elevated causeway to the town of Sévaré. The urban commune, which includes both Mopti and Sévaré, had a population of 114,296 in the 2009 census.
Church of St Mary the Virgin, Gamlingay
52°09′18″N 0°11′14″W﻿ / ﻿52.154965°N 0.187194°W﻿ / 52.154965; -0.187194

The Church of St Mary the Virgin is the parish church for the village of Gamlingay in Cambridgeshire and is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin. Gamlingay is part of the ecclesiastical parish of Gamlingay with Hatley St George and East Hatley. The church is mainly 13th-century with extensive rebuilding in the 14th and 15th centuries. It has been a Grade I listed building since 1967 and comes under the St Neots Deanery in the Diocese of Ely. Nikolaus Pevsner in 1954 described the church as "... the most impressive church in this part of the county."

Gargoyle
In architecture, and specifically Gothic architecture, a gargoyle (/ˈɡɑːrɡɔɪl/) is a carved or formed grotesque: 6–8  with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building, thereby preventing it from running down masonry walls and eroding the mortar between. Architects often used multiple gargoyles on a building to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof to minimize potential damage from rainstorms. A trough is cut in the back of the gargoyle and rainwater typically exits through the open mouth. Gargoyles are usually elongated fantastical animals because their length determines how far water is directed from the wall. When Gothic flying buttresses were used, aqueducts were sometimes cut into the buttress to divert water over the aisle walls.
NASA Astronaut Group 20
NASA Astronaut Group 20 (The Chumps) saw the training of nine mission specialists, and five international mission specialists to become NASA astronauts. These 14 astronauts began training in August 2009 and officially graduated as astronauts on 4 November 2011.

Expedition 54
Expedition 54 was the 54th expedition to the International Space Station, which began upon the departure of Soyuz MS-05 on December 14, 2017 and concluded upon the departure of Soyuz MS-06 on February 27, 2018. Alexander Misurkin, Mark Vande Hei and Joseph Acaba were transferred from Expedition 53, with Alexander Misurkin taking the commander role. Transfer of Command from Expedition 54 to Expedition 55 was done on February 26, 2018. Expedition 54 officially ended on February 27, 2018 23:08 UTC, with the undocking of Soyuz MS-06.
Jachnun
Jachnun or jahnun (Hebrew: גַ'חְנוּן, Hebrew pronunciation: ['d͡ʒaχnun], ['d͡ʒaħnun]) is a Jewish pastry, originating from the Adeni Jews, and traditionally served on Shabbat morning, with resek agvaniyot (a freshly grated tomato dip), hard-boiled eggs, and zhug (a type of spicy green herbal condiment).

Jachnun has become popular in Israeli cuisine, where it is served in homes (usually on Shabbat), as fast food at roadside stalls, and in restaurants, events, and dining halls.

Cholent
Cholent or Schalet (Yiddish: טשאָלנט, romanized: tsholnt) is a traditional slow-simmering Sabbath stew in Jewish cuisine that was developed by Ashkenazi Jews first in France and later Germany, and is first mentioned in the 12th century. It is related to and is thought to have been derived from hamin, a similar Sabbath stew that emerged in Spain among Sephardic Jews and made its way to France by way of Provence.
Maya death rituals
Death rituals were an important part of Maya religion. The Maya greatly respected death; they were taught to fear it and grieved deeply for the deceased. They also believed that certain deaths were more noble than others.

Xibalba
Xibalba  (Mayan pronunciation: [ʃiɓalˈɓa]), roughly translated as "place of fright", is the Kʼicheʼ name of the Underworld (known as Mitnal in Yucatec) in Maya mythology, ruled by the Maya death gods and their helpers. In 16th-century Verapaz, the entrance to Xibalba was traditionally held to be a cave in the vicinity of Cobán, Guatemala. Cave systems in nearby Belize have also been referred to as the entrance to Xibalba. In some Maya areas, the Milky Way is viewed as the road to Xibalba.
Texas State Highway 105
State Highway 105 (SH 105)  is a state highway in the U.S. state of Texas that runs from Brenham to the outskirts of Beaumont.  The route was originally proposed in 1925 and took its current routing in 1984.

Business route
A business route (or business loop, business spur, or city route) in the United States is a short special route that branches off a parent numbered highway at its beginning, continues through the central business district of a nearby city or town, and finally reconnects with the same parent numbered highway at the business route's end. Their designation is often intended to direct traffic to the business districts bypassed when a new highway is constructed some distance away.
The Death of Cyprian Godebski at Raszyn
The Death of Cyprian Godebski at Raszyn is a 1855 history painting by the Polish artist January Suchodolski. It depicts the Battle of Raszyn on 19 April 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars, specifically the death of the Polish writer and soldier Cyprian Godebski. At the outbreak of the War of the Fifth Coalition, Austria launched an invasion of the French-backed Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Polish forces of the Grand Duchy led by Józef Poniatowski rallied against them at Raszyn. Although this did not prevent Austria from occupying Warsaw they were able to take the offensive again as Napoleon invaded Austria and took Vienna.

Poniatowski rides on horseback in the centre of the scene, while Godebski having been fatally wounded is shown dying a heroic death in the style reminiscent of Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe. Suchodolski was a noted painter of battle scenes, who had been a pupil of Horace Vernet. Today the painting is in the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw.

Battle of Raszyn (1809)
The first Battle of Raszyn was fought on 19 April 1809 between armies of the Austrian Empire under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and the Duchy of Warsaw under Józef Antoni Poniatowski, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars. The battle was not decisive, but it did result in the Austrians obtaining their goal by capturing the Polish capital Warsaw.
Balder Point
Balder Point (66°27′S 63°45′W﻿ / ﻿66.450°S 63.750°W﻿ / -66.450; -63.750) is a headland in Antarctica marking the eastern tip of a narrow, rocky "cockscomb" ridge, which extends from Frigga Peak for 6 nautical miles (11 km) in an east-southeast direction to the west side of Cabinet Inlet, on the east coast of Graham Land. It was charted in 1947 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, who named it after the Norse god Balder, the mythological son of Frigga and Odin.

Cabinet Inlet
Cabinet Inlet (66°35′S 63°10′W﻿ / ﻿66.583°S 63.167°W﻿ / -66.583; -63.167) is an icy inlet, 36 miles (58 km) long in a northwest–southeast direction, and some 27 miles (43 km) wide at its entrance between Cape Alexander and Cape Robinson, along the east coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was named and charted by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) and aerially photographed by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in December 1947. It is named for the British War Cabinet which authorized the FIDS in 1943.
Ciskei Defence Force
The Ciskei Defence Force (CDF) was established during March 1981 from the 141 Battalion of the South African Defence Force (SADF). It was the defence force of Ciskei, a bantustan that was controlled by the apartheid regime of South Africa. The CDF functioned as part of the 21 Battalion based near Lenasia, outside Johannesburg.

Mamba APC
The Mamba is a South African infantry mobility vehicle designed for internal security purposes. It was developed during the late 1980s to replace the Buffel in service with the South African military and security forces. The first models were built on a 4X2 Toyota Dyna chassis, which was subsequently replaced in production around 1994 by a more reliable Unimog chassis. All marks of the Mamba were designed to be mine-resistant and blastproof.
Fisher Island Reef
Fisher Island Reef is a small granite island, with an area of 1,000 square metres, in south-eastern Australia.  It is part of Tasmania’s Great Dog Island Group, lying in eastern Bass Strait between Flinders and Cape Barren Islands in the Furneaux Group, and is close to Fisher Island.

Fisher Island (Tasmania)
Fisher Island is a small granite island, with an area of 0.9 ha, in south-eastern Australia.  It is part of Tasmania’s Great Dog Island Group, lying in eastern Bass Strait between Flinders and Cape Barren Islands in the Furneaux Group.  It is the site of a long-term, ongoing study of short-tailed shearwaters.
Albury, Oxfordshire
Albury is a village in the civil parish of Tiddington-with-Albury, in the South Oxfordshire district, in Oxfordshire, England, about 5 miles (8 km) west of Thame.

In 1931 the parish had a population of 36. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Tiddington to form "Tiddington with Albury".

Thame
Thame /teɪm/ is a market town and civil parish in South Oxfordshire, England, about 13 miles (21 km) east of the city of Oxford, 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Aylesbury and 40 miles (64 km) northwest of London. It derives its name from the River Thame which flows along the north side of the town and forms part of the county border with Buckinghamshire. The parish includes the hamlet of Moreton south of the town. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 11,561.  Thame was founded in the Anglo-Saxon era and was in the kingdom of Wessex.