hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mount Carmack
Mount Carmack is a prominent 6,808-foot-elevation (2,075-meter) mountain summit located in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains, in the U.S. state of Alaska. The peak is situated 7 mi (11 km) north-northeast of Skagway, and 3.5 mi (6 km) south of Mount Cleveland, on land managed by Tongass National Forest. As the highpoint on the divide between the Taiya River and the Skagway River, precipitation runoff from the mountain drains east into the Skagway River and west into Taiya River, both of which empty into Taiya Inlet. Although modest in elevation, relief is significant since Mount Carmack rises 6,800 feet above the Taiya valley in less than 2 mi (3 km), and 5,800 feet above Skagway valley in about 2 miles. Mount Carmack has a lower subsidiary summit, elevation 6,621 ft (2,020 m), about 0.5 mi (1 km) to the northeast of the true summit. The USGS topographic map has this lower northeast peak labelled as Mount Carmack.

Taiya Inlet
Taiya Inlet is part of the upper Lynn Canal located in the U.S. state of Alaska. Taiya Inlet is an estuary which lies in a deep valley, with Skagway, Alaska at its north end and the remainder of the Lynn Canal at its south end.
Fifth Ward Railroad
The Fifth Ward Railroad was a horse-drawn street trolley line in Syracuse, New York, and was originally approved for construction by New York State in 1850; however, the rail was not chartered until 1867 and finally opened for business in 1868. The company merged with Syracuse Consolidated Street Railway in 1890, after an agreement was made that allowed the new company to lease the lines.

The city railway extended from Railroad Street through Clinton, Walton, West, Gifford, Geddes and returning in a loop through Delaware, Holland and Niagara to Gifford Street, a total distance of 3.48 miles (5.60 km) in the city's Near Westside. By 1875, the road extended from Washington Street to South Street and Geddes Street.

Near Westside, Syracuse
The Near Westside is one of the oldest neighborhoods of Syracuse, New York, United States. In the early 1900s, many wealthy families, including the Mayor of Syracuse, lived in large homes along West Onondaga Street. A beautiful fountain with statues was located at Onondaga Circle, the junction of West Onondaga Street and Delaware Street. Streets like Delaware Street were lined with large elm trees and stately homes.
Schaereria xerophila
Schaereria xerophila is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Schaereriaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 1989 by the lichenologists Gerhard Rambold and Helmut Mayrhofer. The type specimen was found growing on lowland, inland siliceous rock in Queensland, but its range has been expanded to include Tasmania. It is one of five species of Schaereria to occur in Australia. Some diagnostic characteristics of Schaereria xerophila include its crustose, areolate thallus, semi-immersed apothecia, and roughly spherical, non-halonate spores.

Gerhard Rambold
Gerhard Rambold (born 1956) is a German lichenologist, mycologist and university professor who has led the mycology group at the University of Bayreuth since 1999. He is recognised for creating LIAS, "A Global Information System for Lichenised and Non‑Lichenised Ascomycetes", which integrates morphological, molecular and distributional data into interactive identification tools. Combining extensive field collections with bio‑ and ecoinformatics, his research spans taxonomy, photobiont ecology and fungal biodiversity on several continents.
Saków
Saków [ˈsakuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wartkowice, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Wartkowice, 13 km (8 mi) north of Poddębice, and 44 km (27 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Poddębice
Poddębice [pɔdːɛmˈbʲit͡sɛ] is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Poddębice County. It lies approximately 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Łódź. Population is 7,245 (2020). It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Nikoloz Izoria
Nikoloz Izoria (Georgian: ნიკოლოზ იზორია) (born August 31, 1985) is a boxer from Georgia.

He participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native country. There he was stopped in the second round of the Flyweight (51 kg) division by Azerbaijan's eventual bronze medalist Fuad Aslanov.

Izoria had won the silver medal in the same division six months earlier, at the 2004 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Pula, Croatia.

At the 2008 Olympics he beat Botswana's Thato Batshegi 14:4 but lost to Azerbaijan's Shahin Imranov 9:18.

Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Flyweight
The flyweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, was held from 17 to 28 August at the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall. The event was open to boxers weighing between 49 and 51 kilograms.
Choice of the Year Ukraine
Choice of the Year Ukraine is a national annual competition in Ukraine with the objective of determining the most popular and highest quality products and services on the domestic market. The Choice of the Year award ceremony is held annually close to the end of the calendar year. Companies that win receive a patented golden medal, designed specifically corresponding to the year of the award, are granted the exclusive right to use the winning Choice of the Year logo on their products' labeling and packaging for the following year. The name and logo are patented according to law of Ukraine.

Product (business)
In marketing and economics, a product is any object, service, or system offered to a market to satisfy a customer’s need or want. Products may be tangible, such as physical goods that can be touched and owned, or intangible, such as services, digital offerings, or rights that provide value without physical form. Products are created through processes of design, production, and distribution, and they play a central role in commercial exchange, consumer behavior, and organizational strategy.

Beyond marketing, the term product is also used in fields such as manufacturing, where it refers to finished goods derived from raw materials, and project management, where it denotes deliverables produced to achieve defined objectives. Because products directly affect consumer safety, economic activity, and environmental sustainability, they are often subject to regulation, classification systems, and information-disclosure requirements across different jurisdictions.
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula O2NC6H4CHO.  It is one of three isomers of nitrobenzaldehyde. It contains a nitro group para-substituted to an aldehyde.

4-Nitrobenzaldehyde is obtained by oxidation of 4-nitrotoluene or hydrolysis of 4-nitrobenzalbromide:

O2NC6H4CHBr2 +  H2O   →   O2NC6H4CHO +  2 HBr

In the laboratory, the oxidation is achieved with chromium(VI) oxide in acetic anhydride, which affords nitrobenzyldiacetate.

Nitro compound
In organic chemistry, nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (−NO2). The nitro group is one of the most common explosophores (functional group that makes a compound explosive) used globally. The nitro group is also strongly electron-withdrawing. Because of this property, C−H bonds alpha (adjacent) to the nitro group can be acidic. For similar reasons, the presence of nitro groups in aromatic compounds retards electrophilic aromatic substitution but facilitates nucleophilic aromatic substitution.  Nitro groups are rarely found in nature. They are almost invariably produced by nitration reactions starting with nitric acid.
Udon Thani Hospital
Udon Thani Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลอุดรธานี) is the main hospital of Udon Thani Province, Thailand and is classified under the Ministry of Public Health as a regional hospital. It has a CPIRD Medical Education Center which trains doctors for the Faculty of Medicine of Khon Kaen University.

Khon Kaen University
Khon Kaen University (Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยขอนแก่น; KKU) is a public research university. The university was the first institution of higher education in the northeastern Thailand and remains the oldest and the most competitive university in the region. The university is a hub of education in northeast Thailand. It is a widely recognized university in Asia with strong emphasis on medicine, engineering, science, agriculture and social science. Khon Kaen University was ranked 21st in Southeast Asia by Time Higher Education in 2009, and 4th in Thailand by The Office of Higher Education Commission.
James Sanfey
James W. Sanfey (June 1922 – 2 April 2000) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and Army Commandant. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1973 to 1977. He was nominated by the Taoiseach to the 13th Seanad in 1973. He did not contest the 1977 Seanad election.

Sanfey was born in Dublin in June 1922 and grew up in Curzon Street, off the South Circular Road. He was educated at Synge Street CBS and at the Irish Military College at the Curragh Camp.

He died on 2 April 2000, aged 77.

Curragh Camp
The Curragh Camp (Irish: Campa an Churraigh) is an army base and military college in The Curragh, County Kildare, Ireland. It is the main training centre for the Irish Defence Forces and is home to 2,000 military personnel.
Davide Longo
Davide Longo (born 9 December 1975) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who started playing Rugby League for Stanley Rangers ARLFC, playing in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, and as of 2019 he was the chief executive officer of Featherstone Rovers. He played at club level for Dewsbury Rams (two spells), Bradford Bulls, Swinton Lions, Keighley Cougars and Batley Bulldogs, as a fullback, centre, or stand-off. Davide Longo left Featherstone Rovers in March 2021 to take on a new role with Bradford City AFC as Commercial Director then promoted to General Manager in July 2025

Stanley Rangers
Stanley Rangers (founded 1919) is an amateur rugby league club situated in the village of Stanley near Wakefield. They are in Division One of the National Conference League.
Players range from 8-years old and receive training in all aspects of the sport. Many younger players have attended Paul Sculthorpe's training camps.
Kharakhutulia
Kharakhutulia is a genus of nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Upper Cretaceous. Its genus name refers to the location where it was found, namely the Khara Khutul fossil locality of Mongolia. Its species name refers to the scientist who collected the holotype specimen: Dr. Nikolai N. Kalandadze. Kharakhutulia has been found in rocks dating to the Cenomanian and Turonian subdivisions of the Late Cretaceous, and has thus far been exclusively found in Mongolia.

Turonian
The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous Epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.2 Ma and 89.8 ± 0.3 Ma (million years ago). The Turonian is preceded by the Cenomanian Stage and underlies the Coniacian Stage.

At the beginning of the Turonian an oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2) took place, also referred to as the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the "Bonarelli Event". Sea level fall took place in the latter part of the Turonian from the highstand at the beginning of the Turonian.
Propriospinal tracts
Propriospinal tracts are three tracts, collections of nerve fibers ascending, descending, crossed and uncrossed, that interconnect various levels of the spinal cord. They are located in the white columns (funiculi) of the spinal cord where the columns meet the spinal central gray. Shorter fibers are located closer and longer fibers further from the gray. The tracts include the ventral propriospinal tract, the lateral propriospinal tract and the dorsal propriospinal tract. Some authors include the semilunar tract in this category. A few other fibers intrinsic to the cord run in the dorsolateral fasciculus of the spinal cord and the septomarginal tract.

Fasciculus
Fasciculus vesanus is an extinct species of stem-group ctenophores known from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada. It is dated to 515 to 505 million years ago and belongs to middle Cambrian strata.

The species is remarkable for its two sets of long and short comb rows, not seen in similar form elsewhere in the fossil record or among modern species.
Maximum entropy thermodynamics
In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference processes. More specifically, MaxEnt applies inference techniques rooted in Shannon information theory, Bayesian probability, and the principle of maximum entropy. These techniques are relevant to any situation requiring prediction from incomplete or insufficient data (e.g., image reconstruction, signal processing, spectral analysis, and inverse problems). MaxEnt thermodynamics began with two papers by Edwin T. Jaynes published in the 1957 Physical Review.

Spectral density estimation
In statistical signal processing, the goal of spectral density estimation (SDE) or simply spectral estimation is to estimate the spectral density (also known as the power spectral density) of a signal from a sequence of time samples of the signal. Intuitively speaking, the spectral density characterizes the frequency content of the signal. One purpose of estimating the spectral density is to detect any periodicities in the data, by observing peaks at the frequencies corresponding to these periodicities.

Some SDE techniques assume that a signal is composed of a limited (usually small) number of generating frequencies plus noise and seek to find the location and intensity of the generated frequencies.  Others make no assumption on the number of components and seek to estimate the whole generating spectrum.
Igor Belanov
Igor Ivanovich Belanov (Russian: И́горь Ива́нович Бела́нов) or Ihor Ivanovych Bielanov (Ukrainian: Ігор Іванович Бєланов; born 25 September 1960) is a Soviet and Ukrainian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He made a name for himself at Dynamo Kyiv, winning five major titles as well as the Ballon d'Or in 1986 and became the second Ukrainian national to win the award after Oleh Blokhin (1975). He then spent six years in Germany with Borussia Mönchengladbach in the Bundesliga and Eintracht Braunschweig in the 2. Bundesliga, with little success.

Belanov represented the Soviet Union at one World Cup and one European Championship. He was included in the list of the top 100 World Cup footballers of all time by The Guardian in 2014. In 2011, he, Oleh Blokhin and Vitaliy Starukhin were named as the "legends of Ukrainian football" at the Victory of Football awards.

Golden Foot
The Golden Foot award is an international football award, given to players who stand out for their athletic achievements (both as individuals and team players) and for their personality. The award is only given to active players of at least 27 years of age, and can only be won once.

Ten nominees are chosen by a panel of international journalists based on the criteria that they are at least 27 years of age and still playing. Out of this list, and until 2022, the winner was selected by an online poll, where anyone could vote. From 2024, the winner is selected by a committee of professionals chaired by Antonio Caliendo, the founder of the award. The winner of the award leaves a permanent mould of his footprints on "The Champions Promenade", on the seafront of the Principality of Monaco.

Since 2009, there has been a charity auction accompanying the Golden Foot event. The auction is held during the gala evening at the Hôtel de Paris Monte-Carlo, and raises funds for fighting AIDS.
Mike Porcel
Mike Porcel is an exiled Cuban born-American musician, guitarist, composer, orchestrator and songwriter better associated with the Cuban musical movement of the 60s & 70s Nueva trova. He has been called one of the most influential and creative contemporary Cuban musician of his generation. His compositions carry a heavy dose of poetry mixed with complex guitar melodies influenced by a tremendous array of musical styles, from classical music to rock, jazz, ethnic rhythms and new age. He was also the co-founder and musical director of the Cuban progressive-rock band "Síntesis".

Nueva trova
Nueva Trova ([ˈnweβa ˈtɾoβa], "new trova") is a movement in Cuban music that emerged around 1967–1968 after the Cuban Revolution of 1959, and the consequent political and social changes.

Nueva Trova has its roots in the traditional trova, but differs from it because its content is, in the widest sense, political. It combines traditional folk music idioms with 'progressive' and often politicized lyrics. It is related to nueva canción in Latin America, especially Chile and Argentina. Some of the Nueva Trova musicians were also influenced by rock and pop of that time.

Nueva Trova is defined by its connection with the Cuban revolution, and by its lyrics, which tried to escape the banalities of life by concentrating on socialism, injustice, sexism, colonialism, racism and similar issues.  Haydée Santamaría was the creator and sponsor of this movement.
Sub Rosa (novel)
Sub Rosa is a 2010 queer novel by Canadian Amber Dawn published by Vancouver-based Arsenal Pulp Press. The novel was Dawn's debut novel, and is a work of speculative fiction that touches on topics of sex, work, imagination, and survival. It narrates the story of "Little," a teenage girl who cannot remember her real name and ends up involved in the dark world of Sub Rosa, "a fantastical underground community of sex workers", where she enters the company of ghosts, magicians, and magical Glories. Sub Rosa won the Lambda Award for Lesbian Debut Fiction in 2011.

Arsenal Pulp Press
Arsenal Pulp Press is a Canadian independent book publishing company, based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The company publishes a broad range of titles in both fiction and non-fiction, focusing primarily on underrepresented genres such as underground literature, LGBT literature, multiracial literature, graphic novels, visual arts, progressive and activist non-fiction and works in translation, and is noted for founding the annual Three-Day Novel Contest.
James Boyton
Sir James Boyton JP (1855 – 16 May 1926) was a British estate agent and a Conservative politician.

Boyton was born in Shoreditch, London, to Henry and Sarah Boyton. He joined his family firm of Elliott, Son and Boyton in 1878. He was president of the Auctioneers' and Estate Agents' Institute for 1905–6. He also served as a Justice of the peace (JP) for the County of London.

Boyton was a member of the London County Council from 1907 to 1910, representing the Municipal Reform Party. Successfully contesting both the January 1910 parliamentary election and the December 1910 election, he was Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Marylebone East from 1910 to 1918. Boyton was knighted in the 1918 New Year Honours.

His only son, Henry James Boyton, was killed on 14 December 1916 during the Battle of the Somme.

January 1910 United Kingdom general election
The January 1910 United Kingdom general election was held from 15 January to 10 February 1910 to elect all 670 members of the House of Commons. Called amid a constitutional crisis after the Conservative-dominated House of Lords rejected the People's Budget, the Liberal government, seeking a mandate, lost their majority.

The result was a hung parliament: Arthur Balfour’s Conservatives and their Liberal Unionist allies won the most votes, but Asquith’s Liberals secured the most seats, edging out the Conservatives by two. With Irish Parliamentary Party support, Asquith remained in power. Another election followed in December.

The Labour Party, led by Arthur Henderson, returned 40 MPs. Much of this apparent increase (from the 29 Labour MPs elected in 1906) came from the defection, a few years earlier, of Lib Lab MPs from the Liberal Party to Labour.
J. C. Hamilton
James Clarence Hamilton (March 6, 1913 – December 14, 1991) was an American Negro league pitcher in the 1940s.

A native of Marion County, Florida, Hamilton made his Negro leagues debut in 1940 with the Homestead Grays. He went on to play three seasons with the Grays through 1942. Hamilton died in 1991 in Bradenton, Florida at age 78.

Marion County, Florida
Marion County is a county located in the North Central region of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 375,908. Its county seat is Ocala. Marion County comprises the Ocala, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. It includes part of Ocala National Forest, which also extends into three other counties.
Hal E. Hoss
Hal Elden Hoss  (October 7, 1892 – February 6, 1934) was an American journalist and politician in the state of Oregon. A native of Portland, he was raised there and edited several newspapers in Oregon before he became the private secretary for the Governor of Oregon, I. L. Patterson. A Republican, he served as Oregon Secretary of State for six years before he died in office.

Governor of Oregon
The governor of Oregon is the head of government of Oregon and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments.

The current governor of Oregon is Tina Kotek, who took office on January 9, 2023. The governor's salary as of 2018 is $98,600.
Query understanding
Query understanding is the process of inferring the intent of a search engine user by extracting semantic meaning from the searcher’s keywords. Query understanding methods generally take place before the search engine retrieves and ranks results. It is related to natural language processing but specifically focused on the understanding of search queries.

User intent
User intent, also known as query intent or search intent, is the identification and categorization of what a user online intended or wanted to find when they typed their search terms into an online web search engine for the purpose of search engine optimisation or conversion rate optimisation. Examples of user intent are fact-checking, comparison shopping or navigating to other websites.
Charly In-Albon
Charly In-Albon (born 23 June 1957) is a Swiss former football player and manager. He played as a defender for FC Sion and Grasshoppers. He also represented the Switzerland national team, making 40 appearances and scoring one goal. He then became a manager.

FC Sion
Football Club Sion, commonly known as simply FC Sion or Sion, is a Swiss football club from the city of Sion. The club was founded in 1909 and play their home matches at the Stade Tourbillon. They have won the Swiss Super League and the Swiss Cup in 13 of their 14 appearances in the final, the most recent being in 2015. The first team of the club was also known as their incorporated name Olympique des Alpes SA. The club set to play in the Super League from 2024 to 2025, the top tier of Swiss football after promotion from Challenge League in 2023–24.
Gilbert Yvel
Gilbert Yvel (born 30 June 1976) is a Dutch professional mixed martial artist. A professional competitor since 1997, Yvel competed in the PRIDE Fighting Championships, Affliction, the UFC, Road FC, the RFA, RINGS, M-1 Challenge, Cage Rage, K-1, and Showtime promotions. He is the former RINGS Openweight Champion.

Legacy Fighting Alliance
The Legacy Fighting Alliance (LFA) is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion company based in Houston, Texas. It was created as a result of the Legacy Fighting Championship and Resurrection Fighting Alliance merger in 2016.