hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nicotine marketing
Nicotine marketing is the marketing of nicotine-containing products or use. Traditionally, the tobacco industry markets cigarette smoking, but it is increasingly marketing other products, such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Products are marketed through social media, stealth marketing, mass media, and sponsorship (particularly of sporting events). Expenditures on nicotine marketing are in the tens of billions a year; in the US alone, spending was over US$1 million per hour in 2016; in 2003, per-capita marketing spending was $290 per adult smoker, or $45 per inhabitant. Nicotine marketing is increasingly regulated; some forms of nicotine advertising are banned in many countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a complete tobacco advertising ban.

Altria
Altria Group, Inc. is an American corporation and one of the world's largest producers and marketers of tobacco, cigarettes, and medical products in the treatment of illnesses caused by tobacco. It operates worldwide and is headquartered in the city of Richmond, Virginia.

Altria is the parent company of Philip Morris USA, John Middleton, Inc., U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company, Inc., Philip Morris Capital Corporation, and NJOY Holdings, Inc. Altria also maintains large minority stakes in Belgium-based brewer AB InBev and the Canadian cannabis company Cronos Group. It is a component of the S&P 500 and was a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average from 1985 to 2008, dropping due to spin-offs of Kraft Foods Inc. in 2007 and Philip Morris International in 2008.
Abhinav Kamal
Abhinav Kamal (born 2 July 1989) is an Indian entrepreneur, film director, producer and screenwriter. Kamal made his directorial debut with On the Other Side, a psychological thriller, while he was a student at Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur. The film was showcased under Shamiana. As a filmmaker, he is known for an award-winning English - Kannada documentary, Pujari Umma Shankar. He is also known for his work in an Australian English independent film as an associate director. Abhinav has also Directed the Medical Humor web series Starting Troubles, featuring Renuka Shahane and Parikshit Sahani

Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur
The Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur, also known as IMT Nagpur or simply IMTN, is a private business school located in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. It was the second Institute of Management Technology (IMT) to be established, after IMT Ghaziabad.

IMT's educational programmes have been recognized by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India IMT Nagpur is also accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA) for 5 years.
Tempitiya
Tempitiya (Sinhala: ටැම්පිටිය, Tamil: தெம்பிட்டிய) is a village in Mahaoya in the Ampara District, Eastern Province, Sri Lanka. It is located nearly 12 kilometres (7 mi) away from the town of Mahaoya, along the Peradeniya-Badulla-Chenkalady Highway (A5 Road).

Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
The Eastern Province (Sinhala: නැගෙනහිර පළාත Næ̆gĕnahira Paḷāta, Tamil: கிழக்கு மாகாணம் Kiḻakku Mākāṇam) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Between 1988 and 2006 the province was temporarily merged with the Northern Province to form the North Eastern Province. The capital of the province is Trincomalee. Kalmunai is the largest and most populous city of Eastern Province.
Mary Slingsby
Mary, Lady Slingsby, born Aldridge (perhaps died 1693), was an English actress. After a marriage lasting 1670 to 1680 to John Lee, an actor, during which she was on the stage as Mrs. Lee, she was widowed. She then married Sir Charles Slingsby, 2nd Baronet, a nephew of Sir Robert Slingsby, and performed as Lady Slingsby. Theatre historians have pointed out the difficulty in identifying her roles in the period when Elinor Leigh, wife of Anthony Leigh, was performing as Mrs. Leigh, because the homophones "Lee" and "Leigh" were not consistently spelled at the time.

Sir Robert Slingsby, 1st Baronet
Sir Robert Slingsby, 1st Baronet (1611–1661) was an English baronet, writer and Naval commander, and in his last years a much-loved colleague of Samuel Pepys.

He was born at Bifrons near Canterbury, the second son of Sir Guylford Slingsby, Controller of the Navy, and Margaret Walter. He was the grandson of Sir Francis Slingsby of Scriven, near Knaresborough, and thus a first cousin of Sir Henry Slingsby, 1st Baronet, who was executed in 1658 for his part in a conspiracy to restore Charles II. Robert's eldest brother Guildford Slingsby was a promising young politician and lawyer who was killed early in the English Civil War.
Soltan-Ali Mirza
Soltan-Ali Mirza (Persian: سلطانعلی میرزا) was the ruler of the Kar-Kiya dynasty from 1478 to 1504/05. Under him, the dynasty reached its apex of power, to such a degree that he fought against the Aq Qoyunlu over the rulership of Qazvin.

Due to several fruitless and taxing expeditions in Bia-pas (western Gilan), he was overthrown by his brother Soltan-Hasan in 1504/5. In 1506, during Soltan-Ali Mirza's attempt to regain the throne, but he and Soltan-Hasan were killed. The throne was shortly taken by Soltan-Hasan's son Soltan-Ahmad, who had previously resided at the court of the Safavid ruler Ismail I.

The cultural prosperity during Soltan-Ali Mirza's ruled is demonstrated by the production of the "Big Head Shahnama" in 1493/94.

Aq Qoyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlular, آغ‌قویونلولار; Persian: آق‌ قویونلو) was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Turkoman tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1508, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty. The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan.
Persecution of journalists in Bangladesh under Muhammad Yunus
After the resignation of Sheikh Hasina in the aftermath of the July uprising, various cases of official and unofficial persecution and harassment against the journalists were reported throughout the country in the interim government of Muhammad Yunus. According to Ain o Salish Kendra, 294 attacks and harassment took place against journalists in Yunus government, 62 such incidents took place in 2025. Rights and Risks Analysis Group reported 640 journalists were targeted by the interim government, and 118 journalists accreditation of press council were stripped.

Despite these, the government promised to support freedom of the press, while criticizing the media for its role during the revolution against Sheikh Hasina.

Committee to Protect Journalists
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in New York City, with correspondents around the world. CPJ promotes press freedom and defends the rights of journalists. The American Journalism Review has called the organization "Journalism's Red Cross." Since the late 1980s, CPJ has published an annual census of journalists killed or imprisoned in relation to their work.
Letter station
Letter is a railway station located in Letter, Germany. The station is located on the Hanover–Minden railway and the Bremen–Hanover railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn. Letter is served by the S1 and S2. It is in the Umland zone of Hannover.

Wunstorf–Bremen railway line
The Wunstorf–Bremen railway line is one of the most important lines in the German state of Lower Saxony. It connects the port city of Bremen via Verden an der Aller and Nienburg to Wunstorf, where it connects with the line to Hanover. The 122.3-kilometre-long (76.0 mi), twin-track main line is continuously electrified. The maximum speed is 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph), the maximum axle load is 22.5 tonnes (50,000 lb) and the line is rated as class D4 (the highest class) in the German system of track classification. It was opened on in 1847.
Partido Barug
Partido Barug (lit. transl. Stand Party), commonly known as BARUG, is a regional political party based in Cebu City, Philippines. Former Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama is its founding president.

BARUG is currently affiliated with PDP–Laban since 2018. It has formed an alliance with Kugi Uswag Sugbo and Partido Panaghiusa for the 2022 elections.

United Nationalist Alliance
The United Nationalist Alliance (UNA [ʊna]) is a political party in the Philippines. It was created as a multi-party electoral alliance  replacing the former United Opposition (UNO) coalition for the 2013 midterm elections, before it was launched as a single political party on July 1, 2015, by Jejomar Binay for his candidacy in the 2016 presidential election.

The acronym "UNA" spells out the Filipino-Spanish word for "first".
Vejendla
Vejendla is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is supposed to be the headquarters of Chebrolu mandal in Tenali revenue division. It is located in Chebrolu mandal of Tenali revenue division.

Guntur district
Guntur district is  in the Coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The administrative seat of the district is located at Guntur, one of the major urban centres of the state. Historically significant, the region was part of ancient Buddhist and Satavahana-era settlements and later came under various South Indian dynasties before British rule. The district is known for its agricultural prominence—particularly chilli and cotton cultivation—as well as education and trade. It forms part of the larger Coastal Andhra region and contributes significantly to the state’s economy and cultural heritage.
Lyasny, Minsk region
Lyasny (Belarusian: Лясны, romanized: Liasny; Russian: Лесной, romanized: Lesnoy) is an agrotown in Minsk District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Barawlyany rural council. It is located north of the capital Minsk, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from its center and about six kilometres (3.7 mi) from the Minsk Ring Road (the approximate boundary of Minsk). In 1999, it had a population of 8,350. As of 2023, it has a population of 21,638.

MKAD (Minsk)
The Minsk Automobile Ring Road (Belarusian: Мінская кальцавая аўтамабільная дарога; Russian: Минская кольцевая автомобильная дорога), also known as Minsk Ring Road or MKAD (МКАД), is the name of the beltway that goes around Minsk, Belarus. The 56.2 kilometres (34.9 mi) road straddles the Minsk city limits.
Thabana Ntlenyana
Thabana Ntlenyana (tah-BAH-nə in-TLAY-nyə-nə) is the highest mountain in southern Africa. It stands 3,482 metres (11,424 ft) tall within the Maloti Mountains that crest Lesotho.: 131  The peak's name means "beautiful little mountain" in the Sesotho language, from thaba (mountain), the diminutive -na, and ntlenyana (beautiful). Thabana Ntlenyana is ranked 11th in the world by topographic isolation.

Sotho language
Sotho (/ˈsuːtuː/), also known as Sesotho (/sɪˈsuːtuː, sə-/), Southern Sotho, or Sesotho sa Borwa, is a Southern Bantu language spoken in Lesotho, as its national language, and South Africa, where it is an official language.

Like all Bantu languages, Sesotho is an agglutinative language, using numerous affixes and derivational and inflexional rules to build complete words.
Tahifehifa
Tahifehifa is an island in Tonga. It is located within the Vava'u Group in the far north of the country, 15 kilometers (9 miles) south of the town of Neiafu. The island is 1.09 acres in size, and is owned by the Tongan company 'Pacific Oasis Ltd' on a 99-year Deed of Lease.

Neiafu (Vavaʻu)
Neiafu is the second-largest town in Tonga with a population of 3,845 in 2021. It is situated beside the Port of Refuge, a deep-water harbour on the south coast of Vavaʻu, the main island of the Vavaʻu archipelago in northern Tonga. To the north-west lies the 131-metre high (430 ft) Mt. Talau with its distinctive flat top.

Neiafu is the administrative centre of the Vavaʻu group and has government offices, banks, schools, a police station and a hospital. It is also an important centre for tourism with many yachts anchoring in the Port of Refuge.

In the late 19th century Neiafu was the location of a German coaling-station, established under the country's 1876 Treaty of Friendship with Tonga. The base was transferred to Britain in 1900 with the establishment of a British protectorate.

The town is powered by a 300kW solar PV farm with battery backup in the hamlet of Kāmeli.
Młynarski
Młynarski, feminine: Młynarska is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Danuta Hübner née Młynarska (born 1948), Polish politician

Emil Młynarski (1870–1935), Polish conductor

Feliks Młynarski (1884–1972), Polish banker, philosopher and economist
Młynarski dilemma

Mieczysław Młynarski (1956–2025), Polish basketball player and coach

Nela Młynarska, ballerina, Arthur Rubinstein wife

Tomasz Młynarski (born 1977), Polish political scientist

Wojciech Młynarski (1941–2017), Polish musician

Danuta Hübner
Danuta Maria Hübner (née Młynarska, Polish: [daˈnuta ˈxʲybnɛr] or [ˈxʲibnɛr]; born 8 April 1948) is a Polish politician, diplomat, and economist and Member of the European Parliament. She was European Commissioner for Regional Policy from 22 November 2004 until 4 July 2009, when she resigned to become a Member of European Parliament for the Civic Platform. In 2012 Hübner became a member of the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy.
Býšovec
Býšovec is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Býšovec lies approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) east of Žďár nad Sázavou, 52 kilometres (32 mi) east of Jihlava, and 151 kilometres (94 mi) south-east of Prague.

Vysočina Region
The Vysočina Region (IPA: [ˈvɪsotʃɪna]; Czech: Kraj Vysočina) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic. Its capital is Jihlava.

The region is located in the central part of the country. It is one of just three in the country (the others being Prague and the Central Bohemian Region) which does not have a border with a foreign country.

The Vysočina Region is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the most in any region in the Czech Republic.
Sheila O'Brien
Sheila O’Brien (October 9, 1902 in Texas – January 26, 1983) was an American costume designer.

O'Brien began her career as a seamstress for Paramount Pictures but transferred to the costume department of MGM, where she worked as a costume department dresser on The Wizard of Oz in 1939, coming into her own as a Hollywood costume designer in the 1950s. She was a favourite of Joan Crawford’s, dressing her in Sudden Fear (1952, for which O’Brien received an Oscar nomination), Johnny Guitar (1954) and Female on the Beach (1955). O’Brien died of cancer in 1983.

Female on the Beach
Female on the Beach is a 1955 American crime-drama film directed by Joseph Pevney starring Joan Crawford and Jeff Chandler in a story about a wealthy widow and her beach bum lover.  The screenplay by Robert Hill and Richard Alan Simmons was based on the play The Besieged Heart by Robert Hill.  The film was produced by Albert Zugsmith.
Thomas Lawlor (bass-baritone)
Thomas F. Lawlor (17 June 1938 – 9 October 2020) was an Irish opera singer. In the 1960s, he became known for his performances in mostly baritone roles of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.  In the 1970s and 1980s, he performed over 60 operatic roles, usually as a bass-baritone, with various British opera companies.  He was also a director in the opera department of the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music.  In later years, he moved to the US, where he continued to perform, direct and teach.

The Cunning Little Vixen
The Cunning Little Vixen (original title Příhody lišky Bystroušky or Tales of Vixen Sharp-Ears in English) is a three-act Czech-language opera by Leoš Janáček completed in 1923 to a libretto the composer himself adapted from a novella by Rudolf Těsnohlídek.
Napoleon's problem
Napoleon's problem is  a compass construction problem. In it, a circle and its center are given.  The challenge is to divide the circle into four equal arcs using only a compass. Napoleon was known to be an amateur mathematician, but it is not known if he either created or solved the problem. Napoleon's friend the Italian mathematician Lorenzo Mascheroni introduced the limitation of using only a compass (no straight edge) into geometric constructions. But actually, the challenge above is easier than the real Napoleon's problem, consisting in finding the center of a given circle with compass alone. The following sections will describe solutions to three problems and proofs that they work.

Georg Mohr's 1672 book "Euclides Danicus" anticipated Mascheroni's idea, though the book was only rediscovered in 1928.

Georg Mohr
Jørgen Mohr (Latinised Georg(ius) Mohr; 1 April 1640 – 26 January 1697) was a Danish mathematician, known for being the first to prove the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem, which states that any geometric construction which can be done with compass and straightedge can also be done with compasses alone.
Semiconductor characterization techniques
Semiconductor characterization techniques are used to characterize a semiconductor material or device (p–n junction, Schottky diode, solar cell, etc.). Some examples of semiconductor properties that could be characterized include the depletion width, carrier concentration, carrier generation and recombination rates, carrier lifetimes, defect concentration, and trap states.

Charge carrier density
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m−3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.

Charge carrier densities involve equations concerning the electrical conductivity, related phenomena like the thermal conductivity, and chemicals bonds like covalent bond.
Eira Hospital
Eira Hospital (Finnish: Eiran sairaala, Swedish: Eira sjukhus) is a private hospital in southern part of Helsinki, Finland. It has given its name to the adjacent Eira district of Helsinki.

The architectural landmark is located at Tehtaankatu and Laivurinkatu cross, with address at Tehtaankatu 30 in Helsinki. The building was designed by Lars Sonck and its construction was completed in June 1905. It is named Eira after similar Eira-named hospital in Stockholm. In Icelandic Poetic Edda Eir was the art-of-medicine goddess.

Poetic Edda
The Poetic Edda is the modern name for an untitled collection of Old Norse anonymous narrative poems in alliterative verse.  It is distinct from the closely related Prose Edda, although both works are seminal to the study of Old Norse poetry. Several versions of the Poetic Edda exist; especially notable is the medieval Icelandic manuscript Codex Regius, which contains 31 poems.
Khirapat
Khirapat is a sweet Prasad.  It is an offering commonly made by Maharashtrian families for Ganesha.

Khirapat is made from grated dried coconut, misri, dried fruits such as kismis, and nuts such as cashew and badam.

Rock candy
Rock candy or sugar candy, also called rock sugar or crystal sugar, is a type of confection composed of relatively large sugar crystals. In some parts of the world, local variations are called misri, nabat or navat.

This candy is formed by allowing a supersaturated solution of sugar and water to crystallize onto a surface suitable for crystal nucleation, such as a string, stick, or plain granulated sugar. Heating the water before adding the sugar allows more sugar to dissolve thus producing larger crystals. Crystals form after six to seven days.  Food coloring may be added to the mixture to produce colored candy.
That Travelin' Two-Beat
That Travelin' Two-Beat is a duet album by Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney recorded in 1964  and released on Capitol Records in 1965.

With its world tour theme, it was a revisitation of the concept explored in the duo's acclaimed RCA Victor album, Fancy Meeting You Here, released in 1958. That album had been arranged by Billy May, and he was called upon again to write the charts for this sequel.

As its title implies, the album took popular songs from around the world, but then set them all to Dixieland two-beat arrangements. 
The songwriters Jay Livingston and Ray Evans supplied the title track and added new lyrics and countermelodies to the other, more-established songs.

Crosby and Clooney were friends, who often performed together on television, radio and stage.  That Travelin' Two-Beat was re-released on CD in 2001 on the Collectors' Choice label, combined with another Crosby album from 1965 (this time without Clooney), Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits.

Ray Evans
Raymond Bernard Evans (February 4, 1915 – February 15, 2007) was an American songwriter best known for being a half of a composing-songwriting duo with Jay Livingston, specializing himself in writing lyrics for film songs. On music Livingston composed, Evans wrote the lyrics.
Siner, Chuvash Republic
55°44′31″N 46°47′07″E﻿ / ﻿55.7419444544°N 46.7852777878°E﻿ / 55.7419444544; 46.7852777878

Seener (Russian: Синерь; Chuvash: Синер) is a rural locality (a village) in Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia, located near the district's administrative center of Alikovo and near the Cheboksary–Alikovo–Krasnye Chetai and Cheboksary–Alikovo–Yadrin auto routes.  The population is 135, mostly Chuvash females; it was 248, 224 and 156 in 1926, 1907 and 1859, respectively.

Two small rivers — the Abashyrma and Khelkassy — flow in the vicinity of the village.  The village only has one street (Kooperativnaya).

The climate is moderately continental, with long cold winters and warm summers. Average January temperature is −12.9 °C (8.8 °F), average July temperature—18.3 °C (64.9 °F).  Absolute recorded minimum temperature is −44 °C (−47 °F), while the absolute recorded maximum is 37 °C (99 °F).  Annual average precipitation is 552 millimeters (21.7 in).

Chuvashia
Chuvashia, officially known as Chuvash Republic — Chuvashia, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is the homeland of the Chuvash people. The republic's capital city is the city of Cheboksary. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,251,619.
Omsk refinery
The Omsk Refinery (Russian: Омский нефтеперерабатывающий завод) is an oil refinery plant in the Russian city of Omsk, one of the largest in the country. This refinery has belonged to the Russian state-owned company Gazprom since 1995 through its subsidiary Gazprom Neft. The refinery produces over 50 different types of oil products, including gasoline, jet fuel, bitumen, and natural gas. Their products generally follow European emission standards. Its aromatics complex produces a range of aromatics of high purity: benzene (99.98% purity), p-Xylene (99.95% purity) and o-Xylene (99.6% purity).

P-Xylene
p-Xylene (para-xylene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is one of the three isomers of dimethylbenzene known collectively as xylenes. The p- stands for para-, indicating that the two methyl groups in p-xylene occupy the diametrically opposite substituent positions 1 and 4. It is in the positions of the two methyl groups, their arene substitution pattern, that it differs from the other isomers, o-xylene and m-xylene. All have the same chemical formula C6H4(CH3)2. All xylene isomers are colorless and highly flammable. The odor threshold of p-xylene is 0.62 parts per million (ppm).