hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wedge Island (Nova Scotia)
Wedge Island is a tidal island near Liscomb, Nova Scotia. Geologically, it is a drowned coast. Once the home to a lighthouse and light keepers home, throughout the years with advancements the light keeper was replaced with an all-electric light which was removed some time in the 1970s or 1980s.

Submergent coastline
Submergent coastlines or drowned coastlines are stretches along the coast that have been inundated by the sea by a relative rise in sea levels from either isostacy or eustacy.

Submergent coastline are the opposite of emergent coastlines, which have experienced a relative fall in sea levels.

Many submergent coastlines were formed by the end of the Last Glacial Period (LGP), when glacial retreat caused both global sea level rise and also localised changes to land height.
1999 Speedway Grand Prix
The 1999 Speedway Grand Prix was the 54th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider. It was the fifth season in the Speedway Grand Prix era and was used to determine the Speedway World Champion.

Speedway World Championship
The World Championship of Speedway is an international competition between the highest-ranked motorcycle speedway riders of the world, run under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). The first official championships were held in 1936.

Today, the championship is organised as a series of Speedway Grand Prix events, where points are awarded according to performance in the event and tallied up at the end of each season. However, up to 1994, it was usually run as a single-night event after qualifying rounds during the season, leading up to a final consisting of 20 heats, where points were awarded according to riders' heat placings and then tallied up at the end.

Before the World Championship received its formal recognition from the ACU and the FIM in 1936, other unofficial Speedway World Championships were staged between 1931 and 1935, in Europe, South America and Australasia, such as the Star Riders' Championship.
Dmitry Horvat
Dmitry Leonidovich Horvat (25 July [O.S. 13 July] 1859 – 16 May 1937) was a Russian lieutenant general and railway engineer who worked on and led various sections of the Russian Empires railways during his career. During the Russian Civil War he became one of the leaders of the White movement, taking control of the Chinese Eastern Railway.

Lieutenant (Eastern Europe)
The rank of poruchik (Russian: поручик; Czech: poručík; Slovak: poručík) or poruchnik (Serbo-Croatian: поручник, poručnik; Polish: porucznik; Slovene: poročnik; Ukrainian: поручник, poručnyk), translated to lieutenant, is used in Slavophone armed forces, depending on the country being either the lowest or second lowest officer rank.
Greg Davis (ice hockey)
Greg Davis (born July 26, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player.

Davis was born in Calgary, and played junior hockey with the Olds Grizzlys in the Alberta Junior Hockey League before attending McGill University. He played two seasons (1999–2001) of CIAU hockey with the McGill Redmen, scoring scored 38 goals and 39 assists for 68 points while earning 48 penalty minutes in 48 games played.

On May 5, 2001, Davis was signed as a free agent by the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. He went on to play five seasons of professional hockey, including 111 games played in the American Hockey League with the Worcester IceCats. Davis hung up his skates following the 2005–06 season spent with Saint-Hyacinthe Cristal of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey.

U Sports
U Sports (stylized as U SPORTS) is the national sport governing body for universities in Canada, comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country and four regional conferences: Ontario University Athletics (OUA), Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ), Canada West (CW), and Atlantic University Sport (AUS). The equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). Some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports.
Loïc Damour
Loïc Damour (born 8 January 1991) is a French professional footballer who most recently played as a midfielder for  Championnat National club Versailles.

A graduate of the Clairefontaine academy, Damour has played for a number of clubs during his career, including Strasbourg, Boulogne, Brussels, White Star Bruxelles, Fréjus Saint-Raphaël, Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas, Heart of Midlothian and Cardiff City.

US Boulogne
Union Sportive Boulogne Côte d'Opale (French pronunciation: [ynjɔ̃ spɔʁtiv bulɔɲ kot dɔpal]; commonly referred to as US Boulogne, USBCO (French pronunciation: [y.ɛs.be.se.o]) or frequently, simply Boulogne) is a French association football club based in the commune of Boulogne-sur-Mer. The club was founded in 1898 and currently plays in Ligue 2, the second level of French football, having been promoted from the Championnat National at the end of 2024–25 season due to AC Ajaccio being relegated for financial reasons.

The club was formed in 1898 and its achievements are comparatively minor, with their biggest feat to date consisting of reaching the semi-finals during the 1936–37 edition of the Coupe de France, and one Ligue 1 season in 2009–10. Boulogne play their home matches at the Stade de la Libération, which seats 15,004, having previously seated only 7,000 prior to its renovation in 2007.
Ocular melanosis
Ocular melanosis (OM) is a blue-gray and/or brown lesion of the conjunctiva that can be separated into benign conjunctival epithelial melanosis (BCEM) and primary acquired melanosis (PAM), of which the latter is considered a risk factor for uveal melanoma. The disease is caused by an increase of melanocytes in the iris, choroid, and surrounding structures. Overproduction of pigment by these cells can block the trabecular meshwork through which fluid drains from the eye. The increased fluid in the eye leads to increased pressure, which can lead to glaucoma. In humans, this is sometimes known as pigment dispersion syndrome.

Pigment
A pigment is a chemical compound that gives a substance or organism color, or is used by humans to add or alter color or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly insoluble and chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include ochre, charcoal, and lapis lazuli. Biological pigments are compounds produced by living organisms that provide coloration.
Chemical eye injury
Chemical eye injury  are due to either an acidic or alkali substance getting in the eye. Alkalis are typically worse than acidic burns. Mild burns will produce conjunctivitis while more severe burns may cause the cornea to turn white. Litmus paper is an easy way to rule out the diagnosis by verifying that the pH is within the normal range of 7.0—7.2. Large volumes of irrigation is the treatment of choice and should continue until the pH is 6–8. Local anesthetic eye drops can be used to decrease the pain.

Litmus
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity. In an acidic medium, blue litmus paper turns red, while in a basic or alkaline medium, red litmus paper turns blue. In short, it is a dye and indicator which is used to place substances on a pH scale.
Oliver Roberts
Oliver Roberts (born 24 December 1994) is an Ireland international rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row and loose forward for Midlands Hurricanes.

He played for the Bradford Bulls in the Super League. He spent time on loan from Huddersfield at the Sheffield Eagles in the Kingstone Press Championship, Oldham in Kingstone Press League 1 and Salford in the Super League.

Widnes Vikings
The Widnes Vikings are an English rugby league club in Widnes, Cheshire, which competes in the Championship. The club plays home matches at DCBL Stadium. Founded as Widnes Football Club, they are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895. Their historic nickname is "The Chemics" after the main industry in Widnes, but now they use their modern nickname, "The Vikings".

The club enjoyed a period of success in the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, and were frequently described as "Cup Kings" reaching the Challenge Cup Final 7 times in 10 years between 1975 and 1984. In 1989, after winning their third Rugby League Premiership, Widnes became the first official World Club Champions by beating the Australian champions Canberra Raiders 30–18 at Old Trafford. They have a strong local rivalry with Warrington Wolves.
Mam Sodhail
Mam Sodhail, or Màm Sabhail in Gaelic (meaning "rounded mountain of barns"), sometimes anglicised "Mam Soul", is a mountain with a height of 1,181 metres (3,875 ft) in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. Classed as a Munro, it is beside Carn Eige in the secluded country on the northern side of Glen Affric, some 30 kilometres east of Kyle of Lochalsh.

Glen Affric
Glen Affric (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Afraig) is a glen south-west of the village of Cannich in the Highland region of Scotland, some 15 miles (25 kilometres) west of Loch Ness. The River Affric runs along its length, passing through Loch Affric and Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin. A minor public road reaches as far as the end of Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin, but beyond that point only rough tracks and footpaths continue along the glen.

Often described as the most beautiful glen in Scotland, Glen Affric contains the third largest area of ancient Caledonian pinewoods in Scotland, as well as lochs, moorland and mountains.
The area is a Caledonian Forest Reserve, a national scenic area and a national nature reserve, as well as holding several other conservation designations.

The forests and open landscapes of the glen, and the mountains on either side, are a popular destination for hikers, climbers and mountain bikers.
Máel Coluim, Earl of Atholl
Máel Coluim of Atholl was Mormaer of Atholl between 1153/59 and the 1190s.

The Chronicle of Holyrood tells us that in 1186 Máel Coluim had an outlaw called Adam mac Domnaill killed at the altar of a church in Coupar, and burned 58 of his associates inside the church. It is possible that this was a son of Domnall mac Uilleim, who claimed the Scottish throne and was revolting against King William I.

Máel Coluim is known to have granted the church of Moulin to the Benedictine monks of Dunfermline Abbey.

He was married twice. After his first marriage, he married Hextilda, the daughter of Uhtred of Tynedale, an Anglo-Saxon baron. He named his son and successor Henry, perhaps in honour of King Henry II of England.
However, Hextilda had been married to Richard Comyn who was still alive well after Henry was born—so it is unlikely she was his mother.

William the Lion
William the Lion (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam an Leòmhann), sometimes styled William I (Uilleam MacEanraig; Medieval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric) and also known by the nickname Garbh, 'the Rough' (c. 1142 – 4 December 1214), reigned as King of Alba from 1165 to 1214. His almost 49-year-long reign was the longest for a Scottish monarch before the Union of the Crowns in 1603.
To Be Eaten Alive
To Be Eaten Alive is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Mariah the Scientist. The album was released on October 27, 2023, through Buckles Laboratories and Epic Records. The album features guest appearances from Vory, 21 Savage, and Young Thug with production from herself alongside producers such as 18yoman, Kaytranada, London on da Track, Nineteen85, and WondaGurl, next to several other producers.

18yoman
Vincent Goodyer, known professionally as 18yoman (stylized in 18YOMAN), is an Australian singer, songwriter, and record producer based in Sydney. He is an ARIA Award recipient and co-produced Lil Nas X's album Montero (2021), which received a Grammy Award nomination for Album of the Year.
Saratoga Village Library
Saratoga Village Library, formerly known as the Saratoga Library, is a historic building in Saratoga, California designed by architect Eldridge T. Spencer in 1927. The building is historically significant due to its long association with the development of civic life of Saratoga throughout the 20th century, serving as the only library for the community for 51 years. The Saratoga Village Library was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 17, 2007. In 1978, the completion of a new Saratoga Library was established on Saratoga Avenue and Fruitvale. The design was also the work of Spencer.

Saratoga, California
Saratoga is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Located in Silicon Valley, in the southern Bay Area, it had a population of 31,051 at the 2020 census. Saratoga is known for its wineries, restaurants, and historic landmarks like Villa Montalvo, Mountain Winery, and Hakone Gardens.
Matthew Swann (field hockey)
Matthew David Swann (born 16 May 1989) is an Australian field hockey player. He plays for the Queensland Blades in the Australian Hockey League.  He is a member of the Australian men's national field hockey team, making his first cap in 2009.  He won a gold medal at the 2011 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy and a bronze medal the 2012 Summer Olympics.

2011 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy
The 2011 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy, officially known as the Owen G Glenn FIH Men's Champions Trophy, was the 33rd edition of the Champions Trophy men's field hockey tournament. The International Hockey Federation (FIH) confirmed India as the host country, and announced New Delhi as the host city on February 4, 2011. The tournament dates were December 3 to December 11, 2011. However, on September 6, 2011, the FIH announced that India would no longer host the tournament due to a governance issue, and announced Auckland, New Zealand, as the new host on September 13, 2011 with the same time schedule. The tournament was held at North Harbour Hockey Stadium.

Australia won the title for the fourth consecutive and twelfth time total by defeating Spain 1–0 in the final.
Takamine Tokumei
Takamine Ueekata Tokumei (高嶺 親方 徳明; February 15, 1653 – 1738) was an Okinawan interpreter (Chinese-Okinawan). He was ordered to learn harelip surgery and successfully performed the surgery for the grandson of King Shō Tei, Shō Eki, under general anesthesia.

It was standard at the time for members of Ryūkyū's aristocratic class to have two names: Chinese style name (唐名, Karana) and Japanese style name (大和名, Yamatona). "Takamine Tokumei" was his Japanese style name, while Gi Shitetsu (魏 士哲) was his Chinese style name.

Shō Tei
Shō Tei (尚貞; 22 January 1645 – 18 August 1709) was the 11th King of the Second Shō Dynasty of the Ryukyu Kingdom, who held the throne from 1669 until his death in 1709. He was the ruler of Ryukyu at the time of the compiling of the Chūzan Seifu (a document documenting Ryukyuan history).
Smooth coarea formula
In Riemannian geometry, the smooth coarea formulas relate integrals over the domain of certain mappings with integrals over their codomains.

Let  be smooth Riemannian manifolds of respective dimensions . Let  be a smooth surjection such that the pushforward (differential) of  is surjective almost everywhere. Let  a measurable function. Then, the following two equalities hold:

where   is the normal Jacobian of , i.e. the determinant of the derivative restricted to the orthogonal complement of its kernel.

Note that from Sard's lemma almost every point  is a regular point of  and hence the set  is a Riemannian submanifold of , so the integrals in the right-hand side of the formulas above make sense.

Sard's theorem
In mathematics, Sard's theorem, also known as Sard's lemma or the Morse–Sard theorem, is a result in mathematical analysis that asserts that the set of critical values (that is, the image of the set of critical points) of a smooth function f from one Euclidean space or manifold to another is a null set, i.e., it has Lebesgue measure 0. This makes the set of critical values "small" in the sense of a generic property. The theorem is named for Anthony Morse and Arthur Sard.
Johanna Larsson career statistics
From her professional debut in 2006 until her retirement in 2020, Swedish professional tennis player Johanna Larsson won two singles and 14 doubles titles on the WTA Tour, including both titles at her home tournament in Båstad in 2015.

Swedish Open
The Nordea Open  (sponsored by Nordea) is a professional tennis tournament held in Båstad, Sweden. It is played on outdoor clay courts in July.
The men's event is an ATP Tour 250 tournament. The women's event was an International tournament and successor to the Nordic Light Open in Stockholm, and from 2019 onwards is a WTA 125 series-level tournament.
Berkeley body
Berkeley bodies are organelles unique to the yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a secretory mutation in the genes sec7 and sec14. The function of the organelle lies in the CTV (cytoplasm to vacuole targeting) pathway, which is a transport pathway for certain vacuolar hydrolases to be degenerated. The Berkeley body acts as the transport medium from the cytoplasm to the vacuole within this pathway. Studies have shown that Berkeley bodies share structural similarities with autophagosomes, which are involved in autophagy.

The organelle consists of two enclosed membranes forming an enclosed lumen, which contains cytoplasm. It is formed by vesicles budding off the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum. They were discovered in 1980 by Peter Novick and Randy Schekman, of the Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley.

Peter Novick (scientist)
Peter Novick is an American scientist who holds the George Palade Endowed Chair in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the University of California, San Diego. His research interests focus on the biology of cell membranes, particularly the secretory pathway and other aspects of membrane trafficking and intracellular transport.
Baddeckenstedt
Baddeckenstedt (German pronunciation: [baˈdɛkənˌʃtɛt]) is a municipality in the district of Wolfenbüttel, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in an exclave of the district, approx. 10 km southwest of Salzgitter, and 30 km southwest of Braunschweig.

Baddeckenstedt is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Baddeckenstedt.

The municipality Baddeckenstedt consists of the following villages:

Baddeckenstedt

Binder

Oelber am weißen Wege

Rhene

Wartjenstedt

Samtgemeinde
A Samtgemeinde (German pronunciation: ['zamtgəˌmaɪndə] ⓘ, lit. 'collective municipality'; plural: Samtgemeinden) is a type of administrative division in Lower Saxony, Germany. Samtgemeinden are local government associations of municipalities, equivalent to the Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Brandenburg, and the Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate.
Barncluith
Barncluith is an area of Hamilton in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. Barncluith forms the south-eastern part of the town, between the urban centre and the Avon Water. It lies either side of Carlisle Road (A72), which leads out of Hamilton to Chatelherault Country Park, Larkhall and the Clyde Valley. The name derives from "Baron's Cleugh", a cleugh being a ravine.

Barncluith Primary School closed in the 1990s. The school building stands at the corner of Miller Street and Townhead Street, and is now the Barncluith Business Centre. The parish church is St. John's Centre on Duke Street.

Clydesdale (district)
55°42′00″N 3°49′59″W﻿ / ﻿55.700°N 3.833°W﻿ / 55.700; -3.833

Clydesdale (pronounced /ˈklaɪdzdeɪl/; Dail Chluaidh in Scottish Gaelic, pronounced [t̪ʰal̪ˠ ˈxl̪ˠuəj]) was a local government district in the Strathclyde region of Scotland from 1975 to 1996. The district was called Lanark when created in 1975, but changed its name to Clydesdale in 1980. Clydesdale was an old name for the county of Lanarkshire, one of the historic counties of Scotland. Both the names Clydesdale and Strathclyde refer to the area's position in the valley (strath or dale) of the River Clyde.
Ambarakaraka
Ambarakaraka is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambilobe, which is a part of Diana Region. According to 2001 commune census the population of Ambarakaraka was 16114.

Only primary schooling is available in town. The majority 90% of the population are farmers, while an additional 7% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are coffee, seeds of catechu and pepper.  Services provide employment for 3% of the population.

Diana Region
Diana is a region in Madagascar at the northern part of the island. It borders the regions of Sava to the southeast and Sofia to the southwest. It covers an area of 19,266 km2, and had a population of 889,736 in 2018. The regional capital is Antsiranana (previously known as Diego Suarez).
Maria McLean
Maria McLean is a British former competitive figure skater. She is the 1973 British national champion. McLean competed at three European Championships, placing as high as sixth (1974), and at two World Championships, placing 11th in 1973 and 12th in 1974.

McLean is an ISU technical specialist. She is also a choreographer who has worked with Laura Lepistö, Jelena Glebova, and Jenni Vähämaa.

Jenni Vähämaa
Jenni Vähämaa (born 26 May 1992) is a Finnish former figure skater. She is the 2007 Finlandia Trophy champion and placed in the top ten at four ISU Championships, including the 2008 European Championships.
CACTUS
CACTUS (Converted Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope Using Solar-2) was a ground-based, Air Cherenkov Telescope (ACT) located outside Daggett, California, near Barstow.  It was originally a solar power plant called Solar Two, but was converted to an observatory starting in 2001. The first astronomical observations started in the fall of 2004.  However, the facility had its last observing runs in November 2005 as funds for observational operations from the National Science Foundation were no longer available.  The facility was operated by the University of California, Davis but owned by Southern California Edison.
It was demolished in 2009.

Barstow, California
Barstow is a city in San Bernardino County, California, in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. Located in the Inland Empire region of California, the population was 25,415 at the 2020 census. Barstow is an important crossroads for the Inland Empire and home to Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow.
Elementos de derecho público provincial argentino
Elementos de Derecho Público provincial argentino (English: Elements of Argentine provincial civic law) is an 1852 Argentine book by Juan Bautista Alberdi. It is a comparison between the Argentine Constitution of 1826 and the United States Constitution. The book complements his other book Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina (Spanish: Bases and starting points for the political organization of the Argentine republic), which influenced the Constitution of Argentina of 1853.

Argentine Constitution of 1826
The Argentine Constitution of 1826 was a short-lived Constitution of Argentina drafted during the Argentine Civil Wars. Bernardino Rivadavia was appointed President of Argentina under this constitution. It was rejected by most Argentine provinces, and then abolished.
Triplophysa laticeps
Triplophysa laticeps is a species of stone loach endemic to Yunnan, China.

It can grow to 5.3 cm (2.1 in) total length. The type locality is a small stream with a moderate to swift current and gravel substrate.

Nemacheilidae
The Nemacheilidae, or stone loaches, are a family of cypriniform fishes that inhabit stream environments, mostly in Eurasia, with one genus, Afronemacheilus, found in Africa. The family includes about 790 species.