hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Marienburg
The treaty of Marienburg, concluded on 29 June 1656, was a Brandenburg-Prussian – Swedish alliance during the Second Northern War.

In January 1656, Charles X Gustav of Sweden made Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, his vassal for the Duchy of Prussia. By the time of the treaty of Marienburg, Swedish prospect in the war had diminished, and Charles X Gustav was willing to offer Frederick William I a reward for fighting on his side. While the latter was to remain a Swedish vassal for Prussia, he was promised hereditary sovereignty in four voivodeships of Greater Poland in return for participating in the Charles X Gustav's Polish campaigns. This alliance proved victorious in the subsequent Battle of Warsaw, but as further campaigns stalled, Frederick William I was to gain full sovereignty in Prussia by the Treaty of Labiau in November 1656.

Battle of Warsaw (1656)
The Battle of Warsaw (German: Schlacht von Warschau; Polish: Bitwa pod Warszawą; Swedish: Tredagarsslaget vid Warschau) took place near Warsaw on July 28–July 30 [O.S. July 18–20] 1656, between the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden and Brandenburg. It was a major battle in the Second Northern War between Poland and Sweden in the period 1655–1660, also known as The Deluge. According to Hajo Holborn, it marked "the beginning of Prussian military history".

In the battle, a smaller Swedish-Brandenburg force, but with the fire superiority of infantry and artillery gained tactical victory over a Polish–Lithuanian force superior in numbers, though in the long term the victory achieved little.  Polish–Lithuanian losses were insignificant, since the Polish-Lithuanian forces, including the sizeable noble levy  retreated in good order from the battlefield.
Pascal Bonitzer
Pascal Bonitzer (French: [bɔnitsɛʁ]; born 1 February 1946) is a French screenwriter, film director, actor, and former film critic for Cahiers du cinéma. Since 1967, he has written for 48 films, appeared in 30 films, and directed 10. He starred in Raúl Ruiz's 1978 film The Suspended Vocation.

Bonitzer has received three César Award nominations: Best Original Screenplay or Adaptation for My Favorite Season (1993), Best First Feature Film for Encore (1996), and Best Original Screenplay for Les Innocentes (2016).

He has a daughter, actress Agathe Bonitzer, with filmmaker Sophie Fillières.

César Award for Best First Film
The César Award for Best First Film (French: César du meilleur premier film) is an award presented by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma since 1982. It was originally named the César Award for Best Debut (César de la meilleure première œuvre in French) between 1982 and 1999, and  César Award for Best Debut in Fiction (César de la meilleure première œuvre de fiction) until 2005, when it has been renamed again in 2006 to its current name.
Angianthus acrohyalinus
Angianthus acrohyalinus, commonly known as hook-leaf angianthus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, and is endemic to Western Australia. It is an erect, hairy annual herb with hairy lance-shaped leaves, elliptic or oval compound heads of yellow flowers, and egg-shaped or oval achenes with a bristly pappus.

Achene
An achene (/əˈkiːn/; from Ancient Greek  ἀ (a) 'privative' and  χαίνειν (khaínein) 'to gape'), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not open at maturity). Achenes contain a single seed that nearly fills the pericarp, but does not adhere to it.  In many species, what is called the "seed" is an achene, a fruit containing the seed. The seed-like appearance is owed to the hardening of the fruit wall (pericarp), which encloses the solitary seed so closely as to seem like a seed coat.
Petersfelde Airfield
Petersfelde Airfield was a military airfield in Dobele, southwest of Riga. It was established by the Imperial German Army in 1917 during World War I. During 1919, the airfield was used to house the Kampfgeschwader Sachsenberg, and it was later briefly used by the Latvian Air Force in late 1919.

Dobele
Dobele (pronunciationⓘ; German: Doblen) is a town and seat of Dobele Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia. It is located near the center of Latvia on the banks of the river Bērze. It received town rights in 1917 whilst being a part of the German occupied Courland Governorate during the First World War. As of 2020, the population was 8,856.
B. B. Ningaiah
B. B. Ningaiah (born 1959) is an Indian politician from the state of Karnataka. He was a minister in the Government of Karnataka and a two term member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Mudigere Assembly constituency.

He is from Mudigere, Chikmagalur district, Karnataka. He is the son of Bommaiah. He completed his MA in economics in 1982 at Mangalore University and later did LLB in 2003 at Bangalore University.

He won from Mudigere Assembly constituency in Chikmagalur district in the 2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election representing Janata Dal (Secular) defeating B. N. Chandrappa of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 635 votes. He first became an MLA winning the 1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election on Janata Party ticket. But he lost the 2018 Assembly election to MP Kumaraswamy of the BJP.

B. N. Chandrappa
B. N. Chandrappa is an Indian politician and member of Parliament in 16th Lok Sabha from the Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency).

On 9 April, 2023, B.N. Chandrappa has been appointed as Karnatakata Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC) working president by the Congress party. D K Shivakumar leads the Karnataka unit.
Thomyris, Queen of Scythia
Thomyris, Queen of Scythia was a pasticcio opera based on a libretto by Peter Anthony Motteux. It was produced by John James Heidegger at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in April 1707. Motteux’s prologue directly referenced Anne, Queen of Great Britain, under whose reign female stage protagonists were very popular.

Pasticcio
In music, a pasticcio or pastiche is an opera or other musical work composed of works by different composers who may or may not have been working together, or an adaptation or localization of an existing work that is loose, unauthorized, or inauthentic.
American Council of Learned Societies
The American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) is a private, nonprofit federation of 75 scholarly organizations in the humanities and related social sciences founded in 1919. It is best known for its fellowship competitions which provide a range of opportunities for scholars in the humanities and related social sciences at all career stages, from graduate students to distinguished professors to independent scholars, working with a number of disciplines and methodologies in the U.S. and abroad.

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
Greater guinea pig
Cavia magna, commonly known as the greater guinea pig, is a species of rodent in the family Caviidae, native to South America. It is found primarily in the coastal regions of southern Brazil and Uruguay, inhabiting grasslands, marshes, and other wetland environments. Cavia magna is closely related to the domesticated guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) but is distinct in its larger size and semi-aquatic habitat preferences.

This species exhibits adaptations to its wetland habitats, including a preference for dense vegetation near water. Greater guinea pigs are herbivorous, feeding on grasses, sedges, and other vegetation, and play a role in maintaining the ecological balance of their native habitats. Unlike their domesticated relatives, they are not kept as pets and are primarily studied in the context of their ecological and evolutionary significance.

Semiaquatic
In biology, being semiaquatic refers to various macro-organisms that live regularly in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. When referring to animals, the term describes those that actively spend part of their daily time in water (in which case they can also be called amphibious), or land animals that have spent at least one life stage (e.g. as eggs or larvae) in aquatic environments. When referring to plants, the term describes land plants whose roots have adapted well to tolerate regular, prolonged submersion in water, as well as emergent and (occasionally) floating-leaved aquatic plants that are only partially immersed in water.

Examples of semiaquatic animals and plants are given below.
Mandege
Mandege is an administrative ward in Gairo District in the Morogoro Region of  Tanzania, East Africa. As of August 2022, the population of the ward was 9,625. The Mandege Forest Station, headquarters for the Mamiwa Forest Reserve, is located there.

The ward consists of two rural agglomerates,  Ikwamba, and Njungwa. Each of these has denominated rural areas or small villages under them.

Morogoro Region
Morogoro Region (Mkoa wa Morogoro in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. It covers an area of 70,624 km2 (27,268 sq mi). and is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Ireland. Morogoro Region is bordered to the north by the Manyara Region and Tanga Region, to the east by the Pwani and Lindi Regions, to the south by the Ruvuma Region and to the west by the Iringa Njombe and Dodoma Regions. The regional capital is the municipality of Morogoro. According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 3,197,104.
NFL Blitz (2012 video game)
NFL Blitz is a downloadable video game by EA Sports featuring the teams of the National Football League. It is a reboot of the NFL Blitz series, the first Blitz game officially sponsored by the NFL after a number of releases in the Blitz series which did not bear the NFL's official license. It was released in North American territories in January 2012 on both PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade. Baltimore Ravens running back Ray Rice was selected to be the virtual cover athlete of the game. Play by play commentary was provided by Tim Kitzrow and color commentary by Brian Haley.

Ray Rice
Raynell Mourice Rice (born January 22, 1987) is an American former professional football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons with the Baltimore Ravens. He played college football for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights, earning first-team All-American honors in 2007, and was selected by the Ravens in the second round of the 2008 NFL draft. During his career, Rice was named to three Pro Bowls and was a member of the team that won Super Bowl XLVII. He is second in franchise rushing yards, rushing attempts, and rushing touchdowns, and he is third in the franchise in combined touchdowns.

During the 2014 offseason, a video surfaced of Rice physically attacking his fiancée. After being indicted for aggravated assault, Rice was released by the Ravens and suspended indefinitely by the NFL. Although Rice successfully appealed the indefinite suspension, the incident effectively ended his professional career, as no teams signed him in free agency.
Phosphosilicate glass
Phosphosilicate glass, commonly referred to by the acronym PSG, is a silicate glass commonly used in semiconductor device fabrication for intermetal layers, i.e., insulating layers deposited between succeedingly higher metal or conducting layers, due to its effect in gettering alkali ions.  Another common type  of phosphosilicate glass is borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG).

Soda-lime phosphosilicate glasses also form the basis for bioactive glasses (e.g. Bioglass), a family of materials which chemically convert to mineralised bone (hydroxy-carbonate-apatite) in physiological fluid.

Bismuth doped phosphosilicate glasses are being explored for use as the active gain medium in fiber lasers for fiber-optic communication.

Fiber-optic communication
Fiber-optic communication is a form of optical communication for transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared or visible light through an optical fiber. The light is a form of carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference is required. This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks or across long distances.

Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, internet communication, and cable television signals. Researchers at Bell Labs have reached a record bandwidth–distance product of over 100 petabit × kilometers per second using fiber-optic communication.
ICSC
ICSC can refer to:

International Cataloguing Standards Committee, in thoroughbred horse racing

International Chemical Safety Cards, promoting the safe use of chemicals in the workplace

International Civil Service Commission, administering the United Nations common system

International Climate Science Coalition, a climate change denialist group

International Council of Shopping Centers, the global trade association for shopping centers

Islamia College of Science and Commerce, Srinagar, located in Jammu and Kashmir state, India

International Committee of Silent Chess, renamed International Chess Committee of the Deaf (ICCD) in 2012

International Cataloguing Standards Committee
The International Cataloguing Standards Committee (ICSC), formed in 1981, is an organization in Thoroughbred racing which aims at achieving uniformity of cataloguing standards throughout the world during the internationalization of thoroughbred breeding, racing, and marketing.
ATP synthase gamma subunit
Gamma subunit of ATP synthase F1 complex forms the central shaft that connects the Fo rotary motor to the F1 catalytic core. F-ATP synthases (also known as F1Fo ATPase, or H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) (EC 3.6.3.14) are composed of two linked complexes: the F1 ATPase complex is the catalytic core and is composed of 5 subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon), while the Fo ATPase complex is the membrane-embedded proton channel that is composed of at least 3 subunits (A-C), nine in mitochondria (A-G, F6, F8).

The human ATP synthase gamma subunit is encoded by the gene ATP5C1.

Biological membrane
A biological membrane or biomembrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another. Biological membranes, in the form of eukaryotic cell membranes, consist of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded, integral and peripheral proteins used in communication and transportation of chemicals and ions. The bulk of lipids in a cell membrane provides a fluid matrix for proteins to rotate and laterally diffuse for physiological functioning. Proteins are adapted to high membrane fluidity environment of the lipid bilayer with the presence of an annular lipid shell, consisting of lipid molecules bound tightly to the surface of integral membrane proteins. The cell membranes are different from the isolating tissues formed by layers of cells, such as mucous membranes, basement membranes, and serous membranes.
Radimovice u Tábora
Radimovice u Tábora is a municipality and village in Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 60 inhabitants.

Radimovice u Tábora lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Tábor, 56 km (35 mi) north of České Budějovice, and 72 km (45 mi) south of Prague.

Tábor
Tábor (Czech pronunciation: [ˈtaːbor] ⓘ; German: Tabor) is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 34,000 inhabitants, making it the second most populated town in the region. The town was founded by the Hussites in 1420. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Migraleve
Migraleve is the brand name of a range of migraine-relief medications made by Pfizer.

There are two variants of Migraleve: yellow and pink. Both contain the analgesics paracetamol and codeine. The yellow variant is designed to address the symptoms of headache and discomfort, while the pink variant also addresses nausea and vomiting. A third Migraleve variant, Migraleve Ultra, contains sumatriptan.

The pink tablet is supposed to be taken before the yellow tablet.

Polyethylene glycol
Polyethylene glycol (PEG; /ˌpɒliˈɛθəlˌiːn ˈɡlaɪˌkɒl, -ˈɛθɪl-, -ˌkɔːl/) is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine. PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.

PEG is commonly incorporated into hydrogels which present a functional form for further use.
Moskog
Moskog is a small forested area in Sunnfjord Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It's located along the river Jølstra, just northwest of the lake Holsavatnet.  At Moskog, the concurrency of National Road 5 and the European route E39 highway meets County Road 613.

Norwegian National Road 5
Norwegian National Road 5 (Norwegian: Riksvei 5, Rv5) is a national road in Vestland county, Norway. It runs between the town of Florø in Kinn Municipality to just south of Lærdalsøyri in Lærdal Municipality.

Starting where the European route E16 highway enters the Lærdal Tunnel, approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Lærdalsøyri, the road goes northwest to Sogndalsfjøra and Fjærland and from there north to Skei and on to the sea where it ends at the town of Florø.
FC Fargo
FC Fargo was an American Semi-Professional soccer team based in Fargo, North Dakota. The team was sanctioned by the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA) as a member of the American Premier League

Fargo, North Dakota
Fargo is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Dakota. The population was 125,990 at the 2020 census and estimated at 136,285 in 2024. Fargo and its twin city of Moorhead, Minnesota, form the core of the Fargo–Moorhead metropolitan area, which had a population of 248,591 in 2020. It is the county seat of Cass County.

Fargo was founded in 1871 on the Red River of the North floodplain. It is a cultural, retail, health care, educational, and industrial center for southeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota. North Dakota State University is in the city.
Ezio Cardi
Ezio Cardi (born 24 October 1948) is an Italian retired track cyclist. As an amateur he competed in the sprint and 1000 m time trial events at the 1972 Summer Olympics, placing ninth in the time trial. In 1973 he turned professional and won a bronze medal in the sprint at the 1973 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

1973 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1973 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in San Sebastián, Spain from 22 to 28 August 1973. Eleven events were contested, 9 for men (3 for professionals, 6 for amateurs) and 2 for women.

In the same period, the 1973 UCI Road World Championships were organized in Barcelona.
Systematic Botany
Systematic Botany is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the study of systematic botany. It is published quarterly by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 1.897.

Systematic Botany was established in spring 1976 under founding editor-in-chief William Louis Culberson (Duke University). The current editor-in-chief is James F. Smith (Boise State University).

The American Society of Plant Taxonomists also publishes the peer-reviewed taxonomic monograph series, Systematic Botany Monographs since 1980.

Boise State University
Boise State University (BSU) is a public research university in Boise, Idaho, United States. Founded in 1932 by the Episcopal Church, it became an independent junior college in 1934 and has been awarding baccalaureate and master's degrees since 1965. It became a public institution in 1969.

Boise State offers more than 100 graduate programs, including a variety of MBA programs and the MAcc program in the College of Business and Economics; master's and PhD programs in the Colleges of Engineering, Arts & Sciences, and Education; MPA program in the School of Public Service; and the MPH program in the College of Health Sciences. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". In the 2024 fiscal year, Boise State reported total research awards exceeding $83 million and research expenditures surpassing $70 million.

The university's intercollegiate athletic teams, the Broncos, compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Mountain West Conference.
William Barber (cricketer, born 1919)
William Langan Frederick Barber (25 November 1919 – 26 November 1989) was an English first-class cricketer and British Army officer.

Barber was born at Hackney. During the Second World War he played minor matches for Middlesex in 1940, before enlisting in the Royal Fusiliers as a second lieutenant in July 1944. He played one first-class cricket match for the Combined Services cricket team against Surrey at The Oval in 1946. Batting twice in the match, Barber was dismissed for 4 runs by Jim Laker in the Combined Services first-innings, while in their second-innings he ended not out without scoring in their innings total of 125 all out. Playing as the team wicket-keeper, Barber took three catches from behind the stumps.

He died at Middleton-on-Sea in November 1989.

Stump (cricket)
In cricket, the stumps are the three vertical posts that support the bails and form the wicket. Stumping or being stumped is a method of dismissing a batsman.

The umpire calling stumps means the play is over for the day.
Jesse Turkulainen
Jesse Turkulainen is a Finnish ice hockey player who currently plays professionally in Finland for Tappara of the SM-liiga. Born in Sweden to Finnish parents, Turkulainen has lived most of his life in Sweden, and holds both Finnish and Swedish citizenship.

Tappara
Tappara (pronounced [ˈtɑpːɑrɑ]; Finnish for "Battle axe") is a Finnish professional ice hockey team playing in the SM-liiga. They play at Nokia Arena in Tampere, Finland. The team has won 20 Finnish league championships, which makes them the most successful club in Finland. The team continued the traditions of the Tammerfors Bollklub.
Henry Wellesley (1804 ship)
Henry Wellesley was a barque built in 1804 by Bacon, Harvey & Company at Calcutta, British India. In 1808 a French privateer captured her, but she returned to British ownership. Between 1820 and 1824 she was a whaler that made three voyages to the British southern whale fishery. Later, she twice transported women convicts from England to Port Jackson, New South Wales. She was wrecked near Calais in 1841.

Penal transportation
Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination. While the prisoners may have been released once the sentences were served, they generally did not have the resources to return home.