hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
High School Proficiency Assessment
The High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA, pronounced "hess-pah" (/ˈhɛspə/) or sometimes just "H-S-P-A") was a standardized test that was administered by the New Jersey Department of Education to all New Jersey public high school students in March of their junior year until 2014-2015 when it was replaced by the PARCC. Together with the New Jersey Assessment of Skills and Knowledge (NJ ASK), which was administered in grades 3–8, the HSPA was part of a battery of tests used to assess student performance in New Jersey's public schools.

PARCC
The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) is a consortium that includes the Department of Defense Educational Activity and the Bureau of Indian Education. Consortium members work to create and deploy a standard set of K–12 assessments in Mathematics and English, based on the Common Core State Standards.

The PARCC consortium was awarded Race to the Top assessment funds in September 2010 by the U.S. Department of Education to help in the development of the K–12 assessments. PARCC has included educators in the development of its assessments and will consult with more than 200 postsecondary educators and administrators in the development of the assessments.
Electoral (Amendment) Act 2005
The Electoral (Amendment) Act 2005 (No. 16) is a law of Ireland which revised Dáil constituencies in light of the 2002 census. The new constituencies took effect on the dissolution of the 29th Dáil on 29 April 2007 and a general election for the 30th Dáil on the revised constituencies took place on 24 May 2007.

High Court (Ireland)
The High Court (Irish: An Ard-Chúirt) of Ireland is a court which deals at first instance with the most serious and important civil and criminal cases. When sitting as a criminal court it is called the Central Criminal Court and sits with judge and jury. It also acts as a court of appeal for civil cases in the Circuit Court. It also has the power to determine whether or not a law is constitutional, and of judicial review over acts of the government and other public bodies.
Visual modularity
In cognitive neuroscience, visual modularity is an organizational concept concerning how vision works. The way in which the primate visual system operates is currently under intense scientific scrutiny. One dominant thesis is that different properties of the visual world (color, motion, form and so forth) require different computational solutions which are implemented in anatomically/functionally distinct regions that operate independently – that is, in a modular fashion.

Akinetopsia
Akinetopsia (from Greek akinesia 'absence of movement' and opsis 'seeing'), also known as cerebral akinetopsia or motion blindness, is an extremely rare neuropsychological disorder, having only been documented in a handful of medical cases, in which a patient cannot perceive motion in their visual field, despite being able to see stationary objects without issue. The syndrome is the result of damage to visual area V5, whose cells are specialized to detect directional visual motion. There are varying degrees of akinetopsia: from seeing motion as frames of a cinema reel to an inability to discriminate any motion. There is currently no effective treatment or cure for akinetopsia.
Khazmah
Khazmah (Arabic: خازمة) is a village situated in the Salkhad District of Suwayda Governorate, in southern Syria. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Khazmah had a population of 285 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Druze.

Salkhad District
Salkhad District (Arabic: منطقة صلخد, romanized: manṭiqat Ṣalḫad) is a district of the Sweida Governorate in southern Syria. Administrative centre is the city of Salkhad. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 60,375.
Whitening transformation
A whitening transformation or sphering transformation is a linear transformation that transforms a vector of random variables with a known covariance matrix into a set of new variables whose covariance is the identity matrix, meaning that they are uncorrelated and each have variance 1. The transformation is called "whitening" because it changes the input vector into a white noise vector.

Several other transformations are closely related to whitening:

the decorrelation transform removes only the correlations but leaves variances intact,

the standardization transform sets variances to 1 but leaves correlations intact,

a coloring transformation transforms a vector of white random variables into a random vector with a specified covariance matrix.

Identity matrix
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size  is the  square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It has unique properties, for example when the identity matrix represents a geometric transformation, the object remains unchanged by the transformation. In other contexts, it is analogous to multiplying by the number 1.
Grand Central Shopping Centre
Grand Central Shopping Centre is a retail shopping centre in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. Owned by the Queensland Investment Corporation, it is the largest shopping centre in the Darling Downs, with the first stage opening in September 1996. A second stage opened in June 1999, and a third in 2017.

It features a Target, Coles, Birch, Carroll & Coyle five-screen cinema, a Kmart, Woolworths, Big W, Myer, Best & Less, and H&M and over 180 specialty stores over three levels. 
In November 2014, a $500 million redevelopment commenced that doubled the floor area to 90,000 m2 and the number of parking spaces to 4,000. It was completed in early 2017. New anchor tenants include Country Road, Esprit and H&M among others, taking its size to over 90,000 m2 (970,000 sq ft).

Target Australia
Target Australia Pty Ltd (formerly Lindsay's and Lindsay's Target, formerly stylised as Target. and doing business as Target and Target Australia) is a department store chain owned by Australian retail conglomerate Wesfarmers. Target stocks clothing, cosmetics, homewares, electronics, books, and toys selling both in-store and online. The company's head office is located in the Melbourne suburb of Williams Landing which the company moved to in 2018. Despite the identical logo, name and similar type of outlets, Target Australia have never had a direct relation or affiliation to the American retailer Target Corporation.
Working Man
"Working Man" is a song by Canadian rock band Rush. In an interview on the Rolling Stone YouTube channel, bassist and lead vocalist Geddy Lee said that "Working Man" is his favorite song to play live. "Working Man" became a favourite among Rush fans; the guitar solo appeared on Guitar World magazine's 100 Greatest Guitar Solos list.

Guitar World
Guitar World is a monthly music magazine for guitarists and fans of guitar-based music and trends. The magazine has been published since July 1980. Guitar World, the best-selling guitar magazine in the United States, contains original artist interviews and profiles, plus lessons and columns with tablature and associated audio files or videos, gear reviews, news, and exclusive tablature for guitar and bass of three songs per issue. The magazine is published 13 times per year, including 12 monthly issues and a holiday issue, by Future plc. Damian Fanelli has been Guitar World's editor-in-chief since June 2018.
Flavonol 3-sulfotransferase
In enzymology, a flavonol 3-sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.25) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + flavonol adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + flavonol 3-sulfate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and a flavonol, whereas its two products are adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate and flavonol 3-sulfate. A specific examples of a flavonol that can act as a substrate is quercetin.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases termed the sulfotransferases, which transfer sulfate groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:flavonol 3-sulfotransferase.

Quercetin
Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. It has a bitter flavor and is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, beverages, and foods.
Shughnon Range
Shughnon Range  or Shugnan Range (Tajik: Қаторкӯҳи Шуғнон, romanized: Qatorkūhi Şuğnon) is a mountain range in Tajikistan, part of the Pamir Mountain System. Administratively it is located in Tajikistan's Region of Republican Subordination.

Tajik alphabet
The Tajik language has been written in three alphabets over the course of its history: the original Persian alphabet, a briefly used Roman-based orthography, and—more recently—a Cyrillic-based alphabet that is currently the official script in the Republic of Tajikistan.

The use of a specific alphabet generally corresponds with stages in history, with Arabic being used first for most of the time, followed by Latin, as a result of the Soviet takeover, for a short period and then Cyrillic, which remains the most widely used alphabet in Tajikistan. The Bukhori dialect spoken by Bukharan Jews traditionally used the Hebrew alphabet, but today is written using the Cyrillic variant.
Roy Horniman
Roy Horniman (born Robert Horniman, 31 July 1868–11 October 1930) was a prolific British playwright and novelist, most prominently active during the Edwardian era.  He published many short stories and novels and wrote original plays, as well as dramatic adaptations of novels and plays by other authors.  After World War I he extended his writing to film screenplays.  Horniman was a vegetarian and a nature curist.  He was devoted to the cause of animal welfare, in particular the protection and care of working horses, and was opposed to vivisection.

Horniman's 1907 novel, Israel Rank: The Autobiography of a Criminal, was used as the basis of the screenplay of the highly-regarded 1949 black comedy Kind Hearts and Coronets and inspired the 2013 Broadway musical A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder.

Garrick Theatre
The Garrick Theatre is a West End theatre, located in Charing Cross Road, in the City of Westminster, named after the stage actor David Garrick. It opened in 1889 with The Profligate, a play by Arthur Wing Pinero, and another Pinero play, The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith, was an early success at the theatre. In its early years, the Garrick appears to have specialised in the performance of melodrama. The theatre later became associated with comedies, including No Sex Please, We're British, which played for four years from 1982 to 1986.
Ryan Williams (Canadian politician)
Ryan Richard Williams (born January 23, 1979) is a Canadian politician who was elected to represent the riding of Bay of Quinte in the House of Commons in the 2021 federal election. A member of the Conservative Party, he was unseated in the 2025 federal election.

Bay of Quinte (federal electoral district)
Bay of Quinte (French: Baie de Quinte) is a federal electoral district in central Ontario, Canada, centred on the Bay of Quinte.

Bay of Quinte was created by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for 19 October 2015. It was created out of parts of the electoral districts of Prince Edward—Hastings (62%) and Northumberland—Quinte West (38%).
Oppidum Novum
Oppidum Novum is the name of several ancient towns:

Oppidum Novum (Aquitania), city in Aquitaine, now Lourdes in France

Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis), city in Mauretania Caesariensis, now Aïn Defla in Algeria

City in Mauretania Tingitana, today Ksar el-Kebir in Morocco

Aquitaine
Aquitaine (UK: /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/, US: /ˈækwɪteɪn/; French: [akitɛn] ⓘ; Occitan: Aquitània [akiˈtanjɔ]; Basque: Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Aguiéne), archaic Guyenne or Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is a historical region of southwestern France and a former administrative region. Since 1 January 2016 it has been part of the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is situated in the southwest corner of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of five departments: Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes, and Gironde. The Romans established Gallia Aquitania as a province. In the Middle Ages, Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy whose boundaries fluctuated considerably. For most of Aquitaine's written history, Bordeaux has been a vital port and administrative centre.
2010 ICC Women's Cricket Challenge
The 2010 ICC Women's Cricket Challenge was an international women's cricket tournament held in South Africa during the 2010–11 international season. South Africa, West Indies, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Netherlands and Ireland took part in the tournament, held in Potchefstroom from 6 to 16 October 2010. The six teams competed in a series of One Day Internationals (ODIs) and Twenty20s (T20Is).

South Africa remained unbeaten in the ODI tournament to win the competition, and rise two positions to fifth in the Women's ODI rankings. The West Indies' Stafanie Taylor finished as the tournament's top scorer, accumulating 390 runs, including the only century of the competition. Sunette Loubser of South Africa claimed the most wickets, taking 13.

Sunette Loubser
Sunette Loubser (born 26 September 1982) is a South African former cricketer who played primarily as a right-arm off break bowler. She appeared in two Test matches, 60 One Day Internationals (ODIs) and 43 Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is) for South Africa between 2007 and 2014, including captaining the side in 2009. At the time of her retirement she was South Africa's leading wicket-taker in ODIs. She played domestic cricket for Boland.
Nordskogbygda Church
Nordskogbygda Church (Norwegian: Nordskogbygda kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Elverum Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Nordskogbygda. It is the church for the Nordskogbygda parish which is part of the Sør-Østerdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1873 using plans drawn up by the architect Otto Schønheyder. The church seats about 250 people.

Diocese of Hamar
The Diocese of Hamar  (Norwegian: Hamar Bispedømme) is a diocese within the Church of Norway. The Diocese of Hamar includes all of the churches in Innlandet county plus the churches in Lunner Municipality in Akershus county. Administratively, the diocese is divided into 10 deaneries and 164 parishes in the diocese. The seat of the Diocese of Hamar is located at the Hamar Cathedral (Norwegian: Hamar domkirke) in the city of Hamar.
Assistant Chief of the Air Staff
The Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (ACAS) is a senior appointment in the Royal Air Force. The current ACAS is Air Vice-Marshal Suraya Marshall.

The post was originally established circa February 1938, but without being made a member of the Air Council.

The ACAS post was re-established in 1985 by eliminating the Vice Chief of the Air Staff and combining the Policy and Operations two star assistant chiefs. In 1992, ACAS became a member of the Air Force Board. The ACAS is responsible for "assisting the Chief of the Air Staff in generating a balanced and integrated Royal Air Force capability and for maintaining the fighting effectiveness and morale of the Service including the development of policy." One of the many duties of the ACAS is to sit on the board of the Civil Aviation Authority as a non-executive member.

Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)
The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is the statutory corporation which oversees and regulates all aspects of civil aviation in the United Kingdom. Its areas of responsibility include:

Supervising the issuing of pilots and aircraft engineers licences, testing of equipment, calibrating of navaids, and many other inspections (Civil Aviation Flying Unit).

Managing the regulation of security standards, including vetting of all personnel in the aviation industry (Directorate of Aviation Security).

Overseeing the national protection scheme for customers abroad in the event of a travel company failure (Air Travel Organisers' Licensing – ATOL).

Licensing of spaceflight activities in the UK. This includes: Launch, Range Control, Orbital Operators, and Spaceport licence issuing (Space Industry Act 2018).

The CAA is a public corporation of the Department for Transport, liaising with the government via the Standards Group of the Cabinet Office.
Pétur Eyþórsson
Pétur Eyþórsson (born 22 July 1978 in Húsavík) is an Icelandic glima, a variation of Scandinavian folk wrestling, champion. He won the glima grettisbelt several times and was voted the best wrestler during the first IGA world championship.

Húsavík
Húsavík (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhuːsaˌviːk]) is a town in Norðurþing municipality on the northeast coast of Iceland on the shores of Skjálfandi bay with 2,485 inhabitants. The most famous landmark of the town is the wooden church Húsavíkurkirkja, built in 1907. Húsavík is served by Húsavík Airport.
Dan Lanphear
George Daniel Lanphear (January 24, 1938 – March 23, 2018) was an American football player. He was born in Madison, Wisconsin, and played college football for the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was a member of the 1959 Wisconsin Badgers football team that lost to the Washington Huskies in the 1960 Rose Bowl. He later played in the American Football League (AFL) for the Houston Oilers in 1960 and 1962 as a defensive end. Lanphear was also drafted in the eighth round of the 1960 NFL draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played 14 games for the Oilers in 1960, winning an AFL title with the team. He played two games in the 1962 season. Lanphear died in 2018 at the age of 80.

1960 Rose Bowl
The 1960 Rose Bowl was the 46th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Friday, January 1, 1960, at the end of the 1959 season. This was the first Rose Bowl appearance by the Huskies since 1944 and the first appearance by the Badgers since 1953. This was the first time these two football programs met on the field. The Washington Huskies defeated the Wisconsin Badgers, 44–8.

The face value of a game ticket was six dollars.
Pruning shears
Pruning shears, also called hand pruners (in American English) or secateurs (in British English), are a type of scissors used for plants. They are strong enough to prune hard branches of trees and shrubs, sometimes up to two centimetres thick. They are used in gardening, arboriculture, plant nursery works, farming, flower arranging, and nature conservation, where fine-scale habitat management is required. They are typically manually powered, although electric versions are available.

Loppers are a larger, two-handed, long-handled version for branches thicker than pruning shears can cut.

Human power
Human power is the rate of work or energy that is produced from the human body. It can also refer to the power (rate of work per time) of a human. Power comes primarily from muscles, but body heat is also used to do work like warming shelters, food, or other humans.

World records of power performance by humans are of interest to work planners and work-process engineers. The average level of human power that can be maintained over a certain duration of time⁠ is interesting to engineers designing work operations in industry.

Human-powered transport includes bicycles, rowing, skiing and many other forms of mobility.

Human-powered equipment is occasionally used to generate, and sometimes to store, electrical energy for use where no other source of power is available. These include the Gibson girl survival radio, wind-up or (clockwork) radio and pedal radio.
Blanchelande College
Blanchelande College is a 2–18 mixed, Roman Catholic, private school and sixth form in Saint Andrew, Guernsey. It was established in 1902 and is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth. It was the first independent school in Guernsey to become fully mixed.

The Department for Education categorises it as an overseas British school.

Saint Andrew, Guernsey
Saint Andrew (Guernésiais: Saint Andri; French: Saint-André-de-la-Pommeraye) is located in the centre of Guernsey and as such is the only parish on the island to be landlocked.

As it is customary to list the parishes round the coast, either clockwise or anti-clockwise, starting with St Peter Port, St Andrew is usually the last parish to be mentioned in such a list. This gave rise to the traditional nickname in Dgèrnésiais of the inhabitants of the parish: les croinchaons (the siftings, what is left behind in the sieve).
Maxime Minot
Maxime Minot (born 20 July 1987) is a French politician who has represented the 7th constituency of the Oise department in the National Assembly between 2017 and 2024. A member of The Republicans (LR), he was previously the mayor of Étouy from 2014 to 2017. Minot has also held a seat in the Departmental Council of Oise for the canton of Clermont since 2021.

Canton of Clermont
The canton of Clermont is an administrative division of the Oise department, northern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Clermont.

It consists of the following communes:
Altenerding station
Altenerding station is a railway station in the Altenerding district of the municipality of Erding, located in the Erding district in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Bus connections (525, 527, 528) are available from this station to Therme Erding, Europe’s largest thermal bath complex.

Erding
Erding (German pronunciation: [ˈeːɐ̯dɪŋ] ⓘ) is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the rural district of the same name. It had a population of 36,469 in 2019.

The original Erdinger Weissbier is a well-known Bavarian specialty.

Erding is located around 31 kilometers northeast of central Munich, about a 30-minute drive by car. Regular S-Bahn trains connect to Munich and beyond.
Neosho Township, Newton County, Missouri
Neosho Township is an inactive township in Newton County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

Neosho Township took its name from the community of Neosho, Missouri. The unincorporated community of Tipton Ford is also in the township.

Tipton Ford, Missouri
Tipton Ford is a small unincorporated community in Newton County, Missouri, United States, and located at the intersection of Interstate 49 and Route 175. The community is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The community lies on the northeast bank of Shoal Creek and is 3.5 miles west-southwest of the George Washington Carver National Monument.
Daniel Nathan Rubin
Daniel Nathan Rubin (August 4, 1892 – January 31, 1965) was an American playwright. Several of his plays were adapted into films, for which he wrote the screenplays.

Rubin was born into a Jewish family in Charleston, South Carolina, the son of Hyman Levin Rubin and Frances "Fanny" Sanders. His father was a merchant who emigrated from the Russian Empire. He worked as a newspaper writer.

His play "The Lion Trap" was adapted into the 1928 film Midnight Madness. He cowrote the screenplay for the 1931 film Dishonored and adapted O. Henry's short story "The Double-Dyed Deceiver" into the screenplay for The Texan (film) (1930). His play "Riddle Me This" was adapted to film as Guilty as Hell in 1932.

Midnight Madness (1928 film)
Midnight Madness is a 1928 silent film drama directed by F. Harmon Weight and starring Jacqueline Logan. It was produced by Cecil B. DeMille's DeMille Pictures Corporation and released through Pathé Exchange.

Prints are preserved at the Museum of Modern Art, Library of Congress and New Zealand Film Archive. A video of the preserved film is available for viewing at the website of the National Film Preservation Foundation.