hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Framework for authentic intellectual work
The Framework for Authentic Intellectual Work (AIW) is an evaluative tool used by educators of all subjects at the elementary and secondary levels to assess the quality of classroom instruction, assignments, and student work. The framework was founded by Dr. Dana L. Carmichael, Dr. M. Bruce King, and Dr. Fred M. Newmann. The purpose of the framework is to promote student production of genuine and rigorous work that resembles the complex work of adults, which identifies three main criteria for student learning (construction of knowledge, disciplined inquiry, and value beyond school), and provides standards accompanied by scaled rubrics for classroom instruction, assignments, and student work. The standards and rubrics are meant to support teachers in the promotion of genuine and rigorous work, as well as guide professional development and collaboration.

Rigour
Rigour (British English) or rigor (American English; see spelling differences) describes a condition of stiffness or strictness. These constraints may be environmentally imposed, such as "the rigours of famine"; logically imposed, such as mathematical proofs which must maintain consistent answers; or socially imposed, such as the process of defining ethics and law.
Singapore National Ice Hockey League
The Singapore National Ice Hockey League (NIHL) is the ice hockey league in Singapore. It was first contested in 1995.

The NIHL has grown to encompass three divisions, catering to players of varying skill levels:

Division 1: Elite level, featuring top players with extensive experience, averaging over 15 years.

Division 2: Advanced level, comprising a mix of recreational players and emerging talents, with an average experience of over 10 years.

Division 3: Novice level, for players relatively new to organized hockey, averaging over 5 years of experience.

The league operates on a seasonal basis, with two main seasons:

Winter League: The primary season, running from September to April.

Summer League: An abbreviated season from June to August.

Sports league
A sports league is a group of individual athletes, sports teams or clubs who form a league to compete against each other and gain points in a specific sport. At its simplest, it may be a local group of amateur athletes who form teams among themselves and compete periodically, at its most complex, it can be an international professional league making large amounts of money and involving dozens of teams and thousands of players.
Chaminda Hathurusingha
Chaminda Hathurusingha (born 9 October 1971) was a Sri Lankan cricketer. He played 94 first-class and 31 List A matches between 1992 and 2008. He is now an umpire and stood in matches in the 2016–17 Premier League Tournament.

2016–17 Premier League Tournament
The 2016–17 Premier League Tournament was the 29th season of first-class cricket in Sri Lanka's Premier Trophy. Fourteen teams competed, split into two groups of seven. Burgher Recreation Club replaced Sri Lanka Ports Authority Cricket Club, who were relegated at the end of the previous year's tournament, after finishing bottom of the  Plate League. Sinhalese Sports Club won the competition.
Gråkallen
Gråkallen is a mountain in the Bymarka area of Trondheim Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The 552-metre (1,811 ft) tall mountain is located in the Byåsen part of the city of Trondheim.

The summit is covered by an abandoned fenced military installation. Below the summit (on the col to the right of the summit above the lake) there is a ski station accessible by bus from Trondheim. In the summer, the ski runs through the pine forests allow hiking and mountain biking back to the city below.

Ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area–a mountainous area with pistes (ski trails) and a ski lift system. In North America, it is more common for ski areas to exist well away from towns, so ski resorts usually are destination resorts, often purpose-built and self-contained, where skiing is the main activity.
Inn of Court
An Inn of Court is training and professional association of lawyers, in particular:

For barristers

Inn of Court (England and Wales), one of four bodies based in London

King's Inns, Dublin, Ireland

Northern Ireland Inn of Court, Belfast

Other

American Inns of Court, United States forums discussing ethics, skills, and professionalism

American Inns of Court
American Inns of Court (AIC) are an amalgam of judges, lawyers, and in some cases, law professors and law students. They are designed to improve the skills, professionalism and ethics of the bench and bar. Each Inn meets approximately once a month both to "break bread" and to hold programs and discussions on matters of ethics, skills, and professionalism.
Aindrias Ó Caoimh (judge)
Aindrias Ó Caoimh (born 1 April 1950) is a retired Irish judge who has served as a Judge of the European Court of Justice from 2004 to 2015. He previously served as a Judge of the High Court from 1999 to 2004.

He is a son of Aindrias Ó Caoimh, who was twice Attorney General of Ireland and who was also a Judge of the European Court of Justice from 1974 until 1985.

He was educated at University College Dublin and King's Inns. He was called to the Bar in 1972 and became a Senior Counsel in 1994. He was a lecturer in European Law at King's Inns.

He was appointed to the European Court of Justice on 13 October 2004. Ó Caoimh seated as Judge-Rapporteur in several cases such as Deutsche Telekom AG v Commission and Dyson v Registrar of Trade Marks.

His uncle Brian Ó Cuív was the son-in-law of Éamon de Valera.

Senior counsel
Senior Counsel, State Counsel (post-nominal letters: SC), or Senior Advocate is a title given to senior lawyers in some current or former Commonwealth nations, mainly those in which the British monarch is no longer head of state, making the title "King's Counsel" obsolete. Examples of such nations are Mauritius, Zambia, India (Senior Advocate), Bangladesh (Senior Advocate), Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, Kenya, Malawi, Singapore, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. Jurisdictions that have retained the monarch as head of state, but have nonetheless opted for the new title, include some states and territories of Australia, as well as Belize.

Just as a junior counsel is "called to the [Outer] Bar", a Senior Counsel is, in some jurisdictions, said to be "called to the Inner Bar". Senior Counsels may informally style themselves silks, as do their British counterparts.
Sphingonotus lluciapomaresi
Sphingonotus lluciapomaresi, the Iberian sand Grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found on the Iberian Peninsula.

The IUCN conservation status of Sphingonotus lluciapomaresi is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was assessed in 2015.

Acrididae
Acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known because all locusts (swarming grasshoppers) are of the Acrididae. The subfamily Oedipodinae is sometimes classified as a distinct family Oedipodidae in the superfamily Acridoidea. Acrididae grasshoppers are characterized by relatively short and stout antennae (so they may be called "short-horned grasshoppers"), and tympana on the side of the first abdominal segment.
Government Palace (Finland)
The Government Palace (Finnish: Valtioneuvoston linna, Swedish: Statsrådsborgen) is the executive office building of the Government of Finland. It overlooks the Senate Square in central Helsinki, Finland. The Government Palace houses the Prime Minister's Office, the Office of the Chancellor of Justice and most departments of the Ministry of Finance. Its former name is the Senate House (Senaatintalo). The building is usually not open to the public but on occasions there are open days.

Ministry of Finance (Finland)
The Ministry of Finance (FM, Finnish: Valtiovarainministeriö [ˈʋɑltioˌʋɑrɑi̯nˌministeriø], Swedish: Finansministeriet) is one of the 12 ministries which comprise the Finnish Government. The FM prepares the Government's economic and financial policy as well as the state budget, and acts as a tax policy expert. The ministry indirectly employs about 12,000 people through its administrative branch. About 360 people are employed by the ministry itself.

The FM is headed by Finland's Minister of Finance, Riikka Purra, holding the office since 20 June 2023. The ministry's most senior public official is Permanent Secretary Martti Hetemäki.

For 2018, the FM's budget is €17,194,849,000.
2013 U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships – Women's doubles
Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká were the defending champions, but they lost in the first round to Gabriela Dabrowski and Alla Kudryavtseva.
Kristina Mladenovic and Galina Voskoboeva won the title, defeating Sofia Arvidsson and Johanna Larsson in the final, 7–6(7–5), 6–3.

Sofia Arvidsson
Lena Sofia Alexandra Arvidsson (born 16 February 1984) is a Swedish professional padel player and a former tennis player. In her tennis career, she won two singles titles and one doubles title on the WTA Tour, as well as 20 singles and 13 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 1 May 2006, she reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 29. On 12 September 2011, she peaked at No. 67 in the WTA doubles rankings. Over her career, Arvidsson defeated top-ten players Marion Bartoli, Anna Chakvetadze, Jelena Janković, Petra Kvitová, Sam Stosur, and Caroline Wozniacki.
Christine Jackob-Marks
Christine Jackob-Marks (born 1943 in Mainz) is a contemporary German painter of subtle abstraction in mostly serial works and is classified as an informal artist. Christine Jackob-Marks became known to the general public when, in the mid-1990s, her award-winning design for the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe was not implemented due to the veto by Chancellor Helmut Kohl.

Informalism
Informalism or Art Informel (French pronunciation: [aʁ ɛ̃fɔʁmɛl]) is a pictorial movement from the 1943–1950s, that includes all the abstract and gestural tendencies that developed in France and the rest of Europe during the World War II, similar to American abstract expressionism started 1946. Several distinguishing trends are identified within the movement such as lyrical abstraction, matter painting, New Paris School, tachisme and art brut. The French art critic Michel Tapié coined the term "art autre" (other art) in the homonymous book published in 1952 in relation to non-geometric abstract art. It was instrumental in improving the concept of abstract art in France during the early 1950s. Its use in the expression of political ideologies in South America during the early 1950s was quite common, as it was seen as the main way to show support for the changing political climate.
Harold Lambert (footballer)
Harold Louis Lambert (16 May 1922 – 22 May 2021) was an Australian rules footballer for Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Lambert made his debut in 1940, winning the best first year junior player award for the season. He missed four years of football from 1942 to 1945 when he was serving in the Australian Army in Papua New Guinea and the Pacific during World War II. A half-back flanker, he played in three Essendon premierships upon his return, in 1946, 1949 and 1950.

His older brother Chris Lambert also played for Essendon.

1950 VFL grand final
The 1950 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Essendon Football Club and North Melbourne Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 23 September 1950. It was the 53rd annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1950 VFL season. The match, attended by 85,869 spectators , was won by Essendon by 38 points, marking that club's tenth premiership victory.
Loves of an Actress
Loves of an Actress is a lost 1928 American synchronized sound romantic drama film directed by Rowland V. Lee and starring Pola Negri. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using the sound-on-film Western Electric Sound System process. The film was produced by Adolph Zukor and Jesse Lasky with the distribution through Paramount Pictures.

Jesse L. Lasky
Jesse Louis Lasky (September 13, 1880 – January 13, 1958) was an American pioneer motion picture producer who was a key founder of what was to become Paramount Pictures, and father of screenwriter Jesse L. Lasky Jr.
2011–12 Scottish Cup
The 2011–12 Scottish Cup was the 127th season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The tournament began on 24 September 2011 and ended on 19 May 2012. It was sponsored by William Hill in the first season of a three-year partnership, known as the William Hill Scottish Cup. The winner of the competition qualified for the play-off round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. Heart of Midlothian won 5–1 against city rivals Hibernian at Hampden Park.

Golspie Sutherland F.C.
Golspie Sutherland Football Club are a senior association football club from Golspie, Sutherland in the Scottish Highlands. They compete in the North Caledonian Football League and are licensed members of the Scottish Football Association, playing in the Scottish Cup each season.

The team play their home matches at King George V Park.

With ten championship wins to their credit, Golspie are the most successful club currently competing in the North Caledonian League.
Besseling
Besseling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alice Besseling (1944–2014), Dutch politician

J.F. Besseling (1928–2015), Dutch professor

Peter Besseling (born 1970), Australian politician

Wil Besseling (born 1985), Dutch golfer

Alice Besseling
Alida Cornelia Maria "Alice" Besseling (23 October 1944 – 22 January 2014) was a city council member for the CDA in the Dutch city of Alphen aan den Rijn, and a local and social activist who was instrumental in the recognition of the Jewish cemetery in her hometown. For her work on the city council, her advocacy of women in her political party, and her community activism she was made a member of the Order of Orange-Nassau in 2008.
Oryol State Agrarian University
Oryol State Agrarian University named after N. V. Parakhin or Oryol SAU named after N. V. Parakhin (Oryol SAU; Russian: Орловский государственный аграрный университет имени Н. В. Парахина; Орловский ГАУ им. Н. В. Парахина, Orlovskiy gosudarstvennyy agrarnyy universitet imeni N. V. Parakhina; Orlovskiy GAU im. N. V. Parakhina) is a state agrarian and natural sciences university located in the city of Oryol, the administrative centre of Oryol Oblast.

Oryol Oblast
Oryol Oblast (Russian: Орло́вская о́бласть, romanized: Orlovskaya oblastʹ), also known as Orlovshchina (Russian: Орловщина), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Oryol. Population: 713,374 (2021 census); 786,935 (2010 census);
Seha Meray
Seha Meray (1921–1978) was a Turkish academic.

He was born in Istanbul and completed his secondary education at Galatasaray High School in 1940. He pursued higher education at the Faculty of Political Sciences at Ankara University, graduating in 1944. After graduation, he joined the same faculty as an academic. He became an associate professor in 1948 and was promoted to professor of International Law in 1954.

Between February 23, 1961, and August 5, 1961, he served as the rector of Middle East Technical University (METU). Later, he traveled to Canada as a visiting professor and lectured on Space Law at McGill University.
He was also a member of the National Committee of UNESCO and actively contributed to the Turkish Language Association.

He died in 1978 in Ankara.

Turkish Language Association
The Turkish Language Association (Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu, TDK) is the regulatory body for the Turkish language, founded on 12 July 1932 by the initiative of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and headquartered in Ankara, Turkey. The Institution acts as the official authority on the language, contributes to linguistic research on Turkish and other Turkic languages, and is charged with publishing the official dictionary of the language, Güncel Türkçe Sözlük.
Houston Cellular
Houston Cellular was a Houston-based cell phone company which provided AMPS and D-AMPS (TDMA) service in the Greater Houston area. It was formed in 1983 and was operated as a partnership between LIN Broadcasting Corp., Mobile Communication Corp. of America and BellSouth Co. Its headquarters were located in Houston, Texas.

Through a series of acquisitions and mergers, within 10 years, the company consisted of a two-way partnership between BellSouth and AT&T Wireless. This partnership was also known as BellSouth Mobility, LLC. Houston Cellular began providing service in May 1986.

Advanced Mobile Phone System
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was an analog mobile phone system standard originally developed by Bell Labs and later modified in a cooperative effort between Bell Labs and Motorola. It was officially introduced in the Americas on October 13, 1983, and was deployed in many other countries too, including Israel in 1986, Australia in 1987, Singapore in 1988, and Pakistan in 1990. It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. As of February 18, 2008, carriers in the United States were no longer required to support AMPS and companies such as AT&T and Verizon Communications have discontinued this service permanently. AMPS was discontinued in Australia in September 2000, in India by October 2004, in Israel by January 2010, and Brazil by 2010.
Academy of Lyon
The Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Arts of Lyon (French: Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon) is a French learned society founded in 1700. Its founders included:

Claude Brossette, lawyer, alderman of Lyons, and administrator of the Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon;

Laurent Dugas de Bois Saint-Just, President of the Cour des monnaies;

Camille Falconet, future consulting physician of King Louis XIV and member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres;

Antoine de Serre, adviser to the Cour des monnaies;

Louis de Puget, naturalist;

Father Jean de Saint-Bonnet, professor at the Collège-lycée Ampère.

Thomas Bernard Fellon.

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (French pronunciation: [akademi dez‿ɛ̃skʁipsjɔ̃ e bɛl lɛtʁ]) is a French learned society devoted to history, founded in February 1663 as one of the five academies of the Institut de France. The academy's scope is the study of ancient inscriptions (epigraphy), historical literature (see Belles-lettres) and the cultures of the civilizations of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the classical period, as well as those of non-European civilizations.
Victor Mukete
Victor Mukete (15 November 1918 – 10 April 2021) was a traditional Chief in Cameroon.
He was a minister of Information in Nigeria before the reunification of Southern Cameroons with former French Cameroon from 1958 to 1959.

He was also a Senator.

Kumba, Cameroon
Kumba is a city in the Southwest Region of Cameroon and the administrative capital of Meme Division. It is one of the largest and most economically significant cities in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon. Known for its vibrant commercial activity, Kumba plays a crucial role as a trade and transportation hub for the Southwest Region, particularly in the agricultural sector.
Power closed
In mathematics a p-group  is called power closed if for every section  of  the product of  powers is again a th power.

Regular p-groups are an example of power closed groups. On the other hand, powerful p-groups, for which the product of  powers is again a th power are not power closed, as this property does not hold for all sections of powerful p-groups.

The power closed 2-groups of exponent at least eight are described in (Mann 2005, Th. 16).

Subquotient
In the mathematical fields of category theory and abstract algebra, a subquotient is a quotient object of a subobject. Subquotients are particularly important in abelian categories, and in group theory, where they are also known as sections, though this conflicts with a different meaning in category theory.

So in the algebraic structure of groups,  is a subquotient of  if there exists a subgroup  of  and a normal subgroup  of  so that  is isomorphic to .

In the literature about sporadic groups wordings like " is involved in " can be found with the apparent meaning of " is a subquotient of ".

As in the context of subgroups, in the context of subquotients the term trivial may be used for the two subquotients  and  which are present in every group .

A quotient of a subrepresentation of a representation (of, say, a group) might be called a subquotient representation; e. g., Harish-Chandra's subquotient theorem.
Riche (song)
"Riche" is a song by French singer Claudio Capéo. The song was released as a digital download in France on 28 February 2017 by Jo & Co as the third single from his third studio album Claudio Capéo. The song was written by Manon Romiti, Silvio Lisbonne, Nazim Khaled and Mark Hekic. The song peaked at number 27 on the French Singles Chart.

SNEP
SNEP (French: Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique, in English National Syndicate of Phonographic Publishing) is the inter-professional organisation that protects the interests of the French record industry. Originally known under the acronym SNICOP, the organisation was established in 1922 and has 48 member companies.

SNEP's responsibilities include collecting and distributing royalty payments for broadcast and performance, preventing copyright infringement of its members' works (including music piracy), and sales certification of silver, gold, platinum and diamond records and videos. SNEP also compiles weekly official charts of France's top-selling music, including singles and albums.
Sepiola rondeletii
Sepiola rondeletii, also known as the dwarf bobtail, is a species of bobtail squid native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, including the Strait of Sicily, Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Sea of Marmara, and Levantine Sea. In the northeastern Atlantic, its natural range extends from the North Sea to Senegal.
Females grow to 60 mm in mantle length (though usually from 40 to 50 mm), while males are not known to exceed 25 mm ML.

The type specimen was collected in the Mediterranean Sea and was deposited at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. It no longer exists.

National Museum of Natural History, France
In France, the National Museum of Natural History (French: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [myzeɔm nɑsjɔnal distwaʁ natyʁɛl]; MNHN) is the national natural history museum of France and a grand établissement of higher education part of Sorbonne University. The main museum, with four galleries,  is located in Paris, France, within the Jardin des Plantes on the left bank of the River Seine. It was formally founded in 1793, during the French Revolution, but was begun even earlier in 1635 as the royal garden of medicinal plants. The museum now has 14 sites throughout France.

Since the 2014 reform, it has been headed by a chairman, assisted by deputy managing directors. The Museum has a staff of approximately 2,350 members, including six hundred researchers. It is a member of the national network of naturalist collections (RECOLNAT).