hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Bayard Hale
William Bayard Hale (1869 – April 10, 1924) was an American journalist. He wrote the 1912 campaign biography of Woodrow Wilson. Later, after souring on Wilson, he wrote a derisive critique of Wilson's literary style.

He is described in Barbara Tuchman's The Zimmerman Telegram as a German propaganda agent.

According to the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6th edition, 2012),

His report (1913) as confidential agent in Mexico implicated ambassador Henry Lane Wilson in the murder of Francisco Madero by Victoriano Huerta. The report influenced the president to recall Wilson and initiate a campaign to drive Huerta from Mexico. In 1915, Hale turned propaganda adviser for Germany until the United States entered World War I. His book, "American Rights and British Pretensions on the Seas" (1915), stirred American resentment of the British blockade. Denounced and ostracized in the United States, he lived in Europe after World War I.

He died in Munich on April 10, 1924.

Barbara W. Tuchman
Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (/ˈtʌkmən/; January 30, 1912 – February 6, 1989) was an American historian, journalist and author. She won the Pulitzer Prize twice, for The Guns of August (1962), a best-selling history of the prelude to and the first month of World War I, and Stilwell and the American Experience in China (1971), a biography of General Joseph Stilwell.

Tuchman focused on writing popular history.

Tuchman was a member of the Writers and Artists for Peace in the Middle East, a pro-Israel group. In 1984, she signed a letter protesting German arms sales to Saudi Arabia.
Liberty National Golf Club
Liberty National is a country club located in Jersey City, New Jersey adjacent to Liberty State Park on the Upper New York Bay. Its clubhouse, guest villas, teaching center, and "Cafe 12" halfway house were designed by Lindsay Newman Architecture and Design, while the golf course was designed by Robert E. Cupp and Tom Kite.

Construction cost more than $250 million, making it among the most expensive golf courses in history. The club features amenities such as an on-site helistop, direct ferry service to and from Manhattan, a spa, and a restaurant.

2013 PGA Tour
The 2013 PGA Tour was the 98th season of the PGA Tour, the main professional golf tour in the United States. It was also the 45th season since separating from the PGA of America, and the seventh edition of the FedEx Cup.
Dundee Theater
The Dundee Theater is an historic movie theater located at 4952 Dodge Street in Omaha, Nebraska. Now operated by the nonprofit Film Streams, the Dundee is the longest-surviving neighborhood cinema in Omaha.

Dodge Street
Dodge Street is the main east–west street in Omaha, Nebraska. Numbered as U.S. Route 6 (US 6) for most of its length, the street starts in Downtown Omaha and connects to West Dodge Road just west of 78th Street. From there, it continues westward through the remainder of Douglas County.
Andersonia grandiflora
Andersonia grandiflora, commonly known as red andersonia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a prostrate cushion shrub with lance-shaped leaves and groups of two to four reddish orange, tube-shaped flowers.

Ericaceae
The Ericaceae (/ˌɛrɪˈkeɪsi.aɪ, -iː/) are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it the 14th most speciose family of flowering plants. The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the cranberry, blueberry, huckleberry, rhododendron (including azaleas), and various common heaths and heathers (Erica, Cassiope, Daboecia, and Calluna for example).
Members of the Queensland Legislative Council, 1917–1922
This is a list of members of the Queensland Legislative Council from 1 January 1917 to the Council's abolition on 23 March 1922. Appointments, made by the Governor of Queensland, were for life, although many members for one reason or another resigned.

Legislative Council of Queensland
The Legislative Council of Queensland was the upper house of the parliament in the Australian state of Queensland. It was a fully nominated body which first took office on 1 May 1860. It was abolished by the Constitution Amendment Act 1921, which took effect on 23 March 1922.

Consequently, the Legislative Assembly of Queensland is the only unicameral state Parliament in Australia. Two territories, the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory, also maintain unicameral parliaments.

Most of the early members of the Council came from wealthy families, were well educated and were born in England. Absenteeism was a problem in the early years, with some members returning to England, being absent for several years.
Huangnitang Village, Changshan
Huangnitang (simplified Chinese: 黄泥塘; traditional Chinese: 黃泥塘; pinyin: Huángnítáng) is a village of Zhoutang village (周塘村), Tianma Subdistrict (天马街道), Changshan County, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. It is the location of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), which marks the boundary between the Third and Darriwilian Stages of the Middle Ordovician. The GSSP was ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences in 1997.

The boundary is defined as the first appearance of the graptolite Undulograptus austrodentatus.  The graptolite Arienigraptus zhejiangensis appears 0.5 m below this boundary. The rock section is shale.

Darriwilian
The Darriwilian is the upper stage of the Middle Ordovician. It is preceded by the Dapingian and succeeded by the Upper Ordovician Sandbian Stage. The lower boundary of the Darriwilian is defined as the first appearance of the graptolite species Undulograptus austrodentatus around 469.4 million years ago. It lasted for about 10.8 million years until the beginning of the Sandbian around 458.2 million years ago. This stage of the Ordovician was marked by the beginning of the Andean-Saharan glaciation.
Confluaria furcifera
Confluaria furcifera is an endoparasitic tapeworm which infects grebes in the Holarctic. It is common in the horned grebe in Lake Mývatn, Iceland and it has been reported from the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus australis) in Lake Wānaka, New Zealand.

Great crested grebe
The great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The bird is characterised by its distinctive appearance, featuring striking black, orange-brown, and white plumage, and elaborate courtship display that involves synchronised dances and displays.
St. Mary's Church, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas
St. Mary's Church is an Anglican parish church in the town of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas on the island of Tristan da Cunha, one of those that make up the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. The parish of St Mary's forms part of the Diocese of Cape Town in the Anglican Church of Southern Africa.

The church is one of two churches on the island, the other being the St. Joseph's Catholic Church.

Anglican Diocese of Cape Town
The Diocese of Cape Town is a diocese of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa (ACSA) which presently covers central Cape Town, some of its suburbs and the island of Tristan da Cunha, though in the past it has covered a much larger territory. The Ordinary of the diocese is Archbishop of Cape Town and ex officio Primate and Metropolitan of the ACSA. His seat is St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town.

Desmond Tutu was archbishop from 1986 to 1996 and was archbishop-emeritus until his death in 2021. The current archbishop is Thabo Makgoba. Because of the archbishop's responsibilities as primate, many of his diocesan duties are delegated to a suffragan bishop known as the Bishop of Table Bay, an office currently held by Joshua Louw. (This is similar to the Bishop of Dover in the Church of England Diocese of Canterbury, who has held such a role since 1980.)
Dawes' limit
Dawes' limit is a formula to express the maximum resolving power of a microscope or telescope.  It is so named after its discoverer, William Rutter Dawes
, although it is also credited to Lord Rayleigh.

The formula takes different forms depending on the units.

This formula agrees with the usual
 at a wavelength of about 460nm, somewhat bluer than the peak sensitivity of rod cells at c. 498nm.

Rod cell
Rod cells are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in lower light better than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells.  Rods are usually found concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On average, there are approximately 92 million rod cells (vs ~4.6 million cones) in the human retina. Rod cells are more sensitive than cone cells and are almost entirely responsible for night vision. However, rods have little role in color vision, which is the main reason why colors are much less apparent in dim light.
Presidency of Raimundo Andueza Palacio
The presidency of Raimundo Andueza Palacio was elected by the Federal Council, where Andueza represented the state of Zamora. Palacio succeeded the presidency of Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl and was the second and last of two Liberal Party governments that were independent of Antonio Guzmán Blanco's influence during the final decade of the Liberal Yellow Party era.

After presidential terms had been limited by the 1881 constitution to two years, a measure implemented by Guzmán Blanco to curb the power of presidents under his influence, President Andueza Palacio attempted, in vain, to reform the constitution to extend his mandate.

The government's foreign and immigration policy was racist, including an 1891 law that prohibited the entry into the country of "non-white" foreigners.

President Andueza Palacio was overthrown by Joaquín Crespo during the Legalist Revolution and went into exile. He later served as chancellor during the dictatorship of Cipriano Castro.

Raimundo Andueza Palacio
Raimundo Ignacio Andueza Palacio (6 February 1846 – 17 August 1900), was the president of Venezuela (1890–1892). He also served twice as his country's Minister of Foreign Affairs.

A member of the Liberal Party, Andueza entered politics as deputy for Aragua. He was the Minister of Finance from 1877 to 1878.
Boz Qurd Samukh FK
Boz Qurd Samukh FK (Azerbaijani: Boz Qurd Samukh Futbol Klubu) was an Azerbaijani football club from Samukh founded in 1990, as Kür Samux. They finished second in the 1992 Azerbaijan First Division, gaining promotion to the 1993 Azerbaijan Top Division, where they changed their name to Boz Qurd Samukh for their only season, as they finished 9th in Group B, and dissolved at the end of the same season.

Azerbaijan First League
The Azerbaijan First League (Azerbaijani: I Liqa) is the second highest professional division in Azerbaijani professional football. The league is run by AFFA. The winner of the league is promoted to the top-tier Azerbaijan Premier League.
Chilled margin
A chilled margin is a shallow intrusive or volcanic rock texture characterised by a glassy or fine-grained zone along the margin where the magma or lava has contacted air, water, or particularly much cooler rock. This is caused by rapid solidification of the melt near the contact with the surrounding low temperature environment. In an intrusive case, the crystallized chilled margin may decrease in size or disappear by later remelting during magma flow, depending on magma heat flux.

The feature is often seen in dikes or sills, and especially in sheeted dike complexes, where multiple chilled margins are a distinctive feature.

Pillow lavas often show such chilled margins which are glassy and prove the sudden cooling undergone due to contact with water.

Pillow lava
Pillow lavas are lavas that contain characteristic pillow-shaped structures that are attributed to the extrusion of the lava underwater, or subaqueous extrusion. Pillow lavas in volcanic rock are characterized by thick sequences of discontinuous pillow-shaped masses, commonly up to one meter in diameter. They form the upper part of Layer 2 of normal oceanic crust.
Assisi Animal Sanctuary
Assisi Animal Sanctuary in Conlig, County Down, is Northern Ireland's largest independent animal welfare charity. It shelters up to 200 companion animals at any given time. These have included dogs, puppies, cats, kittens, rabbits and guinea pigs. Several hamsters are permanent residents, and have been included in the center's animal welfare education program.

Kitten
A kitten is a juvenile cat. After being born, kittens display primary altriciality and are fully dependent on their mothers for survival. They normally do not open their eyes for seven to ten days. After about two weeks, kittens develop quickly and begin to explore the world beyond their nest. After a further three to four weeks, they begin to eat solid food and grow baby teeth. Domestic kittens are highly social animals and usually enjoy human companionship.
Rules extraction system family
The rules extraction system (RULES) family is a family of inductive learning that includes several covering algorithms. This family is used to build a predictive model based on given observation. It works based on the concept of separate-and-conquer to directly induce rules from a given training set and build its knowledge repository.

Algorithms under RULES family are usually available in data mining tools, such as KEEL and WEKA, known for knowledge extraction and decision making.

Decision-making software
Decision-making software (DM software) is software for computer applications that help individuals and organisations make choices and take decisions, typically by ranking, prioritizing or choosing from a number of options.

An early example of DM software was described in 1973. Before the advent of the World Wide Web, most DM software was spreadsheet-based, with the first web-based DM software appearing in the mid-1990s. Nowadays, many DM software products (mostly web-based) are available – e.g. see the comparison table below.

Most DM software focuses on ranking, prioritizing or choosing from among alternatives characterized on multiple criteria or attributes. Thus most DM software is based on decision analysis, usually multi-criteria decision-making, and so is often referred to as "decision analysis" or "multi-criteria decision-making" software – commonly shortened to "decision-making software". Some decision support systems include a DM software component.
Velachery taluk
12°58′33″N 80°13′14″E﻿ / ﻿12.9758°N 80.2205°E﻿ / 12.9758; 80.2205


Velachery taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Mambalam-Guindy and Mylapore-Triplicane taluks. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Besant Nagar, Tharamani, Thiruvanmiyur and Velachery.

Mambalam-Guindy taluk

Besant Nagar Firka: Kalikundram, Pallipattu, Urur

Thiruvanmiyur Firka: Thiruvanmiyur

Tharamani Firka: Kaanagam, Tharamani, Velachery (Part 2) [Mylapore-Triplicane taluk]

Mylapore-Triplicane taluk

Velachery Firka: Velachery (Part 2)

Tharamani
Tharamani is an area in the south Indian city of Chennai. It is known for the presence of the city's first IT parks and numerous government educational and research institutions. It is located adjacent to the posh residential area of Adyar and Besant Nagar in South Chennai. It is an Estate with Express IT Companies, making it a massive located neighbourhood in the IT Expressway.
Francavilla Bisio
Francavilla Bisio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Alessandria.

Francavilla Bisio borders the following municipalities: Basaluzzo, Capriata d'Orba, Gavi, Pasturana, San Cristoforo, and Tassarolo.

Province of Alessandria
The province of Alessandria (Italian: provincia di Alessandria; Piedmontese: provincia ëd Lissandria; in Piedmontese of Alessandria: provinsa ëd Lissändria) is an province of the region of Piedmont in Italy. The capital is the city of Alessandria. It has a population of 407,029 across its 187 municipalities as of 2025.

With an area of 3,558.83 square kilometres (1,374.07 mi2) it is the third largest province of Piedmont after the province of Cuneo and the Metropolitan City of Turin. To the north it borders on the province of Vercelli and to the west on the Metropolitan City of Turin and the province of Asti. It shares its southern border with Liguria (province of Savona and the Metropolitan City of Genoa). Its south-east corner touches the Province of Piacenza in Emilia-Romagna, while to the east it borders on the Lombard province of Pavia.
Gough McCormick
Christianity portal

Joseph Gough McCormick  (1874–1924) was Dean of Manchester in the first quarter of the 20th century.

Born into an ecclesiastical (and cricketing) family in London in 1874, he was educated at Exeter School and St John's College, Cambridge. He was ordained in 1897. He began his career at Great Yarmouth, where as a keen amateur cricketer, he played minor counties cricket for Norfolk from 1899 to 1909, making thirty appearances. He was later vicar of St Paul's, Princes Park, Liverpool. Later he was Vicar of St. Michael's Church, Chester Square and an Honorary Chaplain to the King before his elevation to the Deanery.  He died in post on 30 August 1924.

St Michael's Church, Chester Square
The Church of St Michael is a Church of England parish church on Chester Square in the Belgravia district of West London. It has been listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England since February 1958.
Vang Stave Church
Vang Stave Church (Polish: Świątynia Wang; Norwegian: Vang stavkyrkje; German: Stabkirche Wang) or Mountain Church of Our Savior (Polish: Kościół Górski Naszego Zbawiciela) is a stave church located in Karpacz in the Karkonosze mountains in Poland. It was transferred to its present location from Vang Municipality in the Valdres region of Norway and re-erected in 1842. A notable tourist attraction, it is Poland's only stave church. It serves as a parish church of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland.

The church is a four-post single-nave stave church originally built around 1200 in the parish of Vang in the Valdres region of Norway.

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in the Republic of Poland (Polish: Kościół Ewangelicko-Augsburski w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is a Lutheran denomination and the largest Protestant body in Poland with about 61,000 members and 133 parishes.
Allegra Byron
Clara Allegra Byron (12 January 1817 – 20 April 1822) was the illegitimate daughter of the poet George Gordon, Lord Byron, and Claire Clairmont.

Born in Bath, England, she was initially named Alba, meaning "dawn", or "white", by her mother. At first she lived with her mother, her mother's stepsister, Mary Shelley, and Mary's husband Percy Bysshe Shelley. When she was fifteen months old, she was turned over to Byron, who changed her name to Allegra. Byron placed her with foster families and later in a Roman Catholic convent, where she died at the age of five of typhus or malaria.

Legitimacy (family law)
Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.

Conversely, illegitimacy, also known as bastardy, has been the status of a child born outside marriage, such a child being known as a bastard, a love child, a natural child, or illegitimate. In Scots law, the terms natural son and natural daughter carry the same implications.

The importance of legitimacy has decreased substantially in Western countries since the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the declining influence of Christian churches in family and social life.

A 2009 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicated that in 2007 a substantial proportion of births in Western countries occurred outside marriage.
Song Jia (actress, born 1962)
Song Jia (Chinese: 宋佳; pinyin: Sòng Jiā; born in 1962) is a Chinese actress. She is today also known colloquially as Da Song Jia (大宋佳, literally: "Song Jia the older", to distinguish from the younger actress of the same name. As a young actress she herself appeared on the cover of Dazhong Dianying in June 1990. She played Lady Zhao in the 2001 TV series Qin Shi Huang. She also played play Cao Hui (曹慧) in CCTV's Deng Xiaoping biopic.

Qin Shi Huang (2001 TV series)
Qin Shi Huang is a Chinese historical drama television series based on the life of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor who unified China under the Qin dynasty, in 221 BC. The series was filmed between 1999 and 2000 and first released in 2001 in Hong Kong and Thailand, and in 2002 in Singapore. In China, the series was edited and altered by historians and experts before it was approved for broadcast on CCTV-1, in 2001.
KOGO (AM)
KOGO (600 kHz) is a commercial radio station in San Diego, California. The station airs a news/talk radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. Its studios and offices are located in San Diego's Kearny Mesa neighborhood on the northeast side.

KOGO transmits with 9,000 watts during the day and 10,000 watts at night. The station uses a directional antenna with a two-tower array transmitter located off 60th Street at Old Memory Lane in the Emerald Hills neighborhood of San Diego. The signal pattern generally follows the Pacific Coast from Baja California, Mexico, to Santa Barbara. Because of its reach, KOGO is one of the primary Emergency Alert System (EAS) stations for the San Diego radio market.

Coast to Coast AM
Coast to Coast AM is an American late-night radio talk show that deals with a variety of topics. Most frequently, the topics relate to either the paranormal or conspiracy theories. It was hosted by creator Art Bell from its inception in 1988 until 2003; the program is currently hosted by George Noory. The program is distributed by Premiere Networks, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia, both as part of its talk network and separately as a syndicated program. The program now airs seven nights a week from 1:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. ET. It airs on over 600 affiliates, and has repeatedly been called the most popular overnight show in the country.
Guildhall Museum
Guildhall Museum can refer any of the Guild halls in England now used as museums, including

Boston Guildhall

Carlisle Guildhall

Leicester Guildhall

London Guildhall (museum from 1826 to 1974)

Looe Guildhall

Rochester Guildhall

Guildhall
A guildhall, also known as a guild hall or guild house, is a historical building originally used for tax collecting by municipalities or merchants in Europe, with many surviving today in Great Britain and the Low Countries. These buildings commonly become town halls and in some cases museums while retaining their original names.
Bruno Ellinger
Bruno Ellinger  (born 24 May 1973 in Rosenheim, Germany) is a former competitive ice dancer who represented Austria. Competing with partner Angelika Führing, he won three gold medals at the Austrian Figure Skating Championships from 1997 to 1999.

Rosenheim
Rosenheim (German pronunciation: [ˈʁoːzn̩ˌhaɪm] ⓘ) is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is an independent city located in the centre of the district of Rosenheim in Upper Bavaria, and is also the seat of its administration. It is located on the west bank of the Inn at the confluence of the rivers Inn and Mangfall, in the Bavarian Alpine Foreland. It is the third-largest city in Upper Bavaria with over 64,000 inhabitants. Rosenheim is the economic centre and the busiest place in the region.