hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
R v Canadian Dredge & Dock Co
R v Canadian Dredge & Dock Co is a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision on corporate liability where the Court adopted the English identification doctrine for liability, which states that culpability for acts and mental states of a corporation can be represented by employees and officers on the basis that they are the "directing mind" of the corporate entity.

Vicarious liability
Vicarious liability is a form of a  strict, secondary liability that arises under the common law doctrine of agency, respondeat superior, the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate or, in a broader sense, the responsibility of any third party that had the "right, ability, or duty to control" the activities of a violator. It can be distinguished from contributory liability, another form of secondary liability, which is rooted in the tort theory of enterprise liability because, unlike contributory infringement, knowledge is not an element of vicarious liability. The law has developed the view that some relationships by their nature require the person who engages others to accept responsibility for the wrongdoing of those others. The most important such relationship for practical purposes is that of employer and employee.
Chua Sian Chin
Chua Sian Chin DUNU (Chinese: 蔡善进; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chhòa Siān-chìn; pinyin: Cài Shànjìn; 26 November 1933 – 26 February 2014) was a Singaporean politician who held several ministerial portfolios of Health, Education and Home Affairs in the early era of Singapore. He was 34 years of age when appointed as Health Minister in 1968 which made him the youngest minister in Singapore.

Darjah Utama Nila Utama
The Darjah Utama Nila Utama (English: Order of Nila Utama) is Singapore's third most prestigious national honour, established in 1975. It is an Order conferred by the President of Singapore and was originally intended as the highest award for foreign dignitaries. Over time, it has been awarded predominantly to Singaporeans. The honour is named after the founder of the Kingdom of Singapura, Sang Nila Utama.

As of 1 August 2019, the Order comprises three grades:

the Order of Nila Utama (With High Distinction),

the Order of Nila Utama (With Distinction), and

the Order of Nila Utama.

Recipients of the honour are entitled to use the post-nominal letters DUNU.
Alex Descas
Alex Descas (born January 1, 1958) is a French actor known for his roles in films by Claire Denis and Jim Jarmusch. In France he is also known for his role as Schneider in the French TV series Un Flic.

He is a frequent collaborator of Claire Denis, appearing in more than half of her theatrical feature-length films, including No Fear, No Die, Nénette et Boni, I Can't Sleep, Trouble Every Day, The Intruder, 35 Shots of Rum and Bastards, as well as Ten Minutes Older: The Cello. He is of Antillean (Guadeloupean) descent.

Bastards (2013 film)
Bastards (French: Les Salauds) is a 2013 thriller film directed by Claire Denis. It stars Vincent Lindon and Chiara Mastroianni. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.
Sarki Auwalu
Sarki Auwalu (born 1965) is a Nigerian chemical engineer. He is the current director general of the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) who was appointed by the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

Director general
A director general, general director or director-general (plural: directors general, general directors, directors-general, director generals or director-generals) is a senior executive officer, often the chief executive officer, within a governmental, statutory, NGO, third sector or not-for-profit institution. The term is commonly used in many countries worldwide, but with various meanings.
2016 Generali Open Kitzbühel – Singles
Paolo Lorenzi won the title, defeating Nikoloz Basilashvili in the final, 6–3, 6–4. At the age of 34 years and seven months, Lorenzi became the oldest first-time champion in ATP history.

Philipp Kohlschreiber was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to Karen Khachanov.

Nikoloz Basilashvili
Nikoloz Basilashvili (Georgian: ნიკოლოზ ბასილაშვილი, romanized: nik'oloz basilashvili, pronounced [nikʼoloz basilaʃʷili]; born 23 February 1992) is a Georgian professional tennis player. He reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 16 on 27 May 2019 making him the highest ranked player from Georgia. Basilashvilli became the first Georgian to win an ATP title at the 2018 German Open. He is currently the No. 1 Georgian player.

In October 2018, Basilashvili won his second ATP 500 title at the China Open by defeating world No. 4 Juan Martín del Potro in the final. In 2019, Basilashvili completed his first title defense by winning the German Open for a second successive year.
Donald Valdez
Donald Valdez is an American farmer and politician who served as a member of the Colorado House of Representatives. He represented District 62, which covered portions of Alamosa, Conejos, Costilla, Huerfano, Mineral, Pueblo, Rio Grande, and Saguache counties.

Mineral County, Colorado
Mineral County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 865, making it the third-least populous county in Colorado, behind San Juan County and Hinsdale County. The county seat and only incorporated municipality in the county is Creede. The county was named for the many valuable minerals found in the mountains and streams of the area.
Lute concerto in D major (Vivaldi)
The Lute Concerto in D major, RV 93, is one of four works featuring the solo lute, 2 violins, and basso continuo written by Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi wrote the piece in 1730–1731, a period in which he wrote two of his other works featuring the lute: the trios for violin and lute in G minor and C major.

G minor
G minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B♭, C, D, E♭, and F. Its key signature has two flats. Its relative major is B-flat major and its parallel major is G major.

The G natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:
Kiyoshi Arai
Kiyoshi Arai is a former professional baseball player for Japan.   He initially played in the  California League for the Salinas Spurs  He later played for the Yakult Swallows in the Japan Central League.  He later played for Yokohama BayStars in the  Japan Central League and the Orix BlueWave in the Japan Pacific League.

Pacific League
The Pacific League (パシフィック・リーグ, Pashifikku Rīgu), or Pa League (パ・リーグ, Pa Rīgu), or the Persol Pacific League (パーソルパシフィック・リーグ, Pāsoruhōrudingusu Pa rīgu), due to sponsorship reasons, is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan. The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series. It currently consists of six teams from around Japan.
Limba language
The Limba language, Hulimba, is a Niger–Congo language of Sierra Leone and Guinea. It is not closely related to other languages and appears to form its own branch of the Atlantic–Congo family. Dialects include Tonko, Sela, Kamuke (or Ke), Wara-wara, Keleng, Biriwa, and Safroko. The eastern variety, spoken primarily in Guinea, is quite distinct. Limba has a system of noun classes, marked by an old, eroded set of prefixes augmented by a newer set of enclitics.

Noun class
In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of the characteristic features of its referent, such as gender, animacy, shape, but such designations are often clearly conventional. Some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", but others consider these different concepts. Noun classes should not be confused with noun classifiers.
1921 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1921 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1921 college football season. The Bulldogs finished with an  8–1 record under fourth-year head coach Tad Jones.  Yale outscored its opponents by a combined score of 202 to 31. Its sole loss came in the final game of the season, a 10–3 loss against Harvard at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Yale halfback Malcolm Aldrich was a consensus selection for the 1921 College Football All-America Team, receiving first-team honors from Walter Camp, Billy Evans, Walter Eckersall, Jack Veiock, Malcolm McLean, and Norman E. Brown.

1921 All-America college football team
The 1921 All-America college football team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose All-America college football teams in 1921. The only selector recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1921 season is Walter Camp, whose selections were published in Collier's Weekly.   Additional selectors who chose All-American teams in 1921 included: Football World magazine, based on collected opinions of 267 coaches; Walter Eckersall of the Chicago Tribune; Jack Veiock, sports editor of the International News Service; and Norman E. Brown of the Central Press Association.
Allium monticola
Allium monticola is an uncommon species of wild onion known by the common name San Bernardino Mountain onion. It is endemic to southern California, where it is found in the Transverse Ranges and the northernmost section of the Peninsular Ranges. It has been reported from San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties.

Allium monticola generally grows in rocky areas at elevations 1400–3200 m. This onion grows from a bulb one or two centimeters long which often has daughter bulbs attached to it on stalks. The waxy stem reaches a maximum height near 25 centimeters and the single leaf may be a bit longer. The inflorescence contains up to about 25 flowers, each with tepals nearly two centimeters long and white or light pink with darker pink tips. Pollen and anthers are yellow.

Peninsular Ranges
The Peninsular Ranges (also called the Lower California province) are a group of mountain ranges that stretch 930 mi (1,500 km) from Southern California to the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula; they are part of the North American Pacific Coast Ranges, which run along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Mexico. Elevations range from 500 to 10,834 ft (150 to 3,300 m).
Microsoft Enterprise Agreement
EA/SA (Enterprise Agreement/Software Assurance) is a volume licensing package offered by Microsoft. It primarily targets large organizations which have 500 or more personal computers. The minimum quantity was increased from 250 to 500 on 1 July 2016, but it remains at 250 for public sector customers. Other programs, including Open Value, Open License and Select License, are geared towards smaller organizations.

The Enterprise Agreement, whose price is tiered to the number of computers or users being licensed, is a three-year contract which covers all software licensing and updates for one client system. An option is given at contract termination to renew for one or three additional years.

Software products licensed under the contract include Windows 10, Microsoft Office and the core Client Access Licenses for Windows Server, Exchange, System Center and SharePoint, which allow the computer to legally access Microsoft servers over a network.

Volume licensing
In software licensing, volume licensing is the practice of using one license to authorize software on a large number of computers and/or for a large number of users. Customers of such licensing schemes are typically business, governmental or educational institutions, with prices for volume licensing varying depending on the type, quantity and applicable subscription-term. For example, Microsoft software available through volume-licensing programs includes Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office.

Traditionally, a volume licensing key (VLK), which could be supplied to all instances of the licensed computer program, was involved in volume licensing. With the popularity of the software as a service practices, volume licensing customers only supply their software with credentials belonging to an online user account instead, which is used for other aspects of services and provisioning.
Area code 913
Area code 913 is the telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan for northeastern Kansas. The numbering plan area (NPA) consists of a small ribbon of eight counties bordering Missouri, an area largely coextensive with the Kansas portion of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area.

Prior to July 20, 1997, numbering plan area 913 comprised all of northern Kansas from the Colorado state line to the Missouri state line, running along the entire border with Nebraska.

Shawnee, Kansas
Shawnee /ʃɔːˈniː/ shaw-NEE is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States.  It is the seventh-most populous municipality in the Kansas City metropolitan area.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 67,311.
Main Deewani
Main Deewani is a 2014 Pakistani television drama series that originally aired on Hum TV from 1 February 2014 to 31 May 2014. The 18-episode series was directed by Aabis Raza and written by Faiza Iftikhar. The series revolves around the strange ethics of a girl, who suffers from a rare mental disorder called Erotomania. The series stars Saniya Shamshad, Fahad Mirza, Nirvaan Nadeem and Rabab Hashim in pivot roles. At the annual 3rd Hum Awards, the series received two nominations, including Best Actor in an Impactful Character for Shamshad and Best Original Soundtrack for Fariha Pervez.

Fariha Pervez
Fariha Pervez (Punjabi: فریحہ پرویز‎) is a Pakistani pop singer-songwriter, and a music producer.

She is specially known for the rendition of various popular and famous ghazals (a form of romantic poem). She started her career anchoring and acting from a very young age on Pakistan Television. She also co-hosted a popular children's music program Aangan Aangan Taray. After the release of her debut album "Nice & Naughty", her song "Patang Baaz Sajna" (a.k.a. Bo Kata song) became an instant hit and from there, her musical career took off and she decided to focus solely on singing.
Leyland Atlantean
The Leyland Atlantean is a predominantly double-decker bus chassis manufactured by Leyland Motors between 1958 and 1986.
Only 17 Atlantean chassis were bodied as single deck from new.

It pioneered the design of rear-engined, front entrance double deck buses in the United Kingdom, allowing for the introduction of one man operation buses, dispensing with the need for a bus conductor.

Bus conductor
A bus conductor (also referred to as a conductor or clippie) is a person (other than the driver) responsible for collecting fares from bus passengers and issues tickets to passengers. Bus conductors may also be responsible for helping passengers to board, keeping the bus route on schedule, attracting potential passengers to the vehicle, and announcing bus stops.
Arkansas State Press
The Arkansas State Press was an African-American newspaper published from 1941 to 1959. Dubbed "Little Rock's leading African-American newspaper," its owners and editors were Daisy Bates and L. C. Bates. According to historians, the newspaper was "believed by many to be instrumental in bringing about the desegregation of the Little Rock public schools."

L. C. Bates
Lucius Christopher Bates (April 27, 1904 – August 22, 1980) was an African-American civil rights activist and the husband of Daisy Bates.

He founded the Arkansas State Press newspaper with his wife in 1941. He was an active member of the NAACP and was one of the plaintiffs in the Supreme Court case Cooper v. Aaron, which was filed by the NAACP so the decision made by the court in the Brown v. Board of Education case would be properly enforced.
Louis F. O'Keefe
Louis Francis O'Keefe (June 12, 1895 – July 10, 1965) was an American attorney and politician who was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and a city solicitor and city councilor in Peabody, Massachusetts.

Peabody, Massachusetts
Peabody (/ˈpiːbədi/) is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 54,481 at the time of the 2020 United States census. Peabody is located in the North Shore region of Massachusetts, and is known for its rich industrial history.
Botanique metro station
Botanique (French, pronounced [bɔtanik] ⓘ) or Kruidtuin (Dutch, pronounced [ˈkrœytœyn]) is a Brussels Metro station on the northern segment of lines 2 and 6. It is located under the Small Ring (Brussels' inner ring road) at the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat in the municipality of the Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, north of the City of Brussels, Belgium.

The station opened on 18 August 1974 as a premetro (underground tram) station. It became a heavy metro station, serving line 2, when this line was converted on 2 October 1988. Then, following the reorganisation of the Brussels Metro on 4 April 2009, it now lies on the joint section of lines 2 and 6.

The National Botanic Garden of Belgium, for which the area and station is named, was moved in the 1930s to the Flemish municipality of Meise, but the name Le Botanique and the building complex located nearby is still used as a concert venue and cultural centre.

Meise
Meise (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmɛisə]) is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in the Flemish region of Belgium. The municipality comprises the towns of Meise proper and Wolvertem (a deelgemeente), and several smaller villages like Sint-Brixius-Rode, Oppem, Meusegem, Impde/Imde, Rossem, Westrode and quarters as Bouchout, Nerom and Slozen. On January 1, 2006, Meise had a total population of 18,464. The total area is 34.82 km2 (13.44 sq mi), which gives a population density of 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi).
Sidney Dorsey
Sidney Dorsey (born February 23, 1940) is an American former law enforcement officer who served as the first African American sheriff of DeKalb County, Georgia from 1996 to 2000. After Dorsey lost a 2000 runoff election to challenger Derwin Brown, he arranged to have Brown murdered. Dorsey was sentenced to life in prison for the murder.

DeKalb County, Georgia
DeKalb County (/dəˈkæb/ də-KAB, /diːˈ-/ dee-) is located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 764,382, making it Georgia's fourth-most populous county. Its county seat is Decatur.

DeKalb County is a core county of the Atlanta metropolitan area. It contains roughly 10% of the city of Atlanta (the other 90% lies in Fulton County). Stonecrest is the largest city that is entirely within the county. DeKalb is primarily a suburban county.

In recent years, some communities in North DeKalb have incorporated, following a trend in other suburban areas around Metro Atlanta. Stonecrest, Dunwoody and Brookhaven are now the largest cities that are entirely contained within the county.
Heavy (Anne-Marie song)
"Heavy" is a song recorded by English singer Anne-Marie. It was released on 22 September 2017 as the third single from her debut studio album, Speak Your Mind (2018). A lyric video was released the same day.

The Invisible Men
The Invisible Men is a song writing and music production trio consisting of Jason Pebworth, George Astasio and (former member) Jon Shave. Songs written by The Invisible Men have so far achieved over 7 billion Spotify streams, 30 million record sales worldwide and the duo has frequently ranked among Music Week's Top Songwriters. The duo's song writing and production catalogue includes Becky Hill & Sigala's Heaven On My Mind, Sigala's Say You Do, Just Got Paid, DJ Fresh's "Hot Right Now" (featuring Rita Ora), "Dibby Dibby Sound" (featuring Ms Dynamite), Conor Maynard's  "Can't Say No" and "Vegas Girl", Jessie J's hits "Do It Like A Dude", "LaserLight" (feat. David Guetta), "Who's Laughing Now?" and the Noisettes' "Don't Upset The Rhythm" and "Never Forget You".
Intersection (1994 film)
Intersection is a 1994 romantic drama film, directed by Mark Rydell and starring Richard Gere, Sharon Stone, Lolita Davidovich and Martin Landau. It's a remake of the French film Les choses de la vie (1970) by Claude Sautet, the story — both filmed and set in Vancouver, British Columbia — concerns an architect (played by Gere) who, as his classic Mercedes 280SL roadster hurtles into a collision at an intersection, flashes through key moments in his life, including his marriage to a beautiful but chilly heiress (Stone) and his subsequent affair with a travel writer (Davidovich).

Affair
An affair is a relationship typically between two people, one or both of whom are either married or in a long-term monogamous or emotionally-exclusive relationship with someone else. The affair can be solely sexual, solely physical, solely emotional, or a combination of these.

The relationship is commonly concealed and is generally understood to violate the exclusivity expectations of the primary partnership. The partner outside the primary relationship in an affair is sometimes called a "paramour". Affairs are often emotionally lopsided in that paramour will be the only one to heavily invest themselves into the affair.

A fling usually refers to a brief or casual romantic/sexual involvement, whereas an affair is more often ongoing.
Little Waldingfield
Little Waldingfield is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, England. Located two miles from its sister village, Great Waldingfield, it is part of the Babergh district, and includes the hamlet of Humble Green. In 2021 its population was 364.

Around half the village is a designated conservation area, and the parish also contains part of the Milden Thicks SSSI and two of the sources of the River Box.

Robert Branford, thought to be the first black Metropolitan Police officer, died in 1869 and is buried in the parish churchyard.

Robert Branford (police officer)
Robert Brandford (1 September 1817 – 14 August 1869) was a police officer in the Metropolitan Police in the 19th century. He is reputed to be the first black police officer in London.

Little is known about Brandford, and no photographs of him exist. He joined the Metropolitan Police on 24 September 1838, and was posted to Stone's End Police Station, near Borough High Street. He was promoted to Sergeant in 1846, and then inspector in 1851. By 1856 he was recorded as Superintendent of M Division, covering what is now Southwark. Branford was also commended for his performance by a magistrate at Southwark Court.

He was described, in the 1893 book "Scotland Yard, Past and Present", as “Not an educated man: but what to my idea was of much greater importance, he possessed a thorough knowledge of police matters in general. I should say he was about the only half-caste superintendent officer the Met ever had.”
Miyamura Station
Miyamura Station (宮村駅, Miyamura-eki) is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Miyazu, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Willer Trains (Kyoto Tango Railway).

Kyoto Tango Railway
The Kyoto Tango Railway (京都丹後鉄道, Kyōto Tango Tetsudō), or Tantetsu (丹鉄), is a railway system in Kyoto Prefecture and Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan operated by Willer Trains Inc. headquartered in Miyazu, Kyoto.
Wildlife of Algeria
The wildlife of Algeria is composed of its flora and fauna. Mountains, chotts, wetlands, and grassy desert-like regions all support a wide range of wildlife. The most commonly seen animals include the wild boars, jackals, and gazelles, although it is not uncommon to spot fennecs and jerboas. Leopards and cheetahs are seldom seen.

A variety of bird species make the country an attraction for bird watchers. Barbary macaques are the sole native monkey.

Jerboa
Jerboas (/dʒɜːrˈboʊə/ ⓘ) are the members of the family Dipodidae. They are hopping desert rodents found throughout North Africa and Asia. They tend to live in hot deserts.

When chased, jerboas can run at up to 24 km/h (15 mph). Some species are preyed on by little owls (Athene noctua) in central Asia. Most species of jerboas have excellent hearing that they use to avoid becoming the prey of nocturnal predators. The typical lifespan of a jerboa is around 2–3 years.