hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Roald Hoffmann
Roald Hoffmann (born Roald Safran; July 18, 1937) is a Polish-American theoretical chemist who shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Kenichi Fukui “for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions”. He has also published plays, poetry and popular science. He is the Frank H. T. Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters Emeritus at Cornell University.

Popular science
Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages.

It may be written by scientists themselves or by professional journalists. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad ranging.
Matt McCarty (American football)
Matt McCarty (born c. 1980) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Northwestern College, a position he has held since 2016. McCarty led the Northwestern Red Raiders to the NAIA Football National Championship title in 2022.

McCarty played college football as a defensive back at Northwestern from 2000 to 2003.

NAIA football national championship
The NAIA football national championship is decided by a postseason playoff system featuring the best National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) college football teams in the United States.  Under sponsorship of the NAIA, the championship game has been played annually since 1956.
2000 United States Virgin Islands Senate referendum
A referendum on the reduction of the Senate was held in the United States Virgin Islands on 7 November 2000. Voters were first asked if they wanted to reduce the size of the Senate from its current membership of 15. They were then asked the reduced size of Senate that they preferred – either nine or eleven seats. While a reduction was overwhelmingly approved and voters chose a reduction to nine seats, the referendum was non-binding and was not implemented.

Legislature of the Virgin Islands
The Legislature of the United States Virgin Islands is the territorial legislature of the United States Virgin Islands. The legislative branch of the unincorporated U.S. territory is unicameral, with a single house consisting of 15 senators, elected to two-year terms without term limits. The legislature meets in Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas.
Harris H. Chute
Harris Harding Chute (c. 1823 – 31 March 1892) was a general merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Annapolis County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1890 to 1892 as a Liberal member. Chute died in Halifax at the age of 69.

He was born in Bear River, Nova Scotia and was educated there. In 1848, he married Elizabeth Rice. Chute served as a member of the municipal council and was warden of Annapolis County.

Nova Scotia Liberal Party
The Nova Scotia Liberal Party (officially the Liberal Association of Nova Scotia) is a centrist provincial political party in Nova Scotia, Canada and the provincial section of the Liberal Party of Canada. The party currently holds two seats in the Legislature, under the interim leadership of Iain Rankin. The party was in power most recently from the 2013 election until the 2021 election.

The party is the only party in the province with uninterrupted presence in the legislature since confederation. It has formed the Government of Nova Scotia for 90 of the approximately 160 years since it became a province of Canada. It won 25 of the province's 42 elections, but was supplanted by the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party as the official opposition for three consecutive elections in 1999, 2003 and 2006, and again in the most recent election in 2024.
Sir Philip Boteler, 3rd Baronet
Sir Philip Boteler, 3rd Baronet (c. 1667–1719), of Berham Court, Teston, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament (MP).

He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Hythe 1690–1708. He was Mayor of Hythe 1698–1699. He was one of the Boteler baronets.

Teston
Teston /ˈtiːstən/ ⓘ  or /ˈtiːsən/ ⓘ  is a is a village and civil parish in the Maidstone District of Kent, England. It is located on the A26 road out of Maidstone, four miles (6.4 km) from Maidstone town centre. There is a narrow stone bridge over the River Medway here.
Australian Army Medical Women's Service
The Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS) was an armed services organisation which existed from 1942 until 1951.

Growing out of the St John Ambulance Voluntary Aid Detachments, it was formed in December 1942 and its members served as nurses in military hospitals in the Middle East, Australia and, with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force, in Japan. In 1951, the AAMWS was merged into the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps.

Voluntary Aid Detachment
The Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) was a voluntary unit of civilians providing nursing care for military personnel in the United Kingdom and various other countries in the British Empire. The most important periods of operation for these units were during World War I and World War II. Although VADs were intimately bound up in the war effort, they were not military nurses, as they were not under the control of the military, unlike the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, the Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service, and the Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service. The VAD nurses worked in field hospitals, i.e., close to the battlefield, and in longer-term places of recuperation back in Britain.
Effiong Okon Eyo
Effiong Okon Eyo (1918–1983) was a Nigerian politician who was a former Deputy Speaker of the House of Assembly, Eastern region of Nigeria. Eyo was originally a member of NCNC but after a fallout with party leader, Azikiwe, he joined the opposition. Thereafter, he was involved in a petition to probe of the affairs of African Continental Bank and the bank's relationship with the regional government in 1956.

National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) (later changed to the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens), was a Nigerian nationalist political party from 1944 to 1966, during the period leading up to independence and immediately following independence.
Nikolayevka, Nikolayevsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Nikolayevka (Russian: Николаевка) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Nikolayevsky District of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia. Population:  6,389 (2010 Census); 6,476 (2002 Census); 6,434 (1989 Soviet census).

Ulyanovsk Oblast
Ulyanovsk Oblast (Russian: Ульяновская область, romanized: Ulyanovskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It is located in the Volga Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Ulyanovsk. It has a population of 1,292,799 (2010 Census).

The area of Ulyanovsk Oblast corresponds to the former Simbirsk Governorate which formerly existed as an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire, replacing the Simbirsk Viceroyalty from 1796 and later, Bolshevik Russia. The governorate was renamed to Ulyanovsk Governorate, in honor of Vladimir Lenin (born Ulyanov), for whom he was born in Simbirsk after his death in 1924. In 1928, Ulyanovsk became an okrug and the present day Ulyanovsk Oblast was formed in 1943 merging some parts of Kuybyshev and Penza Oblasts.
Frank Lowy
Sir Frank P. Lowy AC (/ˈloʊi/ LOH-ee; born 22 October 1930) is an Australian and Israeli businessman and the former long-time chairman of Westfield Corporation, a global shopping centre company with US$29.3 billion of assets under management in the United States, United Kingdom and Europe. In June 2018 Westfield Corporation was acquired by French company Unibail-Rodamco.

Lowy was the inaugural chairman of Scentre Group, the owner and manager of Westfield-branded shopping centres in Australia and New Zealand.

Lowy is the founder of the Lowy Institute, Australia's leading foreign affairs think tank, which has alternatively been described as "neoliberal", "centre-right" leaning or "reactionary". Lowy is also chairman of the Institute for National Security Studies, an independent think tank that studies key issues relating to Israel's national security and Middle East affairs.

Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)
The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) is an independent think tank affiliated with Tel Aviv University in Israel that conducts research and analysis of national security matters such as military and strategic affairs, terrorism and low intensity conflict, military balance in the Middle East, and cyber warfare.

It is considered Israel's leading security think tank.
Kratos MS 50
The Kratos MS 50, or EI 50, is a tool for electron ionization (EI). The EI 50, used for relatively small molecules (as opposed to methods like MALDI), ionizes molecules via electron ionization (normally under 70 electronvolt conditions) and then accelerates them through an electric potential. The spectroscopy is done by analyzing the different displacements by a magnet.  For equal charge, these displacements depend only on velocity, thus for the EI 50's constant kinetic energy conditions, these displacements are uniquely determined by a particle's mass.

Velocity
Velocity is a measurement of speed in a certain direction of motion. It is a fundamental concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of physical objects. Velocity is a vector quantity, meaning that both magnitude and direction are needed to define it (velocity vector). The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is called speed, a quantity that is measured in metres per second (m/s or m⋅s−1) in the SI (metric) system. For example, "5 metres per second" is a scalar, whereas "5 metres per second east" is a vector. If there is a change in speed, direction or both, then the object is said to be undergoing an acceleration.
Douglas, Taranaki
Douglas is a lowly populated locality and a rural centre in east Taranaki, surrounded by dairy, sheep and beef pastoral farming. It is situated 18 km east of Stratford at the intersection of East Road, Ohura Road, Douglas Road South and Bredow Road. East Road and Ohura Road meet to form State Highway 43, linking Stratford to the King Country town of Taumarunui. The Stratford–Okahukura Line, a secondary railway line, runs through Douglas where it veers north-east and away from the state highway for approximately 20 km.

Ōhura
Ōhura is a small town in the west of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located to the west of Taumarunui in the area known as the King Country, in inland Manawatū-Whanganui. It lies on the banks of the Mangaroa Stream, a tributary of the Ōhura River which is a tributary of the Whanganui River.
2018 Wyoming gubernatorial election
The 2018 Wyoming gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 2018, to elect the governor of Wyoming. Incumbent Republican governor Matt Mead was term-limited and could not seek a third consecutive term. Republican nominee Mark Gordon defeated Democratic nominee Mary Throne by nearly 40 percentage points.

This was the only time since 1978 that a candidate from the president's party was elected governor of Wyoming.

Wyoming House of Representatives
The Wyoming House of Representatives is the lower house of the Wyoming State Legislature. There are 62 Representatives in the House, representing an equal number of single-member constituent districts across the state, each with a population of at least 9,000. The House convenes at the Wyoming State Capitol in Cheyenne.

Members of the House serve two year terms without term limits. Term limits were declared unconstitutional by the Wyoming Supreme Court in 2004, overturning a decade-old law that had restricted Representatives to six terms (twelve years).

The current Speaker of the House is Chip Neiman.
Josefina, Zamboanga del Sur
Josefina, officially the Municipality of Josefina (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Josefina; Subanen: Benwa Josefina; Chavacano: Municipalidad de Josefina; Tagalog: Bayan ng Josefina), is a municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 12,205 people, making it the least populated municipality in the province.

Poblacion
Poblacion (from Spanish población, meaning "population"), sometimes abbreviated as Pob., is a term used in the Philippines to refer to the administrative center, downtown, old town, or commercial area of a city or municipality. It may consist of a single barangay or multiple barangays. Colloquially, the poblacion area is also referred to as the bayan (see also other definitions of bayan), plaza, or centro.
Signal Mountain Wilderness
Signal Mountain Wilderness is a protected wilderness area centered around its namesake Signal Mountain, rising 1,200 feet (370 m) to a summit at 2,057 feet (627 m) in the Gila Bend Mountains in the U.S. state of Arizona. Established in 1990 under the Arizona Desert Wilderness Act, the area is managed by the Bureau of Land Management. The desert wilderness is made up of steep canyons, winding arroyos, and volcanic peaks within a Sonoran Desert ecosystem.

Adjacent to the Woolsey Peak Wilderness to the southeast, divided by a rugged jeep road, the area contains typical Sonoran flora: palo verde, creosote bush, saguaro cactus, and bursage. There is an abundance of wildlife including mule deer, desert bighorn sheep, and javelina as well as bobcats and mountain lions.

Larrea tridentata
Larrea tridentata, also called creosote bush, greasewood, and chaparral is a medicinal herb. In Sonora, it is more commonly called hediondilla; Spanish hediondo = "smelly". It is a flowering plant in the family Zygophyllaceae. The specific name tridentata refers to its three-toothed leaves.
Shahriyar of Derbent
Shahriyar was an Iranian aristocrat, who served as the commander of Kutha, an ancient city close to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon.

Born in Derbent to a dehqan family, Shahriyar is first mentioned during the Arab invasion of Iran, where in 637 he was appointed as the commander of Kutha by the two military officers Mihran Razi and Nakhiragan. The two military officers then went to Ctesiphon, while Shahriyar stayed in Kutha.

The Arabs soon arrived to Kutha, and when they reached there, Shahriyar said the following thing to them; "Let any man or rider from among you big and strong enough come forward to me in order that i may teach him a lesson." The Arab general Zuhra ibn al-Hawiyya then insulted Shahriyar, which made him attack the Arab army; however, Shahriyar was eventually defeated and killed during the clash.

Kutha
Kutha, Cuthah, Cuth or Cutha (Arabic: كُوثَا, Sumerian: Gû.du8.aki, Akkadian: Kûtu), modern Tell Ibrahim (also  Tell Habl Ibrahlm) (Arabic: تَلّ إِبْرَاهِيم), is an archaeological site in Babil Governorate, Iraq. The site of Tell Uqair (possibly ancient Urum) is just to the north. The city was occupied from the Akkadian period until the Hellenistic period. The city-god of Kutha was Meslamtaea, related to Nergal, and his temple there was named E-Meslam.
Meltwater
Meltwater (or melt water) is water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. Meltwater is often found during early spring when snow packs and frozen rivers melt with rising temperatures, and in the ablation zone of glaciers where the rate of snow cover is reducing. Meltwater can be produced during volcanic eruptions, in a similar way in which the more dangerous lahars form. It can also be produced by the heat generated by the flow itself.

When meltwater pools on the surface rather than flowing, it forms melt ponds. As the weather gets colder, meltwater will often re-freeze. Meltwater can also collect or melt under the ice's surface. These pools of water, known as subglacial lakes, can form due to geothermal heat and friction. Melt ponds may also form above and below Arctic sea ice, decreasing its albedo and causing the formation of thin underwater ice layers or false bottoms.

Melting
Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat or pressure, which increases the substance's temperature to the melting point. At the melting point, the ordering of ions or molecules in the solid breaks down to a less ordered state, and the solid melts to become a liquid.

Substances in the molten state generally have reduced viscosity as the temperature increases. An exception to this principle is elemental sulfur, whose viscosity increases in the range of 130 °C to 190 °C due to polymerization.

Some organic compounds melt through mesophases, states of partial order between solid and liquid.
Yesterday's Hero
Yesterday's Hero is a 1979 British drama film directed by Neil Leifer and starring Ian McShane, Adam Faith, Paul Nicholas and Suzanne Somers.  It also features Glynis Barber and Emma Samms in early performances and Cary Elwes in his film debut. The screenplay was by novelist Jackie Collins, but was an original work and not based on one of her books.

Neil Leifer
Neil Leifer (born December 28, 1942) is an American sports photographer and filmmaker known mainly for his work with Sports Illustrated and Time. His photograph of Muhammad Ali standing over Sonny Liston, taken on May 25, 1965, in Lewiston, Maine, "is considered by many to be the greatest sports photo of all time."
Subsonic aircraft
A subsonic aircraft is an aircraft with a maximum speed less than the speed of sound (Mach 1). The term technically describes an aircraft that flies below its critical Mach number, typically around Mach 0.8. All current civil aircraft, including airliners, helicopters, future passenger drones, personal air vehicles and airships, as well as many military types, are subsonic.

Passenger drone
A passenger drone is an autonomous aircraft that is designed to carry a small number of passengers to a destination.

In 2021, Ehang, a technology company based in Guangzhou, China, developed the Ehang 184, the world's first passenger drone.
Bosporos Planum
Bosporos Planum is a high plateau (planum) located in the Thaumasia quadrangle in the Southern Hemisphere of Mars. It is about 730 km long  stretching from southwest to northeast. Previously named Erythraeum Planum, it was renamed to its current name in 1979. Its name derives from one of the classical albedo features observed by early astronomers, named after the Bosphorus Strait.

Classical albedo features on Mars
The classical albedo features of Mars are the light and dark features that can be seen on the planet Mars through an Earth-based telescope. Before the age of space probes, several astronomers created maps of Mars on which they gave names to the features they could see. The most popular system of nomenclature was devised by Giovanni Schiaparelli, who used names from classical antiquity. Today, the improved understanding of Mars enabled by space probes has rendered many of the classical names obsolete for the purposes of cartography; however, some of the old names are still used to describe geographical features on the planet.
John Barr (American poet)
John William Barr (born January 28, 1943) is an American poet and businessman who has written ten books of poetry. His poems have appeared in the New York Times, Poetry, and Flaunt Magazine among many periodicals, and in anthologies published by Bloodaxe Books, National Geographic, and the Anthology of Magazine Verse & Yearbook of American Poetry.

He was the inaugural President of the Poetry Foundation in Chicago, where he worked with the board to develop the Foundation's strategic plan and to build a permanent home for Poetry magazine, the first in its 100-year history. He taught in the graduate writing program of Sarah Lawrence College, was the president of the Poetry Society of America, and served on the boards the Poetry Society of America, Yaddo, and Bennington College.

In addition to his work with the Poetry Foundation, Barr spent 30 years on Wall Street as a Managing Director at Morgan Stanley and founder of three startups.

Bennington College
Bennington College is a private liberal arts college in Bennington, Vermont, United States. Founded as a women’s college in 1932, it became co-educational in 1969. It is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.
Ben O'Keeffe
Benjamin Dennis O'Keeffe (born 3 January 1989) is a rugby union referee from New Zealand. He currently referees at domestic, Super Rugby and test match level and holds the record for most first-class games, Super Rugby and test matches officiated by a New Zealand referee.

Test match (rugby union)
A test match in rugby union is an international match, usually played between two senior national teams, that is recognised as such by at least one of the teams' national governing bodies.

Some teams do not represent a single country but their international games are still considered test matches (for example the British and Irish Lions). Likewise some countries award caps for games between their full national teams and some invitation teams such as the Barbarians.
Ian Cook (psychiatrist)
Ian Ainsworth Cook (born May 1, 1960) is an American psychiatrist. He is an associate professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles's David Geffen School of Medicine. He is also a research scientist at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and the Brain Research Institute at UCLA. He serves as director of the UCLA Depression Research Program and associate director of the UCLA Laboratory of Brain, Behavior, and Pharmacology. Cook holds the Joanne and George Miller & Family Chair in Depression Research.

Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior is a research institute of the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). It includes a number of centers, including the "Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics", which uses DNA sequencing, gene expression studies, bioinformatics, and the genetic manipulation of model organisms to understand brain and behavioral phenotypes.
Ministry of Education and Skills Development (Bhutan)
The Ministry of Education and Skills Development (MoESD) (Dzongkha: ཤེས་རིག་དང་རིག་རྩལ་གོང་འཕེལ་ལྷན་ཁག།; Wylie: shes rig dang rig rtsal gong 'phel lhan khag) is a governmental body under the Royal Government of Bhutan, responsible for formulating and implementing educational policies across the country.  As of 2024, the ministry controls 566 schools.

Politics of Bhutan
The politics of Bhutan historically took place under an absolute monarchy, but has since 2008 been characterized as a constitutional monarchy. The King of Bhutan is the head of state. The executive power is exercised by the Lhengye Zhungtshog, or council of ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral Parliament, both the upper house, National Council, and the lower house, National Assembly.

Historically, Bhutan was governed as an absolute monarchy. Democratization occurred with the 2007–2008 Bhutanese National Council election.  A royal edict issued on April 22, 2007 lifted the previous ban on political parties in anticipation of the National Assembly elections in the following year. In 2008, Bhutan adopted its first modern Constitution, codifying the institutions of government and the legal framework for a democratic multi-party system.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Bhutan a "hybrid regime" in 2023.