hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Relationships among probability distributions
In probability theory and statistics, there are several relationships among probability distributions. These relations can be categorized in the following groups:

One distribution is a special case of another with a broader parameter space

Transforms (function of a random variable);

Combinations (function of several variables);

Approximation (limit) relationships;

Compound relationships (useful for Bayesian inference);

Duality;

Conjugate priors.

Compound probability distribution
In probability and statistics, a compound probability distribution (also known as a mixture distribution or contagious distribution) is the probability distribution that results from assuming that a random variable is distributed according to some parametrized distribution, with (some of) the parameters of that distribution themselves being random variables.
If the parameter is a scale parameter, the resulting mixture is also called a scale mixture.

The compound distribution ("unconditional distribution") is the result of marginalizing (integrating) over the latent random variable(s) representing the parameter(s) of the parametrized distribution ("conditional distribution").
Okeover, Staffordshire
Okeover is a civil parish in the East Staffordshire district, in the county of Staffordshire, England. It has a small population and no central village. It lies close to the Derbyshire border.

The parish includes Okeover Hall a Grade II* listed country house that is not open to the public.

East Staffordshire
East Staffordshire is a local government district with borough status in Staffordshire, England. The council is based in Burton upon Trent. The borough also contains the town of Uttoxeter and numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

The neighbouring districts are Lichfield, Stafford, Staffordshire Moorlands, Derbyshire Dales and South Derbyshire.
1990 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1990 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1990. Incumbent Republican governor Tommy Thompson won the election with 58% of the vote, winning a second term as Governor of Wisconsin. The primary elections were held on September 11, 1990.

As of 2022, this is the most recent Wisconsin gubernatorial election in which a Republican candidate won at the same time the party held the presidency. Neither party would pull off such a feat again until 2022, when Democratic governor Tony Evers won re-election during the presidency of fellow Democrat Joe Biden.

Iron County, Wisconsin
Iron County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,137, making it the third-least populous county in Wisconsin. Its county seat is Hurley. It was named for the valuable iron ore found within its borders. The county overlaps with small parts of the Bad River and Lac du Flambeau Indian reservations. The county is considered a high-recreation retirement destination by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Beeliar Regional Park
Beeliar Regional Park is a conservation park approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south of the Perth central business district, Western Australia, located within the cities of Cockburn, Kwinana and Melville. The regional park is named after the indigenous Beeliar people of the area.

In Western Australia, regional parks consist of areas of land that have been identified as having outstanding conservation, landscape and recreation values. The park contains remnants of the Beeliar Wetlands, part of the once widespread Swan Coastal Plain.

Beeliar is one of eleven regional parks in the Perth region of Western Australia. The purpose of these regional parks is to serve as urban havens to preserve and restore cultural heritage and valuable ecosystems as well as to encourage sustainable nature-based recreation activities.

City of Kwinana
The City of Kwinana is a local government area of Western Australia. It covers an area of approximately 118 square kilometres in metropolitan Perth, and lies about 38 km south of the Perth central business district, via the Kwinana Freeway. Kwinana maintains 287 km of roads and had a population of 45,867 at the 2021 Census.
Outdoor Media Association
The Outdoor Media Association (OMA) is the national industry body that represents most of Australia's Out-of-Home (OOH) media display companies and production facilities, as well as some media display asset owners. It was first incorporated in 1939.

Ad Standards
Ad Standards manages the complaint resolution process of the advertising self-regulation system in Australia.

It functions as secretariat for the Ad Standards Community Panel and the Ad Standards Industry Jury – the two independent bodies were established to determine consumer and competitive complaints against the advertising self-regulatory Codes.

The advertising self-regulation system is funded by a levy on advertising in Australia.
Manipur Premier League
The Manipur Premier League is the highest state-level men's football league in Manipur, India. The first season was started in 2023, organised by the All Manipur Football Association. While the highest state league until the 2022–23 season, Manipur State League is still held, the champions of Manipur Premier League was given the spot for promotion to I-League 3.

All Manipur Football Association
The All Manipur Football Association (AMFA) is the state governing body of football in Manipur. It is affiliated with the All India Football Federation, the national governing body. It sends state teams for Santosh Trophy and Rajmata Jijabai Trophy. The AMFA's Manipur State League is the highest football level tournament in Manipur.
Ana Laura Cordeiro
Ana Laura Cordeiro  is a Brazilian submission grappler, 3rd-degree black belt Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) practitioner and coach.

A multiple-time IBJJF World (Gi and No-Gi) and IBJJF Pan champion in the lower belts divisions, Cordeiro is a three-time black belt World champion, two-time No-Gi World champion, two-time Pan Champion and ADCC Submission Fighting World Champion. Famously undefeated at one time with a record of 65–0, Cordeiro has been described as: "one of the greatest female grapplers to have graced the sport", and "one of the most accomplished women in Jiu-Jitsu history".

Carlos Gracie Jr.
Carlos "Carlinhos" Gracie Jr. (born January 17, 1956) is a Brazilian 8th-degree coral belt Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) practitioner, instructor, and coach. A member of the Gracie family, he is the son of Carlos Gracie, one of the founders of Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
Dutch occupation of Tiruchendur
The Murugan temple at Tiruchendur was occupied by the Dutch East India Company between the years 1646 to 1648, during the course of their war with the Portuguese. The local people tried during these 2 years to try and free their temple, with several futile attempts. The Dutch finally vacated the temple on orders from the Naik ruler. However, while vacating the temple, they hacked away and removed the idol of the main deity of the temple, and took it back to Galle, Dutch Ceylon. The idols was returned after many negotiations with the Madurai Nayakar.

Tirumala Nayaka
Tirumala Nayaka (reigned 1623 – 16 February 1659) was the ruler of Madurai Nayak Dynasty from 1623 and 1659. His contributions are found in the many splendid buildings and temples of Madurai. He belongs to Balija caste. His kingdom was under constant threat from the armies of Bijapur Sultanate and the other neighbouring Muslim kingdoms, which he managed to repulse successfully. His territories comprised much of the old Pandya territories which included Coimbatore, Tirunelveli, Madurai districts, Aragalur in southern Tamil Nadu and some territories of the Travancore kingdom.

Tirumala Nayaka was a great patron of art and architecture and the Dravidian architecture evolved into the Madurai style. He rebuilt and renovated a number of old temples of the Pandya period. His palace, known as the Tirumala Nayaka Palace, is a notable architectural masterpiece.
Lucas Cranach the Younger
Lucas Cranach the Younger (German: Lucas Cranach der Jüngere, IPA: [ˈluːkas ˈkʁaːnax deːɐ̯ ˈjʏŋəʁə]; 4 October 1515 – 25 January 1586) was a German Renaissance painter and portraitist, the son of Lucas Cranach the Elder and brother of Hans Cranach.

John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
John Frederick I (German: Johann Friedrich I. von Sachsen; called the Magnanimous der Großmütige; 30 June 1503 – 3 March 1554) was the Elector of Saxony (1532–1547) until he was deprived of this title in the Capitulation of Wittenberg by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. He was leading the Schmalkaldic League, a military alliance of Lutheran principalities.
Sinem Vatan Güney
Sinem Vatan Güney (née Sinem Vatan; 26 November 1996) is a Turkish women's handballer, who plays as  left back in the Turkish Women's Handball Super League for Üsküdar Bld. and the Turkey national team.

Handball at the 2025 Islamic Solidarity Games
Handball at the 2025 Islamic Solidarity Games was held at the Green Hall in the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee Complex, Riyadh, from 13 to 21 November 2025. In this event, a total of eight teams are set to participate in both the men's and women's competitions.
2013 U.S. National Gymnastics Championships
The 2013 P&G U.S. National Gymnastics Championships was the 50th edition of the U.S. National Gymnastics Championships. The competition was held from August 15–18, 2013 at the XL Center in Hartford, Connecticut.

USA Gymnastics National Championships
The USA Gymnastics National Championships is the annual artistic gymnastics national competition held in the United States for elite-level competition. It is currently organized by USA Gymnastics, the governing body for gymnastics in the United States. The national championships have been held since 1963.
History of herbalism
The history of herbalism is closely tied with the history of medicine from prehistoric times up until the development of the germ theory of disease in the 19th century. Modern medicine from the 19th century to today has been based on evidence gathered using the scientific method. Evidence-based use of pharmaceutical drugs, often derived from medicinal plants, has largely replaced herbal treatments in modern health care. However, many people continue to employ various forms of traditional or alternative medicine. These systems often have a significant herbal component. The history of herbalism also overlaps with food history, as many of the herbs and spices historically used by humans to season food yield useful medicinal compounds, and use of spices with antimicrobial activity in cooking is part of an ancient response to the threat of food-borne pathogens.

Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides (Ancient Greek: Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης, Pedánios Dioskourídēs; c. 40–90 AD),  "the father of pharmacognosy", was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of De materia medica (in the original Ancient Greek: Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hulēs iatrikēs, both meaning "On Medical Material"), a 5-volume Greek encyclopedic pharmacopeia on herbal medicine and related medicinal substances, that was widely read for more than 1,500 years. For almost two millennia Dioscorides was regarded as the most prominent writer on plants and plant drugs.
Barbara Manfredi
Barbara Manfredi (1444–1466) was the wife of Pino III Ordelaffi, lord of Forlì (Italy).

She was born in Faenza, current Emilia-Romagna, to Astorre II Manfredi, seignior of that city. At the age seven she was bethrothed to the powerful Pino III Ordelaffi, who married her in 1462.

The following year Pino became ill. His brother Francesco (Cecco) was suspected of poisoning him, but the Forlivese lord survived. Cecco was in the end assassinated, and Pino could be the sole lord of the city, maintaining that position thanks the support of Venice.

However, when Barbara suddenly died, Pino was accused by Astorre of poisoning her. The magnificent sepulchre that her husband commissioned her (now in the Abbey of San Mercuriale in Forlì) was seen as a proof of his guilty conscience. It was the first tomb in Romagna designed on Renaissance principles.

Pino would also be accused of later poisoning his second wife Zaffira Manfredi.

Astorre II Manfredi
Astorre II Manfredi (8 December 1412 – 12 March 1468) was lord of Imola from 1439 and of Faenza from 1443.

He was born in Faenza, the son of Gian Galeazzo I Manfredi. Apart Faenza and Imola, he was Papal vicar at Fusignano and other lands in Romagna together with his brother Gian Galeazzo II. He also fought as captain for several local rulers.

In 1431 he married Giovanna da Barbiano, daughter of the famous condottiero Alberico da Barbiano. His sons Carlo and Galeotto were both lords of Faenza after Astorre's death.
Emu River (Tasmania)
The Emu River is a perennial river for most of its length, located in the north-western region of Tasmania, Australia. It was named by Henry Hellyer, an early explorer who saw emu tracks in the vicinity.

North West Tasmania
North West Tasmania is one of the regions of Tasmania in Australia. The region comprises the whole of the north west, including the North West Coast  and the northern reaches of the West Coast.  It is usually accepted as extending as far south as the Pieman River and including the Savage River National Park within the Tarkine region.

The region is characterised by its rugged beauty, from coastlines to agricultural lands. It is a key gateway for the MS Spirit of Tasmania II ferry, which docks at Devonport.
Pavesi P4
The Pavesi P4 was a tractor, sometimes used as an artillery tractor, produced in Italy in 1918 by Ugo Pavesi. It was the first 4-wheel drive tractor developed in Italy, as well as Italy's first articulated tractor.

Artillery tractor
An artillery tractor, also referred to as a gun tractor, is a specialized heavy-duty form of tractor unit used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights and calibres.  It may be wheeled, tracked, or half-tracked.
Tim Dedopulos
Tim Dedopulos is a British-born writer, game designer and editor of mixed English and Greek heritage. His published material covers a wide range of areas—novels, short-stories, game supplements/strategy guides, direct mail self-help booklets, light popular culture books, and more serious non-fiction works on a variety of subjects.

Unknown Armies
Unknown Armies is an occult-themed roleplaying game by John Scott Tynes and Greg Stolze, published by Atlas Games. The first edition was published in 1998, with the second and third editions being released in 2002 and 2017 respectively. The game is set in a postmodernist occult underground where characters wield magick by personal belief.
Cross-country skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics – Men's 18 kilometre
The 18 kilometre cross-country skiing event was part of the cross-country skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Saturday, 2 February 1924. Forty-one cross-country skiers from twelve nations competed.

Cross-country skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics
At the 1924 Winter Olympics, two cross-country skiing events were held. The 50 km competition was held on Wednesday, 30 January 1924 and the 18 km competition was held on Saturday, 2 February 1924. The events were also part of the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships as well, which would be combined until the 1980 Winter Olympics.
Evolution of languages
The evolution of languages or history of language includes the evolution, divergence and development of languages throughout time, as reconstructed based on glottochronology, comparative linguistics, written records and other historical linguistics techniques. The origin of language is a hotly contested topic, with some languages tentatively traced back to the Paleolithic. However, archaeological and written records only extend the history of language into ancient times and the Neolithic.

The distribution of languages has changed substantially over time. Major regional languages like Elamite, Sogdian, Koine Greek, or Nahuatl in ancient, post-classical and early modern times have been overtaken by others due to changing balance of power, conflict and migration. The relative status of languages has also changed, as with the decline in prominence of French and German relative to English in the late 20th century.

Ngasa language
Ongamo, or Ngas, is an extinct Eastern Nilotic language of Tanzania. It is closely related to the Maa languages, but more distantly than they are to each other. Ongamo has 60% of lexical similarity with Maasai, Samburu, and Camus. Speakers have shifted to Chagga, a dominant regional Bantu language.
Nurket Rock
Nurket Rock (73°25′S 3°6′W﻿ / ﻿73.417°S 3.100°W﻿ / -73.417; -3.100) is a rock face just east of Mount Hallgren in the Kirwan Escarpment, Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and additional air photos (1958–59), and named Nurket (the pygmy).

This article incorporates public domain material from "Nurket Rock". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Mount Hallgren
Mount Hallgren (73°23′S 3°22′W﻿ / ﻿73.383°S 3.367°W﻿ / -73.383; -3.367) is a mountain, largely ice-covered, with a steep, rocky northern face, situated 27 nautical miles (50 km) southwest of the Neumayer Cliffs in the Kirwan Escarpment, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–1952) and additional air photos (1958–59), and named for Stig E. Hallgren, a photographer with the expedition.
World Divine Light
World Divine Light (世界真光文明教団, Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyōdan), or the World Divine Light Organization (WDL), is a Japanese new religion (shinshūkyō). It is one of the Mahikari movement religions. Its headquarters, the Su-Za World Sōhonzan, is the largest of its kind in the Izu Peninsula.

World Divine Light is one of the several organizations that branched off from the original Mahikari religion founded by Kōtama Okada (born Yoshikazu Okada) in 1959. Outside Japan, it calls itself the World Divine Light (WDL) Organization to distinguish itself from Sukyo Mahikari, whereas in Japan it is known as Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyōdan or simply Mahikari.  The organization was registered in 1963, and in 1974 Sakae Sekiguchi became the Oshienushi or spiritual leader upon Okada's death. On the other hand, Sukyo Mahikari was established in 1978 by Keishu Okada.

Japanese new religions
Japanese new religions are new religious movements established in Japan. In Japanese, they are called shinshūkyō (新宗教) or shinkō shūkyō (新興宗教). Japanese scholars classify all religious organizations founded since the middle of the 19th century as "new religions"; thus, the term refers to a great diversity and number of organizations. Most came into being in the mid-to-late twentieth century and are influenced by much older traditional religions including Buddhism and Shinto. Foreign influences include Islam and  Christianity, the Bible, and the writings of Nostradamus.
2009 Speed World Challenge
The 2009 SCCA Speed World Challenge was the 20th Speed World Challenge season. began March 18, 2009, and was completed on October 11, after 10 rounds. The Grand Touring championship was won by Brandon Davis driving a Ford Mustang GT, and the Touring Car championship was won by Pierre Kleinubing driving an Acura TSX. It was the last season under the Speed Channel sponsorship.

GT World Challenge America
GT World Challenge America is a North American auto racing series launched in 1990 by the Sports Car Club of America. It has been managed by the SRO Motorsports Group since 2018, and has been sanctioned by the United States Auto Club since 2017.

The series functions as the highest level of SRO Motorsports America race weekends, supported by the Pirelli GT4 America, GT America, Toyota GR Cup North America, TC America, and McLaren Trophy America series. A GT World Challenge America race weekend consists of two 90 minute races held exclusively for GT3-class race cars, though it has been confirmed that the format will change to a single three hour race per weekend beginning in 2026.
Royal Lavanderia
Royal Lavanderia is a dry cleaning company established in 1995 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and responsible for 63.4% of the market share of the dry cleaning market in the Dominican Republic. The company is known for its home pickup service, as well as its high quality standards. It has many locations throughout the Dominican Republic, including a franchise in San Francisco de Macorís which opened in 2021, as well as a branch in Barahona which opened in 2024. The first branch to open was on Doctor Defilló Street in Bella Vista, which re-opened 15 years later equipped with modern laundry and dry cleaning equipment. As of 2013, the president of the company was Arístides López. The company acquired Dry Clean USA, which was previously the largest dry cleaning chain in the country.

Dry cleaning
Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using a solvent other than water. Clothes are instead soaked in a water-free liquid organic solvent (usually non-polar, as opposed to water which is a polar solvent) typically inside a specialised dry-cleaning machine. The most commonly used solvent is Perchloroethylene (known as "PCE" or "perc" for short), although other solvents such as hydrocarbon mixtures and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane are also used. Historical solvents include carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, trichlorotrifluoroethane, trichloroethane and n-propyl bromide.

Most natural fibers can be washed in water but some synthetics (e.g., rayon) react poorly with water and should be dry cleaned if possible. If not, this could result in changes in texture, colour, strength, and shape. Additionally, certain specialty fabrics, including silk, acetate and rayon, may also benefit from dry cleaning to prevent damage.
1989 Rado Swiss Open
The 1989 Rado Swiss Open, also known as the Suisse Open Gstaad, was a men's tennis tournament held on outdoor clay courts in Gstaad, Switzerland that was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 44th edition of the tournament and was held from 10 July until 16 July 1989. Eighth-seeded Carl-Uwe Steeb won the singles title.

Swiss Open (tennis)
The EFG Swiss Open Gstaad (currently sponsored by EFG International) is a tennis tournament held in Gstaad, Switzerland. The tournament is played on outdoor clay courts. It is currently part of the ATP Tour schedule as an ATP Tour 250 series event. It is the eighth oldest tennis tournament in the world. Between 1971 and 1989 it was an event of the Grand Prix tennis circuit.
Busan Harbor Bridge
Busan Harbor Bridge (Korean: 부산항대교; Hanja: 釜山港大橋) is a bridge in Busan, South Korea. The bridge connects the districts of Yeongdo District and Nam District. The bridge was completed in 2014.

It appeared in episode 420 of the television show Running Man.

Yeongdo District
Yeongdo District (Korean: 영도구; RR: Yeongdo-gu) is a gu (district) in Busan, South Korea. The gu itself is limited to Yeong-do (Yeong Island) located on the south edge of central Busan. It attained the status of gu in 1957.

The Korea Maritime and Ocean University and the National Maritime Museum of Korea are located in Yeongdo District.
Hoffmann syndrome
Hoffmann syndrome is a rare form of hypothyroid myopathy and is not to be confused with Werdnig–Hoffmann disease (a type of spinal muscular atrophy).

It was first documented in 1897 by Johann Hoffmann. It has adult-onset symptoms. It is comparable to the childhood-onset Kocher–Debré–Semelaigne syndrome. It is caused by low thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) with elevated TSH.

Muscle hypertrophy
Muscle hypertrophy or muscle building involves a hypertrophy or increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells. Two factors contribute to hypertrophy: sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased muscle glycogen storage; and myofibrillar hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased myofibril size. It is the primary focus of bodybuilding-related activities.