hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Åstrand test
The Åstrand test is a method to estimate VO2 max (the maximum rate at which an individual can consume oxygen during exercise), an indicator of cardiovascular fitness. The test involves performing steady, submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer at gradually increasing intensity (incremental exercise) while monitoring heart rate. This data is used to predict VO₂ max without requiring maximal exertion.

Cardiovascular fitness
Cardiovascular fitness is a component of physical fitness, which refers to a person's ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles, including the heart. Cardiovascular fitness is improved by sustained physical activity (see also endurance training) and is affected by many physiological parameters, including cardiac output (determined by heart rate multiplied by stroke volume), vascular patency, and maximal oxygen consumption (i.e. VO2 max).

Cardiovascular fitness measures how well the heart and blood vessels can transport oxygen to the muscles during exercise. It is an important component of overall fitness and has been linked to numerous health benefits, including a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, improved cognitive function, and increased longevity. A study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology found that higher levels of cardiovascular fitness were associated with a lower risk of mortality from all causes, including cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Las Tintoreras Islet
Las Tintoreras Islet (also called Tintorera or Villamil)  is an islet to the south of the bay of Puerto Villamil in the island of Isabela, that forms part of the archipelago and national park of the Galapagos Islands, including administratively in the Province Of Galapagos. It is accessible by a boat trip where iguanas, boobies, penguins and seabirds can be observed.

The name of the islet comes from a channel that is filled during high tide of whitetip reef sharks and tiger sharks, the latter typically referred to as Tintorera.  It has an area of 12.4 hectares (0.12 square kilometers), is 68.8 kilometers from the center of the archipelago, and has a coastline of 2.64 kilometers.

Isabela Island (Galápagos)
Isabela Island (Spanish: Isla Isabela) is the largest of the Galápagos Islands, with an area of 4,586 km2 (1,771 sq mi) and a length of 100 km (62 mi). By itself, it is larger than all the other islands in the chain combined, and it has a little under 2,000 permanent inhabitants. The island straddles the equator.
Howard Hughes Holdings
Howard Hughes Holdings Inc., formerly the Howard Hughes Corporation, is a real estate development and management company based in The Woodlands, Texas. It was formed in 2010 as a spin-off from General Growth Properties (GGP). Most of its holdings are focused on several master-planned communities. It took its name from the original Howard Hughes Corporation, which had developed the planned community of Summerlin, Nevada, and later became a subsidiary of GGP.

Corporate spin-off
A corporate spin-off, also known as a spin-out, starburst or hive-off, is a type of corporate action where a company "splits off" a section as a separate business or creates a second incarnation, even if the first is still active. It is distinct from a sell-off, where a company sells a section to another company or firm in exchange for cash or securities.
Minaret Peak
'Fatima namagari'  is a distinctive rock peak at the northwest end of the Marble Hills in the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It was named by the University of Minnesota Ellsworth Mountains Party of 1962–63 because the peak resembles a minaret.

Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km (217 mi) long and 48 km (30 mi) wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 meters (16,050 ft)) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
1977 Revisited
1977 Revisited – a Collection of Rare Tracks and B-Sides is a compilation CD by the Clash, released in the US in 1990 on Relativity Records via CBS Special Products and compiled by Anthony Valentino.

The CD contains four of the five songs that were deleted from the American edition of The Clash (excluding the original version of "White Riot"), two non-LP songs from The Cost of Living, three B-sides and a live song.

All songs except "London's Burning" later appeared on Clash on Broadway, and later all songs (including "London's Burning") appeared on the various singles in Singles Box.

The CD cover features a reprint of an article by Mick Farren originally published in Soho News while the insert contains a brief essay by Ira Robbins that describes the original sources of the track selection. Many of the songs released are considered original releases.

Singles Box
Singles Box is a compilation album by the Clash. It includes all the singles that they released in the UK, with their original mixes and edits and B-sides, as well as single releases from different parts of the world.

The discs are packaged in a sleeve which reproduces the design of the original single, and they come in a protective sleeve. The CDs themselves are designed to look like vinyl records, with a textured top to look like a record with grooves and the data side being black, and a reproduction of the record label in the center of the disc.
I-III-VI semiconductors
I-III-VI2 semiconductors are solid semiconducting materials that contain three or more chemical elements belonging to groups I, III and VI (IUPAC groups 1/11, 13 and 16) of the periodic table. They usually involve two metals and one chalcogen. Some of these materials have a direct bandgap, Eg, of approximately 1.5 eV, which makes them efficient absorbers of sunlight and thus potential solar cell materials. A fourth element is often added to a I-III-VI2 material to tune the bandgap for maximum solar cell efficiency. A representative example is copper indium gallium selenide (CuInxGa(1–x)Se2, Eg = 1.7–1.0 eV for x = 0–1), which is used in copper indium gallium selenide solar cells.

Copper indium gallium selenide
Copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) is a I-III-VI2 semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium. The material is a solid solution of copper indium selenide (often abbreviated "CIS") and copper gallium selenide. It has a chemical formula of CuIn1−xGaxSe2, where the value of x can vary from 0 (pure copper indium selenide) to 1 (pure copper gallium selenide). CIGS is a tetrahedrally bonded semiconductor, with the chalcopyrite crystal structure, and a bandgap varying continuously with x from about 1.0 eV (for copper indium selenide) to about 1.7 eV (for copper gallium selenide).
Agoult family
The Agoult family (also spelled Agout) was a French noble lineage of feudal origin from Provence. It emerged in the late 11th century in the county of Apt and became extinct in 1915.

The family developed several branches in Provence and Dauphiné and held a prominent position within the Provençal nobility until the extinction of the senior line in the early 16th century.

Following an alliance with the last bearer of the name, the Séguier family adopted the name, titles, and arms of the Agoult family.

Order of Saint Louis
The Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (French: ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis) is a dynastic order of chivalry founded 5 April  1693 by King Louis XIV, named after Saint Louis (King Louis IX of France). It was intended as a reward for exceptional officers, notable as the first decoration that could be granted to non-nobles. By the authorities of the French Republic, it is considered a predecessor of the Legion of Honour, with which it shares the red ribbon (though the Legion of Honour is awarded to military personnel and civilians alike).

Although officially abolished by the government authorities of the July Revolution in 1830 following the French Revolution, its activities carried on as a dynastic order of the formerly sovereign royal family. As such, it is still recognised by the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry.
2nd Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic
The 2nd Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: II Legislatura da Terceira República Portuguesa) ran from 13 November 1980 to 30 May 1983. The composition of the Assembly of the Republic, the legislative body of Portugal, was determined by the results of the 1980 legislative election, held on 5 October 1980.

Following a disappointing result of the Democratic Alliance (AD) in the 1982 local elections, Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemão resigned, citing the election results and disagreements with the PPD/PSD coalition partner, the CDS. The Social Democrats proposed several candidates for Prime Minister to President António Ramalho Eanes, but Eanes rejected them and dissolved the Assembly, calling an election for 25 April 1983.

Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
The Assembly of the Republic (Portuguese: Assembleia da República, pronounced [ɐsẽˈblɐjɐ ðɐ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ]), commonly referred to as simply Parliament (Portuguese: Parlamento), is the unicameral parliament of Portugal. According to the Constitution of Portugal, the parliament "is the representative assembly of all Portuguese citizens". The constitution names the assembly as one of the country's sovereignty bodies.

It meets in São Bento Palace, the historical site of an old Benedictine monastery. The palace has been the seat of the Portuguese parliaments since 1834 (Cortes until 1910, Congress from 1911 to 1926 and National Assembly from 1933 to 1974).
Kostas Katsouranis
Kostas Katsouranis (Greek: Κώστας Κατσουράνης; born 21 June 1979) is a Greek former professional footballer. A versatile midfielder, who won the Super League Greek Footballer of the Year Award in 2005 and 2013, as well as the Cosme Damião Award for Footballer of the Year in 2008.

Katsouranis qualified with Greece for international play between 2002 and 2015. They won the UEFA Euro 2004, and played in the UEFA Euro 2008, 2010 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2012 and 2014 FIFA World Cup tournaments. With 116 appearances, he is a member of a close club of players who had more than 100 caps in the history of Greece.

2009–10 Greek Football Cup
The 2009–10 Greek Football Cup was the 68th edition of the Greek Football Cup. The competition culminated with the final held at Olympic Stadium on 24 April 2010. The final was contested by Panathinaikos and Aris. The last time that the two clubs were met in the Final was in 1940. Panathinaikos didn't win the Cup since 2004 and the last time that participated in a Final was in 2007. Aris on the other hand, didn't win the Cup since 1970 and the last time that played in a Final was in 2008. Panathinaikos earned the trophy with a 1-0 win over Aris.
Cookeite
Cookeite is a mineral species of the silicate group and the phyllosilicate subgroup, part of the chlorite family, with the formula LiAl4(Si3Al)O10(OH)8. This soft, low-density mineral of variable color has a crystalline structure made up of alternating layers LiAl2(OH)6 and Al2O4(OH)2Si8O12 having several polytypes. Cookeite is often found as a product of hydrothermal alteration of silicates in pegmatites. It forms at relatively low temperatures (below 200 °C) and variable pressures.

Space group
In mathematics, physics and chemistry, a space group is the symmetry group of a repeating pattern in space, usually in three dimensions. The elements of a space group (its symmetry operations) are the rigid transformations of the pattern that leave it unchanged. In three dimensions, space groups are classified into 219 distinct types, or 230 types if chiral copies are considered distinct. Space groups are discrete cocompact groups of isometries of an oriented Euclidean space in any number of dimensions. In dimensions other than 3, they are sometimes called Bieberbach groups.

In crystallography, space groups are also called the crystallographic or Fedorov groups, and represent a description of the symmetry of the crystal. A definitive source regarding 3-dimensional space groups is the International Tables for Crystallography Hahn (2002).
Timehop
Timehop is an application for smartphones that collects old photos and posts from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Apple Photos, Google Photos and Dropbox photos and resurfaces them to the user on the same calendar day from previous years.

The company was founded in 2011 by Jonathan Wegener and Benny Wong. Timehop was acquired by Sincere Corporation in June 2023. As of March 2025, Timehop had over 20 million users.

Photos (Apple)
Photos is a photo management and editing application developed by Apple. It was released as a bundled app in iPhone OS 1, and released as a bundled app to OS X Yosemite users in the 10.10.3 update on April 8, 2015, replacing iPhoto and Aperture. It was released for tvOS 10 on September 13, 2016. With the introduction of the Apple Vision Pro at WWDC 2023 on June 5, 2023, the Photos app came to visionOS.
Showlen Maya
Shen Show-len (born October 18, 1978), better known by her stage name Showlen Maya (or Xiulan Maya), is a Taiwanese singer of Han Chinese (father) and Bunun (mother) descent. While she also sings in Mandarin, Showlen Maya is primarily a Hokkien pop singer, even though she doesn't speak Hokkien.

Showlen Maya has released 20 albums to date. She has been nominated for "Best Hokkien Female Singer" (or "Best non-Mandarin Dialect Female Singer" before 2004) at the Golden Melody Awards a record 15 times, including in 11 consecutive years from 2004 to 2017.

Bunun people
The Bunun (Bunun: Bunun; Chinese: 布農; pinyin: Bùnóng), also historically known as the Vonum, are a Taiwanese indigenous people. They speak the Bunun language. Unlike other aboriginal peoples in Taiwan, the Bunun are widely dispersed across the island's central mountain ranges. In the year 2000, the Bunun numbered 41,038. This was approximately 8% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the fourth-largest indigenous group. They have five distinct communities: the Takbunuaz, the Takituduh, the Takibaka, the Takivatan, and the Isbukun.

In the Bunun language, the name "Bunun" literally means "human," "human being," "man," or "people."
Shabtin
Shabtin is a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate of the State of Palestine, in the central West Bank.

Shabtin is located 14.4 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Ramallah. Shabtin is bordered by Al Itihad to the east, Shuqba to the north, Ni'lin to the west, and Deir Qaddis to the south.

Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
31°55′59″N 35°12′18″E﻿ / ﻿31.933°N 35.205°E﻿ / 31.933; 35.205

The Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate (Arabic: محافظة رام الله والبيرة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Rām Allāh wa l Bīra) is one of 16  governorates of Palestine. It covers a large part of the central West Bank, on the northern border of the Jerusalem Governorate. Its district capital or muhfaza (seat) is the city of al-Bireh.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the district had a population of 279,730 in 2007. Laila Ghannam serves as governor, the first woman in this role.
Valentin Tubylov
Valentin Kuzmich Tubylov Russian: Валентин Кузьмич Тубылов; born November 13, 1935) is a Russian former politician who served as the Chairman of the State Council of the Udmurt Republic from 1992 to 1995. He was replaced by Alexander Volkov, who would go on to become Head of Udmurtia in November 2000.

Head of the Udmurt Republic
The position of the Head of the Udmurt Republic is the highest office within the Government of the Udmurt Republic in Russia. The Head is elected by citizens of Russia residing in the republic. Term of service is five years.
Percival L. Shangraw
Percival L. Shangraw (August 6, 1897 – December 18, 1988) was a Vermont attorney and judge.  He is notable for his service as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court from 1958 to 1972, and chief justice from 1972 until 1974.

Ancestry.com
Ancestry.com LLC is an American genealogy company based in Lehi, Utah. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical, historical records, and related genetic genealogy websites. It is owned by Blackstone Inc., which acquired the company on December 4, 2020, in a deal valued at $4.7 billion.

As of 2022, the company said it had provided access to 30 billion historical records, tripling its November 2018 figure of 10 billion records. In 2018 it also reported having 3 million paying subscribers, and to have sold 18 million DNA kits to customers. By 2023, Ancestry was the largest provider of consumer DNA testing in the world with a network of more than 25 million users, and Ancestry DNA testing is available in 128 countries.

As well as its main website, Ancestry operates country-specific versions for Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Superficial circumflex iliac artery
The superficial iliac circumflex artery (or superficial circumflex iliac), the smallest of the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery, arises close to the superficial epigastric artery, and, piercing the fascia lata, runs lateralward, parallel with the inguinal ligament, as far as the crest of the ilium.

It divides into branches which supply the integument of the groin, the superficial fascia, and the superficial subinguinal lymph glands, anastomosing with the deep iliac circumflex, the superior gluteal and lateral femoral circumflex arteries.

In 45% to 50% of persons the superficial circumflex iliac artery and superficial inferior epigastric artery arise from a common trunk. In contrast, 40% to 45% of persons have a superficial circumflex iliac artery and superficial inferior epigastric artery that arise from separate origins.

Lateral circumflex femoral artery
The lateral circumflex femoral artery (also known as the lateral femoral circumflex artery or the external circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh. It is usually a branch of the profunda femoris artery, and produces three branches. It is mostly distributed to the muscles of the lateral thigh, supplying arterial blood to muscles of the knee extensor group.
Palpimanoidea
The Palpimanoidea or palpimanoids, also known as assassin spiders, are a group of araneomorph spiders, originally treated as a superfamily. As with many such groups, its circumscription has varied. As of September 2018, the following five families were included:

Archaeidae

Huttoniidae

Mecysmaucheniidae

Palpimanidae

Stenochilidae

Many palpimanoids specialize in preying on other spiders, hence the name "assassin spiders". They have various adaptations for catching prey, including enlarged spade-like front legs, and heads raised up on a "neck" with long chelicerae ("jaws"). Fossils suggest that the group was once widespread, but most species are now found in the Southern Hemisphere. Morphological studies support the monophyly of the group, although molecular studies have produced different results.

Araneomorphae
The Araneomorphae (also called the Labidognatha or "true spiders") are an infraorder of spiders. They are distinguishable by chelicerae (fangs) that point diagonally forward and cross in a pinching action, in contrast to those of Mygalomorphae (tarantulas and their close kin), which point straight down. Araneomorphs comprise the vast majority (about 92%) of living spiders.
Stromatium
Stromatium is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

Stromatium alienum Pascoe, 1857

Stromatium barbatum (Fabricius, 1775)

Stromatium chilense Cerda, 1968

Stromatium darwinense Jin et al., 2019

Stromatium fulvum (Villers, 1789) (= auratum (Böber, 1793), unicolor Olivier, 1795)

Stromatium longicorne (Newman, 1842)

Stromatium fulvum
Stromatium fulvum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was first described by Charles Joseph Devillers in 1789, and while his name was preoccupied, it is treated as valid following ICZN Article 23.9.5; it has most commonly been referred to as Stromatium unicolor, and more recently as Stromatium auratum but these names are junior synonyms.
Carroll B. Williams Jr.
Carroll Burns Williams Jr. (September 24, 1929 – March 1, 2024) was an American research forester and entomologist. He was the first African American scientist hired by the United States Forest Service and the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in forestry and entomology. He produced pioneering research on pesticide use in forests and insect-host relationships, including bark beetles, spruce budworms and other invasive species.

School for Environment and Sustainability
The School for Environment and Sustainability (SEAS) is the school of environmental science and sustainability studies at the University of Michigan, a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Military history of the Philippines
The military history of the Philippines is characterized by wars between Philippine kingdoms and its neighbors in the precolonial era and then Spanish and  American era, and then occupation by the Empire of Japan during World War II and participation in Asian conflicts post-World War II such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War. The Philippines has also battled a communist insurgency and a secessionist movement by Muslims in the southern portion of the country.

Cry of Pugad Lawin
The Cry of Pugad Lawin (Filipino: Sigaw sa Pugad Lawin, Spanish: Grito de Pugad Lawin) was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire.

In late August 1896, members of the Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio revolted somewhere around Caloocan, which included parts of present-day Quezon City.

Originally the term cry referred to the first clash between the Katipuneros and the Civil Guards (Guardia Civil). The cry could also refer to the tearing up of community tax certificates (cédulas personales)  in defiance of their allegiance to Spain. This was literally accompanied by patriotic shouts.

Because accounts of the event vary, the exact date and place of the event is unknown.  From 1908 until 1963, the event was thought to have occurred on August 26 in Balintawak. In 1963, the Philippine government declared August 23 to be the date of the event in Quezon City.
Bakel, Netherlands
Bakel is a village east of Helmond and Eindhoven in southern part of the Netherlands. The total population is approximately 5,000. Until 1997, it formed the municipality of Bakel and Milheeze together with Milheeze. In 1997 Bakel merged with the Gemert municipality.

Bakel does not have old buildings, with the exception of the 16th century St Willibrordus Church which is the oldest in the area. This church was modernized during the 1970s, but regained some of the original style of decoration during the 1990s.

The area surrounding Bakel is heavily forested; the agricultural economy is dominated by the bio industry. It has the highest pig density in the Netherlands.

Helmond
Helmond (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛlmɔnt] ⓘ; called Hèllemond in the local dialect) is a city and municipality in the Metropoolregio Eindhoven of the province of North Brabant in the Southern Netherlands.

Helmond is home to several textile and metal companies. The Vlisco factory is located next to the Zuid-Willemsvaart canal, which runs through the city.

The spoken language is Helmonds (an East Brabantian dialect).