hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gunnar Karlsson
Gunnar Karlsson (26 September 1939 – 28 October 2019) was an Icelandic historian. Gunnar shaped methodological teaching at the University of Iceland in Reykjavík when he started working there in the seventies and wrote a number of textbooks in history for all school levels as well as other publications.

University of Iceland
The University of Iceland (Icelandic: Háskóli Íslands [ˈhauːˌskouːlɪ ˈistlan(t)s]) is a public research university in Reykjavík, Iceland, and the country's oldest and largest institution of higher education. Founded in 1911, it has grown steadily from a small civil servants' school to a modern comprehensive university, providing instruction for about 14,000 students in twenty-five faculties. Teaching and research is conducted in social sciences, humanities, law, medicine, natural sciences, engineering and teacher education. It has a campus concentrated around Suðurgata, a street in central Reykjavík, with additional facilities located in nearby areas as well as in the countryside.
King Woolsey
King S. Woolsey (ca. 1832 – June 30, 1879) was an American pioneer, rancher, prospector and politician in 19th century Arizona.  Woolsey Peak and other features of Arizona geography have been named after him, but he has also been criticized by historians for brutality in his battles with Apache Native Americans.

Violence
Violence is characterized as the use of physical force by humans to cause harm to other living beings, such as pain, injury, disablement, death, damage and destruction. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation"; it recognizes the need to include violence not resulting in injury or death.
Sala Budha
Sala Budha (transl. The Stupid old man) is a 2012 Indian Kosli language feature film directed by Sabyasachi Mohapatra. The film had won awards in seven categories at Odisha State Film Awards including best film and best director.

Sambalpuri language
Sambalpuri (Odia: [sɔmbɔlɔpuɾi]) is an Indo-Aryan language variety of Odia language spoken in western Odisha, India. It is alternatively known as Western Odia, and as Kosali (with variants Kosli, Koshal and Koshali), a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the historical region of Dakshina Kosala, whose territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region.

Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language, while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of Odia, and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication. A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia.
American Opera Society
The American Opera Society (AOS) was a New York City-based musical organization that presented concert and semi-staged performances of operas between 1951 and 1970. The company was highly influential in sparking and perpetuating the post World War II bel canto revival, particularly through a number of highly lauded productions of rarely heard works by Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, and Vincenzo Bellini.  The AOS also presented many operas to the American public for the first time, including the United States premieres of Benjamin Britten's Billy Budd, Giuseppe Verdi's Giovanna d'Arco, George Frideric Handel's Hercules and Hector Berlioz's Les troyens to name just a few.

Billy Budd (opera)
Billy Budd, Op. 50, is an opera by Benjamin Britten to a libretto by the novelist E. M. Forster and Eric Crozier, based on the novella Billy Budd by Herman Melville. Originally in four acts, the opera received its premiere at the Royal Opera House (ROH), London, on 1 December 1951. Britten later revised the work into a two-act opera, with a prologue and an epilogue.  The revised version received its first performance at the ROH, Covent Garden, London, on 9 January 1964.
Moscow Peak
Moscow Peak, also Moskva Peak or Pik Moskva (Russian: Пик Москва and also Tajik: Қуллаи Москва), is a 6,785 m peak in the Peter I Range, western Pamir.

It is located in the south-east of Jirgatol district in Tajikistan's Region of Republican Subordination, about 10 km west of Ismail Samani Peak, Tajikistan's highest mountain.

Moscow Peak is also the name of two much smaller mountains in the United States and Australia:

Moscow Peak in the State of Arizona (Yavapai County), U.S.A. (2,343 m, 34.403082N, 112.396001W)

Moscow Peak in Victoria, Australia (1,647 m, 6.84401S, 148.1437E )

Pamir Mountains
The Pamir Mountains are a range of mountains between Central Asia and South Asia. They are located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the Tian Shan, the Karakoram, the Kunlun, the Hindu Kush, and the Himalayas. They are among the world's highest mountains.

Much of the range lies in the Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan. Spanning the border parts of four countries, to the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in Badakhshan Province, Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan regions of Pakistan. To the north, they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the east, they extend to the range that includes China's Kongur Tagh, in the "Eastern Pamirs", separated by the Yarkand valley from the Kunlun Mountains.

Since the Victorian era, they have been known as the "Roof of the World", presumably a translation from Persian.
Evgeniy Pechenin
Yevgeny Yuryevich Pechenin (Russian: Евгений Юрьевич Печенин; born 14 April 1984 in Perm, Soviet Union) is a Russian cross-country mountain biker. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's cross-country at Hadleigh Farm, finishing in 37th place.

Perm, Russia
Perm (Russian: Пермь, IPA: [pʲermʲ] ⓘ, IPA: [pʲerʲmʲ]; Komi-Permyak: Перем; Komi: Перым), originally known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха; 1723–1781) and briefly as Molotov (Молотов; 1940–1957), is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia. It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District.
Electoral district of Redcliffe
Redcliffe is a Legislative Assembly of Queensland electoral division in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

The division encompasses suburbs to the north and northeast of Brisbane, including Redcliffe, Woody Point, Scarborough, Clontarf and Margate, as well as parts of Kippa-Ring. The electorate's boundary stretches to take in Moreton Island.

Redcliffe, Queensland
Redcliffe is a coastal town and suburb in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.  It also refers colloquially to the Redcliffe Peninsula as a whole, a peninsula jutting into Moreton Bay which contains several other suburbs.  Since the 1880s, Redcliffe has been a popular seaside resort in South East Queensland. In the 2021 census, the suburb of Redcliffe had a population of 10,460 people.
Cell encapsulation
Cell encapsulation is a possible solution to graft rejection in tissue engineering applications.  Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane. It permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins.  At the same time, the semi-permeable nature of the membrane prevents immune cells and antibodies from destroying the encapsulated cells, regarding them as foreign invaders. On the other hand, single-cell nanoencapsulation (SCNE) involves the formation of nanometric shells around individual living cells.

Cell encapsulation could reduce the need for long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant to control side effects.

Agarose
Agarose is a polysaccharide, generally extracted from certain red algae. It is a linear polymer made up of the repeating unit of agarobiose, which is a disaccharide made up of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose. Agarose is one of the two principal components of agar, and is purified from agar by removing agar's other component, agaropectin.

Agarose is frequently used in molecular biology for the separation of large molecules, especially DNA, by electrophoresis. Slabs of agarose gels (usually 0.7 - 2%) for electrophoresis are readily prepared by pouring the warm, liquid solution into a mold. A variety of different agaroses of varying molecular weights and properties are commercially available for this purpose. Agarose may be formed into beads and used in a number of chromatographic methods for protein purification. It can also be used instead of agar as a solid medium for culturing cells and organisms.
Akida
Akida was a title of indigenous rural officials in Tanganyika. At the time of the Zanzibar Sultanate, they acted as commanders of military divisions, and needed the approval of the sultan. During the German East African rule, the Germans adopted the title from pre-colonial Zanzibar-based administration, investing it with greater power. Under German rule, akidas ruled over so-called Akidate, an intermediate level of government between regional governors and minor countryside chiefs (called jumbe) and functioned as tax collectors, policemen, and lower judges. Their judicial role was recognized under the British colonial administration which took over from Germany following World War I.

Power (social and political)
In political science, power is the ability to influence or direct the actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors. Power does not exclusively refer to the threat or use of force (coercion) by one actor against another, but may also be exerted through diffuse means (such as institutions).

Power may also take structural forms, as it orders actors in relation to one another (such as distinguishing between a master and an enslaved person, a householder and their relatives, an employer and their employees, a parent and a child, a political representative and their voters, etc.), and discursive forms, as categories and language may lend legitimacy to some behaviors and groups over others. The term authority is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate or socially approved by the social structure. Scholars have distinguished between soft power and hard power.
Mallette
Mallette is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brian Mallette, American baseball pitcher

Fanny Mallette, Canadian actress

Jocelyn Mitnaul Mallette, American lawyer and politician

John Mallette (c. 1932-1995), American biologist, academic administrator and civic leader

Mal Mallette, pitcher in Major League Baseball

Karl L. Mallette, Toronto politician

Malikha Mallette, dj at Power 105 (WWPR-FM)

Troy Mallette, retired Canadian ice hockey forward

Vital Mallette, Canadian politician

John Mallette
John Michael Mallette (August 6, 1932 - August 21, 1995) was an American biologist, academic administrator and civic leader. He was a professor of biology at Tennessee State University and an administrator at the University of Tennessee at Nashville. He researched cholesterol, oral contraceptives and cyclamates. He is the namesake of John Mallette Drive in Nashville, Tennessee.
SL Cx
The SL Cx series is the collective designation for the C1–C15 types of metro trains used on the Stockholm Metro from 1950 until 2024.

Some 1291 Cx cars were built in total over 40 years. They were manufactured by ASEA, Hägglund & Söner, and Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna (ASJ), and underwent significant technical development during their production span.

The cars were typically operated in 6 or 8-car formations, which constituted a full-length train of approximately 140 metres. The Cx cars were designed for interoperability, and most types could be freely mixed within a train.

The Cx series formed the entirety of Stockholm’s metro fleet from its inception until the introduction of the C20 units in 1997. The last Cx units were withdrawn from service on the metro in February 2024, following the introduction of the C30 units in 2020. As of 2025, some converted Cx units remain in operation on Saltsjöbanan suburban railway.

Spårvägsmuseet
Spårvägsmuseet or the Stockholm Transport Museum is a museum in Stockholm, Sweden. It is owned and operated by SL, the public organisation responsible for public transport in Stockholm County. The museum presents the development of public transport in the Stockholm region from the 19th century to the present day.

The museum’s collections include vehicles, technical drawings, photographs and historical objects related to public transport. In total, the collections comprise more than 70-80 vehicles, around 20,000 drawings, over 10,000 artefacts and approximately 500,000 photographs, of which about 30,000 are digitised.

The museum was formerly located at Tegelviksgatan 22 in the Södermalm district. It closed to the public in September 2017 and reopened on 21 May 2022 in a former gasworks building in the Hjorthagen area of Norra Djurgårdsstaden.
Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Dreux
Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Dreux is an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Dreux. It is located in the Eure-et-Loir and Eure departments, in the Centre-Val de Loire and Normandy regions, northern France. It was created in January 2014. Its seat is in Dreux. Its area is 1055.7 km2. Its population was 115,181 in 2017, of which 31,044 in Dreux proper.

Eure-et-Loir
Eure-et-Loir (French pronunciation: [œʁ‿e lwaʁ], locally: [øʁ‿e lwaʁ]) is a French department, named after the Eure and Loir rivers. It is located in the region of Centre-Val de Loire. In 2019, Eure-et-Loir had a population of 431,575.
Buckner Mountain
Buckner Mountain (sometimes called Mount Buckner) is a tall peak in the North Cascades of Washington state and in the Stephen Mather Wilderness of North Cascades National Park. At 9,114 feet (2,778 m) in elevation it is the highest in Skagit County and one of about ten of Washington's non-volcanic peaks above 9,000 feet high. It is ranked as the 14th highest peak in the state, and the third highest peak in North Cascades National Park.

Lithosphere
A lithosphere is the rigid outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the lithospheric mantle, the topmost portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of up to thousands of years or more. The crust and upper mantle are distinguished on the basis of chemistry and mineralogy.
Cimolopterygidae
Cimolopterygidae is an extinct family of ornithuran dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous epoch. Remains attributed to cimolopterygids have been found in the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan, the Lance Formation of Wyoming, the Fox Hills Formation of Colorado, the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, and the Allen Formation of Rio Negro, Argentina. Most date to the end of the Maastrichtian age, about 66 million years ago, though a much earlier species has also been identified from the Campanian-aged Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, about 75 million years ago.

Fox Hills Formation
The Fox Hills Formation is a Cretaceous geologic formation in the northwestern Great Plains of North America.  It is present from Alberta on the north to Colorado in the south.

Fossil remains of dinosaurs, including tyrannosaurs, as well as large marine reptiles, such as mosasaurs, have been recovered from the formation.
Sex aetates mundi (Irish)
The Sex aetates mundi is an 11th-century short chronicle in Middle Irish which gives an overview of Old Testament history organized under the schema of the six ages of the world in alternating prose and verse. It is found in several manuscripts, including the Lebor na hUidre.

It draws in part on the 9th-century Latin Historia Brittonum, incorporating a version of the 6th-century "Frankish" Table of Nations that itself is derived from the 1st-century Germania of Tacitus.

Historia Brittonum
The History of the Britons (Latin: Historia Brittonum) is a purported history of early Britain written around 829-30 that survives in numerous recensions from after the 11th century. The Historia Brittonum is commonly attributed to Nennius, as some recensions have a preface written in that name. Some experts have dismissed the Nennian preface as a late forgery and argued that the work was actually an anonymous compilation.
Blanket stitch
The blanket stitch is a stitch used to reinforce the edge of thick materials.  Depending on circumstances, it may also be called a cable stitch or a crochet stitch. It is "a decorative stitch used to finish an unhemmed blanket. The stitch can be seen on both sides of the blanket."

Stitch (textile arts)
In the textile arts, a stitch  is a single turn or loop of thread, or yarn.  Stitches are the fundamental elements of sewing, knitting, embroidery, crochet, and needle lace-making, whether by hand or machine. A variety of stitches, each with one or more names, are used for specific purposes.
Mt. Olivet Episcopal Church and Cemetery
Mt. Olivet Episcopal Church and Cemetery is an historic Carpenter Gothic style Episcopal Church building and its adjoining cemetery located at 335 Main Street in Pineville, Louisiana, United States.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 2000. Mt. Olivet is no longer a parish church and is now Mount Olivet Chapel. Its parish hall is now the Diocesan House of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Louisiana.

Carpenter Gothic
Carpenter Gothic, also sometimes called Carpenter's Gothic or Rural Gothic, is a North American architectural style-designation for an application of Gothic Revival architectural detailing and picturesque massing applied to wooden structures built by house-carpenters. The abundance of North American timber and the carpenter-built vernacular architectures based upon it made a picturesque improvisation upon Gothic a natural evolution. Carpenter Gothic improvises upon features that were carved in stone in authentic Gothic architecture, whether original or in more scholarly revival styles; however, in the absence of the restraining influence of genuine Gothic structures, the style was freed to improvise and emphasize charm and quaintness rather than fidelity to received models. The genre received its impetus from the publication by Alexander Jackson Davis of Rural Residences and from detailed plans and elevations in publications by Andrew Jackson Downing.
2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
The 2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series was the seventeenth season of the third highest stock car racing in the United States. The season included twenty-five races, beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. During the 2010 season, NASCAR announced a few notable calendar changes, including a race addition at Kentucky Speedway and the removal of Gateway International Raceway from the schedule. DeLana Harvick won the owners' championship, while Austin Dillon of Richard Childress Racing won the drivers' championship with a tenth-place finish at the final race of the season. Chevrolet won the manufacturers' championship with 193 points.

Sharp Gallaher Racing
Sharp Gallaher Racing (formerly known as Eddie Sharp Racing) is a disbanded NASCAR team based in Mooresville, North Carolina that competed in the ARCA Racing Series and the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series. The team fielded the No. 6 Chevrolet Silverado for Justin Lofton and various other drivers and the No. 8 Chevrolet for Max Gresham.
Charles Mitchell (legal scholar)
Charles Christopher James Mitchell FBA KC (Hon) (born 14 May 1965) is a British legal scholar acknowledged as one of the leading common-law experts on the English law of restitution of unjust enrichment and the law of trusts. He is the author of two leading textbooks and one practitioner's book. He is currently Professor of Law at University College London and Senior Associate Research Fellow at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies.

Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
The Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (IALS) is a member institute of the School of Advanced Study, University of London. Founded in 1947, it is a national academic centre of excellence, serving the legal community and universities across the United Kingdom and the world through legal scholarship, facilities, and its comparative law library.

The mission of the institute is to be "the focal point of legal research for the United Kingdom and the countries of the British Commonwealth."

Since 1976, the institute's home has been Charles Clore House, located in the heart of Bloomsbury, at 17 Russell Square.
Flammersfeld
Flammersfeld is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Westerwald, approx. 35 km north of Koblenz.

Flammersfeld was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Flammersfeld.

Flammersfeld (Verbandsgemeinde)
Flammersfeld is a former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the Verbandsgemeinde was in Flammersfeld. On 1 January 2020 it was merged into the new Verbandsgemeinde Altenkirchen-Flammersfeld.

The Verbandsgemeinde Flammersfeld consisted of the following 26 Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):

* seat of the Verbandsgemeinde
Douglas Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose
Douglas Beresford Malise Ronald Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose, KT (7 November 1852 – 10 December 1925), styled Lord Ronald Graham until 1872 and Marquess of Graham until 1874, was a Scottish nobleman, soldier and landowner.

Dunbartonshire
55°58′N 4°32′W﻿ / ﻿55.96°N 4.53°W﻿ / 55.96; -4.53

Dunbartonshire (Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Dhùn Breatann) or the County of Dumbarton is a historic county, lieutenancy area and registration county in the west central Lowlands of Scotland lying to the north of the River Clyde. Dunbartonshire borders Perthshire to the north, Stirlingshire to the east, Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire to the south, and Argyllshire to the west.

The county covered a similar area to the earldom and later duchy of Lennox. The historic county gives its name to two of Scotland's modern council areas, being East Dunbartonshire and West Dunbartonshire.
Believers (Joe Nichols song)
"Believers" is a song recorded by American country music artist Joe Nichols.  It was released in May 2009 as the first single from the album Old Things New.  The song reached #26 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.  The song was written by Ashley Gorley, Wade Kirby and Bill Luther.

Old Things New
Old Things New is the sixth studio album by American country music artist Joe Nichols, released on October 27, 2009, by Universal South Records. It produced two singles: "Believers", which peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, and "Gimmie That Girl" which became his third number-one song in May 2010. "The Shape I'm In" is the album's third single to radio on July 19, 2010.