hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ian Holmes (footballer, born 1950)
Ian Michael Holmes (born 8 December 1950) is an English former professional footballer, born in Wombwell, Yorkshire, who played as a midfielder in the Football League for Sheffield United, York City and Huddersfield Town. Holmes was a regular member of the York City team that between 1974 and 1976 spent two seasons in the Football League Second Division, the highest status held in the club's history.

Wombwell
Wombwell (locally /ˈwʊmwɛl/) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England. In the 2011 census, data for the town was split between the ward of Wombwell and small sections that fell into the wards of Darfield (specifically the area south of Pitt Street, including Broomhill) and Stairfoot (specifically the area south of Aldham Crescent). Added together, these record the town's population at approximately 15,316.

Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, its name may have originally been "Womba's Well", meaning "well in a hollow".
Galway Atlantaquaria
Galway Atlantaquaria is an aquarium in Salthill, Galway, Ireland. It is Ireland’s largest aquarium, containing over 170 species. It is a member of the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. In 2011, it became the home of "Dessie", a 70-year-old lobster and Northern Ireland's largest lobster. It has many years of expertise in wildlife rehabilitation.

Salthill
Salthill (Irish: Bóthar na Trá, meaning 'road of the strand') is a seaside area to the southwest of Galway city centre in the west of Ireland. The area is home to a number of tourist amenities and there is a 2 km long promenade, locally known as "the Prom", which overlooks Galway Bay.
Bakwa (magazine)
Bakwa is an online and print literary magazine based in Yaoundé, Cameroon. First published in 2011, it has been described as "an eclectic, intelligent take on the dynamic cultural scenes often missed by mainstream, western media".
Notable contributors include: Imbolo Mbue, Kangsen Feka Wakai, Jeremy Klemin, Serubiri Moses, Minna Salami, Jack Little, Emmanuel Iduma, Bwesigye bwa Mwesigire and Johnnie MacViban.

Emmanuel Iduma
Emmanuel Iduma (born 1 February 1989) is a Nigerian writer and art critic. He is the author of A Stranger's Pose (2018) and Farad (2012). In 2016, Farad was republished in North America as The Sound of Things to Come.  He was awarded the inaugural Irving Sandler Award for New Voices in Art Criticism by the Association Internationale des Critiques d’Art, USA.  He teaches in the MFA Art Writing Program at the School of Visual Arts, New York City.
Bartholomäus Hopfer
Bartholomäus Hopfer (1628–1699) was a German painter.

He was born in Amsterdam where he is known in period accounts as Hopffer.
He is sometimes referred to as "the Younger" to differentiate him from the Renaissance painter by the same name who was the father of Daniel Hopfer. It is unclear if he was a distant relation, but several generations of the Hopfer family were active as engravers in Augsburg, and this younger Hopfer was also active there and in Wickersheim before moving to Strasbourg, where he died.

Daniel Hopfer
Daniel Hopfer (c. 1470 – 1536) was a German artist who is widely believed to have been the first to use etching in printmaking, at the end of the 15th century.  He also worked in woodcut. Although his etchings were widely ignored by art historians for years, more recent scholarship is crediting him and his work with "single-handedly establishing the salability of etchings" and introducing the print publisher business model.

Unlike most later prints, etched on copper plates, Hopfer's printed etching continued to use the iron plates he was used to working with in steel plate armour, the material he was trained in, and with which he continued to work.
Matteo Valli
Matteo Valli (born 11 September 1986) is a retired Sanmarinese football striker.

Valli briefly played professionally for San Marino Calcio in Serie C2.

He scored for U-21 side against Lithuania U21, Bosnia-Herzegovina U-21, Spain U-21 and  Armenia U-21.

He was not yet call up to qualifying round of 2009 edition

In 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA), he appeared as unused against Northern Ireland and Czech Republic.

As in 2010 has won back all matches in a cup of Regions, for the basic national team and even could score one goal.

He was part of Tre Penne's squad to win San Marino's first game on international club level during the first qualifying round in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League campaign, beating Shirak F.C. of Armenia 1–0.

2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification
The 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship started on 31 May 2007 with a qualifying competition and finishes on 15 October 2008, before the final tournament on 15–23 June 2009. 51 of the 52 other nations in UEFA's jurisdiction, including Montenegro and Serbia who competed separately for the first time, went through a series of qualifiers to decide the seven other teams to join Sweden at the finals. Andorra did not take part.

The first stage of the qualifying competition is a group stage followed by play-offs. Each group winner, as well as the four highest ranked second place teams, will advance to the play-off. The play-off will determine which seven nations join Sweden in the final tournament. Sweden, as hosts, qualify automatically.
Relative species abundance
Relative species abundance is a component of biodiversity and is a measure of how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a defined location or community. Relative abundance is the percent composition of an organism of a particular kind relative to the total number of organisms in the area. Relative species abundances tend to conform to specific patterns that are among the best-known and most-studied patterns in macroecology. Different populations in a community exist in relative proportions; this idea is known as relative abundance.

Trophic level
The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web.  Within a food web, a food chain is a succession of organisms that eat other organisms and may, in turn, be eaten themselves. The trophic level of an organism is the number of steps it is from the start of the chain. A food web starts at trophic level 1 with primary producers such as plants, can move to herbivores at level 2, carnivores at level 3 or higher, and typically finish with apex predators at level 4 or 5.  The path along the chain can form either a one-way flow or a part of a wider food "web".  Ecological communities with higher biodiversity form more complex trophic paths.

The word trophic derives from the Greek τροφή (trophē) referring to food or nourishment.
Saint-Fiacre, Seine-et-Marne
Saint-Fiacre (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ fjakʁ] ⓘ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

It is named after Saint Fiacre who built a hospice for travelers at the end of the 6th century in what is now Saint-Fiacre, Seine-et-Marne. He is still revered as the patron saint of Saint-Fiacre.

In the late medieval song Le Roy Engloys, Saint-Fiacre en Brie, Brie being the region the town is located in, is mentioned as the place where the English king Henry V died. This is incorrect, however, as the king died at Vincennes. The error can be explained by the fact that the song was written a century later.

Seine-et-Marne
Seine-et-Marne (French pronunciation: [sɛn e maʁn] ⓘ; lit. 'Seine and Marne') is a department in the Île-de-France region in Northern France. Named after the rivers Seine and Marne, it is the region's largest department with an area of 5,915 square kilometres (2,284 square miles); it roughly covers its eastern half. In 2019, it had a population of 1,421,197. Its prefecture is Melun, although both Meaux and Chelles have larger populations.
Batticaloa Tamil dialect
Batticaloa Tamil dialect is shared between Tamils, Moors, Veddhas and Portuguese Burghers in the Batticaloa-Amparai region of the Eastern Province, Sri Lanka. The Tamil dialect used by residents of the Trincomalee District has many similarities with the Jaffna Tamil dialect. According to Kamil Zvelebil a linguist, the Batticaloa Tamil dialect is the most literary like of all spoken dialects of Tamil, and it has preserved several antique features, and has remained more true to the literary norm than any other form of Tamil while developing a few striking innovations. Although Batticaloa Tamil has some very specific features of vocabulary, it is classified with other Sri Lankan Tamil dialects as it is related to them by characteristic traits of its phonology. It also maintains some words that are unique to present day. Also, the dialect has less influence of Sanskrit.

Portuguese Burghers
The Portuguese Burghers are an ethnic group in Sri Lanka, of mixed Portuguese and Sri Lankan descent. They are largely Catholic and some still speak the Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese language, a creole based on Portuguese mixed with Sinhalese.  In modern times, English has become the common language while Sinhalese is taught in school as a second language. Portuguese Burghers sometimes mixed with but are to be distinguished from other Burgher people, such as Dutch Burghers.
Helmholtz theorem (classical mechanics)
The Helmholtz theorem of classical mechanics reads as follows:

Let  be the Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional system, where  is the kinetic energy and   is a "U-shaped" potential energy profile which depends on a parameter .
Let  denote the time average. Let

Then

Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian of a system is an operator corresponding to the total energy of that system, including both kinetic energy and potential energy. Its spectrum, the system's energy spectrum or its set of energy eigenvalues, is the set of possible outcomes obtainable from a measurement of the system's total energy. Due to its close relation to the energy spectrum and time-evolution of a system, it is of fundamental importance in most formulations of quantum theory.

The Hamiltonian is named after William Rowan Hamilton, who developed a revolutionary reformulation of Newtonian mechanics, known as Hamiltonian mechanics, which was historically important to the development of quantum physics. Similar to vector notation, it is typically denoted by , where the hat indicates that it is an operator. It can also be written as  or .
FC2
FC2 can refer to:

FC2 (portal), a popular Japanese Internet content portal

FC2: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system

The nitrile version of the female condom, introduced in 2005

Fire Controlman Second Class, a rating in the United States Navy

Fiction Collective Two, an American author-run, not-for-profit publisher of avant-garde, experimental fiction, with the website fc2.org

Far Cry 2, a video game by Ubisoft

Fiction Collective Two
Fiction Collective Two (FC2) is an author-run, not-for-profit publisher of avant-garde, experimental fiction supported in part by the University of Utah, the University of Alabama Press, Central Michigan University, Illinois State University, private contributors, arts organizations and foundations, and contest fees.

FC2 is "devoted to publishing fiction considered by America's largest publishers too challenging, innovative, or heterodox for the commercial milieu ... FC2's mission has been and remains to publish books of high quality and exceptional ambition whose styles, subject matter, or forms push the limits of American publishing and reshape our literary culture."
Piccadilly Pub
Piccadilly Pub was a chain of casual dining restaurants headquartered in the US state of Massachusetts. The first Piccadilly Pub restaurant was opened by William C. Martin in 1973 in the town of Westborough, Massachusetts.

The chain offered a menu of American cuisine, with particular emphasis on seafood such as fish and chips, New England clam chowder, fried clams, lobster, scallops, and shrimp.

Other items served included ribs, steaks, grilled honey lime island chicken salad, and Oreo cookie ice cream pie.

As of 2001, the chain had 11 locations. At its peak, the chain had 13 locations, all in Massachusetts and Connecticut, but at the time it went out of business it had nine locations. All locations closed on February 5, 2012.

Lobster
Lobsters are malacostracan decapod crustaceans of the family Nephropidae or its synonym Homaridae. They have long bodies with muscular tails and live in crevices or burrows on the sea floor. Three of their five pairs of legs have claws, including the first pair, which are usually much larger than the others. Highly prized as seafood, lobsters are economically important and are often one of the most profitable commodities in the coastal areas they populate.

Commercially important species include two species of Homarus from the northern Atlantic Ocean and scampi (which look more like a shrimp, or a "mini lobster")—the Northern Hemisphere genus Nephrops and the Southern Hemisphere genus Metanephrops.
Paracomp
Paracomp was a Macintosh programming company known for their 3D software, Swivel 3D and ModelShop and FilmMaker. FilmMaker was known for its packaging which was a 16 mm film reel tin, which was used to contain the software and manuals. Paracomp was also the publisher of the computer algebra system Milo, which was the first program on Macintosh able to perform symbolic computation using standard math notation. Paracomp was acquired by MacroMind in 1991 to briefly form MacroMind-Paracomp, before adding Authorware in 1992 and becoming Macromedia.

16 mm film
16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film (about 2⁄3 inch); other common film gauges include 8 mm and 35 mm. It is generally used for non-theatrical (e.g., industrial, educational, television) film-making, or for low-budget motion pictures. It also existed as a popular amateur or home movie-making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film and later Super 8 film. Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm "outfit" in 1923, consisting of a Ciné-Kodak camera, Kodascope projector, tripod, screen and splicer, for US$335 (equivalent to US$6,330 in 2025).: 334  RCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932, and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935.: 231
David W. Andrews
David W. Andrews is an American academic, who served as the president of National University from 2016 to 2021, and serves as the chancellor of University of Massachusetts Global (UMass Global). He previously taught at Oregon State University, Ohio State University, and Johns Hopkins University, where he was the dean of the School of Education, having been succeeded by Christopher Morphew on August 1, 2017. Andrews’ areas of teaching specialization include adolescent and youth development, early childhood education, program development and evaluation, and parenting.

National University (San Diego, California)
National University is a private university headquartered in San Diego, California, United States. Founded in 1971, National University offers academic degree programs at campuses throughout California and various programs online. Programs at National University are designed for adult learners. On-campus classes are typically blended learning courses, concentrated to four weeks or on weeknights with occasional Saturday classes. The university uses asynchronous learning and real-time virtual classrooms for its online programs.
Shear rate
In physics, mechanics and other areas of science, shear rate is the temporal rate at which a progressive shear strain is applied to some material, causing shearing to the material. Shear rate has quantity dimension of velocity per distance, which simplifies to reciprocal time.

Mechanics
Mechanics (from Ancient Greek  μηχανική (mēkhanikḗ) 'of machines') is the area of physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects. Forces applied to objects may result in displacements, which are changes of an object's position relative to its environment.

Theoretical expositions of this branch of physics have their origins in Ancient Greece, for instance, in the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes (see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics). During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Christiaan Huygens, and Isaac Newton laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics.

In the 20th century the concepts of classical mechanics were challenged by new discoveries, leading to fundamentally new approaches including relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics.
Steven Izenour
Steven Izenour (July 16, 1940 in New Haven – August 21, 2001 in Vermont) was an American architect, urbanist and theorist. He is best known as co-author, with Robert Venturi and  Denise Scott Brown, of Learning from Las Vegas, one of the most influential architectural theory books of the twentieth century. He was also a principal in the Philadelphia firm Venturi, Scott Brown & Associates.

He was born in New Haven, Connecticut, where his father George Izenour, a theatre stage and lighting designer, taught at Yale University and later had a consulting firm. His mother was Hildegard Hilt. In 1964, Izenour married Elisabeth Margit Gemmill.

Architectural theory
Architectural theory is the act of thinking, discussing, and writing about architecture. Architectural theory is taught in all architecture schools and is practiced by the world's leading architects. Some forms that architecture theory takes are the lecture or dialogue, the treatise or book, and the paper project or competition entry. Architectural theory is often didactic, and theorists tend to stay close to or work from within schools. It has existed in some form since antiquity, and as publishing became more common, architectural theory gained an increased richness. Books, magazines, and journals published an unprecedented number of works by architects and critics in the 20th century. As a result, styles and movements formed and dissolved much more quickly than the relatively enduring modes in earlier history. It is to be expected that the use of the internet will further the discourse on architecture in the 21st century.
YL PGB
Yunlei  (Chinese: 云雷; pinyin: yún léi; lit. 'Cloud Thunder'), abbreviated as YL or prefixed with CS/BB, is a series of precision-guided munitions (PGM) and special-purpose bombs developed by China South Industries Group.

Thermobaric weapon
A thermobaric weapon, also called an aerosol bomb, or a vacuum bomb, is a type of explosive munition that works by dispersing an aerosol cloud of gas, liquid or powdered explosive. This allows the chemical combustion to proceed using atmospheric oxygen, so that the weapon does not need to include an oxidizer.

The fuel is usually a single compound, rather than a mixture of multiple substances. Many types of thermobaric weapons can be fitted to hand-held launchers, and can also be launched from airplanes.
Livensky
Livensky (Russian: Ливенский; masculine), Livenskaya (Ливенская; feminine), or Livenskoye (Ливенское; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Livenskoye, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Alexeyevsky Rural Okrug of Krasnoznamensky District of Kaliningrad Oblast

Livenskoye, Tula Oblast, a village in Prilepsky Rural Okrug of Leninsky District of Tula Oblast

Livenskaya, a village in Bolkhovskoy Selsoviet of Zadonsky District of Lipetsk Oblast

Tula Oblast
Tula Oblast (Russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, romanized: Tulʹskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in European Russia and is administratively part of the Central Federal District, covering an area of 25,700 square kilometers (9,900 sq mi). It has a population of 1,553,925 (2010 census). Tula is the largest city and the administrative center of the oblast.

Tula Oblast borders Moscow Oblast in the north, Ryazan in the east, Lipetsk in the southeast, Oryol in the southwest, and Kaluga in the west. Tula Oblast is one of the most developed and urbanized territories in Russia, and the majority of the territory forms the Tula-Novomoskovsk Agglomeration, an urban area with a population of over 1 million.
Fight+
Fight+ was a British and European combat sports TV channel founded by David McConachie and Steffen Tangstad.

Fight+ showed movies, documentaries, classic and exclusive matches, training and educational programming and news. The channel was launched at the end of January 2006 on a British Sky satellite provider. The plan was for Fight+ to become available all over Europe as fast as possible. The channel started broadcasting in Scandinavia on 1 March 2006.

Fight+ closed down on 11 December 2006, according to Canal Digital website. According to the same website the channel is closing because there hasn't been enough interest from customers of Canal Digital, and they've also had problems finding new investors.

Steffen Tangstad
Steffen Tangstad (22 June 1959 – 26 June 2024) was a Norwegian professional boxer and two-time European Heavyweight Champion.

Tangstad fought Michael Spinks for the IBF Heavyweight title on 6 September 1986, losing as a result of a fourth-round knockout.
That was Tangstad's final bout. He retired with a career record of 24 wins (14 by knockout), 2 losses and 2 draws.

After retiring from the boxing ring, Tangstad began a career in Norwegian television and was the CEO of the now defunct "Modern Sports & Events" (MSE), which was licensed to broadcast UFC pay-per-view events in Scandinavia.

In 2006, he participated in the second season of Skal vi danse?.

Tangstad died after a long illness on 26 June 2024, at the age of 65. He had had his leg amputated three years before.
He had been struggling with peripheral neuropathy, and had lost the use of his hands, arms and legs.
Calguia rufobrunnealis
Calguia rufobrunnealis is a species of snout moth in the genus Calguia. It was described by Hiroshi Yamanaka in 2006. It is found in Japan (it was described from Okinawa).

The wingspan is 8–11 millimetres (0.31–0.43 in).

Pyralidae
The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyralidae as a subfamily, making the combined group one of the largest families in the Lepidoptera. The latest review by Eugene G. Munroe and Maria Alma Solis retain the Crambidae as a full family of Pyraloidea.

The wingspans for small and medium-sized species are usually between 9 and 37 mm (0.35 and 1.46 in) with variable morphological features.

It is a diverse group, with more than 6,000 species described worldwide, and more than 600 species in America north of Mexico, comprising the third largest moth family in North America. At least 42 species have been recorded from North Dakota in the subfamilies of Pyralidae.