hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Heat flux measurements of thermal insulation
Heat flux measurements of thermal insulation are applied in laboratory and industrial environments to obtain reference or in-situ measurements of the thermal properties of an insulation material.
Thermal insulation is tested using nondestructive testing techniques relying on heat flux sensors. Procedures and requirements for in-situ measurements are standardized in ASTM C1041 standard: "Standard Practice for In-Situ Measurements of Heat Flux in Industrial Thermal Insulation Using Heat Flux Transducers".

ASTM International
ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is a standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical international standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems and services. Some 12,575 apply globally. The headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 mi (8.0 km) northwest of Philadelphia. It was founded in 1902 as the American Section of the International Association for Testing Materials.

In addition to its traditional standards work, ASTM operates several global initiatives advancing additive manufacturing, advanced manufacturing, and emerging technologies, including the Additive Manufacturing Center of Excellence (AM CoE), the acquisition of Wohlers Associates for market intelligence and advisory services, and the NIST-funded Standardization Center of Excellence (SCOE).
European goldfinch
The European goldfinch or simply the goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) is a small passerine bird in the finch family that is native to the Palearctic zone in Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. It has been introduced to other areas, including Australia, New Zealand, Uruguay and the United States.

The breeding male has a red face with black markings around the eyes, and a black-and-white head. Its back and flanks are buff or chestnut brown. Its black wings feature a broad yellow bar. Its tail is black and its rump is white. Males and females are very similar, but females have a slightly smaller red area on their face.

The goldfinch is often depicted in Italian Renaissance paintings of the Madonna and Child.

10th edition of Systema Naturae
The 10th edition of Systema Naturae (Latin; the English title is A General System of Nature) is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature. In it, Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature for animals, something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of Species Plantarum.
2015 Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup
The 2015 Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup was the 6th edition of the Indoor Hockey Asia Cup specifically for men. It was held in Korgan City, Kazakhstan from 13–17 May 2015.

The number of teams for this year’s cup are the same as for the previous tournament where five teams competed. Malaysia, Chinese Taipei and Indonesia, who competed previously did not join this year’s edition and were replaced by Qatar, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

Iran defeated Kazakhstan in the final to win the cup.

Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup
The Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup is an international men's indoor hockey competition organized by the Asian Hockey Federation. The winning team becomes the champion of Asia. The tournament serves as a qualification tournament for the Indoor Hockey World Cup.
Abbreviated dialing
Abbreviated dialing is the use of a very short digit sequence to reach specific telephone numbers, such as those of public services. The purpose of such numbers is to be universal, short, and easy to remember. Typically they are two or three digits.

Carriers refer to the shortened number sequences as abbreviated dialing codes (ADCs). Unlike SMS short codes, they are generally not automatically synchronized across carriers.  ADCs are provisioned separately for mobile networks versus landline networks.

Suicide and Crisis Lifeline
988 (Suicide and Crisis Lifeline in the United States, or Suicide Crisis Helpline in Canada, and formerly known as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline), sometimes written 9-8-8, is a suicide prevention and crisis help line to a network of a large number of crisis centers in the United States and Canada that provide 24/7 service to trained crisis counselors, via a toll-free hotline and with the three-digit short code telephone number 9-8-8.

In the United States, the 988 short code was implemented in July 2022 as an addition to its predecessor, a 1-800 number that existed since 2005.  Calls to the hotline are routed to the nearest crisis center that provides immediate counseling and a referral to a local mental health service. The service supports people who call for their own crisis or for someone they care about.

A similar operation in Canada was launched on November 30, 2023.
1979 All-East football team
The 1979 All-East football team consists of American football players chosen by the Associated Press as the best players at each position among the Eastern colleges and universities during the 1979 NCAA Division I-A football season.

The 1979 Pittsburgh Panthers football team was the only Eastern team to finish in the top ten, ranking No. 6 in the final UPI poll and No. 7 in the final AP poll. Pitt placed five players on the All-Eastern first team: defensive end Hugh Green, offensive tackle Mark May, tight end Benjie Pryor, and defensive backs JoJo Heath and Terry White.

Three of the players who won first-team honors on the All-East team also received first-team honors on the 1979 All-America college football team: wide receiver Art Monk of Syracuse; defensive end Hugh Green of Pitt; and defensive tackle Bruce Clark of Penn State.

Hugh Green (American football)
Hugh Donell Green (born July 27, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for 11 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) from 1981 to 1991. He played college football for the Pittsburgh Panthers as a defensive end, and was recognized as a three-time consensus All-American. Green was selected in the first round of the 1981 NFL draft, and played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Miami Dolphins.
George Lansing Raymond
George Lansing Raymond, (September 11, 1839–July 11, 1929) was a prominent professor of Aesthetic Criticism at Princeton University from 1881 to 1905, and author of a new system of esthetics. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature seven times.

He also served as a professor at George Washington University (D.C.) and Williams College (his alma mater).

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
SkyReach BushCat
The SkyReach BushCat is a South African light-sport aircraft developed from the Rainbow Aircraft Cheetah by Vladimir Chechin of SkyReach Aircraft. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Rotax 912
The Rotax 912 is a horizontally-opposed four-cylinder, naturally-aspirated, four-stroke aircraft engine with a  reduction gearbox. It features liquid-cooled cylinder heads and air-cooled cylinders. Originally equipped with carburetors, later versions are fuel injected. Dominating the market for small aircraft and kitplanes, Rotax produced its 50,000th 912-series engine in 2014.  Originally available only for light sport aircraft, ultralight aircraft, autogyros and drones, the 912-series engine was approved for certified aircraft in 1995.
Zoantharia
Zoanthids (also known as: zoanthiniarians, zoantharians (proper), colonial anemones, button polyps; scientific names: Zoanthiniaria, Zoanthinaria, Zoantharia, Zoanthidea, Zoanthidia, Zoantharida) are an order of hexacorals.

Zoanthids are commonly found in coral reefs, the deep sea and many other marine environments around the world. These animals come in a variety of different colonizing formations and in numerous different colors. They can be found as individual polyps, attached by a fleshy stolon or a mat that can be created from small pieces of sediment, sand and rock. The term "zoanthid" refers to all animals within this order Zoantharia, and should not be confused with "Zoanthus", which is one genus within Zoantharia.

These are among the most commonly collected corals in reef aquaria, easily propagating and very durable in many water conditions.

Abyssoanthus
Abyssoanthus is a genus of cnidarians, the only genus in the family Abyssoanthidae.

Species include:

Abyssoanthus convallis Reimer & Sinniger, 2010

Abyssoanthus nankaiensis Reimer & Fujiwara in Reimer, Sinniger, Fujiwara, Hirano & Maruyama, 2007
2013 Samsung Securities Cup
The 2013 Samsung Securities Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 14th edition of the men's tournament which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour and the third edition of the women's event, which was part of the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Seoul, South Korea, on 28 October–3 November 2013.

2013 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2013 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 149 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $220,000.
Harro Heuser
Harro Heuser (December 26, 1927 in Nastätten – February 21, 2011 in Bingen) was a German mathematician. In German-speaking countries he is best known for his popular two-volume introduction into real analysis, Lehrbuch der Analysis.

Heuser studied mathematics, physics and philosophy from 1948 to 1954 at the University of Tübingen to receive a teaching degree (Staatsexamen) and went on to study for his PhD, which he received in 1957. The advisor of his thesis, entitled Über Operatoren mit endlichen Defekten, was Helmut Wielandt. After receiving his PhD he moved to the University of Karlsruhe, where he received his habilitation in 1962. In 1963 he became a professor at the University of Kiel and in 1964 at the University of Mainz. Finally in spring 1969 he became a tenured professor at the University of Karlsruhe, where he remained until his retirement in 1996. He was also temporarily working as a visiting professor in the United States, Canada, Colombia and Italy.

Helmut Wielandt
Helmut Wielandt (19 December 1910 – 14 February 2001) was a German mathematician who worked on permutation groups.

He was born in Niedereggenen, Lörrach, Germany.
He gave a plenary lecture Entwicklungslinien in der Strukturtheorie der endlichen Gruppen (Lines of Development in the Structure Theory of Finite Groups) at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in 1958 at Edinburgh and was an Invited Speaker with talk Bedingungen für die Konjugiertheit von Untergruppen endlicher Gruppen (Conditions for the Conjugacy of Finite Groups) at the ICM in 1962 in Stockholm.

Among his work in Algebra is an elegant proof of the Sylow Theorems (replacing an older cumbersome proof involving double cosets)  that is in the standard textbooks on Abstract Algebra, i.e. Group Theory.
Michiganensian
The Michiganensian, also known as the Ensian, is the official yearbook of the University of Michigan. Its first issue was published in April 1896, as a consolidation of three campus publications, The Res Gestae, the Palladium, and the Castalian. The yearbook is editorially and financially independent of the University of Michigan's administration and other student groups, but it shares the Stanford Lipsey Student Publications Building on 420 Maynard Street with The Michigan Daily and Gargoyle Humor Magazine.

The Michiganensian is published yearly in late spring by a staff of several dozen students. The book is the second oldest publication on campus, and it contains articles and original photography related to campus life, student activism, university athletics, and current events.

Yearbook
A yearbook, also known as an annual, is a type of a book published annually. One use is to record, highlight, and commemorate the past year of a school. The term also refers to a book of statistics or facts published annually. A yearbook often has an overarching theme that is present throughout the entire book.

Many high schools, colleges, elementary and middle schools publish yearbooks; however, many schools are dropping yearbooks or decreasing page counts given social media alternatives to a mass-produced physical photographically oriented record. From 1995 to 2013, the number of U.S. college yearbooks dropped from roughly 2,400 to 1,000.
Great Northern class Z-1
The Great Northern Z-1 was a class of ten electric locomotives built for the Great Northern Railway. They were used to work the route through the second Cascade Tunnel. They were built between 1926–1928 by Baldwin Locomotive Works, with Westinghouse electrics, and stayed in service until dieselisation in 1956. Each was of 1,830 horsepower (1,360 kW) with a 1-D-1 wheel arrangement, although they were always used in coupled pairs.

Baldwin Locomotive Works
The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it moved to nearby Eddystone in the early 20th century. The company was for decades the world's largest producer of steam locomotives, but struggled to compete when demand switched to diesel locomotives. Baldwin produced the last of its 70,000-plus locomotives in 1951, before merging with the Lima-Hamilton Corporation on September 11, 1951, to form the Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation.

The company has no relation to the E.M. Baldwin and Sons of New South Wales, Australia, a builder of small diesel locomotives for sugar cane railroads.
Zaragoza en Común
Zaragoza en Común (Spanish for Zaragoza in Common, ZeC) is a municipalist movement aimed at "creating, from the confluence of people and political and social organizations, a new social majority to win the city for the people".

It was created in 2015, to contest the 2015 local elections in the city of Zaragoza. In these elections, Zaragoza en Común won 24.6% of the vote (representing the second largest share) and 9 members in the city council. Its leader Pedro Santisteve was elected mayor of Zaragoza on June 13, 2015 with the votes of ZGZ, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the regionalist Chunta Aragonesista.

In the elections on May 26, 2019, ZGZ received only 10% of the votes and lost 6 of their 9 seats in the council and the candidate of the conservative People's Party was elected by the council in June.

Chunta Aragonesista
The Chunta Aragonesista (CHA; English: Aragonese Union) is a political party in Aragon (Spain), influenced by eco-socialism and Aragonese nationalism. CHA defends a federal state, greater financial resources for Aragon, and the protection of the environment and hydrological resources of the Ebro Valley.  It promotes the use of the Aragonese language.
Valašské Meziříčí
Valašské Meziříčí (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvalaʃskɛː ˈmɛzɪr̝iːtʃiː]; German: Wallachisch Meseritsch) is a town in Vsetín District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 23,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Zierotin
The House of Zierotin or House of Žerotín (Czech: Žerotínové) was a Czech noble family in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, one of the oldest and most illustrious noble families from Bohemia and Moravia. The ancestors of the family were first mentioned around 1200. The family achieved the rank of Imperial Counts in the Holy Roman Empire. The family died out at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, but its female lines continue to exist. Several properties were returned to the Mornstein-Zierotin after fall of Communist rule in 1989.
Arthur's Tavern
Arthur's Tavern is a nightclub in the West Village, New York City. It has been located in a designated historic building for more than 60 years. Arthur's Tavern street address is 57 Grove Street (between 7th Avenue South and Bleecker Street).

Arthur's is a live jazz and blues club.  It has hosted Charlie Parker and Roy Hargrove. Songwriters James Holvay and Gary Beisbier (who penned hit songs for the Buckinghams in the late 1960s) were part of a R & B band called The Chicagoans that played Arthur's Tavern in the fall of 1963.

In the 1970s, Arthur's Tavern was known for free admission and relatively inexpensive drinks.

West Village
The West Village is a neighborhood in the western section of the larger Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. The West Village is bounded by the Hudson River to the west and 14th Street to the north. The eastern boundary is variously cited as Greenwich Avenue, Seventh Avenue, or Sixth Avenue, while the southern boundary is either Houston Street or Christopher Street.

The West Village is part of Manhattan Community District 2, and is patrolled by the 6th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. Residential property sale prices in West Village are among the most expensive in the United States, typically exceeding US$2,100 per square foot ($23,000/m2) in 2017.
Vinica pri Šmarjeti
Vinica pri Šmarjeti (pronounced [ˈʋiːnitsa pɾi ʃmaˈɾjeːti]) is a village in the Municipality of Šmarješke Toplice in southeastern Slovenia. It lies northeast of Šmarjeta. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Šmarjeta
Šmarjeta (pronounced [ʃmaˈɾjéːta]; German: Sankt Margarethen) is a village in the Municipality of Šmarješke Toplice in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The village includes the hamlet of Dolenja Vas (Slovene: Dolenja vas, German: Unterdorf), formerly an independent village.

The local parish church from which the settlement gets its name is dedicated to Saint Margaret (Slovene: sveta Marjeta) and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto. It was built between 1910 and 1927 on the site of an earlier building.
Zheng Kaimu
Zheng Kaimu (Chinese: 郑凯木; pinyin: Zhèng Kǎimǔ; born 28 January 1992) is a professional Chinese footballer who plays as a defender or defensive midfielder for Chinese Super League side Wuhan Three Towns.

Jiangsu F.C.
Jiangsu Football Club (Chinese: 江苏足球俱乐部) was a Chinese professional football club based in Nanjing, Jiangsu, most known for their spell in the Chinese Super League from 2009 to 2020. Their home stadium was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre. The club was previously known as Jiangsu Sainty F.C. from 2000 to 2016 and Jiangsu Suning F.C. from 2016 to 2021. The club's last owner was Suning Appliance Group, a sister company of Suning.com.

The team was founded in 1958 as Jiangsu Provincial Team. The modern professional football club was established in March 1994, and was one of the founding members of the first fully professional top-flight league in China participating in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season. It faced relegation in that campaign, but the team went on to win promotion back into the top-flight at the end of the 2008 league season.

The 2020 Chinese Super League saw the club win their first, and only, top-flight championship: three months later, the club was dissolved.
Nannosuchus
Nannosuchus (meaning "dwarf crocodile")  is an extinct genus of goniopholidid mesoeucrocodylian from the Berriasian Middle Purbeck Formation of England that was originally named as a species of Goniopholis. The type species, N. gracilidens, is based on the holotype BMNH 48217, scattered fragmentary remains that include parts of the skull and various other postcranial elements described in 1879.

Goniopholididae
Goniopholididae is an extinct family of moderate-sized semi-aquatic neosuchian crocodyliformes. Their bodyplan and morphology are convergent on living crocodilians. They lived across Laurasia (Asia, Europe and North America) between the Middle Jurassic (possibly Early Jurassic, see below) and the Late Cretaceous.
2nd (Seaham) Durham Artillery Volunteer Corps
The 2nd (Seaham) Durham Artillery Volunteer Corps was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Artillery raised in County Durham by the Vane-Tempest family during an invasion crisis in 1860. It became a permanent part of the Volunteer Force and later the Territorial Force, and fought as field artillery on the Western Front in World War I. Before World War II it became an anti-aircraft unit that served in the Battle of Britain, the Blitz and in the Far East where it converted to medium artillery in the Burma Campaign. Postwar, it continued to serve in the air defence role in the Territorial Army until 1955.

Second Battle of Ypres
The Second Battle of Ypres was fought from 22 April – 25 May 1915, during the First World War, for control of the tactically valuable high ground to the east and the south of the Flemish town of Ypres, in western Belgium. The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the previous autumn. The Second Battle of Ypres was the occasion of the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front.
Christopher Coker
Christopher Coker (28 March 1953 – 5 September 2023) was a British political scientist and political philosopher who wrote extensively on war. He was Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics (LSE) for almost 40 years, from 1982 until 2019. Despite being retired from his professorship, Coker was Director of LSE IDEAS, LSE's foreign policy think tank and continued to be a regular participant or consultant in UK and NATO military education and strategic planning circles. He was also the Director of the Rațiu Forum in Romania. He was a NATO Fellow in 1981. He was a member of Council of the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI).

Coker died on 5 September 2023, at the age of 70. Studying in Oxford and Cambridge, his supervisor was Sir Michael Howard. Other influences on him were Hedley Bull and Philip Windsor. Obituaries highlighted Christopher Coker's commitment to mentoring students.

Hedley Bull
Hedley Norman Bull FBA (10 June 1932 – 18 May 1985) was Professor of International Relations at the Australian National University, the London School of Economics and the University of Oxford until his death from cancer in 1985. He was Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford from 1977 to 1985, and died there.
Aizu Matsudaira clan cemetery
The Aizu Domain Matsudaira clan cemetery  (会津藩主松平家墓所, Aizu-han-shu Matsudaira-ke bosho) is located in two locations. One is in the city of Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, and the second is in the town of Inawashiro, Fukushima Japan. The cemetery contains the graves of the successive daimyō of Aizu Domain. The cemeteries were collectively designated a National Historic Site in 1987.

Inawashiro
Inawashiro (猪苗代町, Inawashiro-machi) is a town located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2020, the town had an estimated population of 13,810 in 5309 households, and a population density of 35 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 394.85 square kilometres (152.45 sq mi). It is noted as the birthplace of the famous doctor Hideyo Noguchi, who contributed to knowledge in the fight against syphilis and yellow fever.