hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Land reform in ancient Egypt
Land ownership in ancient Egypt cycled between private, monarchical, and feudal. A strong king could take advantage of harsh situations such as famine, buy lands from private owners and make them a property of the crown. A weaker king would have to buy services from strong lords by giving them gifts of land.

Bakenranef, a king of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty who ruled Sais around 725 BCE, has been credited with initiating a land reform program. The tradition of Bakenranef as a great lawgiver dates back to the ancient historian Diodorus Siculus, but the brevity of Bakenranef's reign and the small geographical extent of the area he ruled, together with the indirect character of the historical evidence for it, has cast some doubt upon this.

Sais, Egypt
Sais (Ancient Greek: Σάϊς, Coptic: Ⲥⲁⲓ) was an ancient Egyptian city in the Western Nile Delta on the Canopic branch of the Nile, known by the ancient Egyptians as Sꜣw. It was the provincial capital of Sap-Meh, the fifth nome of Lower Egypt and became the seat of power during the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt (c. 732–720 BC) and the Saite Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt (664–525 BC) during the Late Period.  On its ruins today stands the town of Sa el-Hagar (Egyptian Arabic: صا الحجر) or Sa El Hajar.
Hurwitz's theorem
Hurwitz's theorem can refer to several theorems named after Adolf Hurwitz:

Hurwitz's theorem (complex analysis)

Riemann–Hurwitz formula in algebraic geometry

Hurwitz's theorem (composition algebras) on quadratic forms and nonassociative algebras

Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem on Riemann surfaces

Hurwitz's theorem (number theory)

Riemann–Hurwitz formula
In mathematics, the Riemann–Hurwitz formula, named after Bernhard Riemann and Adolf Hurwitz, describes the relationship of the Euler characteristics of two surfaces when one is a ramified covering of the other. It therefore connects ramification with algebraic topology, in this case. It is a prototype result for many others, and is often applied in the theory of Riemann surfaces (which is its origin) and algebraic curves.
Amikacin
Amikacin is an antibiotic medication used for a number of bacterial infections. This includes joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infections. It is also used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. It is used by injection into a vein using an IV or into a muscle.

Amikacin, like other aminoglycoside antibiotics, can cause hearing loss, balance problems, and kidney problems. Other side effects include paralysis, resulting in the inability to breathe. If used during pregnancy it may cause permanent deafness in the baby. Amikacin works by blocking the function of the bacteria's 30S ribosomal subunit, making it unable to produce proteins.

Amikacin was patented in 1971, and came into commercial use in 1976. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is derived from kanamycin.

Creatinine
Creatinine (/kriˈætɪnɪn, -ˌniːn/; from Ancient Greek  κρέας (kréas) 'flesh') is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate from muscle and protein metabolism. It is released at a constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass).
Jean-François Coux
Jean-François Coux (born 23 December 1980 in Grenoble, France) is a French rugby union footballer. Coux's first professional club was Vinay whom he played for from 1998 to 1999. He moved to CS Bourgoin-Jallieu for the 1999-2000 Top 14 season and he left them in 2011 to join SU Agen. He mainly plays on the wing.

Representatively he has played for France A - gaining one cap against Ireland A in 2005. He was selected for France in their 2007 Tour to New Zealand. His Test debut came against the All Blacks at Eden Park, Auckland on 2 June 2007. Although France lost 42-11, Coux scored France's only try of the match.

France A national rugby union team
France A, also known as France XV and France B in the past, was the former name of the second national rugby union team of France behind the French national side.

In 2011 the French Rugby Federation designated the France U20 team as the second national side, and from the start of the 2017–18 season, the French Barbarians became the official second side, moving the role of the former France A team to the more prestigious invitational side with better name recognition.
Yumiko Kurahashi
Yumiko Kurahashi (倉橋 由美子, Kurahashi Yumiko; October 10, 1935 – June 10, 2005) was a Japanese writer. Her married name was Yumiko Kumagai (熊谷 由美子, Kumagai Yumiko), but she wrote under her birth name.

Her work was experimental and antirealist, questioning prevailing societal norms regarding sexual relations, violence, and social order. Her antinovels employed pastiche, parody, and other elements typical of postmodernist writing.

Experimental literature
Experimental literature is a genre of literature that is generally "difficult to define with any sort of precision." It experiments with the conventions of literature, including boundaries of genres and styles; for example, it can be written in the form of prose narratives or poetry, but the text may be set on the page in differing configurations than that of normal prose paragraphs or in the classical stanza form of verse. It may also incorporate art or photography. Furthermore, while experimental literature was traditionally handwritten, the digital age has seen an exponential use of writing experimental works with word processors.
Cutandia
Cutandia is a genus of Asian and Mediterranean plant in the grass family. It grows from Portugal and Cape Verde to Pakistan and Kazakhstan.

Species

Cutandia dichotoma (Forssk.) Trab. - Asia + Africa from Algeria to Iran

Cutandia divaricata (Desf.) Benth.  - Canary Islands, Spain, Italy (incl Sicily + Sardinia), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya

Cutandia maritima (L.) Benth. - Mediterranean, Canary Islands

Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) Benth. - Spain, North Africa, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Middle East, Caucasus, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asia

Cutandia rigescens (Grossh.) Tzvelev - Caucasus, iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan

Cutandia stenostachya (Boiss.) Stace - Greece + Turkey including Aegean Islands

Former species

See Desmazeria and Vulpiella

Cutandia incrassata - Vulpiella stipoides

Cutandia philistaea - Desmazeria philistaea

Cutandia rohlfsiana - Desmazeria philistaea

Aegean Islands
The Aegean Islands are the group of islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece to the west and north and Turkey to the east; the island of Crete delimits the sea to the south, those of Rhodes, Karpathos and Kasos to the southeast. The ancient Greek name of the Aegean Sea, Archipelago (ἀρχιπέλαγος, archipelagos), was later applied to the islands it contains and is now used more generally, to refer to any island group.

The vast majority of the Aegean Islands belong to Greece, being split among nine administrative regions. The only sizable possessions of Turkey in the Aegean Sea are Imbros (Gökçeada) and Tenedos (Bozcaada), in the northeastern part of the sea. Various smaller islets off Turkey's western coast are also under Turkish sovereignty.

The islands have hot summers and mild winters, a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).
Steinar Opstad
Steinar Opstad (born 28 June 1971 in Stokke) is a Norwegian poet. He made his literary debut in 1996 with the poetry collection Tavler og bud, which earned him Tarjei Vesaas' debutantpris.

He was awarded the Aschehoug Prize in 2003 and the Herman Wildenvey Poetry Award in 2015.

Stokke
Stokke is a former municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The 118-square-kilometre (46 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution on 1 January 2017. The area is now part of Sandefjord Municipality. The administrative centre was the village of Stokke. Other main villages in Stokke included Vear, Melsomvik, Storevar, and Valberg.

Upon its dissolution, the 118-square-kilometre (46 sq mi) municipality had a population of 11,657. The municipality's population density is 98 inhabitants per square kilometre (250/sq mi).
Biboy Enguio
Ebrahim "Biboy" Lopez Enguio (born January 31, 1988) is a Filipino-Indonesian professional basketball player who last played for the Tangerang Hawks of the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL). He played college basketball for the UE Red Warriors in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP).

Tanduay Light Rhum Masters
The Tanduay Light Rhum Masters were a basketball team which last played in the PBA D-League. The team was owned by Tanduay Distillers, Inc. and was originally known as the Boracay Rum Waves (2012–2014), which succeeded the Cobra Energy Drink Iron Men (2009–2012).
2009 Limerick City Council election
An election to Limerick City Council took place on 5 June 2009 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 17 councillors were elected from three local electoral areas (LEAs) for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

Limerick City Council
Limerick City Council (Irish: Comhairle Cathrach Luimnigh) was the local authority of the city of Limerick in Ireland. The council had 17 elected members. The head of the council had the title of mayor. Limerick City Council was the smallest local government area in Ireland by area (20.35 km2) and 30th (out of 34 authorities) in terms of population. It was abolished in 2014 when the Local Government Reform Act 2014 was implemented. It was succeeded by Limerick City and County Council.
Vidonín
Vidonín is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Vidonín lies approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) south-east of Žďár nad Sázavou, 46 km (29 mi) east of Jihlava, and 152 km (94 mi) south-east of Prague.

Žďár nad Sázavou
Žďár nad Sázavou (Czech pronunciation: [ˈʒɟaːr ˈnat saːzavou]; German: Saar) is a town in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20,000 inhabitants. The town is an industrial and tourist centre. It is known for the Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Thala Borivat District
Thala Borivat District (Khmer: ស្រុកថាឡាបរីវ៉ាត់, pronounced [tʰaːlaː boriʋat]) is a district located in Stung Treng Province, in north-east Cambodia along the Mekong river. According to the Cambodian census of 2019, it had a population of 36,925.

Available hospitals in the district are: Chamkar Leu Health Center, Preah Rumkel Health Center, Preah Rumkel, and Thala Bariwat Health Center.

Mekong
The Mekong or Mekong River (UK: /miːˈkɒŋ/ mee-KONG, US: /ˌmeɪˈkɔːŋ/ may-KAWNG) is a transboundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is the world's twelfth-longest river and the third-longest in Asia with an estimated length of 4,909 km (3,050 mi) and a drainage area of 795,000 km2 (307,000 sq mi), discharging 475 km3 (114 cu mi) of water annually. From its headwaters in the Tibetan Plateau, the river runs through Southwest China (where it is officially called the Lancang River), Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and southern Vietnam. The extreme seasonal variations in flow and the presence of rapids and waterfalls in the Mekong make navigation difficult, though the river remains a major trade route between Tibet and Southeast Asia. The construction of hydroelectric dams along the Mekong in the 2000s through the 2020s has caused serious problems for the river's ecosystem, including the exacerbation of drought.
The Personals (1998 Taiwanese film)
The Personals is a 1998 Taiwanese comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Chen Kuo-fu, based on Jade Y. Chen's 1992 novel of the same name. The film follows a career woman (Rene Liu) as she encounters a diverse bunch of men after placing a personal advertisement in the newspaper. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Liu won Best Actress at the 1999 Asia-Pacific Film Festival.

1999 Cannes Film Festival
The 52nd Cannes Film Festival took place from 12 to 23 May 1999. Canadian filmmaker David Cronenberg served as jury president for the main competition. Kristin Scott Thomas was the host for the opening and closing ceremonies.

Belgian filmmakers Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne won the Palme d'Or, the festival's top prize, for the drama film Rosetta.

The festival opened with The Barber of Siberia by Nikita Mikhalkov, and closed with An Ideal Husband by Oliver Parker.
Semiramide riconosciuta (Porpora)
Semiramide riconosciuta (Semiramis Recognized) is an Italian opera with serious action, or dramma per musica, by Nicola Porpora, set to a libretto by Metastasio with some textual changes, possibly by Domenico Lalli. The opera was written for some of the finest contemporary singers, and includes a technically demanding series of da capo arias.

Nicola Porpora
Nicola (or Niccolò) Antonio Giacinto Porpora (17 August 1686 – 3 March 1768) was an Italian composer and teacher of singing of the Baroque era, whose most famous singing students were the castrati Farinelli and Caffarelli. Other students included composers Johann Adolph Hasse, Matteo Capranica and Joseph Haydn.
Clinopodium chilense
Clinopodium chilense, synonyms including Satureja gilliesii, is a plant in the family Lamiaceae (the mint family). C. chilense is endemic to central Chile. It is found in the La Campana National Park area, in association with the endangered Chilean wine palm, Jubaea chilensis.

La Campana National Park
La Campana National Park is in the Cordillera de la Costa, Quillota Province, in the Valparaíso Region of Chile. La Campana National Park and the Vizcachas Mountains lie northwest of Santiago. This national park covers approximately 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi) and is home to one of the last palm forests of Jubaea chilensis (Chilean Wine Palm), which prehistorically had a much wider distribution than at present. Another attraction is the Cerro La Campana, which lends its name to the park. In 1834 Charles Darwin climbed this mountain, during the second voyage of HMS Beagle.

In 1984, the park, along with Lago Peñuelas National Reserve, was designated by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve.
Synodontis melanostictus
Synodontis melanostictus is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Lake Tanganyika and its tributaries.  It has been found in Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi.  It was first described by British-Belgian zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1906, based upon a specimen from the Lofubu River.  The species name "melanostictus" is derived from a combination of the Greek melano, meaning black, and the Greek stiktos, meaning punctured or spotted.  This refers to the black spotted pattern that occurs on the body of this species.

George Albert Boulenger
George Albert Boulenger FRS (19 October 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a Belgian-British zoologist who described and gave scientific names to over 2,000 new animal species, chiefly fish, reptiles, and amphibians. Boulenger was also an active botanist during the last 30 years of his life, especially in the study of roses.
Russian submarine Kazan (K-561)
K-561 Kazan is a Yasen-class nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Russian Navy. It is the second boat of the project, separated from the first  by 16 years (1993–2009). Considerable changes were made to the initial design. Differences in the project have appeared sufficient to consider it as a new upgraded version Yasen-M (Russian: Ясень-М). The submarine is named after the city of Kazan. The submarine is deployed with the Russian Northern Fleet.

Nuclear propulsion
Nuclear propulsion includes a wide variety of propulsion methods that use some form of nuclear reaction as their primary power source. Many aircraft carriers and submarines currently use uranium fueled nuclear reactors that can provide propulsion for long periods  without refueling. There are also applications in the space sector with nuclear thermal and nuclear electric engines which could be more efficient than conventional rocket engines.

The idea of using nuclear material for propulsion dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. In 1903 it was hypothesized that radioactive material, radium, might be a suitable fuel for engines to propel cars, planes, and boats. H. G. Wells picked up this idea in his 1914 fiction work The World Set Free.
Peter Holt
Peter M. Holt (born July 26, 1948) is an American businessman. He is the former CEO of HoltCat, the largest Caterpillar dealership in the United States and former chairman, CEO, and owner of Spurs Sports & Entertainment, which owns the NBA's San Antonio Spurs, the USL's San Antonio FC, the AHL's San Antonio Rampage, and the NBA G League's Austin Spurs.

San Antonio FC
San Antonio FC is a professional soccer club based in San Antonio, Texas. It competes in the USL Championship, the second-highest level of the United States soccer league system, as a member of the Western Conference.
SS Commodore
SS Commodore was an American steamboat that was wrecked off the coast of Florida on 2 January 1897, while en route to Cuba.  The event was immortalized when passenger and author Stephen Crane, who was traveling as a war correspondent for the Bacheller-Johnson syndicate, wrote the classic short story "The Open Boat" about his experience.

War correspondent
A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories first-hand from a war zone.

War correspondence stands as one of journalism's most important and impactful forms. War correspondents operate in the most conflict-ridden parts of the world. Once there, they attempt to get close enough to the action to provide written accounts, photos, or film footage. It is often considered the most dangerous form of journalism.

Modern war correspondence emerged from the news reporting of military conflicts during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Its presence grew in the middle of the nineteenth century, with American journalists covering the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) and the European newspapermen writing reports from the Crimean War (1853–1856).
Napier Rock
Napier Rock (62°10′S 58°26′W﻿ / ﻿62.167°S 58.433°W﻿ / -62.167; -58.433) is a rock lying 1.75 nautical miles (3.2 km) east-southeast of Point Thomas in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands. Charted by the French Antarctic Expedition under Charcot, 1908–10. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for Ronald G. Napier (1925–1956) of Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), general assistant and handyman at the Signy Island station in 1955, and then leader at Admiralty Bay until he was drowned on March 24, 1956.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Napier Rock". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Admiralty Bay (South Shetland Islands)
Admiralty Bay is an irregular bay, 8 km (5 mi) wide at its entrance between Demay Point and Martins Head, indenting the southern coast of King George Island for 16 km (10 mi), in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. The name appears on a map of 1822 by Captain George Powell, a British sailor, and is now established in international usage. The Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station is situated on the bay, as is the Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base. It has been designated an Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA 1).
David Cooper (New Zealand cricketer)
David Mark Cooper (born 18 February 1972) is a New Zealand cricket administrator and former cricketer. He played four first-class and seven List A  matches for Central Districts between the 1993–94 and 1996–97 seasons.

Cooper was born at Wanganui in 1977. He played Hawke Cup cricket for Wanganui from the 1988–89 season before making his senior debut for Central Districts in January 1994. He scored 48 first-class and 56 List A runs in his 11 senior appearances for the side.

Following his playing career, Cooper worked as the chief executive of Northern Districts Cricket Association for eight years before taking the role of general manager, domestic cricket for New Zealand Cricket in 2012.

New Zealand Cricket
New Zealand Cricket, formerly the New Zealand Cricket Council, is the governing body for professional cricket in New Zealand. Cricket is the most popular and highest profile summer sport in New Zealand.

New Zealand Cricket operates the New Zealand cricket team, organising Test tours and One-Day Internationals with other nations. It also organises domestic cricket in New Zealand, including the Plunket Shield first-class competition, The Ford Trophy men's domestic one-day competition, the Hallyburton Johnstone Shield women's domestic one-day competition, as well as the Men's Super Smash and Women's Super Smash domestic Twenty20 competitions.

Scott Weenink is the Chief Executive Officer of New Zealand Cricket. Tom Latham is the current Blackcaps Test captain, succeeding Tim Southee who still represents the team. Sophie Devine is the current White Ferns captain.
Piaśnik, Stargard County
Piaśnik [ˈpjaɕnik] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stargard, within Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north of Stargard and 33 km (21 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Stargard County
Stargard County (Polish: powiat stargardzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Stargard, which lies 32 kilometres (20 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains four other towns: Chociwel, 26 km (16 mi) north-east of Stargard, Dobrzany, 27 km (17 mi) east of Stargard, Ińsko, 37 km (23 mi) east of Stargard, and Suchań, 21 km (13 mi) east of Stargard.

The county covers an area of 1,519.59 square kilometres (586.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 119,402, out of which the population of Stargard is 70,534, that of Chociwel is 3,285, that of Dobrzany is 2,420, that of Ińsko is 2,001, that of Suchań is 1,446, and the rural population is 39,716.
First Presbyterian Church of Steele
First Presbyterian Church of Steele is a historic church at Mitchell Ave. N and First Street in Steele, North Dakota. It was built in 1922 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

The congregation's first church had been destroyed by a tornado, and its second church, a brick one, was built in 1887.  This was destroyed in a fire on April 1, 1921.  It was designed by Minneapolis architect Harry Wild Jones, who was a student of H. H. Richardson, in Richardsonian Romanesque style.

Its NRHP nomination in 2004 noted that the church's exterior stucco, its interior finishes and furnishings, and its "many priceless stained glass windows have been carefully maintained over the years" by the small congregation.

Richardsonian Romanesque
Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after the American architect Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886). The revival style incorporates 11th- and 12th-century southern French, Spanish, and Italian Romanesque characteristics. Richardson first used elements of the style in his Richardson Olmsted Complex in Buffalo, New York, designed in 1870, and Trinity Church in Boston is his most well-known example of this medieval revival style. Multiple architects followed in this style in the late 19th century; Richardsonian Romanesque later influenced modern styles of architecture as well.