hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Clifford K. Shipton
Clifford Kenyon Shipton (August 5, 1902 – December 3, 1973) was an American archivist and historian. He served as university archivist at Harvard University and director of the American Antiquarian Society.

Shipton was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and first came to Harvard in 1922. He received an undergraduate degree from the university in 1926, and later completed master's and doctoral studies. In 1930 he began work as editor of the Sibley's Harvard Graduates; between 1932 and 1975 he completed work on the Harvard classes of 1690 to 1771. In 1938 was appointed Harvard University Archivist. He was also director of the American Antiquarian Society from 1959 to 1967.

Shipton was a founding member of the Society of American Archivists and was its president in 1967 and 1968.

Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Pittsfield is the most populous city in and the county seat of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the principal city of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses Berkshire County. Pittsfield’s population was 43,927 at the 2020 census. Although its population has declined in recent decades, Pittsfield remains the third-largest municipality in Western Massachusetts, behind only Springfield and Chicopee.

In 2017, the Arts Vibrancy Index compiled by the National Center for Arts Research ranked Pittsfield and Berkshire County as the number-one medium-sized community in the nation for the arts.
Immortalized (Spice 1 album)
Immortalized is the sixth studio album by American rapper Spice 1. It was released on October 12, 1999, through Jive Records. The recording sessions took place at the Cosmic Slop Shop in Fairfield, at Battery Studios, Sound on Sound and Unique Recording in New York, at Infinite Studios in Alameda, at S&A Studios, at DaMo Muzik Works, and at Make Tracks Studios in Modesto. The album was produced by Rick Rock, Kirk Crumpler, Dave Mezee, Grand Exultant, Mo' Benjamin, and Tony Harmon, with Scott Gordon and Spice 1 serving as executive producers. It features guest appearances from N.O.R.E., Den Fen, Half a Mill, Ike Dirty, Roger Troutman, Saafir, Spook Thee Man, Too Short, Young Kyoz, and Yukmouth. The album peaked at number 111 on the Billboard 200 and number 30 on the Top R&B Albums in the United States.

Saafir
Reggie Gibson (August 23, 1970 – November 19, 2024), better known as Saafir, was an American rapper, producer, and actor. He was also a member of the rap group Golden State Project (formerly known as Golden State Warriors) with Ras Kass and Xzibit.
Malakwal, Talagang
Malakwal is a village and union council of Pakistan of the Talagang District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Talagang Tehsil. Malakwal, the second largest village of the district, has a population of 19,109 in 3,082 households. Malakwal is situated near Talagang city and the locality Dhok Goria.

Talagang District
Talagang District (Urdu/Punjabi: ضلع تلہ گنگ) is an administrative district of Rawalpindi Division, Punjab province of Pakistan. Formerly it was Talagang Tehsil within the Chakwal District; its status was raised to District in October 2022 by the government.

It is part of the Potohar plateau and lies on the north of Salt Range and east of the Kala Chitta range. Talagang is 45 km from Chakwal. The motorway M2 is located 30 km from Talagang. It is bordered by Khushab to its South, Attock to its North, Chakwal to its East, and Mianwali to its West.
Třebovice (Ostrava)
Třebovice is a borough and municipal part of the city of Ostrava in the Czech Republic. It is situated in the north-central part of the city, on the right bank of the Opava River. Originally a separate municipality, it was incorporated into Ostrava in 1958, as a part of the Poruba borough. On 24 November 1990, it was separated from Poruba and became one of the 23 self-governing boroughs of Ostrava. The confluence of the Opava and Oder rivers is located in the borough, on the border with Hošťálkovice.

Oder
The Oder (/ˈoʊ.dər/ OH-dər; Czech and Polish: Odra) is a river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and its largest tributary the Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres (461 mi) through western Poland, later forming 187 kilometres (116 mi) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder–Neisse line. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches (the Dziwna, Świna and Peene) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea.
Kristiina Wegelius
Kristiina Marketta "Tintti" Wegelius (born 12 October 1960) is a Finnish former competitive figure skater. She won medals at Skate Canada International, Skate America, and NHK Trophy, as well as four Finnish national titles. Wegelius placed tenth at the 1980 Winter Olympics, as high as sixth at the World Championships (1981, 1983), and as high as fourth at the European Championships (1979, 1980, 1981). She was coached by Carlo Fassi.

After retiring from competition, Wegelius performed with Disney on Ice and became a skating coach and choreographer. As of January 2009, she was living with her husband and daughter, Khayla (born c. 1998), in Quebec City, Canada.

1981 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1981 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held at the Olympia Hall in Innsbruck, Austria from February 3 to 8, 1981. Figure skaters competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Vavřička and Others v. the Czech Republic
Vavřička and Others v. the Czech Republic, applications 47621/13, 3867/14, 73094/14, 19306/15, 19298/15, and 43883/15 (ECtHR April 8, 2021), is a 2021 case decided by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), holding that the nation of the Czech Republic did not violate the European Convention on Human Rights by imposing a vaccination mandate on children in that country.

The legal challenge was initially filed by Czech citizen Pavel Vavřička, who had received a fine for refusing to vaccinate his children for tetanus, hepatitis B, and polio. The court found that the public health interest in achieving herd immunity from contagious diseases outweighed the individual right to privacy, and that the Czech law contained sufficient provisions for the exemption of those with medical or religious reasons for not receiving vaccination, neither of which were demonstrated by the objecting parent.

The case was the first in which the ECtHR had ruled on the question of compulsory vaccination.

Herd immunity
Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or mass immunity) is a form of indirect protection that applies only to contagious diseases. It occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, that the communicable pathogen cannot maintain itself in the population, its low incidence thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.

Once the herd immunity has been reached, disease gradually disappears from a population and may result in eradication or permanent reduction of infections to zero if achieved worldwide. Herd immunity created via vaccination has contributed to the reduction of many diseases.
The Composite Man
The Composite Man is a 1935 comedy play by the British writer Ronald Jeans. The lead character is a successful athlete who is assumed to be a genius in everything else, which is far from the case.

It premiered at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre before transferring to Daly's Theatre in London's West End where it ran for 70 performances between 8 September and 7 November 1936. The original London cast included Richard Bird, James Hayter, Max Adrian, Anthony Holles, Michael Dyne, Hayley Bell, Elspeth Duxbury  and Diana Churchill.

Birmingham Repertory Theatre
Birmingham Repertory Theatre, commonly called Birmingham Rep or just The Rep, is a producing theatre based on Centenary Square in Birmingham, England. Founded by Barry Jackson, it is the longest-established of Britain's building-based theatre companies and one of its most consistently innovative.

Today The Rep produces a wide range of drama in its three auditoria (825 seats, 300 seats, and 140 seats), much of which goes on to tour nationally and internationally. The company retains its commitment to new writing and in the five years to 2013 commissioned and produced 130 new plays.

The company's former home, now known as "The Old Rep", is still in use as a theatre.
2016 Hoff Open – Doubles
Renzo Olivo and Horacio Zeballos were the defending champions, but chose not to defend their title.

Facundo Argüello and Roberto Maytín won the title after defeating Aleksandre Metreveli and Dmitry Popko 6–2, 7–5 in the final.

Renzo Olivo
Renzo Olivo (Latin American Spanish: [ˈrenso oˈliβo]; born 15 March 1992) is an Argentine professional tennis player. He competes mainly on the ATP Challenger Tour and ITF Futures, both in singles and doubles. He has a career-high singles ranking of World No. 78 achieved on 9 January 2016 and a doubles ranking of World No. 148 achieved on 29 April 2013.
Daas Hassan Ali
Daas Hassan Ali (Arabic: دعاس حسن علي) is a Syrian former Ba'athist brigadier general known for his role as director of the General Security Directorate in Deir ez-Zor, who was arrested in 2025 due to his role in coordinating the Western Syria clashes in Latakia.

General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)
The General Intelligence Directorate (Arabic: إِدَارَةُ الْمُخَابَرَاتِ الْعَامَّةِ, romanized: ʾIdārat al-Mukhābarāt al-ʿAmmāh), also known as the General Security Directorate or Syrian GID, was the most important civil intelligence service of former Ba'athist Syria and played an important role of suppressing the people of Syria for the government's interests. The General Intelligence Directorate conducted an oppressive surveillance of the Syrian population, directed foreign intelligence and monitored activities in Lebanon on behalf of Hezbollah until its dissolution in December 2024.
Chmieleń Wielki
Chmieleń Wielki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈxmjɛlɛj̃ ˈvjɛlkʲi]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzynowłoga Mała, within Przasnysz County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

Przasnysz County
Przasnysz County (Polish: powiat przasnyski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Przasnysz, which lies 90 kilometres (56 mi) north of Warsaw. The only other town in the county is Chorzele, lying 26 km (16 mi) north of Przasnysz. The county covers an area of 1,217.82 square kilometres (470.2 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 52,616, out of which the population of Przasnysz is 17,264, that of Chorzele is 3,088, and the rural population is 32,324.
Gladstone, Tasmania
Gladstone is a rural locality in the local government areas of Break O'Day and Dorset in the North-east region of Tasmania. It is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the town of St Helens. The 2016 census determined a population of 139 for the state suburb of Gladstone.

Local government areas of Tasmania
The councils of Tasmania are the 29 local administrative units of the Australian state of Tasmania. Local government areas (LGAs), more generally known as councils, are the tier of government responsible for the management of local duties such as road maintenance, town planning and waste management.
Battle of Orynin
The Battle of Orynin took place on 28 September 1618. Polish forces under Hetmans Stanislaw Zolkiewski and Stanislaw Koniecpolski faced Crimean Tatars from Budjak, commanded by Khan Temir. The battle took place near Orynin in Podolia: after one day of battle, the Tatars bypassed the Poles, taking advantage of internal divisions within the Polish camp, and headed northwards, ransacking the southeastern corner of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a result of their raid, a number of towns and villages in Podole Voivodeship, Ruthenian Voivodeship, Braclaw Voivodeship, and Volhynia Voivodeship were burned to the ground and their residents taken into slavery.

Bracław Voivodeship
The Bracław Voivodeship (Latin: Palatinatus Braclaviensis; Polish: Województwo bracławskie; Ukrainian: Брацлавське воєводство, Braclavśke vojevodstvo) was a unit of administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Created in 1566 as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, it was passed to the Kingdom of Poland in 1569 following the Union of Lublin. After Second Partition of Poland in 1793 the voivodeship was taken by the Russian Empire and replaced with the Bratslav Viceroyalty.

In 1648-67, following the Khmelnytsky Uprising and until the Truce of Andrusovo, the territory of the voivodeship was part of Cossack Hetmanate (see Bratslav Regiment), while in 1672-99 it became part of Ottoman Ukraine which was a vassal Ottoman Empire (see: Treaty of Buchach and Treaty of Karlowitz).
Felicity Galvez
Felicity Madeline Galvez, OAM (born 4 March 1985) is an Australian swimmer and two-time Olympic gold medalist. She was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.
She was educated at Runnymede College in Madrid.

Runnymede College
40°31′42″N 3°37′56″W﻿ / ﻿40.528392°N 3.632240°W﻿ / 40.528392; -3.632240

Runnymede College is a co-educational private school located in La Moraleja, Madrid, Spain. It was founded in 1967 by Arthur Powell as the first British school in Spain. It is a private non-denominational school offering a British education to boys and girls of all nationalities from the age of two to eighteen.

The education offered follows the English National Curriculum, with pupils taking IGCSEs at the end of Year 11 and their A-levels at the end of Year 13. As of 2010 there were 750 students, with about 50% being from Spanish families and 20% being from British families; there were 37 nationalities in the student body. Warwick Mansell of The Telegraph wrote that Runnymede was "medium-sized" in terms of its student body.
Bumps & Bruises (Joe Tex album)
Bumps & Bruises is an album by the American R&B musician Joe Tex, released in 1977 via Epic Records.

The album peaked at No. 108 on the Billboard 200. "Ain't Gonna Bump No More" was Tex's last major hit, making the top 10 on the R&B chart and the top 20 on the pop chart. The song reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart.

Joe Tex
Yusuf Hazziez (born Joseph Arrington Jr.; August 8, 1935 – August 13, 1982), known professionally as Joe Tex, was an American singer and musician who gained success in the 1960s and 1970s with his brand of Southern soul, which mixed the styles of funk, country, gospel, and rhythm and blues.

His career started after he was signed to King Records in 1955 following four wins at the Apollo Theater. Between 1955 and 1964, he struggled to find hits, and by the time he finally recorded his first hit, "Hold What You've Got" in 1964, he had recorded 30 previous singles that were deemed failures on the charts. He went on to have four million-selling hits: "Hold What You've Got" (1965), "Skinny Legs and All" (1967), "I Gotcha" (1972), and "Ain't Gonna Bump No More (With No Big Fat Woman)" (1977).

Tex was nominated for the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame six times, most recently in 2017.
Trans Studio Makassar
Trans Studio is the world's third-largest indoor theme park (as of 2009), located in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The 20,000-square-metre (220,000 sq ft), 20-metre (66 ft) high building houses the indoor theme park.
Trans Studio is built on 12.7 ha (31 acres) with investment up to IDR 1 trillion (approximately USD 104 million). The indoor theme park was inaugurated by the Vice President of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla, on September 9, 2009 (09-09-09). Trans Studio itself is a part of The Trans Studio World project, which will include Trans Walk and Rodeo Drive, Trans Studio, Trans hotels, and offices of Mega Bank. Under the management of PT. Trans Kalla, the development project will provide an integrated development, comprising not only an indoor theme park, but also shopping mall, supermarket, hotel, office area, recreational beach area, and residential area. The whole project was scheduled to be completed sometime in 2010.

Universal Destinations & Experiences
Universal Destinations & Experiences (UDX), formerly Universal Parks & Resorts, is the theme park unit of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast.

The company, headquartered in Orlando, Florida operates Universal theme parks and resort properties around the world. Universal Destinations & Experiences is widely known for its wide range of attractions, themed lands, and other experiences that draw inspiration from popular classic and modern pop culture icons and intellectual properties in various media, both from NBCUniversal and third-party companies across all Universal parks.
Calliphorinae
The Calliphorinae are a subfamily of the blow fly family Calliphoridae. The distinguishing characteristics of this subfamily are: the stem vein is bare, the lower calypter and the proepisternal depression are bristly, but the suprasquamal region is bare or with only a few random bristles. The thorax is dull and bears fine hairs, and the abdomen is usually colored shining blue.

The Bengaliinae (which have more yellowish and dull abdomens) have sometimes been included herein, as have the Luciliinae and Polleniinae in older treatments. These are all considered separate lineages in recent works, with Polleniinae treated as a family, Polleniidae.

Thorax
The thorax (pl.: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen.

In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the body, each in turn composed of multiple segments.

The human thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. The chest may be affected by many diseases, of which the most common symptom is chest pain.
Hodge algebra
In mathematics, a Hodge algebra or algebra with straightening law is a commutative algebra that is a free module over some ring R, together with a given basis similar to the basis of standard monomials of the coordinate ring of a Grassmannian. Hodge algebras were introduced by Corrado De Concini, David Eisenbud, and Claudio Procesi (1982), who named them after W. V. D. Hodge.

Standard monomial theory
In algebraic geometry, standard monomial theory describes the sections of a line bundle over a generalized flag variety  or Schubert variety of a reductive algebraic group by giving an explicit basis of elements called standard monomials. Many of the results have been extended to Kac–Moody algebras and their groups.

There are monographs on standard monomial theory by Lakshmibai & Raghavan (2008) and Seshadri (2007) and survey articles by V. Lakshmibai, C. Musili, and C. S. Seshadri (1979) and V. Lakshmibai and C. S. Seshadri (1991).

One of important open problems is to give a completely geometric construction of the theory.
Flying in a Blue Dream
Flying in a Blue Dream is the third studio album by guitarist Joe Satriani, released on October 30, 1989 through Relativity Records. It is one of Satriani's most popular albums and his second highest-charting release to date, reaching No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remaining on that chart for 39 weeks, as well as reaching the top 40 in three other countries.

Four singles reached Billboard's Mainstream Rock chart: "One Big Rush" and "Big Bad Moon" both at No. 17, "Back To Shalla-Bal" at No. 31, and "I Believe" at No. 36. Flying in a Blue Dream was certified Gold on January 25, 1990 and received a nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 1991 Grammy Awards, Satriani's third such nomination.

33rd Annual Grammy Awards
The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20, 1991. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. Quincy Jones was the night's biggest winner, winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year.
Zachry
Zachry is an English language and Jewish surname. It is derived from the Hebrew name Zechariah, which means "God remembers." Notable people with the surname include:

Caroline Beaumont Zachry (1894–1945), American educational psychologist

H.B. Zachry (1901–1984), American businessman

Pat Zachry (1952–2024), American baseball pitcher

Caroline Beaumont Zachry
Caroline Beaumont Zachry  (20 April 1894 – 22 February 1945) was an educational psychologist born in New York City to James Greer Zachry and Elise Clarkson Thompson. Her maternal grandfather was Hugh Smith Thompson the Governor of South Carolina from 1882 to 1886.
Markov kernel
In probability theory, a Markov kernel (also known as a stochastic kernel or probability kernel) is a map that in the general theory of Markov processes plays the role that the transition matrix does in the theory of Markov processes with a finite state space.

Finite set
In mathematics, a finite set is a collection of finitely many different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects, such as numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.

Informally, a finite set is a set which one could in principle count and finish counting.  For example,

is a finite set with five elements. The number of elements of a finite set is a natural number (possibly zero) and is called the cardinality (or the cardinal number) of the set. A set that is not a finite set is called an infinite set. For example, the set 

of all positive integers is infinite.

Finite sets are particularly important in combinatorics, the mathematical study of counting. Many arguments involving finite sets rely on the pigeonhole principle, which states that there cannot exist an injective function from a larger finite set to a smaller finite set.
Trinant
Trinant is a village located in the county borough of Caerphilly, within the historic county borders of Monmouthshire. Trinant is part of the community of Crumlin and is located north of the village of Crumlin and west of the Ebbw River. The village has a single school, Trinant Primary School. Trinant is the home to Trinant RFC rugby union team.

Ebbw River
The Ebbw River (/ˈɛbuː/; Welsh: Afon Ebwy) is a river in South Wales which gives its name to the town of Ebbw Vale. The Ebbw River is joined by the Ebbw Fach River (Welsh: Afon Ebwy Fach; meaning 'little Ebbw river') at Aberbeeg. The Ebbw Fach is itself fed by a left-bank tributary, the River Tyleri, from Cwmtillery.
2012 British Academy Television Craft Awards
The British Academy Television Craft Awards of 2012 are presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) and were held on 13 May 2012 at The Brewery, London, the ceremony was hosted by Alan Davies.

Alan Davies
Alan Roger Davies (/ˈdeɪvɪs/; DAY-vis; born 6 March 1966) is an English actor, presenter, stand-up comedian, and writer. He is known for his portrayal of the title role in the BBC mystery drama series Jonathan Creek (1997–2016) and as the only permanent panellist on the BBC panel show QI since its premiere in 2003, outlasting its original host Stephen Fry. He began his career as a stand-up comic, and has undertaken several tours performing on stage, most recently in 2025.

He has also written three memoirs.