hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Banu Zuhrah
Banu Zuhrah (Arabic: بنو زُهرة) is a clan of the Quraysh tribe.

Akhnas ibn Shariq al-Thaqifi and the Banu Zuhrah were with the Meccan as part of the escort that preceded the battle of Badr, but since he believed the caravan to be safe, he did not join Quraish on their way to a festival in Badr. He together with Banu Zuhrah returned, so these two clans present in the battle

Muhammad al-Tijani, a 20th century Shi'a Twelver Islamic scholar writes:

In his book Al-Imama wal-Siyasa, Ibn Qutaybah transmits saying that following the demise of the Prophet, Banu Zuhra gathered to meet with Sa`d ibn Abu Waqqas and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf at the sacred mosque (Masjid al-Nabi). When Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaydah came to them, Umar said to them, "Why do I see you thus forming circles? Stand up and swear the oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr, for I and the Ansar have already done so." Sa`d and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, as well as all those who were then present with them from Banu Zuhra, stood and swore.

Muhammad al-Tijani
Muhammad al-Tijani (Arabic: محمد التيجاني, romanized: Muḥammad al-Tījānī; born 2 February 1943) is a Tunisian Islamic scholar, academic, and theologian. He converted from Sunni Islam to Twelver Shi'a Islam.
Gore End
Gore End is a hamlet in the Basingstoke and Deane district of Hampshire, England. It is in the civil parish of East Woodhay.  The hamlet is situated in the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty on the Hampshire-Berkshire border. Its nearest town is Newbury, which lies approximately 4.2 miles (6.8 km) north-east from the village.

North Wessex Downs
The North Wessex Downs are an area of chalk downland landscapes, largely turfed by grassland, located in the southern English counties of Berkshire, Hampshire, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. The North Wessex Downs has been designated as a National Landscape (formerly known as Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty or AONB) since 1972.

The North Wessex Downs is a modern name coined with the creation of the AONB to encompass the area of chalk and limestone hills better known by various overlapping local names, including the Berkshire Downs, the North Hampshire Downs, the White Horse Hills, the Lambourn Downs, the Marlborough Downs, the Vale of Pewsey and Savernake Forest.
Ingle (surname)
Ingle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brendan Ingle (1940–2018), Irish boxer

Christofer Drew Ingle (born 1991), American acoustic pop musician

Doug Ingle (1945–2024), American rock musician

Dwight Ingle (1907–1978), American physiologist and endocrinologist

Hemal Ingle (born 1996), Indian actress

James Addison Ingle (1867–1903), American missionary to China

John Ingle (1928–2012), American actor

John Stuart Ingle (1933–2010), American painter

Phillip Ingle (1961–1995), American murderer

Reggie Ingle (1903–1992), English cricketer and lawyer

Richard Ingle (1609–1653), English colonial seaman, ship captain, tobacco trader, privateer, and pirate

Sophie Ingle (born 1991), Welsh association football player

Tanner Ingle (born 1999), American football player

William Ingle (1828–1870), 19th century British sculptor

William Ingle (cricketer) (1856–1899), New Zealand cricketer

John Stuart Ingle
John Stuart Ingle (1933 – October 30, 2010) was an American contemporary realist artist, known for his meticulously rendered watercolor paintings, typically still lifes.  Some criticism has characterized Ingle's work as a kind of magic realism.  Ingle was born in Indiana and died, aged 77, in Minnesota.

Significant critical recognition of Ingle's work has included the publication of a book, The Eye and the Heart: Watercolors of John Stuart Ingle (Rizzoli International, 1988), authored by Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist John Camp, and including an introduction by Frank H. Goodyear Jr., president of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (and author of Contemporary Realism since 1960). The 110-page book on Ingle was published in conjunction with major solo exhibitions jointly sponsored by the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Evansville Museum of Arts, History and Science in Evansville, Indiana.
USS Morris (1778)
USS Morris was a 24-gun frigate of the Continental Navy in commission from 1778 to 1779. She was named for Founding Father, Continental Congressman, and a major financier of the American Revolution, Robert Morris.

During the American Revolutionary War a party twenty-nine men of the 13th Virginia Regiment led by James Willing departed Fort Pitt and traveled down the Mississippi river where they captured the British ship Rebecca moored at Fort Bute. Oliver Pollock, the American commercial agent at New Orleans who had charge of naval affairs on the Mississippi during the American Revolution, purchased Rebecca for the Continental Congress. The ship was renamed Morris and was manned and converted to a Man-of-war under the command of Captain William Pickles.

A severe hurricane destroyed Morris on 18 August 1779, causing the loss of 11 of her crew.

James Willing
James Willing (1750–1801) was a representative of the American Continental Congress who led a 1778 military expedition during the American Revolutionary War. Known as the Willing Expedition, the effort involved raiding British forts, plantations, and other properties of loyalists in the colonial British West Florida settlement of Natchez. Later that year, he sought protection from the British by hiding out in New Orleans, but was taken prisoner by them on his attempt to return to Philadelphia.
Frederick T. Haneman
Frederick Theodore Haneman (né Hannemann; 20 September 1862 Wolgast, Province of Pomerania, Kingdom of Prussia, now Germany – 3 May 1950 Brigantine, New Jersey) was an American author best known for being a contributor to The Jewish Encyclopedia.

Wolgast
Wolgast (German pronunciation: [ˈvɔlˌɡast] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Vorpommern-Greifswald, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is situated on the bank of the strait Peenestrom, facing the island of Usedom on the Baltic coast that can be accessed by road and railway via a movable bascule bridge (Blaues Wunder). In December 2004, the town had a population of 12,725.
S. T. Zimmerman House
The S. T. Zimmerman House is a historic house in Lawrence, Kansas. It was built c. 1870 in Lawrence, Kansas by mill owner S. T. Zimmerman. The Second Empire house is unique in the area for its style. The two-story brick house features a square tower, arched window openings, a bell-cast mansard roof, and extensive wrought iron detailing. The exterior has seen little alteration. The interior is altered in places but substantially intact.

The Zimmerman House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1974.

Second Empire style
Second Empire style, also known as the Napoleon III style or Haussmann style, is a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts originating in the Second French Empire. It was characterized by elements of many different historical styles, and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as iron frameworks and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and North America. Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier (1862–1871) in Paris by Charles Garnier, the Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art, the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871), and the Philadelphia City Hall (1871–1901). The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the Opéra, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards.
FK Slovan Most pri Bratislave
FK Slovan Most pri Bratislave is a Slovak association football club located in Most pri Bratislave. It currently plays in 3. liga (3rd tier in Slovak football system). The club was founded in 1955. Its colours are blue and white.

3. Liga (Slovakia)
The 3. Liga (known as TIPOS III. Liga due to sponsorship reasons) is the third-tier football league in Slovakia, established in 1993. As of the 2025–26 season, it comprises 43 teams divided into three geographical groups: 3. liga Západ (West) , 3. Liga Stredný (Middle) and 3. liga Východ (East). The league operates under the jurisdiction of the Slovak Football Association and serves as a feeder league to the 2. Liga, with top-performing teams earning promotion. Conversely, teams finishing at the bottom face relegation to the 4. Liga. The league also provides teams the opportunity to compete in the national Slovak Cup.
1969 Sardo earthquakes
The 1969 Sardo earthquakes, which occurred from 29 March 1969 to 5 April 1969 was an earthquake swarm of three events with magnitudes of 6.2 Mw and 6.1 Mw  in the Afar Region, Ethiopia. All three tremors had estimated intensities of between IX (Violent) and VIII (Severe) respectively. It killed a total of about 20–40 people and further injuring 160 as well.

Seismic magnitude scales
Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram. Magnitude scales vary based on what aspect of the seismic waves are measured and how they are measured. Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes, the information available, and the purposes for which the magnitudes are used.
In Pursuit of the 13th Note
In Pursuit of the 13th Note is the debut album by United Kingdom acid jazz group Galliano. It was released on Gilles Peterson's Talkin' Loud record label on 25 March 1991. Although a studio album, the performances were recorded live.

Acid jazz
Acid jazz (also known as club jazz, psychedelic jazz, or groove jazz) is a music genre that combines elements of funk, soul, and hip hop. Acid jazz originated in clubs in London during the 1980s with the rare groove movement and spread to the United States, Western Europe, Latin America and Japan. Acts included The Brand New Heavies, Incognito, James Taylor Quartet, Us3, and Jamiroquai from the UK, and Guru, Buckshot LeFonque and Digable Planets from the U.S. The rise of electronic club music in the middle to late 1990s led to a decline in interest, and in the twenty-first century, acid jazz became indistinct as a genre. Many acts that might have been defined as acid jazz are seen as jazz-funk, or nu jazz.
Social value orientations
In social psychology, social value orientation (SVO) is a person's preference about how to allocate resources (e.g. money) between the self and another person. SVO corresponds to how much weight a person attaches to the welfare of others in relation to the own. Since people are assumed to vary in the weight they attach to other peoples' outcomes in relation to their own, SVO is an individual difference variable. The general concept underlying SVO has become widely studied in a variety of different scientific disciplines, such as economics, sociology, and biology under a multitude of different names (e.g. social preferences, other-regarding preferences, welfare tradeoff ratios, social motives, etc.).

Experimental economics
Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size, test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms. Economic experiments usually use cash to motivate subjects, in order to mimic real-world incentives. Experiments are used to help understand how and why markets and other exchange systems function as they do. Experimental economics have also expanded to understand institutions and the law (experimental law and economics).

A fundamental aspect of the subject is design of experiments. Experiments may be conducted in the field or in laboratory settings, whether of individual or group behavior.

Variants of the subject outside such formal confines include natural and quasi-natural experiments.
St Andrew's Church, Walpole
St Andrew's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Walpole, Norfolk, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.  The church is sited in the north part of the village, known as Walpole St Andrew, 8 miles (13 km) west of King's Lynn, to the south of the A17 road.

Churches Conservation Trust
The Churches Conservation Trust is a registered charity whose purpose is to protect historic churches at risk in England. The charity cares for over 350 churches of architectural, cultural and historic significance, which have been transferred into its care by the Church of England.

The Trust works to prevent any deterioration in the condition of the buildings in its care, and to ensure they are in use as community assets. Local communities are encouraged to use them for activities and events, and the buildings provide an educational resource, allowing children and young people to study history, architecture and other subjects.

Most of the churches saved from closure are Grade I or Grade II* listed. Many are open to visitors as heritage sites, and nearly 2 million people visit the Trust's churches each year. The majority of the churches remain consecrated, though they are not used for regular worship.
Nick Patterson (lacrosse)
Nick Patterson (born December 8, 1982, in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a former goaltender in the National Lacrosse League. Patterson played parts of 11 seasons in the NLL, mostly with the Minnesota Swarm. He won the Defensive Player of the Week award four times, and was named to the second All-Pro team in both 2006 and 2007.

National Lacrosse League
The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a professional box lacrosse league in North America. The league comprises 14 teams – 7 in the United States and 7 in Canada. The NLL is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The NLL ranks third in average attendance for pro indoor sports worldwide, behind only the National Hockey League (NHL) and National Basketball Association (NBA). Unlike other box lacrosse leagues, which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from December to June. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the National Lacrosse League Cup. The NLL has averaged between 8,900 and 10,700 spectators per game each year since 2004.
Sidi Mohamed Lahmar
Sidi Mohamed Lahmar (Arabic: سيدي محمد الأحمر, romanized: Sīdī Muḥammad al-Aḥmar) is a small town and rural commune in Kénitra Province of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 36,125 people living in 4844 households.

Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
Rabat-Salé-Kénitra (Arabic: الرباط-سلا-القنيطرة, romanized: ar-ribāṭ salā al-qunayṭira) is one of twelve administrative regions of Morocco. It is situated in north-western Morocco and has a population of 5,132,639 (2024 census). The capital is Rabat.
Caia (plant)
Caia is a genus of small fossil plants of Late Silurian age (around 430 to 420 million years ago). The diagnostic characters are naked parallel-sided axes branching isotomously, terminating in vertically elongate sporangia (spore-forming organs) which bear spinous emergences particularly at the distal ends. Spores are trilete and retusoid. The only known species is from Hereford, England.

Cladistic analysis suggests that the genus may belong to the Horneophytopsida, a class of the polysporangiophytes, as it lacks vascular tissue and has branched stems bearing sporangia. For the cladogram, see the Horneophytopsida article.

Class (biology)
In biological taxonomy, class (Latin: classis) is  a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit (i.e., a taxon) in that rank. It is a group of related taxonomic orders. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class ranking between phylum and order.
Legacy: De Líder a Leyenda Tour
Legacy: De Líder a Leyenda Tour is the first live album by Puerto Rican artist Yandel, released on February 3, 2015 on Sony Music Latin. It was recorded at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico on October 4, 2014 during his De Líder a Leyenda Tour. It featured guest appearances by Tony Dize, J Alvarez, Gadiel and Farruko. The CD release features 10 selected tracks of the 2-hours live performance along with a Deluxe Edition which includes 10 additional tracks, 5 of them included previously on Legacy: De Líder a Leyenda Tour - EP.

J Álvarez
Javid David Álvarez Fernández (born December 13, 1983) is a Puerto Rican singer.

He is best known for hit singles such as "La Pregunta", "Junto al Amanecer", "Sexo, Sudor y Calor" and "Regálame Una Noche".
The Secret Adversary (film)
The Secret Adversary or Adventures Inc.  (German: Die Abenteurer G.m.b.H.) is a 1929 German silent mystery film directed by Fred Sauer and starring Carlo Aldini, Hilda Bayley and Eve Gray. It is an adaptation of the British writer Agatha Christie's 1922 novel The Secret Adversary. It was shot at the Grunewald Studios in Berlin and location shooting around the city and the English port of Southampton. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Leopold Blonder and Franz Schroedter.

Leopold Blonder
Leopold Blonder (1893–1932) was an Austrian art director active in the silent and early sound eras. He also directed five short films during the early 1920s. He worked on several mountain films with Arnold Fanck and Leni Riefenstahl.
Nancy Friese
Nancy Marlene Friese (born 1948) is an American painter, printmaker, and educator. She is known for landscape paintings, and prints which are often colorful. Friese is a professor at Rhode Island School of Design, and an elected National Academician in the National Academy of Design in New York City. She has exhibited both nationally and internationally in 30 solo, and 170 group shows.

Rhode Island School of Design Museum
The Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, commonly known as the Rhode Island School of Design Museum (RISD Museum), is the art museum of the Rhode Island School of Design, a private art school in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. The museum was co-founded with the school in 1877. It is the 20th-largest art museum in the United States, and has seven curatorial departments.
Shahab Ahmed
Shahab Ahmed (Urdu: شہاب احمد; December 11, 1966 – September 17, 2015) was a Pakistani scholar of Islam at Harvard University.

Ahmed's posthumous work What Is Islam? was listed in The Chronicle of Higher Education as one of the eleven best scholarly books of the 2010s, chosen by Noah Feldman. Professor Elias Muhanna of Brown University described the work as "a strange and brilliant work, encyclopedic in vision and tautly argued in the manner of logical proof, yet pervaded by the urgency of a political manifesto".

The Chronicle of Higher Education
The Chronicle of Higher Education is an American newspaper and website that presents news, information, and jobs for college and university faculty and student affairs professionals, including staff members and administrators. A subscription is required to read some articles.

The Chronicle is based in Washington, D.C., and is a major news service covering U.S. academia. It is published every weekday online and appears weekly in print except for every other week in May, June, July, and August and the last three weeks in December. In print, The Chronicle is published in two sections: Section A with news, section B with job listings, and The Chronicle Review, a magazine of arts and ideas. It also publishes Arts & Letters Daily.
Middle English phonology
Middle English phonology is necessarily somewhat speculative since it is preserved only as a written language. Nevertheless, there is a very large text corpus of Middle English. The dialects of Middle English vary greatly over both time and place, and in contrast with Old English and Modern English, spelling was usually phonetic rather than conventional. Words were generally spelled according to how they sounded to the person writing a text, rather than according to a formalised system that might not accurately represent the way the writer's dialect was pronounced, as Modern English is today.

The Middle English speech of the city of London in the late 14th century (essentially, the speech of Geoffrey Chaucer) is used as the standard Middle English dialect in teaching and when specifying "the" grammar or phonology of Middle English.  It is this form that is described below, unless otherwise indicated.

In the rest of the article, abbreviations are used as follows:

Open-mid vowel
An open-mid vowel (also mid-open vowel, low-mid vowel, mid-low vowel or half-open vowel) is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of an open-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned approximately one third of the way from an open vowel to a close vowel.
Coonewah Creek
Coonewah Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is a tributary to Town Creek.

Coonewah Creek is a name derived from the Choctaw language or possibly the Chickasaw language, but scholars do not agree on the original meaning of its native name. Variant names are "Colberts Creek" and "Coonewar Creek".

Chickasaw language
The Chickasaw language (Chikashshanompaꞌ, Chickasaw pronunciation: [tʃikaʃːanompaʔ]) is a Native American language of the Muskogean family.  It is agglutinative and follows the word order pattern of subject–object–verb (SOV). The language is closely related to, though perhaps not entirely mutually intelligible with, Choctaw. It is spoken by the Chickasaw tribe, now residing in Southeast Oklahoma, centered on Ada.

The language is currently spoken by around 50 people, mostly Chickasaw elders who grew up with the language. Due to boarding schools in the 20th century and Chickasaw removal from their homeland in the 19th century, the widespread knowledge about the language and culture amongst the nation has largely decreased.
MLANA
Protein melan-A also known as melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 or MART-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLANA or "MALENA" gene. A fragment of the protein, usually consisting of the nine amino acids 27 to 35, is bound by MHC class I complexes which present it to T cells of the immune system. These complexes can be found on the surface of melanoma cells. Decameric peptides (26-35) are being investigated as cancer vaccines.

MHC class I
MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of vertebrates. They also occur on platelets, but not on red blood cells. Their function is to display peptide fragments of proteins from within the cell to cytotoxic T cells; this will trigger an immediate response from the immune system against a particular non-self antigen displayed with the help of an MHC class I protein. Because MHC class I molecules present peptides derived from cytosolic proteins, the pathway of MHC class I presentation is often called cytosolic or endogenous pathway.

In humans, the HLAs corresponding to MHC class I are HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C.