hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hessa Al Jaber
Hessa bint Sultan Al Jaber (Arabic: حصة الجابر) is a Qatari engineer, academic and politician. She was the first Minister of Information and Communications Technology in Qatar following the formation of a new cabinet by the Emir Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani in 2013. In 2017 she was one of four women appointed to the Consultative Assembly, becoming one of the country's first female parliamentarians.

Consultative Assembly of Qatar
The Consultative Assembly (Arabic: مجلس الشورى القطري, romanized: Majlis as-Shura; also known as the Shura Council) is the unicameral legislative body of the State of Qatar. During its first and last elections in 2021, it consisted of 45 members, made up of 30 elected representatives and 15 appointees of the Emir, but as of 2024 it has gone back to all 45 members being directly appointed by the emir. The body can call a vote of no confidence against the appointed Prime Minister, though this requires a two-thirds supermajority, which is also necessary to oppose legislative action carried out by the Prime Minister.
Apolloni
Apolloni is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Achille Apolloni (1823–1901), Italian cardinal

Adolfo Apolloni (1855–1923), Italian sculptor

Ag Apolloni (born 1982), Albanian writer, poet, playwright, scholar and essayist

Giovanni Filippo Apolloni (c. 1620 – 1688), Italian composer and librettist

Giuseppe Apolloni (1822–1889), Italian composer

Luigi Apolloni (born 1967), Italian football manager and former player

Achille Apolloni
Achille Apolloni (13 May 1823 – 3 April 1893) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who enjoyed the career of someone from a distinguished family, working in the Roman Curia or the personal service of the pope, and promoted automatically without regard for personal merit. He was made a cardinal in 1890.
Scott Spurling
Scott Spurling (born 6 June 1993 in Hendon, England) is an English former professional rugby union player. He played at hooker for Saracens and attended Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Elstree, Hertfordshire as well as attending Harrow School for sixth form.
Junior Commonwealth Games gold medalist 2011. Junior World Cup U20 Winner 2013.

Haberdashers' Boys' School
Haberdashersʼ Boysʼ School (formerly Haberdashersʼ Askeʼs Boysʼ School) is a 4–18 boys public school in Elstree, Hertfordshire, England. It is a member of the Headmastersʼ and Headmistressesʼ Conference.

The school was founded in 1690 by a Royal Charter granted to the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers to establish a hospital for 20 boarders with £32,000 from the legacy of Robert Aske (equivalent to approximately £5m in 2019).

The school relocated from its original site in Hoxton in 1874, eventually (1961) moving to 104 acres of green belt countryside in Elstree. The house names in the preparatory and pre–preparatory schools represent the patron saints of the four countries of the United Kingdom –  England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

It sits on the same site as the Haberdashers' Girls' School.
Maria Ciesielska (actress)
Maria Ciesielska (born 15 August 1934) is a Polish theatre, film, and dubbing actress. She was born in Inowrocław. In 1955, she graduated from the State Higher School of Acting, Kraków (now AST National Academy of Theatre Arts). The same year, she began acting at the Kraków Old Theatre. Her first work in cinema was an episodic role in Godziny nadziei (1955), directed by Jan Rybkowski. In 1988, she received the Meritorious Activist of Culture award.

Helena Modrzejewska National Old Theatre
The Helena Modrzejewska National Old Theatre (Polish: Narodowy Stary Teatr im. Heleny Modrzejewskiej) a historic theater located at 5 Jagiellońska Street in the Old Town of Kraków, Poland.

It is one of the oldest public stages in Poland and a national institution of culture, first opened in 1781. It was named after renowned Shakespearean actress Helena Modrzejewska.
Jane Marcet
Jane Marcet (/ˈmɑːrsɛt/; née Haldimand; 1 January 1769 – 28 June 1858) was an English salonnière of Republic of Geneva descent, and an innovative writer of popular, explanatory science books. She also broke ground with Conversations on Political Economy (1816), which explain the ideas of Adam Smith, Malthus and David Ricardo.

Joseph Schumpeter
Joseph Alois Schumpeter (German: [ˈʃʊmpeːtɐ]; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrian political economist. He served briefly as Finance Minister of Austria in 1919. In 1932, he emigrated to the United States to become a professor at Harvard University, where he remained until the end of his career, and in 1939 obtained American citizenship.

Schumpeter was one of the most influential economists of the early 20th century, and popularized creative destruction, a term coined by Werner Sombart. His magnum opus is considered to be Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.
Hog Island, Falkland Islands
Hog Island is the second largest island in Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands.

During the August 1833 events in nearby Port Louis, the surviving members of Luis Vernet's colony sought refuge on the nearby Hog Island to escape the murderous gang of Antonio Rivero, and they regularly sent their boat to neighbouring Long Island for food supplies to bring cattle, pigs, and geese.

Luis Vernet
Luis Vernet (born Louis Élie Vernet; March 6, 1791 – January 17, 1871) was a merchant from Hamburg of Huguenot descent.  Vernet established a settlement on East Falkland in 1828, after first seeking approval from both the British and Argentine authorities.  As such, Vernet is a controversial figure in the history of the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute.
Marsh rat
Marsh rat can refer to several not closely related types of semiaquatic rodents of superfamily Muroidea:

Dasymys, about ten species from Africa in the family Muridae;
African marsh rat or common dasymys (D. incomtus)
Angolan marsh rat (D. nudipes)

Holochilus, three species from South America in the family Cricetidae;
Amazonian marsh rat, common marsh rat or simply the marsh rat (H. sciureus)
Brazilian marsh rat or web-footed marsh rat (H. brasiliensis)
Chacoan marsh rat (H. chacarius)

Greater marsh rat (Lundomys molitor), a cricetid from southeastern South America;

Marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris), a cricetid from southeastern North America.

Holochilus
Holochilus is a genus of semiaquatic rodents in the tribe Oryzomyini of family Cricetidae, sometimes called marsh rats. It contains five living species, H. brasiliensis, H. chacarius, H. nanus, H. oxe, and H. sciureus, which are widely distributed in South America east of the Andes. A fourth species from the Pleistocene of Bolivia was formerly classified as H. primigenus, but is now placed in the genus Reigomys.
Bahçelievler Stadium
Bahçelievler Stadium (Turkish: Bahçelievler Stadyumu) is a stadium in the Yenibosna district of Bahçelievler, Istanbul, Turkey. It is the home stadium of Yenibosna Spor Kulübü and İstanbulspor A.Ş. The stadium's only stand (the north stand) is a covered all-seater which holds a total capacity of 4,100 people.

Yenibosna
Yenibosna (lit. 'New Bosnia') or Yenibosna Merkez (Merkez meaning center) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Bahçelievler, western Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 37,130 (2022).

The neighbourhood is in the west of Bahçelievler, bordering with the neighbor district Küçükçekmece.
AD 7
AD 7 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Metellus and Nerva (or, less frequently, year 760 Ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 7" for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Common year starting on Saturday
A common year starting on Saturday is any non-leap year (i.e. a year with 365 days) that begins on Saturday, 1 January, and ends on Saturday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is B. The most recent year of such kind was 2022, and the next one will be 2033 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2023 and 2034 in the obsolete Julian calendar.  See below for more.

Any common year that starts on Saturday has only one Friday the 13th: the only one in this common year occurs in May. Leap years starting on Friday share this characteristic.

From July of the year that precedes this year until September in this type of year is the longest period (14 months) that occurs without a Tuesday the 13th.

This year has three months (January, May and October) which begin on a weekend-day.
Christina Voß
Christina Voß (née Lange, born 7 July 1952 in Perleberg, East Germany) is a former East German handball player who won the 1975 World Championship. She also competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics.

In 1976 she won the silver medal with the East German team. She played all five matches and scored six goals. For that she was awarded the DDR Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze.

In total she played 79 matches for the East Germany national team.

At club level she played for SC Empor Rostock from 1971 to 1983.

FC Hansa Rostock
FC Hansa Rostock (German: [ʔɛf ˈt͡seː ˈhanza ˈʁɔstɔk]) is a German association football club based in the city of Rostock,  Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The club is also called "the cog" because of its club crest. They have emerged as one of the most successful clubs from the former East Germany after German reunification and have made several appearances in the top-flight Bundesliga. With over 29,000 club members, the club is one of the largest sports clubs in Germany.

After being in the Bundesliga for ten years, from 1995 to 2005, Rostock went into a steady decline. In 2012, the club was relegated to the 3. Liga for the second time, regaining its place in the 2. Bundesliga in 2021. They returned to the 3. Liga after three seasons following relegation in 2023–24.
Glasgow Historic District
Glasgow Historic District is a national historic district located at Glasgow, Rockbridge County, Virginia. The district encompasses 43 contributing buildings, 3 contributing sites, and 1 contributing structure in the central business district of the town of Glasgow.  It includes a variety of residential, commercial, and institutional buildings dating from the 1820s to 1920s, with most structures from the 1890s.  Notable buildings include the Rebecca Salling House (c. 1920), First Baptist Church, the former Glasgow Baptist Church, St. John's Episcopal Church, Blue Ridge Building (c. 1890), and Glasgow Masonic Temple (1891-1892).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995, with a boundary increase in 2006.

Glasgow, Virginia
Glasgow is a town in Rockbridge County, Virginia, United States, at the confluence of the James and Maury Rivers. The population was 1,052 at the 2020 census.

Glasgow has had issues with flooding, notably during Hurricane Camille in 1969. As a result of flooding concerns, the Balcony Falls Dam (just east of the confluence of the James and Maury rivers) was removed in 1973. From 2001 to 2007, the town was known for having at least a dozen fiberglass dinosaur figures along the roadside.
Markus Piispanen
Markus Piispanen (born May 29, 1989) is a Finnish professional ice hockey winger currently playing for Virkiä of the 2. Divisioona.

Piispanen played 12 games for Kärpät during the 2015–16 Liiga season and scored one assist. He also played in Mestis for Sport, Hokki and Espoo United.

He is the younger brother of Arsi Piispanen who was drafted by the Columbus Blue Jackets in 2003 and currently plays for IK Oskarshamn of the Swedish Hockey League.

IK Oskarshamn
Ishockeyklubben Oskarshamn, commonly known as IK Oskarshamn, is an ice hockey club from Oskarshamn in Sweden. The team plays in the second-highest league, the HockeyAllsvenskan. The 2019–20 season was the team's first season in the top-tier league, the Swedish Hockey League.
Otto Ernst Heinrich Klemperer
Otto Ernst Heinrich Klemperer (1899–1987) was a physicist expert in electron optics. He was granted his doctorate by the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin in 1923. His thesis advisor was Hans Geiger. He continued to work with Geiger in the 1930s.

Klemperer was co-inventor in 1928 of the Geiger-Klemperer ball counter, "the first major advance in the design of proportional counters". During the 1930s, he worked at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge on discrepancies between Fermi's theory of β-decay and the observed radiation properties of rubidium and polonium. He was later an assistant professor and Reader in Physics at Imperial College, London, where he wrote the third edition of his book on electron optics with Mike Barnett.

The conductor Otto Klemperer was his father's cousin.
His uncle was the Romanist Victor Klemperer.

Proportional counter
The proportional counter is a type of gaseous ionization detector device used to measure particles of ionizing radiation. The key feature is its ability to measure the energy of incident radiation, by producing a detector output pulse that is proportional to the radiation energy absorbed by the detector due to an ionizing event; hence the detector's name. It is widely used where energy levels of incident radiation must be known, such as in the discrimination between alpha and beta particles, or accurate measurement of X-ray radiation dose.

A proportional counter uses a combination of the mechanisms of a Geiger–Müller tube and an ionization chamber, and operates in an intermediate voltage region between these. The accompanying plot shows the proportional counter operating voltage region for a co-axial cylinder arrangement.
Don Henderson
Donald Francis Henderson (10 November 1931 – 22 June 1997) was an English actor. He was known for playing both "tough guy" roles and authority figures, and is remembered for his portrayal of detective George Bulman between 1976 and 1987 in the popular Granada Television police drama series  The XYY Man (1976-1977), Strangers (1978–1982), and Bulman (1985-1987). He was priest Frank Kane in BBC drama The Paradise Club (1989–90), and as General Tagge in the first Star Wars film (1977). Other credits included Warship (1973-1975), Poldark (1975), Doctor Who: Delta and the Bannermen (1987), Brazil (1985), The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), Last of the Summer Wine (1988), Maigret (1988), Minder (1989), The Fool (1990), Boon (1991), Cracker (1993), The Wind in the Willows (1996), and "Beyond a Joke" in Red Dwarf (1997).

The Fool (1990 film)
The Fool is a 1990 British film set in Victorian England's world of finance directed by Christine Edzard and produced by John Brabourne and Richard Goodwin, from a script by Edzard and Olivier Stockman. It stars Derek Jacobi, Cyril Cusack, Ruth Mitchell, Maria Aitken, Irina Brook, Paul Brook and Miranda Richardson. 
The camerawork was by British cinematographer Robin Vidgeon.
Silas Warwick
Silas Warwick (second ¼ 1879 – 9 March 1937) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Cumberland, and at club level for Whitehaven Recreation ARLFC, Broughton Rangers and Salford, as a forward.

Headingley Rugby Stadium
Headingley Rugby Stadium (known as AMT Headingley Rugby Stadium due to sponsorship) is a rugby league stadium in Headingley, Leeds and shares the same site as Headingley Cricket Ground. It is the home ground of the Leeds Rhinos, and is the fifth largest rugby league stadium in England.
Carbamate kinase
In enzymology, a carbamate kinase (EC 2.7.2.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + NH3 + CO2  ADP + carbamoyl phosphate

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, NH3, and CO2, whereas its two products are ADP and carbamoyl phosphate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with a carboxy group as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:carbamate phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include CKase, carbamoyl phosphokinase, and carbamyl phosphokinase.  This enzyme participates in 4 metabolic pathways: purine metabolism, glutamate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism.

Phosphotransferase
In biochemistry, phosphotransferases are enzymess that catalyze phosphorylations (addition of inorganic phosphate, abbreviated P, to some substrate)

Two kinds of phosphotransferases are kinases where ATP donates P and phosphorylases where inorganic phosphate is the P donor.
Ethyl thioacetate
S-Ethyl thioacetate is the organosulfur compound with the formula CH3C(O)SC2H5.  It is an ethyl ester of thioacetic acid.  The compound is traditionally prepared by alkylation of potassium thioacetate and thiolation of acetyl chloride:

CH3COSK  +  C2H5Br   →  CH3C(O)SC2H5  +  KBr

CH3COCl  +  C2H5SH   →  CH3C(O)SC2H5  +  HCl

The compound has been well studied in part as a model for biologically relevant thioesters, such as Coenzyme A. H-D exchange of the methyl group has been examined in aqueous solution.

Acetyl chloride
Acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) is an acyl chloride derived from acetic acid (CH3COOH). It belongs to the class of organic compounds called acid halides. It is a colorless, corrosive, volatile liquid. Its formula is commonly abbreviated to AcCl.
Sara Wojcicki Jimenez
Sara Wojcicki Jimenez (born 1979), was a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives representing the 99th district since her appointment in 2015. The 99th district includes Auburn, Berlin, Chatham, Curran, Divernon, Leland Grove, New Berlin, Thayer and the majority of the state's capitol Springfield.

She was appointed to replace Raymond Poe who resigned to become the Director of the Illinois Department of Agriculture.  Prior to the appointment, she was the Chief of Staff to First Lady Diana Rauner and a television reporter.

Wojcicki Jimenez announced she would not seek reelection in 2018. She was succeeded by fellow Republican Mike Murphy.

On February 26, 2019, Senate Minority Leader Bill Brady appointed Wojcicki Jimenez to the Capitol Historic Preservation Board.

Curran, Illinois
Curran is a village in Curran Township, Sangamon County, Illinois, United States. It was incorporated in 2005. As of the 2020 census, Curran had a population of 213.

Curran is located a few miles west of Springfield and is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2022 Open de Oeiras – Doubles
Jesper de Jong and Tim van Rijthoven were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Nuno Borges and Francisco Cabral won the title after defeating Sanjar Fayziev and Markos Kalovelonis 6–3, 6–0 in the final.

Markos Kalovelonis
Markos Kalovelonis (Greek: Μάρκος Καλοβελώνης, Марк Георгиевич Каловелонис; born 18 May 1994) is a Greek-Russian tennis player.

Kalovelonis has a career high ATP singles ranking of World No. 445 achieved on 13 June 2016. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of World No. 178 achieved on 8 August 2022. Kalovelonis has won 21 ITF doubles titles.

Kalovelonis has represented Greece at the Davis Cup where he has a W/L record of 6–5.
He also represented Greece in the ATP Cup in 2020,  2021 and 2022.

Kalovelonis is the son of former Greek tennis player, George Kalovelonis and Russian Karina Nazarenko. In 2014, Kalovelonis decided to represent Russia instead of Greece. In 2019, Kalovelonis switched back to represent Greece.
He is fluent in Russian, Greek and English.
Brissett
Brissett is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Annette Brissett, Jamaican reggae singer

Jacoby Brissett (born 1992), American football player

Jason Brissett (born 1974), English footballer

Oshae Brissett (born 1998), Canadian basketball player

Trevor Brissett (1961–2010), English footballer

Trevor Brissett
Trevor Anthony Brissett (2 January 1961 – 17 May 2010) was an English footballer. He played in the Football League for Port Vale and Darlington in the early 1980s. He remained involved with football for the rest of his life, playing for Stafford Rangers, Witton Albion, Macclesfield Town, and Newcastle Town, and coaching at Newcastle Town, Congleton Town, Meir KA and the Stoke City Academy.
Seeley Lake (lake)
Seeley Lake is a natural glacial lake located in Missoula County, Montana, within the Lolo National Forest. It lies immediately west of the community of Seeley Lake and is part of the Clearwater River chain of lakes in western Montana. The lake is a popular destination for outdoor recreation and is notable for its ecological diversity and role in regional watershed health.

Missoula County, Montana
Missoula County (/mɪˈzuːlə/ ⓘ miz-OO-lə) is a county located in the state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 117,922, making it Montana's third most populous county. Its county seat and most populous city is Missoula. The county was founded in 1860. Missoula County comprises the Missoula, MT Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is not a consolidated city-county.
Error-driven learning
In reinforcement learning, error-driven learning is a method for adjusting a model's (intelligent agent's) parameters based on the difference between its output results and the ground truth. These models stand out as they depend on environmental feedback, rather than explicit labels or categories. They are based on the idea that language acquisition involves the minimization of the prediction error (MPSE). By leveraging these prediction errors, the models consistently refine expectations and decrease computational complexity.  Typically, these algorithms are operated by the GeneRec algorithm.

Error-driven learning has widespread applications in cognitive sciences and computer vision. These methods have also found successful application in natural language processing (NLP), including areas like part-of-speech tagging, parsing, named entity recognition (NER), machine translation (MT), speech recognition (SR), and dialogue systems.

Natural language processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.

Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.
Khanom Kan
Khanom Kan (Persian: خانم كن, also Romanized as Khānom Kon; also known as Khānam-i-Kūn, Khanom Goon, Khānom Gūn, and Khānom Kohneh) is a village in Khav and Mirabad Rural District, Khav and Mirabad District, Marivan County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 191, in 42 families. The village is populated by Kurds.

Khav and Mirabad District
Khav and Mirabad District (Persian: بخش خاو و میرآباد) is in Marivan County, Kurdistan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Bardeh Rasheh. The previous capital of the district was the village of Savji.
Zéménafla
Zéménafla is a village in central Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Sinfra, Sinfra Department, Marahoué Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District.

Zéménafla was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Sassandra-Marahoué District
Sassandra-Marahoué District (French: District du  Sassandra-Marahoué, [sa.sɑ̃d.ʁa ma.ʁa.we]) is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the central part of the country. The capital of the district is Daloa.