hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Matrices of concepts
The matrices of concepts are a conceptual tool put forth by philosopher Paul Franceschi, that aim at providing an alternative to the semiotic square described by Algirdas Greimas. To the difference of the semiotic square, a matrix of concepts is made up of 6 concepts, from which two are neutral, two are positive and two are negative. The relationships between the 6 concepts of the same matrix can be stated as follows:

A0 and Ā0 are dual or inverse; A+ and Ā− are contraries; A− and Ā+ are contraries

A+ and Ā+ are complementary, in the same way as A− and Ā-

A+ and A− are corollary, in the same way as  Ā+ and Ā−

A0 and A+ are related, in the same way as A0 and A−, Ā0 and Ā+, Ā0 and Ā−

The applications of the matrices of concepts relate to paradigmatic analysis, but also to the dialectical plan, and more generally to the study of concepts.

Algirdas Julien Greimas
Algirdas Julien Greimas (French: [alɡiʁdas ʒyljɛ̃ gʁɛmas]; born Algirdas Julius Greimas; 9 March 1917 – 27 February 1992) was a Lithuanian literary scientist who wrote most of his body of work in French while living in France. Greimas is known among other things for the Greimas square (le carré sémiotique). He is, along with Roland Barthes, considered the most prominent of the French semioticians. With his training in structural linguistics, he added to the theory of signification, plastic semiotics, and laid the foundations for the Parisian school of semiotics. Among Greimas's major contributions to semiotics are the concepts of isotopy, the actantial model, the narrative program, and the semiotics of the natural world. He also researched Lithuanian mythology and Proto-Indo-European religion, and was influential in semiotic literary criticism.
Sebastiania pachystachya
Sebastiania pachystachya is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was originally described as Adenogyne pachystachys Klotzsch in 1841. It is native to São Paulo and Paraná, Brazil.

Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae (/juːˈfɔːrbiˌeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of the type genus of the family. Most spurges, such as Euphorbia paralias, are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are shrubs or trees, such as Hevea brasiliensis. Some, such as Euphorbia canariensis,: 206  are succulent and resemble cacti because of convergent evolution. This family has a cosmopolitan global distribution. The greatest diversity of species is in the tropics; however, the Euphorbiaceae also have many species in nontropical areas of all continents except Antarctica.
England women's cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1991–92
The England women's cricket team toured Australia and New Zealand in January and February 1992. England played three Test matches against New Zealand, one Test match against Australia, and against both sides in a ODI tri-series. The Test match against Australia was played for the Women's Ashes, which Australia won, therefore retaining the Ashes. Australia also won the tri-series, by virtue of winning the group stage after the final against England ended in a no result due to rain, whilst England beat New Zealand in their Test series 1–0.

Debra Stock
Debra Ann Stock (born 17 July 1962) is a former English international cricketer.  A right-handed batter and right-arm off break bowler, she played in seven Test matches and fifteen One Day Internationals for England between 1992 and 1996, and was part of the squad that won the World Cup in 1993. She played domestic cricket for Thames Valley and Berkshire.
Queer anarchism
Queer anarchism, or anarcha-queer, is an anarchist school of thought that advocates anarchism and social revolution as a means of queer liberation and abolition of systems of oppression such as homophobia, lesbophobia, transmisogyny, anti-transmasculinity, biphobia, transphobia, aphobia, heteronormativity, patriarchy, and the gender binary.

Heteronormativity
Heteronormativity is the definition of heterosexuality as the normative human sexuality. It assumes the gender binary (i.e., that there are only two distinct, opposite genders) and that sexual and marital relations are most fitting between people of the opposite sex.

Heteronormativity creates and upholds a social hierarchy based on sexual orientation with the practice and belief that heterosexuality is deemed as the societal norm.

A heteronormative view, therefore, involves alignment of biological sex, sexuality, gender identity and gender roles. Heteronormativity has been linked to heterosexism and homophobia, and the effects of societal heteronormativity on lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals have been described as heterosexual or "straight" privilege.
Adam Baldwin (singer)
Adam Baldwin (born July 30, 1986) is a Canadian indie rock singer-songwriter based in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. In addition to his solo work, Baldwin currently supporting fellow Atlantic Canadian singer Alan Doyle.

Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Dartmouth (/ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth) is a built-up community of the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. Located on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour, Dartmouth has 72,139 residents as of 2021.
Melissa Hathaway
Melissa Hathaway (born 10 November 1968) is a leading expert in cyberspace policy and cybersecurity.  She served under two U.S. presidential administrations from 2007 to 2009, including more than 8 months at the White House, spearheading the Cyberspace Policy Review for President Barack Obama after leading the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI) for President George W. Bush. She is President of Hathaway Global Strategies LLC, a Senior Fellow and member of the Board of Regents at Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, a Distinguished Fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation in Canada, and a non-resident Research Fellow at the Kosciuszko Institute in Poland. She was previously a Senior Adviser at Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center.

Potomac Institute for Policy Studies
The Potomac Institute for Policy Studies (PIPS) is an independent, 501(c)(3), not-for-profit public policy research institute located in Arlington, Virginia. The institute was founded in 1994 (1994), shortly after the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) was disbanded, with the intent to assume some of the functions formerly performed by OTA.

The Institute focuses on science, technology and national security issues, and describes its mission as the facilitation of non-partisan discussion and debate with the goal of informing public policy. The institute has provided support to the US Congress, the White House, the Department of the Navy, the US Air Force, the National Science Foundation, DARPA, the Department of Homeland Security, other government agencies and private industry.
Early history of Uganda
The early history of Uganda comprises the history of Uganda before the territory that is today Uganda was made into a British protectorate at the end of the 19th century. Prior to this, the region was divided between several closely related kingdoms.

Kuliak languages
The Kuliak languages, also called the Rub languages, or Nyangiyan languages are a group of languages spoken by small relict communities in the mountainous Karamoja region of northeastern Uganda.

Nyang'i and Soo are moribund, with a handful of elderly speakers. However, Ik is vigorous and growing.

Word order in Kuliak languages is verb-initial.
Gold-ringed tanager
The gold-ringed tanager (Bangsia aureocincta) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae, endemic to Colombia. It is a plump, relatively short-tailed tanager with a distinctive gold ring around its face. It inhabits a narrow band of high-altitude cloud forest on the slopes of the western cordillera of the Andes, where it survives on a diet of fruit and insects. The bird is found in small numbers within a limited geographical area, and much of its breeding biology has yet to be described. It is considered a vulnerable species, threatened by habitat loss.

San José del Palmar
San José del Palmar is a municipality and town in the Chocó Department, Colombia in the central part of the country, 240 km (150 mi) west of the capital Bogotá. San José del Palmar is 1,288 meters (4,226 ft) above sea level and the population is about 4,800.

The terrain around San José del Palmar is mountainous to the east, but to the west it is hilly. The highest point nearby is 1,737 meters (5,699 ft) above sea level, 1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of San José del Palmar. Around San José del Palmar, it is quite densely populated, with 52 inhabitants per square kilometer (130/sq mi).  There are no other communities nearby. In the surrounding area, mainly rainforest grows.
The Crow: Stairway to Heaven
The Crow: Stairway to Heaven is a Canadian superhero television series created by Bryce Zabel. It originally aired from September 25, 1998, to May 22, 1999, consisting of 22 episodes. The series was based on the Caliber Press' The Crow comic book series. It starred Mark Dacascos as the protagonist, Eric Draven.

Katie Stuart
Katherine Anne Stuart (born March 22, 1985) is a Canadian actress and stunt performer, born in Vancouver. She played the lead character Meg Murry in the 2003 television film A Wrinkle in Time. She is also known for her recurring role of Zoe Monroe in The 100 and portrayed Rita in the 2017 web series Inconceivable.
Valve gear
The valve gear of a steam engine is the mechanism that operates the inlet and exhaust valves to admit steam into the cylinder and allow exhaust steam to escape, respectively, at the correct points in the cycle. It can also serve as a reversing gear. It is sometimes referred to as the "motion".

Steam
Steam is water vapor, often mixed with air and/or an aerosol of liquid water droplets. This may occur by evaporation or by boiling, where heat is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization. Superheated or saturated steam is invisible; however, wet steam, a visible mist or aerosol of water droplets, is often referred to as  "steam".: 6

When liquid water becomes steam, it increases in volume by 1,700 times at standard temperature and pressure; this change in volume can be converted into mechanical work by steam engines such as reciprocating piston-type engines and steam turbines. Piston-type steam engines played a central role in the Industrial Revolution, and steam-based generation today produces 80 percent of the world's electricity. If liquid water comes into contact with a very hot surface or depressurizes quickly below its vapor pressure, it can create a steam explosion.
Good Morning TVN
Dzień Dobry TVN (eng. Good Morning TVN) is a Polish morning show broadcast on TVN since 2005 every day between 8:00 and 11:30. It features celebrity guests, advice on health, entertainment, cookery and more.

It is presented by three duets: Dorota Wellman with Marcin Prokop, Paulina Krupińska-Karpiel with Damian Michałowski and Ewa Drzyzga with Krzysztof Skórzyński.
The programme is also broadcast on iTVN and TVN HD.

During the summer holidays it is replaced by Dzień Dobry Wakacje

TVN International
TVN International or iTVN is a Polish pay television channel that was launched in April 2004. It is part of the TVN network and is owned by TVN Warner Bros. Discovery It is aimed at the Polish diaspora living abroad, mainly in Europe and North America. iTVN's programming consists of TV series, newscasts, Polish football matches, movies and entertainment programmes, mostly of Polish origin.
Prima Zoom
Prima ZOOM is a documentary television channel of FTV Prima group. Prima ZOOM was launched on 1 February 2013, complementing its sister channels Prima Family, Prima COOL, and Prima Love.

Prima ZOOM's graphics identity was made by Studio Oficina, as it did also with Prima Love and Prima COOL. Its graphics and logo are based on the gesture pinch-to-zoom.

Prima ZOOM broadcasts daily between 08.00 and 02.00. The channel is available in the Czech digital terrestrial network (like other channels of FTV Prima group) in multiplex 3 (like Prima Love), as well as in the basic packages of a number of satellite, cable, and IPTV pay-TV operators, and had a household penetration of well over 90% when it launched.

Logo
A logo (abbreviation of logotype; from Ancient Greek  λόγος (lógos) 'word, speech' and  τύπος (túpos) 'mark, imprint') is a graphic mark, emblem, or symbol used to aid and promote public identification and recognition. It may be of an abstract or figurative design or include the text of the name that it represents, as in a wordmark.

In the days of hot metal typesetting, a logotype was one word cast as a single piece of type (e.g. "The" in ATF Garamond), as opposed to a ligature, which is two or more letters joined, but not forming a word. By extension, the term was also used for a uniquely set and arranged typeface or colophon. At the level of mass communication and in common usage, a company's logo is today often synonymous with its trademark or brand.
Lajos Kemény
Lajos Kemény (Hungarian: [ˈlɒjoʃ ˈkɛmeːɲ]; born 14 April 1959) is a Hungarian dermatologist, venereologist, allergologist, medical researcher, full professor and the Head of the Department of Dermatology and Allergology, the director of the Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged  and the Vice-Rector for Science, Research Development and Innovation. He is a notable and respected scientist both in Hungary and around the world.

Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarian: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈtudomaːɲoʃ ˈɒkɒdeːmijɒ], MTA) is Hungary’s foremost and most prestigious learned society. Its headquarters are located along the banks of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca. The Academy's primary functions include the advancement of scientific knowledge, the dissemination of research findings, the support of research and development, and the representation of science in Hungary both domestically and around the world.
Grenoble metropolitan area
Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction de Grenoble) as defined by INSEE in 2020 is the functional urban area of the city of Grenoble, southeastern France. It covers 204 communes, all in the Isère department. It has 714,799 inhabitants (2018) in an area of 2,876 km2 (1,110 sq mi), which is 39% of the Isère department. Grenoble and 15 other communes form the pôle urbain or urban cluster, the other 188 communes form the couronne or commuter belt. The most populous communes in the functional area are Grenoble, Échirolles, Fontaine, Meylan, Le Pont-de-Claix, Saint-Égrève, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Sassenage, Seyssinet-Pariset and Voiron, all except Voiron part of the pôle urbain. It is the 11th-most populous functional urban area in France.

Voiron
Voiron (French pronunciation: [vwaʁˈɔ̃]; Arpitan: Vouèron) is a commune (French municipality) in the Isère department in southeastern France. It is the capital of the canton of Voiron and has been part of the Grenoble-Alpes Métropole since 2010. Voiron is located 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Grenoble and 85 km (53 mi) southeast of Lyon. Its roughly 20,000 inhabitants are named Voironnais in French.

Voiron, along with Chambéry and Grenoble, is a gateway city of the Chartreuse Mountains in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
Zotung language
Zotung (Zobya) is a language spoken by the Zotung people, in the town of Rezua, Chin State, Burma. It is a continuum of closely related dialects and accents. The language does not have a standard written form since it has dialects with multiple variations on its pronunciations. A written script for Zotung was created in 1933 by Paw Khaw Ming (Siabawi Khuamin).

Accent (sociolinguistics)
In sociolinguistics, an accent is a way of pronouncing a language that is distinctive to a country, area, social class, or individual. An accent may be identified with the locality in which its speakers reside (a regional or geographical accent), the socioeconomic status of its speakers, their ethnicity (an ethnolect), their caste or social class (a social accent), or influence from their first language (a foreign accent).

Accents typically differ in quality of voice, pronunciation and distinction of vowels and consonants, stress, and prosody. Although grammar, semantics, vocabulary, and other language characteristics often vary concurrently with accent, the word "accent" may refer specifically to the differences in pronunciation, whereas the word "dialect" encompasses the broader set of linguistic differences. "Accent" is often a subset of "dialect".
Endroyi
Endroyi is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Amaravathi mandal of Guntur revenue division. The village forms a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region, under the jurisdiction of APCRDA.

Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority
The Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA) is an urban planning agency of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region, in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The APCRDA was established under the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority Act, 2014 (dissolved in 2020 and reestablished in 2021). The authority has a jurisdictional area of 8,352.69 km2 (3,224.99 sq mi), covering the districts of Guntur, Eluru, NTR, Krishna, Palnadu, and Bapatla.

The CRDA approved land pooling of an additional 20,494 acres from four villages in Amaravati mandal and three villages in Thullur mandal for the development of Amaravati.
MP3Concept
MP3Concept is the first trojan horse for Mac OS X, created around April 2004. MP3Concept is benign, it was designed as a proof of concept regarding how a file can be disguised to an end user in a GUI environment on Mac OS X. It is an application bundle that looks like an MP3 file. When launched, it plays a clip of a man laughing. Since its creation Apple has added additional verifications to the Finder to prevent such an attack. Antivirus software also now looks for its characteristics as well.

Proof of concept
A proof of concept (POC or PoC), also known as proof of principle, is an inchoate realization of a certain idea or method in order to demonstrate its feasibility or viability. A proof of concept is usually small and may or may not be complete, but aims to demonstrate in principle that the concept has practical potential without needing to fully develop it.

A proof of value (PoV) is sometimes used along proof of concept, and differs by focusing more on demonstrating the potential customer use case and value, and is usually less in-depth than a proof of concept.
Tae Jin-ah
Jo Bang-heon (Korean: 조방헌; born February 16, 1953), better known by his stage name, Tae Jin-ah (태진아), is a South Korean trot singer and entertainer. He debuted in 1973 with the song, "My Heart Express Train," and rose to fame soon after with the song, "Memory of a Blue Hill." Since 2002, he has hosted a radio program on KBS Radio 2 called the Tae Jin Ah Show Show Show.  He often appears on the KBS 1TV 'Golden Oldies(Korean: 가요무대)'.

KBS Radio 2
KBS Radio 2 (Korean: KBS 2 라디오; also known by its nickname Happy FM) is a K-Pop and entertainment network of the Korean Broadcasting System. Opened in 1933 on AM Radio, the network began utilising FM Radio frequencies 67 years later for a clearer audio reception.

Radio 2 operates daily from 5:00 am to 3:00 am of the following day. National programs originate from Seoul, with regional opt-outs as well as rebroadcasts of selected KBS 2FM programs are aired across local stations operating on FM and, if applicable, AM radio.
Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. British athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games. A total of 371 athletes represented Great Britain and the team won twenty medals, five gold, three silver and twelve bronze. This equalled the number of golds won at the previous three Summer Games but was the lowest total medals achieved since the Montreal Games in 1976. Archer Simon Terry and hurdlers Sally Gunnell and Kriss Akabusi each won two medals.

Stephen Akers
Stephen Akers (born 16 May 1971) is a male retired British swimmer. He competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics. He represented England in the 1,500 metres freestyle, at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand.
Bishkek International School
Bishkek International School is an international school in Bishkek founded by a group of international and local parents as a non-profit community school and legally registered as a non-profit foundation in the Kyrgyz Republic on December 1, 2010.

The first school Advisory Council meeting was held with the President of the Kyrgyz Republic, Roza Otunbaeva, on May 16, 2011 in the Ministry of Education. The school opened for students in September 2011, in a building which was built as a school but unused for this purpose for many years before being purchased by the school foundation in July 2011. Student numbers have increased from 20 students in 2011 to 440 students in 2024. The school was initially called the 'European School in Central Asia' (ESCA) and changed to 'Bishkek International School' (BIS) in 2016 to coincide with accreditation as an IB World School.

IB Primary Years Programme
The International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (PYP) is an educational programme managed by the International Baccalaureate (IB) for students aged 3 to 12. While the programme prepares students for the IB Middle Years Programme, it is not a prerequisite for it. The subject areas of the PYP are language, social studies, mathematics, science, technology, arts; personal, social and physical education. Students are required to learn a second language during the programme. Assessment is carried out by teachers according to strategies provided by the IB and concerning guidelines to what the students should learn specified in the curriculum model.
Owen Island
Owen Island in the Antarctic is a small (19 ha), circular, ice-free island lying between Round Point and Pottinger Point about 500 m off the north coast of King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands.  It was charted and named in 1935 by DI personnel on the Discovery II.

Round Point
Round Point is a point 22 km (14 mi) west of False Round Point on the north coast of King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. Kellick Island lies 2 km to the north-east and Tartar Island 1 km to the north-west.  The descriptive name dates back to at least 1822 and is established in international usage.
227th (Sudbury-Manitoulin-Algoma) Battalion (Men o' the North), CEF
The 227th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and Camp Borden, the unit began recruiting in early 1916 on Manitoulin Island and in Algoma. After sailing to England in April 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion on April 22, 1917. The 227th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. C. H. LeP. Jones.

Algoma District
Algoma District is a district and census division in Northeastern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario.

The name was created by an American  ethnologist, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (1793–1864), who was appointed Indian agent to the Ojibwe in Sault Ste. Marie region in 1822.  "Al" is derived from Algonquin, while "goma" is a variant of gomee, meaning lake or water.

Algoma District has shoreline along Lake Superior and Lake Huron. It has an international border crossing to the American state of Michigan, at Sault Ste. Marie. Historically, it was known for its lumber and mining industries.

The rugged scenery of the region has inspired works by Canadian artists, particularly the Group of Seven. They rented a boxcar from the Algoma Central Railway to travel on excursions through this region.