hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Topological degree theory
In mathematics, topological degree theory is a generalization of the winding number of a curve in the complex plane. It can be used to estimate the number of solutions of an equation, and is closely connected to fixed-point theory. When one solution of an equation is easily found, degree theory can often be used to prove existence of a second, nontrivial, solution. There are different types of degree for different types of maps: e.g.  for maps between Banach spaces there is the Brouwer degree in Rn, the Leray-Schauder degree for compact mappings in normed spaces, the coincidence degree and various other types. There is also a degree for continuous maps between manifolds.

Topological degree theory has applications in complementarity problems, differential equations, differential inclusions and dynamical systems.

Banach space
In mathematics, more specifically in functional analysis, a Banach space (/ˈbɑː.nʌx/, Polish pronunciation: [ˈba.nax]) is a complete normed vector space. Thus, a Banach space is a vector space with a metric that allows the computation of vector length and distance between vectors and is complete in the sense that a Cauchy sequence of vectors always converges to a well-defined limit that is within the space.

Banach spaces are named after the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach, who introduced this concept and studied it systematically in 1920–1922 along with Hans Hahn and Eduard Helly.
Maurice René Fréchet was the first to use the term "Banach space" and Banach in turn then coined the term "Fréchet space".
Banach spaces originally grew out of the study of function spaces by Hilbert, Fréchet, and Riesz earlier in the century. Banach spaces play a central role in functional analysis. In other areas of analysis, the spaces under study are often Banach spaces.
Letizia Camera
Letizia Camera (born (1992-10-01)1 October 1992 in Acqui Terme) is an Italian professional female volleyball player who plays as a setter. As part of the Italy women's national volleyball team she participated in international tournaments such as the FIVB World Grand Prix (in 2012, 2013 and 2015), the 2013 European Championship, the 2015 Montreux Masters and the 2015 European Games.

At club level she played for teams in Italy (Asystel Volley, Imoco Volley, Volleyball Casalmaggiore, Futura Volley Busto Arsizio) and France (RC Cannes, Saint-Raphaël Var VB).

2013 Women's European Volleyball Championship
The 2013 Women's European Volleyball Championship was the 28th edition of the European Volleyball Championship, organised by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted by Germany and Switzerland from 6 to 14 September 2013. The matches took place in 5 different cities (4 in Germany and one in Switzerland) with the final being played in Berlin.

Russia defeated Germany 3–1 in the final to capture their 18th title and the qualification for the 2013 FIVB Women's World Grand Champions Cup.
2005 Hastings Direct International Championships – Singles
The  singles competition of the 2005 Hastings Direct International Championships was part of the 31st edition of the Eastbourne International tennis tournament, Tier II of the 2005 WTA Tour. Svetlana Kuznetsova was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Kim Clijsters. Clijsters won in the final 7–5, 6–0 against Vera Douchevina.

WTA Tier II tournaments
The WTA Tier II tournaments were Women's Tennis Association tennis second-level tournaments held from 1990 until the end of the 2008 season. The line-up of events varied over the years, with tournaments being promoted, demoted or cancelled.

From 2009 WTA Tour, WTA changed tournament categories, so that majority of Tier I and Tier II tournaments from the previous season were in one category, the WTA Premier Tournaments.
2022 Internazionali di Tennis del Friuli Venezia Giulia
The 2022 Serena Wines 1881 Tennis Cup Internazionali di Tennis del Friuli Venezia Giulia was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the nineteenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour, and the seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Cordenons, Italy between 25 July and 7 August 2022.

Aurora Zantedeschi
Aurora Zantedeschi (born 2 November 2000) is an Italian professional tennis player.
She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 292, achieved on 28 July 2025. Her highest doubles ranking is No. 102, set on 27 January 2025.

Zantedeschi has won two singles and 17 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.
Suphanat Mueanta
Suphanat Mueanta (Thai: ศุภณัฏฐ์ เหมือนตา, pronounced [sù(p).pʰā.nát mɯ̌an.tāː]; born 2 August 2002) is a Thai professional footballer who plays mainly as a right winger for Buriram United, and the Thailand national team.

Suphanat currently holds the record of being the youngest player to play in the Thai League 1 and also the youngest goalscorer in the history of the league at 15 years old. He also notably holds the AFC record of being the youngest goalscorer in the history of the AFC Champions League at 16. At international level, he also become the youngest cap for the Thailand national team at 16 during a match against Vietnam.

Thailand Champions Cup
The Thailand Champions Cup (continuing Kor Royal Cup, a different competition from the Thai Super Cup) is a single-game competition between the winners of previous Thai League 1 and Thai FA Cup, organised by the Football Association of Thailand. If the Thai League 1 champions also won the FA Cup, then the league runners-up provide the opposition. The first edition started in 2017 in order to replace the Kor Royal Cup.
Fickling
Fickling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ashley Fickling (born 1972), British footballer and physiotherapist

Austin L. Fickling (1914–1977), American judge

David Fickling, British children's book editor and publisher

David Fickling
David Fickling is an English children's book editor and publisher based in Oxford. Fickling runs David Fickling Books, which became an independent publishing house in July 2013. He has published books by authors including Philip Pullman, Mark Haddon, John Boyne and Linda Newbery.
He began his career at the Oxford University Press, and later worked at Transworld and Scholastic, before setting up David Fickling Books in 2000, first as an imprint with Scholastic then under Random House. It has since become an independent publishing house, working in partnership with larger publishers.

In 2004, Fickling won the British Book Awards Editor of the Year.
Olivier Irabaruta
Olivier Irabaruta (born 25 August 1990) is a Burundian long-distance runner. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's 5000 metres, finishing 29th overall in Round 1, failing to qualify for the final.

At the 2016 Summer Olympics, he competed in the 5000 metres and the 10,000 metres. He finished 27th overall in round 1 of the 5000 m competition and did not qualify for the finals. He finished 27th in the 10,000m competition. Irabaruta was the flag bearer for Burundi during the Parade of Nations.

He represented his country at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 2009 as a junior runner and in 2015, 2017, and 2019 as a senior athlete.

In 2019, he competed in the men's marathon at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar. He did not finish his race.

He represented Burundi at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the men's marathon.

Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres
The men's 5000 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 8–11 August. In a tactical, slow race, the gold medal was won by 0.32 seconds by reigning World champion Mo Farah of host Great Britain, completing a distance double having won the 10,000 metres a week earlier. Ethiopia's Dejen Gebremeskel took silver, with Thomas Pkemei Longosiwa of Kenya in bronze position.
Mechanomyogram
The mechanomyogram (MMG) is the mechanical signal observable from the surface of a muscle when the muscle is contracted. At the onset of muscle contraction, gross changes in the muscle shape cause a large peak in the MMG. Subsequent vibrations are due to oscillations of the muscle fibres at the resonance frequency of the muscle. The mechanomyogram is also known as the phonomyogram, acoustic myogram, sound myogram, vibromyogram or muscle sound.

Fiber
Fiber (spelled fibre in British English; from Latin: fibra) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.

Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers have some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
South-East France (European Parliament constituency)
South-East France was a former European Parliament constituency. It consisted of the regions of Corsica, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and the former region of Rhône-Alpes (now part of region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes). Ahead of the 2019 European Parliament elections, it was abolished in favor of a single national vote.

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (commonly shortened to PACA), sometimes  known as Région Sud, is one of the eighteen administrative regions of France, located at the far southeastern point of the mainland. The main prefecture and largest city is Marseille, France's second largest city proper after Paris and the 2nd largest urban area when combined with Aix-en-Provence with over 1.9 million residents.
MV H. Lee White
M/V H. Lee White is a diesel-powered Lake freighter owned and operated by the American Steamship Company (ASC). This vessel was built in 1974 at Bay Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin and included self-unloading technology.

The ship is 704 feet (215 m) long and 78 feet (24 m) wide, with a carrying capacity of 35,400 tons (at midsummer draft), limestone, grain, coal or iron ore.

Bay Shipbuilding Company
Bay Shipbuilding Company (BSC) is a shipyard and dry dock company in Sturgeon Bay, Door County, Wisconsin. As of 2015, Bay Ships was a subsidiary of Fincantieri Marine Group and produces articulated tug and barges, OPA-90 compliant double hull tank ships and offshore support vessels. It also provides repair services to the lake freighter fleet. In the past the shipyard located in Sturgeon Bay has operated under several different names and traces its history back to 1918.

The company also built 40,000 ton Lake freighters in the 1970s and 1980s. While capable of producing large freighters, the yard had not built a freighter over 20,000 tons since 1987 until the MV Mark W. Barker, launched in 2022. Former names of the shipyards at the 2015 location of Bay Shipbuilding are: Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding, Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company and Christy Corporation.
Juan Pablo Caffa
Juan Pablo Caffa (born 30 September 1984) is an Argentine former footballer who played as a left winger.

His nickname was "El violinista del Viaducto" (literally translated as "The violinist of the viaduct"), as he played an imaginary violin during his goal celebrations. His professional career, other than in his own country where he represented Boca Juniors, Ferro Carril Oeste and Arsenal de Sarandí (two spells), was spent in Spain, Greece, Uruguay, Ecuador and the United States.

Goal celebration
In sports, a goal celebration is the practice of celebrating the scoring of a goal. The celebration is normally performed by the goalscorer, and may involve their teammates, the manager or coaching staff or the supporters of the team. Whilst referring to the celebration of a goal in general, the term can also be applied to specific actions, such as a player removing their shirt or performing a somersault. Celebrations are generally more substantial in lower-scoring sports, such as association football and ice hockey, where a score has greater significance.

Many goal celebrations have been immortalised, such as in a statue (Thierry Henry and Bobby Orr), advertisements (Ronaldo), postage stamps (Pelé), magazine covers, or in video games: Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale, Lionel Messi among many others are featured in the FIFA and EA Sports FC series.
The Social Animal (Aronson book)
The Social Animal is an APA-medal winning book about social psychology by Elliot Aronson. Originally published in 1972, The Social Animal is currently in its twelfth edition. In a style written for the general audience, the book covers what modern psychology knows about the reasons for some of the most important aspects of human behavior.

Social psychology
Social psychology is the methodical study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Although studying many of the same substantive topics as its counterpart in the field of sociology, psychological social psychology places more emphasis on the individual, rather than society; the influence of social structure and culture on individual outcomes, such as personality, behavior, and one's position in social hierarchies. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables influence social interactions.
U.S. Route 40 in Kansas
U.S. Route 40 (US-40) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Interstate 80 (I-80) and US-189 in Silver Summit, Utah east to US-322 and Ocean Drive in Atlantic City, New Jersey. In the U.S. state of Kansas, US-40 is a main east–west highway that runs from the Colorado border east to the Missouri border. The highway is concurrent with Interstate 70 (I-70) from Oakley to Topeka, and again through Kansas City.

Ocean Drive (New Jersey)
Ocean Drive is a series of local toll roads in southern New Jersey, connecting Atlantic City to Cape May along barrier islands on the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of several roads and includes all five drawbridges owned by the Cape May County Bridge Commission.
Alongi
Alongi is an Italian surname, which literally refers to the town of Longi (formerly Alongi, Άλογκοι in Byzantine Greek) in the Metropolitan City of Messina, Sicily. Notable people with the surname include:

Filippo Alongi (born 2000), Italian rugby union player

Nicola Alongi (1863–1920), Sicilian socialist leader

Philip Alongi, American news producer and opera singer

Umberto Alongi (born 1976), Swiss Italian singer-songwriter

Filippo Alongi
Filippo Alongi (born 27 April 2000) is an Italian rugby union player.
His usual position is as a Prop and he currently plays for Petrarca Padova in Serie A Elite.

Selected for F.I.R. Academy squad, in 2018–19 Pro14 season, Alongi was named like Additional Player for Zebre. Under contract with Mogliano in Top10, from 2019 to 2022, he was also named as Permit Player for Benetton.
In spring 2024 he signed for Béziers in Pro D2 as Joker Medical, untile the end of the season.

In 2019 and 2020, Alongi was named in the Italy Under 20 squad.  On 14 October 2021, he was selected by Alessandro Troncon to be part of an Italy A 28-man squad for the 2021 end-of-year rugby union internationals and on 8 December he was named in Emerging Italy 27-man squad also for the 2021 end-of-year rugby union internationals.
On 14 March 2022, he was selected by Kieran Crowley to be part of an Italy squad for the 2022 Six Nations Championship. He made his debut against Wales.
Spinning Wheel (song)
"Spinning Wheel" is a song recorded in 1968 by jazz fusion/rock band Blood, Sweat & Tears; it was written by Canadian lead vocalist David Clayton-Thomas and included on their eponymous album, released in 1968.

The song, released as a single in 1969, peaked at no. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in July that year, remaining in the runner-up position for three weeks.  "Spinning Wheel" was kept out of the no. 1 position by both "The Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet" by Henry Mancini and "In the Year 2525" by Zager and Evans. In August that year, the song topped the Billboard Easy Listening chart for two weeks. It was also a crossover hit, reaching No.45 on the US R&B chart.

"Spinning Wheel" was nominated for three Grammy Awards at the 1970 ceremony, winning in the category Best Instrumental Arrangement. The arranger for the song was the band's saxophonist, Fred Lipsius. It was nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year; the album won the Grammy for Album of the Year.

Grammy Award for Album of the Year
The Grammy Award for Album of the Year is an award presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales, chart position, or critical reception." Album of the Year is the most prestigious category at the Grammy Awards and is one of the general field categories that have been presented annually since the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959 alongside Best New Artist, Record of the Year, and Song of the Year.
Gustavo Scuseria
Gustavo E. Scuseria (born July 30, 1956) is the Robert A. Welch Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Physics & Astronomy and Professor of Materials Science & NanoEngineering at Rice University, Houston, TX. He is also editor-in-chief of the Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation.  Scuseria earned his PhD from the University of Buenos Aires in 1983 and conducted post-doctoral work at the University of California, Berkeley (1985–1987) and the University of Georgia (1987–1989) prior to joining the chemistry faculty at Rice University in 1989.

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
The Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal, established in 2005 by the American Chemical Society. The editor-in-chief is Laura Gagliardi (University of Chicago). Originally bimonthly, the journal switched to monthly in 2008.
2003 Siebel Open
The 2003 Siebel Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the HP Pavilion at San Jose in San Jose, California in the United States that was part of the International Series of the 2003 ATP Tour. It was the 115th edition of the tournament and was held from February 10 through February 16, 2003. First-seeded Andre Agassi won the singles title.

SAP Center
SAP Center at San Jose (originally known as San Jose Arena) is an indoor arena located in San Jose, California. Its primary tenant is the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League, for which the arena has earned the nickname The Shark Tank.
Meri Zindagi Hai Tu
Meri Zindagi Hai Tu (Urdu: میری زندگی ہے تو, lit. 'You are my life') is a 2025 Pakistani romantic drama television series, produced by Humayun Saeed and Shahzad Nasib and directed by Musaddiq Malik under the banner of Six Sigma Plus. It stars Bilal Abbas Khan and Hania Aamir side Alyy Khan, Javeria Abbasi, Ali Rehman Khan and Vardah Aziz in supporting roles. The series follows Kamyar, a charming yet impulsive man, and Ayra, a principled girl with a pure heart. What begins as a sweet connection turns into a storm of emotions, deception, and longing, testing the strength of love and trust.

Pakistani dramas
Pakistani dramas, or Pakistani serials, are televised serials produced in Pakistan. Although most of the serials are produced in Urdu, an increasing number are produced in other Pakistani languages such as Sindhi, Pashto, Punjabi and Balochi. One of Pakistan's oldest television dramas is the Urdu serial Khuda Ki Basti, which aired in 1969. Pakistani dramas, like serials elsewhere, reflect the country's culture. According to critics, the decades of 1970s and 1980s are considered to be the golden age of Pakistani serials.

In 2016, a Dawn News report estimated that the five major entertainment channels combined produce around 80 dramas every year, with an average of 16 dramas per channel.

They have helped to attract viewers nationwide to television. The serials are widely popular in South Asian countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
The Trauma Code: Heroes on Call
The Trauma Code: Heroes on Call (Korean: 중증외상센터) is a 2025 South Korean medical comedy television series written by Choi Tae-kang, directed by Lee Do-yoon, and starring Ju Ji-hoon, Choo Young-woo, Ha Young, Yoon Kyung-ho and Jung Jae-kwang. It is based on the web novel Trauma Center: Golden Hour by Hansanleega and Hongbichira, which was serialized into a Naver Webtoon in 2019. The series follows the journey of Baek Kang-hyuk, a brilliant trauma surgeon who joins a struggling university hospital. It was released on Netflix on January 24, 2025.

Medical drama
A medical drama is a television movie or film in which events center upon a hospital, clinic, doctor's office, a paramedic, or any other medical topic or environment. Most recent medical dramatic programming goes beyond the events pertaining to the characters' jobs and portray some aspects of their personal lives. The longest running prime-time medical drama in the world is the British series Casualty, airing since 1986, and the longest running medical soap opera is General Hospital, running since 1963.
George Few House
The George Few House, located at 208 1st Ave. E. in Flandreau, South Dakota, was built in 1899.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

The house cost $6,000 to build.  It was deemed "significant as the home of an early businessman and politician and is a fine example of Eastern Stick style architecture."

Flandreau, South Dakota
Flandreau /ˈflændruː/ FLAN-droo is a city in and county seat of Moody County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 2,372 at the 2020 census. It was named in honor of Charles Eugene Flandrau, a judge in the territory and state of Minnesota. He is credited with saving the community of New Ulm, Minnesota, from destruction during conflict with the Sioux tribe in 1862.

In 2015, the nearby federally recognized Flandreau Indian Reservation of Santee Sioux had planned to open the nation's first recreational marijuana lounge in a former bowling alley, close to its existing Royal River Casino and Hotel. Any tourists or non-tribal members using marijuana on tribal land risked state prosecution, so they abandoned the plan.
Youth Parliament of Manitoba
Youth Parliament of Manitoba Inc. (YPM) is a non-partisan, non-denominational, and incorporated registered charity based in Manitoba, Canada.

Its mission is "to foster amongst the youth of Manitoba an understanding of, interest in, and engagement with the Canadian democratic parliamentary process that would enable their active participation in society as responsible citizens. In so doing, YPM strives to encourage the growth of the individual and their abilities through their exposure to a diversity of ideas and perspectives and the fellowship of their peers."

Active citizenship
Active citizenship involves citizens having control over their daily lives as users of public services, allowing them to influence decisions, voice concerns, and engage with service provision. This includes both choice and voice, enabling citizens to impact service provision by participating in local policies, interacting with institutions, and expressing preferences. It encompasses activities in politics, workplaces, civil society, and private spheres. This concept emphasizes how citizens' interactions with staff, administrators, and politicians at different levels affect their ability to shape services according to their needs. Three dimensions are considered: choice, empowerment, and participation. Choice involves informed decisions about service use, empowerment allows individuals to control their lives as users, and participation includes engaging in policy processes and influencing services.