hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
M-325
In the history of cryptography, M-325, also known as SIGFOY, was an American rotor machine designed by William F. Friedman and built in 1944. Between 1944 and 1946, more than 1,100 machines were deployed within the United States Foreign Service. Its use was discontinued in 1946 because of faults in operation. Friedman applied for a patent on the M-325 on 11 August 1944; it was and was granted on 17 March 1959 (US patent #2,877,565).

Like the Enigma, the M-325 contains three intermediate rotors and a reflecting rotor.

William F. Friedman
William Frederick Friedman (September 24, 1891 – November 2, 1969) was a US Army cryptographer who ran the research division of the Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s, and parts of its follow-on services into the 1950s. In 1940, subordinates of his led by Frank Rowlett broke Japan's PURPLE cipher, thus disclosing Japanese diplomatic secrets before America's entrance into World War II.
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House order of battle: Confederate
The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21, 1864) of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization May 7–12, 1864, army organization May 13–25, 1864, the army organization during the Campaign and the reports.

Charles S. Venable
Charles Scott Venable (March 19, 1827 – August 11, 1900) was a mathematician, astronomer, and military officer.  In mathematics, he is noted for authoring a series of publications as a University of Virginia professor.
Sobole, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Sobole [sɔˈbɔlɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wieliczki, within Olecko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south-east of Wieliczki, 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Olecko, and 141 km (88 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Olecko
Olecko [ɔˈlɛt͡skɔ] (former German: Marggrabowaⓘ since 1560, colloquially also Oletzkoⓘ, Treuburgⓘ since 1928) is a town in northeastern Poland. It is in Masuria, near Ełk and Suwałki, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. It is at the mouth of the Lega river which flows into the Great Olecko Lake (Jezioro Oleckie Wielkie) on its southwestern shore. Olecko is the seat of Olecko County.
Tritare
A tritare is an experimental guitar invented in 2003 by mathematicians Samuel Gaudet and Claude Gauthier of the Université de Moncton of a family of stringed instruments which use Y-shaped strings, instead of the usual linear strings.

Y
Y, or y, is the twenty-fifth and penultimate letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. According to some authorities, it is the sixth (or seventh if including W) vowel letter of the English alphabet. Its name in English is wye (pronounced /ˈwaɪ/ ⓘ), plural wyes.

In the English writing system, it mostly represents a vowel and seldom a consonant, and in other orthographies it may represent a vowel or a consonant.
Try (Pink song)
"Try" is a song recorded by American singer Pink, which she released as the second single from her sixth album, The Truth About Love (2012). The song was originally written and composed by Busbee and Ben West, who recorded it in 2010 under the moniker GoNorthToGoSouth. Pink's version of the song was produced by Greg Kurstin, who also produced four other songs on the album.

Pink's version of "Try" was both a commercial and critical success. It reached number one in Spain and Slovakia, as well as the top-10 in Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Poland and Switzerland. In the United Kingdom it became Pink's seventeenth top-ten song on the Official Singles Chart while in the United States it peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking her thirteenth top-ten on the chart.

The Floria Sigismondi-directed video features shots of a paint-covered Pink and her male love interest, expressing their frustrations through contemporary dance.

American Music Awards of 2012
The 40th Annual American Music Awards was held on November 18, 2012 at the Nokia Theatre L.A. Live in Los Angeles. The awards recognized the most popular artists and albums from the year 2012. It was broadcast live on ABC. The nominees were announced on October 9, 2012 by Christina Aguilera. This year included a brand new category, Electronic Dance Music. Justin Bieber won all three of his nominations, and of each of their four nominations, Nicki Minaj won two, and Rihanna one. Katy Perry won one of her 2 nominations, whereas Adele and Taylor Swift each won the award for which they were nominated.
Mack 10
Dedrick D'Mon Rolison (born August 9, 1971), better known by his stage name Mack 10, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, and record executive. He was a member of hip hop supergroup Westside Connection along with WC and Ice Cube and has sold nearly 11 million records between his solo and group works. His stage name is a reference to the Ingram MAC-10 submachine gun. As a record executive, Mack 10 is the founder and CEO of Hoo-Bangin' Records.

MAC-10
The Military Armament Corporation Model 10, officially abbreviated as "M10" or "M-10", and more commonly known as the MAC-10, is a compact, blowback operated machine pistol/submachine gun that was developed by Gordon Ingram in 1964. It is chambered in either .45 ACP or 9mm. A two-stage suppressor by Sionics was designed for the MAC-10, which not only abates the noise created but makes it easier to control on full automatic (although it also makes the gun far less compact and concealable).

Military Armament Corporation never used the "MAC-10" nomenclature in its catalogues or sales literature, but "MAC-10" is frequently used by Title II dealers, gun writers, and collectors. For a decade, the semi-automatic pistol version of the weapon was forbidden in the U.S. under the assault weapons ban enacted by Congress in 1994.
Martin Leslie (Australian footballer)
Martin Leslie (born 17 November 1962) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Brisbane Bears in the Australian Football League (AFL) and Port Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

Leslie made his SANFL debut for Port Adelaide in 1981, winning the club best and fairest award in 1986 and a premiership in 1988.

At the VFL National Draft in 1986 Leslie was the number one draft choice, selected by Brisbane. Leslie deferred moving to Brisbane until the end of the 1988 SANFL season. Making his VFL debut in 1989, Leslie would eventually play 107 games for the Bears and won their best and fairest award, in 1990. Leslie retired at the end of the 1995 AFL season.

1988 SANFL Grand Final
The 1988 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Port Adelaide Football Club and the Glenelg Football Club, held at Football Park on 1 October 1988. It was the 87th annual Grand Final of the South Australian National Football League, staged to determined the premiers of the 1988 SANFL season. The match, attended by 50,313 spectators, was won by Port Adelaide by a margin of 29 points, marking that clubs twenty-eight premiership.
Darrel Stinson
Darrel Stinson (born June 5, 1945) is a retired politician and businessman in British Columbia, Canada. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Okanagan—Shuswap from 1993 until the dissolution of the House of Commons of Canada for the 2006 federal election, and was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada parliamentary caucus.

North Okanagan—Shuswap
North Okanagan—Shuswap was a federal electoral district in the province of British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 2025. The district was sporadically known as Okanagan—Shuswap. In the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, it was split into Kamloops—Shuswap—Central Rockies, Kamloops—Thompson—Nicola, and Vernon—Lake Country—Monashee. It was dissolved upon the call of the 2025 Canadian federal election in March 2025.
O.N.I.F.C.
O.N.I.F.C. is the fourth studio album by American rapper Wiz Khalifa. The album was released on December 4, 2012, by Atlantic Records and Rostrum Records. The album's title was inspired by the album H.N.I.C. by Prodigy of Mobb Deep, and is an initialism for "Only Nigga In First Class". Upon release, O.N.I.F.C. received generally mixed reviews from contemporary music critics. The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 selling 148,000 copies in its first week.

Mobb Deep
Mobb Deep were an American hip-hop duo formed in Queens, New York, in 1990. Consisting of rappers/songwriters/record producers Prodigy and Havoc, they are considered to be among the most influential artists in East Coast hip-hop. Mobb Deep are one of the most successful rap duos of all time, having sold over three million records. Their best-known albums are The Infamous (1995), Hell on Earth (1996) and Murda Muzik (1999), and their most successful singles were "Shook Ones, (Part II)" and "Survival of the Fittest". They were known for their dark and hardcore delivery.

The duo briefly disbanded in 2012, but reunited the next year.
Prodigy died in June 2017.
Channel surface
In geometry and topology, a channel surface or canal surface is a surface formed as the envelope of a family of spheres whose centers lie on a space curve, its directrix. If the radii of the generating spheres are constant, the canal surface is called a pipe surface. Simple examples are:

right circular cylinder (pipe surface, directrix is a line, the axis of the cylinder)

torus (pipe surface, directrix is a circle),

right circular cone (canal surface, directrix is a line (the axis), radii of the spheres not constant),

surface of revolution (canal surface, directrix is a line).

Canal surfaces play an essential role in descriptive geometry, because in case of an orthographic projection its contour curve can be drawn as the envelope of circles.

In technical area canal surfaces can be used for blending surfaces  smoothly.

Right circular cylinder
A right circular cylinder is a cylinder whose generatrices are perpendicular to the bases. Thus, in a right circular cylinder, the generatrix and the height have the same measurements. It is also less often called a cylinder of revolution, because it can be obtained by rotating a rectangle of sides  and  around one of its sides. Fixing  as the side on which the revolution takes place, we obtain that the side , perpendicular to , will be the measure of the radius of the cylinder.

In addition to the right circular cylinder, within the study of spatial geometry there is also the oblique circular cylinder, characterized by not having the generatrices perpendicular to the bases.
Villa Chiericati
Villa Chiericati (also known as Villa Chiericati-Rigo) is a villa at Vancimuglio in the Veneto, northern Italy. It was designed for Giovanni Chiericati by the architect Andrea Palladio in the early 1550s.

Palladio also designed the family's town house Palazzo Chiericati in Vicenza.

In 1996, UNESCO included the villa in the World Heritage Site City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto.

Villa
A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house that provided an escape from urban life. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity, sometimes transferred to the Church for reuse as a monastery. They gradually re-evolved through the Middle Ages into elegant upper-class country homes. In the early modern period, any comfortable detached house with a garden near a city or town was likely to be described as a villa; most surviving villas have now been engulfed by suburbia. In modern parlance, "villa" can refer to various types and sizes of residences, ranging from the suburban semi-detached double villa to, in some countries, especially around the Mediterranean, residences of above average size in the countryside.
Aspergillus westerdijkiae
Aspergillus westerdijkiae is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Circumdati section. The species was first described in 2004. It has been reported to produce penicillic acid, ochratoxin A, xanthomegnin, viomellein, and vioxanthin.

Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A—a toxin produced by different Aspergillus and Penicillium species—is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. It is also a frequent contaminant of water-damaged houses and of heating ducts. Human exposure can occur through consumption of contaminated food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes, and dried grapes. The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Ochratoxin A, like most toxic substances, has large species- and sex-specific toxicological differences.
2-Methylmescaline
2-Methylmescaline (2-Me-M), also known as 2-methyl-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine, is a serotonin receptor modulator of the phenethylamine and scaline families related to mescaline. It is the 2-methyl derivative of mescaline. The drug shows affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors (Ki = 525 nM, 1,640 nM, and 1,094 nM, respectively). These affinities were 5.7-fold, 2.8-fold, and 7.1-fold higher than those of mescaline, respectively. The drug is not known to have been tested in animals or humans. 2-Methylmescaline was first described in the scientific literature by Daniel Trachsel and colleagues in 2013. The source of the information cited by Trachsel and colleagues was personal communication with David E. Nichols in 2010. It is not a controlled substance in Canada as of 2025.

Methyl group
In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula CH3 (whereas normal methane has the formula CH4). In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. While the methyl group is usually part of a larger molecule, bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single covalent bond (−CH3), it can be found on its own in any of three forms: methanide anion (CH−3), methylium cation (CH+3) or methyl radical (CH•3). The anion has eight valence electrons, the radical seven and the cation six. All three forms are highly reactive and rarely observed.
Deaths in August 2024
The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2024.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

James Bjorken
James Daniel "BJ" Bjorken (June 22, 1934 – August 6, 2024) was an American theoretical physicist. He was a Putnam Fellow in 1954, received a BS in physics from MIT in 1956, and obtained his PhD from Stanford University in 1959. Bjorken was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in the fall of 1962. He was also emeritus professor in the SLAC Theory Group at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and was a member of the Theory Department of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (1979–1989).

Bjorken was awarded the Dirac Medal of the ICTP in 2004;  and, in 2015, the Wolf Prize in Physics  and the EPS High Energy and Particle Physics Prize.
Jelenja Vas
Jelenja Vas (pronounced [jɛˈleːnja ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Jelenja vas, German: Hirschdorf) is a settlement north of Stari Trg ob Kolpi in southern Slovenia. It belongs to the Municipality of Kočevje. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Stari Trg ob Kolpi
Stari Trg ob Kolpi (pronounced [ˈstaːɾi ˈtəɾk ɔp ˈkoːlpi]; Slovene: Stari trg ob Kolpi, formerly also known as Poljane; German: Altenmarkt) is a settlement above the left bank of the Kolpa River in the Municipality of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

The local parish church is dedicated to Saint Joseph and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto. It is a medieval building that was extensively rebuilt in 1632, when it was converted to a three-aisled building with two side chapels. The main altar dates to the 18th century.
Oppidum de Roque de Viou
43°47′59″N 4°13′34″E﻿ / ﻿43.7998°N 4.2261°E﻿ / 43.7998; 4.2261

The Oppidum de Roque de Viou is on a hilltop overlooking the valley called the Vaunage, above the village of Nages-et-Solorgues, in Gard, between Nîmes et Sommières, in Occitanie, France. It is in the commune of Saint-Dionizy and is one of six Iron Age oppida in the Vaunage; about 200m from the Oppidum de Nages or Oppidum des Castels. It was occupied in three periods between 700 BCE and 600 BCE and between 350 BCE and 300 BCE and around 50 BCE. It has been listed since 1980 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

Ministry of Culture (France)
The Ministry of Culture (French: Ministère de la Culture [ministɛʁ də la kyltyʁ]) is the ministry of the Government of France in charge of national museums and the monuments historiques. Its goal is to maintain the French identity through the promotion and protection of the arts (visual, plastic, theatrical, musical, dance, architectural, literary, televisual and cinematographic) on national soil and abroad. Its budget is mainly dedicated to the management of the Archives Nationales (six national sites and hundred decentralised storage facilities) and the regional Maisons de la culture (culture centres).

Its main office is in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement of Paris on the Rue de Valois. It is headed by the Minister of Culture, a cabinet member. The most recent officeholder has been Rachida Dati, before she resigned to focus on her candidacy of the 2026 Paris municipal election.
Charles C. Lanham
Charles C. Lanham (September 12, 1928 – December 15, 2015) was an American businessman and politician.

Born in Ripley, West Virginia, Lanham graduated from Ripley High School in 1946. He then served in the United States Army. In 1952, Lanham graduated from Marshall University. Lanham worked in the bank business in Ripley, West Virginia and then in Point Pleasant, West Virginia. Lanham, a Republican, was appointed to the West Virginia Senate's 4th district in 2004 by then-Governor Bob Wise to fill the vacancy left by Lisa Smith, who stepped down for health reasons. He declined to run in 2006 when his term expired. While in office, Lanham served on several committees, including Banking and Insurance, Economic Development, Government Organization, the Judiciary and Labor and Pensions. He died at Point Pleasant, West Virginia.

Marshall University
Marshall University is a public research university in Huntington, West Virginia, United States.  It was founded in 1837 and is named after John Marshall, the fourth chief justice of the United States. The university is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
Phipps W. Lake
Phipps Waldo Lake  (May 1, 1789 – August 17, 1860) was an American politician and Baptist clergyman.

Born in Hoosick, New York, Lake served in the United States Army during the War of 1812 was in the battle at Sacketts Harbor, New York. Lake was a minister in the Free Will Baptist Church and preached in Cortland and Montgomery Counties, New York. He lived in Ames, New York where he preached for fourteen years. In 1839, Lake moved to Big Foot, Wisconsin Territory in the town of Walworth. He farmed and was the Baptist minister of a church in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. In 1854, Lake served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Whig and later joined the Republican Party. He died at his home in Big Foot Prairie, Wisconsin.

Free Will Baptist
Free Will Baptists or Free Baptists are a sub-group of General Baptists that emphasizes the teaching of free salvation and free will. The group can be traced back to 17th century England.

In 1702, Paul Palmer would go on to establish the Free Will Baptists in North Carolina and in 1727 formed the Free Will Baptist Church of Chowan. Many Calvinists became Free Will Baptists in the 19th century. With the establishment of Free Will Baptists in the South, Benjamin Randall developed the movement in the Northeastern United States.

Being the Free Will Baptists a sub-group originating from the General Baptist (Arminian) strand of the Baptist tradition, they, also in common with other Dissenters from the Church of England, followed the notion of self-governance of local churches.
Alacra
Alacra, Inc. is a privately owned American company that provides information and workflow tools to financial institutions, corporations, and professional services firms.

The company was founded as Data Downlink Corporation in 1996 by Steven Goldstein and Michael Angle, and was renamed Alacra, Inc. in June 2001. It is headquartered in New York with an office in London.

Alacra received praise for going outside traditional media outlets and creating a "data feed produced by monitoring a group of financial commentators that includes bloggers."

Professional services
Professional services are occupations in the service sector requiring special training in liberal arts and pure sciences education or professional development education. Some professional services, such as architects, accountants, engineers, doctors, and lawyers require the practitioner to hold professional degrees or licenses and possess specific skills. Other professional services involve providing specialist business support to businesses of all sizes and in all sectors; this can include tax advice, supporting a company with accounting, IT services, public relations services or providing management services.
2007 Oklahoma state budget
The Oklahoma State Budget for Fiscal Year 2007, was a spending request by Governor Brad Henry to fund government operations for July 1, 2006–June 30, 2007. Governor Henry and legislative leader approved the budget in May 2006.

Figures shown in the spending request do not reflect the actual appropriations for Fiscal Year 2007, which must be authorized by the Legislature.

Oklahoma Water Resources Board
The Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB) is an agency in the government of Oklahoma under the Governor of Oklahoma. OWRB is responsible for managing and protection the water resources of Oklahoma as well as for planning for the state's long-range water needs. The Board is composed of nine members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Oklahoma Senate. The Board, in turn, appoints an Executive Director to administer the agency.
Cheilanthifoline
(S)-Cheilanthifoline is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) which has been isolated from Corydalis cheilanthifolia and Argemone mexicana. It is derived from (S)-reticuline, a pivotal intermediate in the biosynthesis of numerous BIAs. (S)-cheilanthifoline is the immediate precursor of the BIA (S)-stylopine ((S)-stylopine synthase/CYP719A20), which is the precursor for the alkaloids protopine and sanguinarine.

Sanguinarine
Sanguinarine is a polycyclic quaternary alkaloid. It is extracted from some plants, including the bloodroot plant (Sanguinaria canadensis, from whose scientific name its name is derived), the Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone mexicana), Chelidonium majus, and Macleaya cordata.