hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Palisade cell
Palisade cells, also called palisade mesophyll cells, are plant cells located inside the mesophyll of most green leaves. They are vertically elongated and are stacked side by side, in contrast to the irregular and loosely arranged spongy mesophyll cells beneath them. Palisade cells are responsible for carrying out the majority of the photosynthesis in a leaf.

Palisade cells occur in dicotyledonous plants, and also in the net-veined monocots: the Araceae and Dioscoreaceae.

Araceae
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also known as the arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids. This family of 114 genera and about 3,750 known species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and northern temperate regions.
Herbert Leney
Herbert Leney (8 September 1850 – 18 November 1915) was an English amateur cricketer who played in four first-class cricket matches for Kent County Cricket Club between 1871 and 1878.

Leney was born at Wateringbury near Maidstone in Kent in 1850. He made his first-class debut for Kent against WG Grace's XI in 1873 at Gravesend. He died at Smith's Hall at West Farleigh in Kent in November 1915 aged 65. His nephew, Frederick Leney, also played first-class cricket.

Maidstone
Maidstone is the largest town in the county of Kent in South East England, of which it is also the county town. Maidstone is historically important and lies 32 miles (51 km) east-south-east of London. The River Medway runs through the centre of the town, linking it with Rochester and the Thames Estuary. Historically, the river carried much of the town's trade as the centre of the agricultural county of Kent, which is known as the Garden of England. There is evidence of settlement in the area dating back before the Stone Age. The town, part of the borough of Maidstone, had an approximate population of 100,000 in 2019. Since World War II, the town's economy has shifted from heavy industry towards light industry and services.
Dale Chadwick
Dale Michael Chadwick (born 20 June 1989) is a South African rugby union footballer. His regular playing position is loosehead prop. He last represented Narbonne in the French Pro D2, having previously played for the Sharks in Super Rugby.

Pro D2
The Pro D2 is the second tier of rugby union club competition division in France. It is operated by Ligue Nationale de Rugby (LNR) which also runs the division directly above, the first division Top 14. Pro D2 was introduced in 2000. It is the world's best-supported second-tier rugby union league.
Battle of Kuvan-Darya
The Battle of Kuvan-Darya was a military confrontation between the Kazakhs led by Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov and the Khanate of Khiva.  The Kazakh batyr Zhankozha, who led several clans of Kazakhs living along the Syr Darya, had long fought against the Kokand and Khiva forces. In 1843, he destroyed a Khivan stronghold on the Kuvan-Darya, and two years later, in 1845, he defeated a large Khivan detachment 3000 fighters that had arrived to restore the fortress. In 1846, Zhankozha joined forces with Kenesary to fight against the Kokand forces. Together, they captured Sozak, but disagreements soon arose between them, leading the batyr to act independently. For Zhankozha, the primary enemy remained Khiva, while Kenesary was focused on seeking revenge against Kokand.

Syr Darya
The Syr Darya, historically known as the Jaxartes (/dʒækˈsɑːrtiːz/ jak-SAR-teez; Ancient Greek: Ἰαξάρτης), is a river in Central Asia. The name, which is Persian, literally means Syr Sea or Syr River. It originates in the Tian Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan, and flows for 2,256.25 kilometres (1,401.97 mi) west and north-west through Uzbekistan, Sughd province of Tajikistan, and southern Kazakhstan to the northern remnants of the Aral Sea. It is the northern and eastern of the two main rivers in the endorheic basin of the Aral Sea, the other being the Amu Darya.

During the Soviet era, extensive irrigation projects were constructed around both rivers, diverting their water into farmland and causing, during the post-Soviet era, the virtual disappearance of the Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest lake. The point at which the river flows from Tajikistan into Uzbekistan is, at 300 m (980 ft) above sea level, the lowest elevation in Tajikistan.
Caloplaca begaensis
Caloplaca begaensis is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in New South Wales, Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected by the first author from the Bega Valley Shire, at Beares Beach, where it was found growing on soil near sandstone outcrops. The species epithet refers to the type locality, the only place the lichen has been documented.

Although similar to Gyalolechia flavovirescens in appearance, Caloplaca begaensis has grayish-green areolae, broadly oil-containing cells positioned in the centre of paraphyses, smaller and narrower ascospores, narrower septa in the ascospores, and its subhymenium and basal hymenium lack oil droplets.

Bega Valley Shire
The Bega Valley Shire is a local government area located adjacent to the south-eastern coastline of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire was formed in 1981 with the amalgamation of the Municipality of Bega, Imlay Shire and Mumbulla Shire, with its name deriving from the town of Bega. The shire is also known as the Sapphire Coast for tourism and marketing purposes. During the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, the area was devastated by fire, with 448 houses being destroyed by fire and approximately 365,000 hectares burned, which is 58% of the Shire's total land mass.

The estimated population as at the 2021 census was 35,942.

The current mayor is Russell Fitzpatrick, an independent who joined the Liberal Party in 2023.
Rhodolirium andicola
Rhodolirium andicola is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is a perennial herb native to Chile and Argentina. In Chile, it is distributed between the Maule and Los Lagos regions.

Maule Region
The Maule Region (Spanish: Región del Maule, pronounced [ˈmawle]) is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Talca. The region derives its name from the Maule River which, running westward from the Andes, bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2. The Maule river marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire.
Rabbi Abba
Rabbi Abba (Hebrew: רבי אבא) was an amora (Talmud rabbi) of Babylonian birth who lived in the third and fourth centuries.

He was a pupil of Rabbis Huna and Judah bar Ezekiel, the Babylonian masters, and settled in the Land of Israel, where he achieved a high reputation. In the Babylonian schools, Rabbi Abba is always meant when reference is made to "our teacher in the land of Israel" (Sanhedrin 17b). He was wealthy and had a peculiar method of dispensing charity in secret (Ketubot 67b). He is important as a halakhist. As an aggadist, he selected chiefly Psalm verses for his texts.

Sanhedrin (tractate)
Sanhedrin (סנהדרין‎) is one of ten tractates of Seder Nezikin (a section of the Talmud that deals with damages, i.e. civil and criminal proceedings). It originally formed one tractate with Makkot, which also deals with criminal law.  The Gemara of the tractate is noteworthy as precursors to the development of common law principles, for example the presumption of innocence and the rule that a criminal conviction requires the concurrence of twelve.
Amber Wisner
Amber Jean Wisner (née Brooks; born January 23, 1991) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defender for USL Super League club Dallas Trinity. She has previously played for Adelaide United, the Houston Dash, OL Reign, the Washington Spirit, the Portland Thorns, Bayern Munich, and the Vancouver Whitecaps. She won two NCAA championships with the North Carolina Tar Heels.

Wisner represented the United States on numerous youth national teams and earned one cap with the senior national team.

Washington Spirit
The Washington Spirit are an American professional soccer team based in Washington, D.C. that competes in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). It is a continuation of the D.C. United Women of the W-League and continues to field both an amateur Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) team and a youth team, both under the Spirit name. The team has reached the NWSL Championship four times (2016, 2021, 2024, and 2025), winning once in 2021.
Grigoriou
Grigoriou (Greek: Γρηγορίου) is a Greek surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Georgios Grigoriou (1871–unknown), Greek athlete

Grigoris Grigoriou (1919–2005), Greek screenwriter and film director

Michalis Grigoriou (born 1973), Greek professional football manager

Miltiadis Grigoriou (born 1935), Greek chess master

Georgios Grigoriou
Georgios Grigoriou (Greek: Γεώργιος Γρηγορίου, born 1871, date of death unknown) was a Greek athlete. He was born in Sozopol, which was then in the Ottoman Empire but would become part of the Principality of Bulgaria when it was formed in 1878. He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. Grigoriou was one of 17 athletes to start the marathon race.  He was one of the seven runners that dropped out of the race.
Lee Eun-ju (gymnast)
Lee Eun-ju (Korean: 이은주; born March 5, 1999) is a South Korean artistic gymnast who represents her nation at international competitions. She won the bronze medal in the team event at the 2015 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships. She competed at the 2016 Gymnastics Olympic Test Event and was chosen to represent her country at the 2016 Summer Olympics after their initial choice, Lee Go-im, was injured in training. Lee placed 53 in the all-around qualification, her best result being a 13.500 on the uneven bars.

Lee came into the limelight during the 2016 Olympics after she took a selfie alongside North Korean gymnast Hong Un-jong.

Lee's mother is Japanese while her father is Korean. She was born in Shimonoseki, Japan and moved to South Korea in 2013.

Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic qualification
Qualification for women's artistic gymnastic competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held at the HSBC Arena on 7 August 2016. The results of the qualification determined the qualifiers to the finals: 8 teams in the team final, 24 gymnasts in the individual all-around final, and 8 gymnasts in each of 4 apparatus finals. The competition was divided into 5 subdivisions.
Maha (name)
Maha (Arabic: مها, mahā) is an Arabic female given name meaning "half moon" or "beautiful eyes". The wild deer — or the Arabian oryx antelope, which is identified with the word mahā in some sources — has been traditionally celebrated in Arabic poetry for the beauty of its eyes. The phrase ‘uyūnu ’l-mahā (عُيُونُ الْمَهَا) or "eyes of the mahā" used in poetry to praise by the beauty of their beloved.

Other meanings are "the Sun", "the planet(s)", "mirror", "shining bright white pearl", "white stones that shine, twinkle or gleam", "mouth or (front) teeth" and "if something is more white, pure and very watery".

The written form of Maha is in the plural form as the singular form is written mahāh (مَهَاة).

People with the name include:

Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and many other languages present number categories of singular or plural. Some languages also have a dual, trial and paucal number or other arrangements.

The word "number" is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc. For that use of the term, see "Grammatical aspect".
Dhavalikar
Dhavalikar is an Indian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Deepak Dhavalikar (born 1958), Indian politician

Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar (1930–2018), Indian historian and archaeologist

Sudin Dhavalikar (born 1956), Indian politician

Deepak Dhavalikar
Pandurang alias Deepak Dhavalikar (born 14 May 1958) is an Indian politician who is a former two-term member of the Goa Legislative Assembly. He represented the Priol constituency from 2007 to 2017. Dhavalikar serves as the president of the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party (MGP) and has played key role in keeping the party alive in Goan politics. He was a cabinet minister in the Government of Goa for the period 2012–2016.

Dhavalikar is from the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, Goa's first ruling party after the end of Portuguese rule in 1961. He was sacked from the Laxmikant Parsekar led government in Goa in December 2016.
Wollny
Wollny is a surname. It is a spelling variant of Wolny, Volny, or Volný. Notable people with the surname include:

Ewald Wollny (1846–1901), German physicist

Michael Wollny (born 1978), German jazz pianist and music educator

Peter Wollny (born 1961), German musicologist

Peter Wollny
Peter Wollny (born 29 June 1961) is a German musicologist, a Bach scholar who has served the Bach Archive Leipzig beginning in 1993, and as its director from 2014. Wollny has contributed to the Neue Bach-Ausgabe, and has been an editor of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach: The Complete Works. He is professor at the University of Leipzig, and teaches internationally. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Uppsala.
Ein Tzurim
Ein Tzurim (Hebrew: עֵין צוּרִים, lit. Rock Spring) is a religious kibbutz in southern Israel. Located south of Kiryat Malakhi, it falls under the jurisdiction of Shafir Regional Council and is a member of the Religious Kibbutz Movement. In 2023 it had a population of 873.

Kiryat Malakhi
Kiryat Malakhi (Hebrew: קריית מלאכי, lit. 'City of Angels') also spelled Kiryat Malahi, Kiryat Malachi, or Qiryat Mal'akhi, is a city in the Southern District of Israel, 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of Ashkelon. In 2023 it had a population of 27,396. Its jurisdiction is 4,632 dunams (~4.6 km2).
Roof cleaning
Roof cleaning is the process of removing algae, mold, mildew, lichen and moss from roofs. Also cleaning oxidation on metal roofs. Cleaning can extend the duration of a roof's ability to function. Algae and other types of build-up often form on the north and west parts of roofs that are shaded or receive less sun, and can reduce a roof's life expectancy. The presence of soot, dirt, or biomass can affect how much sunlight is absorbed by a roof and thus the amount of heat a building absorbs.

Cleaning may be accomplished with a bleach or sodium percarbonate solution, various cleaning products or commercial cleaning services. The Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA) recommends using a 50/50 solution of household strength sodium hypochlorite (pool chlorine) and water to remove moss and algae. The addition of zinc strips near the roof's peak may reduce the regrowth of algae and moss. Zinc sulfate can also be applied on an annual basis.

Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnSO4. It forms hydrates ZnSO4·nH2O, where n can range from 0 to 7. All are colorless solids. The most common form includes water of crystallization as the heptahydrate, with the formula ZnSO4·7H2O. As early as the 16th century it was prepared on a large scale, and was historically known as "white vitriol" (the name was used, for example, in 1620s by the collective writing under the pseudonym of Basil Valentine). Zinc sulfate and its hydrates are colourless solids.
The Kyrenia Ship
The Kyrenia Shipwreck is a 4th-century BC ancient Greek merchant ship that sank c. 294 BC.

The Kyrenia wreck was discovered by Greek-Cypriot diving instructor Andreas Cariolou in November 1965 during a storm. Having lost the exact position, Cariolou carried out more than 200 dives until he re-discovered the wreck in 1967 close to Kyrenia (Keryneia) in Cyprus. Michael Katzev, a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, directed a scientific excavation from 1967 to 1969. Katzev later became a co-founder of the American Institute of Nautical Archaeology. The find was extensively covered in a documentary by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation titled "With Captain, Sailors Three: The Ancient Ship of Kyrenia". The ship itself was very well preserved with more than half its hull timbers in good condition.

After it was raised from the seabed, it found a new home at the Ancient Shipwreck Museum in Kyrenia Castle, where it remains on exhibit.

Penn Museum
The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, branded as Penn Museum, is a museum at the University of Pennsylvania. It is located on Penn's campus in the University City neighborhood of Philadelphia, at the intersection of 33rd and South Streets. Housing over 1.3 million artifacts, the museum features one of the most comprehensive collections of Middle and Near-Eastern art in the world.
Emmanuel Clérico
Emmanuel Clérico (born 30 December 1969) is a French racing driver. A French F3 runner-up and International Formula 3000 front-runner in the 1990s, he was test driver for the Larrousse and Ligier Formula One teams. A graduate of ACO's driving school, he went on to race in the 24 Hours of Le Mans and FIA GT Championship.

In 1999 he won the Homestead 3 Hours together with Paul Belmondo, and in 2000 was crowned Lamborghini GTR SuperTrophy champion.

Clérico was part of the Pescarolo Sport crew that finished 4th overall at the 2000 24 Hours of Le Mans behind the three factory Audis.

He retired from motorsport in 2004, and now works as a farmer in Villepreux. He is a member of the Clérico family that owned the Moulin Rouge and Le Lido cabarets.

Pescarolo Sport
Pescarolo Sport was a motorsport team based in Le Mans, France, and founded in February 2000 by French racing driver Henri Pescarolo and his friend and partner, French publisher François Granet.  They raced in the Le Mans Series and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.  In October 2007, Henri Pescarolo purchased Jacques Nicolet's Saulnier Racing and created Pescarolo Automobiles, with the racing team becoming a division of the new company. The Pescarolo Automobiles went into receivership on 15 June 2010. Following a liquidation sale, the company was resold back to Henri Pescarolo and rebranded as Pescarolo Team for the 2011 season. However, the team's financial situation did not improve, and was wound up in January 2013.
Nquthu Local Municipality
Nquthu Municipality (Zulu: UMasipala wase Nquthu) is a local municipality within the Umzinyathi District Municipality, in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Nquthu is an isiZulu word meaning "the back of the head".

Isandlwana is the site of a historic Anglo-Zulu War battle that took place on 22 January 1879, and is a well known tourist destination worldwide.

Local municipality (South Africa)
In South Africa, a local municipality (Tswana: mmasepalaselegae; Sotho: masepala wa lehae; Northern Sotho: mmasepala wa selegae; Afrikaans: plaaslike munisipaliteit; Zulu: umasipala wendawo; Southern Ndebele: umasipaladi wendawo; Xhosa: umasipala wengingqi; Swazi: masipaladi wasekhaya; Venda: masipalawapo; Tsonga: masipala wa muganga) or Category B municipality is a type of municipality that serves as the third, and most local, tier of local government. Each district municipality is divided into a number of local municipalities, and responsibility for municipal affairs is divided between the district and local municipalities. There are 205 local municipalities in South Africa.

A local municipality may include rural areas as well as one or more towns or small cities. In larger urban areas there are no district or local municipalities, and a metropolitan municipality is responsible for all municipal affairs.
Gave (placename element)
The French word gave, as used in the western part of the Pyrenees, is a generic name referring to a torrential river. In the central part of the mountain range, the term for this is neste.

The word gave derives from the old Gascon gabar, attested as gabarrus in medieval Latin. Based on a pre-Celtic root *gab meaning 'hollow' (thus 'throat'), it refers to lower places, valleys and rivers. It is widely found in placenames of Gascony as Gabardan, Gavarret, Gavarnie, Gabas, etc. The name of the Gabali (the ancient people living in Gévaudan) is supposed to be related to this stem.

The final -r is missing because it was lost in Gascon: gabar > gabà > [ɡabɵ].

Gabas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Gabas is a hamlet in the valley of the Gave d'Ossau in the French Pyrenees. It is located where that river is formed by the confluence of two mountain streams, the Gave de Bious and the Gave du Brousset, which flow respectively from the western and eastern sides of the Pic du Midi d'Ossau.

The hamlet is on the D934 road that runs from Pau to Spain, via the Col du Pourtalet, at the point where it is crossed by the GR10 long distance footpath that runs the length of the Pyrenees. Because of this location, Gabas has become a tourist gateway with an importance beyond its size. It is the site of an information centre of the Pyrenees National Park, a mountain ecology centre, a mountain refuge and several hotels.

Politically, Gabas forms part of the commune of Laruns in the département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques. The actual village of Laruns is some 13 km (8.1 mi) to the north of Gabas on the D934.
Phil Pavlov
Phil Pavlov (born May 26, 1963) is a former Republican member of the Michigan Senate, representing the 25th district (Huron, Sanilac, and St. Clair counties and the northeast corner of Macomb County) from 2011 until 2018. He previously served three terms in the House of Representatives, and, for one term, was a member of the St. Clair County Board of Commissioners.

Pavlov ran for the United States House of Representatives seat from the Michigan's 10th congressional district, following Candice Miller's decision not to run for reelection. He lost the Republican primary election to Paul Mitchell.

In June, 2018, Pavlov voted to give senior citizens the option of a capped auto-insurance policy.

Candice Miller
Candice Sue Miller (née McDonald; born May 7, 1954) is an American politician serving as the Public Works Commissioner of Macomb County, Michigan since 2017. A member of the Republican Party, Miller previously served as the U.S. representative for Michigan's 10th congressional district from 2003 to 2017, the Michigan Secretary of State from 1995 to 2003, and the Macomb County Treasurer from 1993 to 1995. She also served as the Harrison Township Supervisor. She was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 2015.
The Sum of Its Parts
(The Whole is Greater Than) The Sum of Its Parts is the sixth studio album by British electronic music artist Chicane. It was released on 26 January 2015 by Modena Records and Armada Music.

The album debuted at number 44 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 1,987 copies in its first week.

Armada Music
Armada Music is a Dutch independent record label that specialises in releasing electronic dance music.

As of 2025, artists signed by Armada Music include Armin van Buuren, Bloom Twins, D.O.D., Eelke Kleijn, Loud Luxury, Shells, Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano, Themba and Trance Wax.