hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Underdeck tonnage
Underdeck tonnage (UDT) is the measurement, in tons, of the space below a ship's tonnage deck and above its double bottom. In ships with two decks, the tonnage deck is the upper deck; though it is generally the second deck from above in ships with more than two decks. Underdeck tonnage is applied using Simpson's first rule of ship stability. It is measured in gross cubical capacity.

Simpson's rules (ship stability)
Simpson's rules are a set of rules used in ship stability and naval architecture, to  calculate the areas and volumes of irregular figures.  This is an application of Simpson's rule for finding the values of an integral, here interpreted as the area under a curve.
Lake Tekapo Regional Park
Lake Tekapo Regional Park (also known as Takapō Regional Park), is a regional park in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand's South Island. It covers 165 hectares (410 acres) at the eastern side of the southern end of Lake Tekapo, east of the Lake Tekapo township. It is the newest of the four Canterbury regional parks managed  by Environment Canterbury.

Lake Tekapo (town)
Lake Tekapo (often known simply as Tekapo (Māori: Takapō) to avoid confusion with the lake itself) is a small township located at the southern end of the lake of the same name in the inland South Island of New Zealand. It had 558 residents according to the 2018 census, being one of five settlements in the sparsely populated Mackenzie Basin.

State Highway 8 runs directly through the township – 227 kilometres (141 mi) from Christchurch and 256 kilometres (159 mi) from Queenstown.  Daily shuttle services link Lake Tekapo to Christchurch and Queenstown. The lake is a popular tourist destination, and several resort hotels are located at the township.  Lake Tekapo Airport is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of the town where local tourism operator Air Safaris is based. Twizel lies 60 km (39 minutes drive) south of Lake Tekapo via Lake Pukaki and Burkes Pass lies 21 km (15 minutes drive) west along State Highway 8.
Warsaw Gallery Weekend
Warsaw Gallery Weekend (WGW) – A yearly artistic event gathering selected private art galleries and organizing exhibitions and  event.

Warsaw Gallery Weekend Warsaw Gallery Weekend is modeled on similar initiatives actual event in other important artistic centers, such as the Berlin Gallery Weekend. During three days, the participated galleries present exhibitions under a common banner, organized meetings and other additional events. Warsaw Gallery Weekend cooperates with public institutions, including from Zachęta or Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw.

The first edition was held in 2011 under the name "Where is art". From 2012, the event has been named Warsaw Gallery Weekend and it takes place on the last weekend of September including Friday.

Zachęta – National Gallery of Art
The Zachęta – National Gallery of Art (Polish: Zachęta – Narodowa Galeria Sztuki) is a contemporary art museum in the center of Warsaw, Poland. The Gallery's chief purpose is to present and support Polish contemporary art and artists. With numerous temporary exhibitions of well-known foreign artists, the gallery has also established itself internationally.

The word "zachęta" means encouragement. The Zachęta Gallery takes its name from Towarzystwo Zachęty do Sztuk Pięknych (Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts), founded in Warsaw in 1860.
Fraudulent concealment
Fraudulent concealment is a common law doctrine that may be invoked to toll a statute of limitations. Under this doctrine, if a defendant has concealed his misconduct, then the limitations period shall start from the point when the plaintiff discovers his claim, or should have discovered it with due diligence. It is similar to the equitable estoppel doctrine.

The United States Supreme Court first adopted the fraudulent concealment doctrine as a federal common law matter in the 1874 case Bailey v. Glover. The doctrine was notably raised in cases related to the Watergate scandal; E. Howard Hunt unsuccessfully invoked it in a malpractice suit against his defense lawyer, and journalist Hedrick Smith successfully used it in an illegal wiretapping case against Richard Nixon and others. Since then, it has increased in popularity.

Hedrick Smith
Hedrick Smith is a Pulitzer Prize-winning former New York Times reporter and Emmy award-winning producer and correspondent. After serving 26 years with The New York Times from 1962-88 as correspondent, editor and bureau chief in both Moscow and Washington, Smith moved into television in 1989, reporting and producing more than 50 hours of long-form documentaries for PBS over the next 25 years on topics from the inside story of the terrorists who mounted the 9/11 attacks and Gorbachev's perestroika to Wall Street, Walmart and The Democracy Rebellion of grassroots citizen reform movements. Smith has authored five best-selling books including The Russians, The Power Game: How Washington Works, and Who Stole the American Dream?, and co-authored several other books, including The Pentagon Papers and Reagan: The Man, the President. Smith is currently Executive Editor of the website ReclaimTheAmericanDream.org and the YouTube channel The People vs. The Politicians.
Michael J. Kurtz
Michael J. Kurtz is an astrophysicist at Harvard University, He has held the title of Astronomer at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian since 1983, and the additional post of Computer Scientist at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory since 1984. He is especially known both for his research into the distribution of galaxies, and for his creation of the Astrophysics Data System.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is a research institute of the Smithsonian Institution, concentrating on astrophysical studies including galactic and extragalactic astronomy, cosmology, solar, earth and planetary sciences, theory and instrumentation, using observations at wavelengths from the highest energy gamma rays to the radio, along with gravitational waves.  Established in Washington, D.C., in 1890, the SAO moved its headquarters in 1955 to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where its research is a collaboration with the Harvard College Observatory (HCO) and the Harvard University Department of Astronomy. In 1973, the Smithsonian and Harvard formalized the collaboration as the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) under a single Director.
Horecava
The Horecava is a Dutch annual hospitality trade fair held in Amsterdam since 1957 It is the largest hospitality fair in the Netherlands. It hosts the annual Dutch national championship hospitality since 2007.

Hospitality
Hospitality is the relationship of a host towards a guest, wherein the host receives the guest with some amount of goodwill and welcome. This includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers. Louis, chevalier de Jaucourt describes hospitality in the Encyclopédie as the virtue of a great soul that cares for the whole universe through the ties of humanity. Hospitality is also the way people treat others, for example in the service of welcoming and receiving guests in hotels. Hospitality plays a role in augmenting or decreasing the volume of sales of an organization.

Hospitality ethics is a discipline that studies this usage of hospitality.
Green box policies
Green box policies refer to domestic or trade policies that are deemed to be minimally trade-distorting and that are excluded from reduction commitments in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture. Examples are domestic policies dealing with research, extension, inspection and grading, environmental and conservation programs, disaster relief, crop insurance, domestic food assistance, food security stocks, structural adjustment programs, and direct payments not linked to production. Trade measures or policies such as export market promotion (but not export subsidies or foreign food aid) are also exempt.

Crop insurance
Crop insurance is insurance purchased by agricultural producers and subsidized by a country's government to protect against either the loss of their crops due to natural disasters, such as hail, drought, and floods ("crop-yield insurance"), or the loss of revenue due to declines in the prices of agricultural commodities ("crop-revenue insurance").
Jozef Karel
Jozef Karel (13 September 1922 in Humenné – 26 September 2005 in Košice) was a Slovak football player and coach. A midfielder, he played for SAC Sečovce, Snaha Košice, Slávia Prešov, ŠK Bratislava and shortly for Red Star Saint-Ouen on a loan. He was selected to the France Football Top 20 Midfielders on the World in 1965.

Karel made one appearance for the First Slovak Republic in 1944 and seven appearances for the Czechoslovakia national team.

He started his managing career in Piešťany where he spent two years and he went on with his work in Prešov, Jednota Košice (he led to the First League), Slavoj Trebišov, Martin, C.D. Saprissa (he won the title) and Kuwait.

France Football
France Football is a French monthly magazine containing football news from all over the world. It is considered to be one of the most reputable sports publications in Europe, mostly because of its photographic reports, in-depth and exclusive interviews and accurate statistics of the UEFA Champions League matches, and extensive coverage of the European leagues. The magazine was first published in 1946 and is headquartered in Paris. For more than six decades it has presented the Ballon d'Or award to the best football player of the year.
Alexander McCall Smith
Sir Alexander "Sandy" McCall Smith CBE FRSE FRSL (born 24 August 1948) is a Scottish legal scholar and author of fiction. He was raised in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and was formerly Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh. He became an expert on medical law and bioethics and served on related British and international committees. He has since become known as a fiction writer, with sales in English exceeding 40 million by 2010 and translations into 46 languages. He is known as the creator of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series. The "McCall" derives from his great-great-grandmother Bethea McCall, who married James Smith at Glencairn, Dumfries-shire, in 1833.

Rawene
Rawene is a town on the south side of the Hokianga harbour, in Northland, New Zealand. State Highway 12 passes to the south. The town lies at the apex of a peninsula. A car ferry links it to Kohukohu and the northern Hokianga.
Other Worlds (book)
Other Worlds: Notions of Self and Emotion among the Lohorung Rai is a 2000 non-fiction social sciences book by Charlotte Hardman. The book was published on December 1, 2000, through Berg Publishers and is about the rites and rituals the Lohorung people of Nepal use to connect with their dead ancestors.

Reception for Other Worlds was mostly positive. A reviewer for the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute praised the book as being "a valuable contribution to the ethnography of east Nepal". Gregory Maskarinec of Anthropos commented that Other Worlds "must have lacked a copy editor" due to the book's uneven feel and typographical errors.

Berg Publishers
Berg Publishers was an academic publishing company based in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England and Providence, Rhode Island, United States. It was founded in the United Kingdom in 1983 by Marion Berghahn. Berg published monographs, textbooks, reference works, and academic journals. It focused on fashion, design, anthropology, history, and cultural studies. Operations in Providence began shortly after Berghahn's husband, historian Volker Berghahn, accepted a chair at Brown University in 1988.
Three Hummock Island
The Three Hummock Island, part of the Hunter Island Group, is a 70-square-kilometre (27 sq mi) granite island, located in the Bass Strait near King Island, lying off the north-west coast of Tasmania, Australia.

The island is named after its three most prominent hills, North, Middle and South Hummock, the latter being the highest, with an elevation of 237 metres (778 ft) above mean sea level. From the mid-19th century until the mid-1970s, most of the island was subject to a pastoral lease, allowing farming and grazing to take place.

The focus of human settlement on the island is the homestead at Chimney Corner at the westernmost point.  There is an automated lighthouse at Cape Rochon in the north-east, as well as roads, three airstrips, fencing and a wharf. Seasonal muttonbirding occurs in March and April.

Muttonbirding
Muttonbirding is the seasonal harvesting of the chicks of petrels, especially shearwater species, for food, oil and feathers by recreational or commercial hunters. Such hunting of petrels and other seabirds has occurred in various locations since prehistoric times, and there is evidence that many island populations have become extinct as a result. More recently ‘muttonbirding’ usually refers to the regulated and sustainable harvesting of shearwaters in Australia and New Zealand.  These include the short-tailed shearwater, also known as the yolla or Australian muttonbird, in Bass Strait, Tasmania, as well as the sooty shearwater, also known as the tītī or New Zealand muttonbird, on several small islands known as the Muttonbird Islands, scattered around  Stewart Island in the far south of New Zealand.
Josh Bullocks
Josh Bullocks (born February 28, 1983) is an American football safety. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round of the 2005 NFL draft. He is the identical twin of fellow NFL safety Daniel Bullocks.

He played college football at Nebraska. Bullocks has also been a member of the Chicago Bears and Oakland Raiders. In January 2015, he joined the Omaha Beef of Champions Indoor Football as an assistant coach.

Omaha Beef
The Omaha Beef are a professional indoor football team based in Omaha, Nebraska. The Beef plays their home games at Liberty First Credit Union Arena in nearby Ralston. The Beef competes in the National Arena League (NAL). The Beef has been a member of several leagues, including being a charter member of Champions Indoor Football (CIF).
Lohanipur torso
The Lohanipur torso is a damaged statue of polished sandstone, dated to the 3rd century BCE ~ 2nd century CE, found in Lohanipur village, a central Division of Patna, ancient Pataliputra, Bihar, India. There are some claims however for a later date (not earlier than the Kushana period), as well as of Graeco-Roman influence in the sculpting.The Lohanipur torso is thought to represent a Jaina Tirthankara.

K. P. Jayaswal and M. A. Dhaky have regarded this to be the earliest  Jain sculpture found.  The Didarganj Yakshi is another polished statue from Patna whose date is disputed, with the possible range between the Mauryan and Kushan periods.

K. P. Jayaswal
Kashi Prasad Jayaswal (27 November 1881 – 4 August 1937) was an Indian historian and lawyer. Jayaswal's works Hindu Polity (1918) and History of India, 150 A.D. to 350 A.D. (1933) are classics of ancient Indian historical literature. Among other things, he is credited with showing that Indian republics, based on principles of representation and collective decision-making, were among the most democratic polities of the ancient world.
Churchville Presbyterian Church
Churchville Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Churchville, Harford County, Maryland.  It consists of three harmoniously designed sections: the original one-story, four by three bay, gable-roofed brick building dated to 1820; the three-story, restrained Italianate, brick bell tower added in 1870; and the low, one-story brick church hall and office added in 1950.  Located adjacent is a sequestered 4.5-acre (1.8 ha) graveyard with stones dating back to 1819. The community of Churchville, which surrounds the church, grew up around and took its name from the structure.

The 1870 addition of an Italianate, brick belltower was designed by architect J. Crawford Nielson of the firm Niernsee and Neilson.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Harford County, Maryland
Harford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 260,924. Its county seat is Bel Air. Harford County is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state.
Green River (North Fork Toutle River tributary)
The Green River is the largest tributary of the North Fork Toutle River in the U.S. state of Washington. Situated near Mount St. Helens in the Cascade Range in the southern part of the state, it flows generally west through Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument and industrial timberlands for 37.4 miles (60.2 km). The river drains more than 130 square miles (340 km2) in parts of three Washington counties: Skamania, Lewis, and Cowlitz.

As with most other parts of the Toutle River and Cowlitz River systems, the upper part of the Green River was heavily affected by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

Cowlitz County, Washington
Cowlitz County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, its population was 110,730. The county seat is Kelso, and its largest city is Longview. The county was formed in April 1854. Its name derives from the anglicized version of the Cowlitz Indian term Cow-e-liske, meaning either 'river of shifting sands' or 'capturing the medicine spirit.' Cowlitz comprises the Longview, WA Metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Portland-Vancouver-Salem, OR-WA Combined statistical area.
Esenyurt
Esenyurt (Turkish: [eˈsɛnjuɾt]) is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 43 km2, and its population is 983,571 (2022). Located in the European side of Istanbul, Esenyurt borders with Avcılar and Lake Küçükçekmece on the east, Büyükçekmece on the west, Başakşehir, Arnavutköy and TEM road on the north and Beylikdüzü and E-5 motorway on the south.

With the construction boom of large residential complexes in the area in the past few years, Esenyurt benefited from a major development. It now has four cultural centres, which are Esenyurt Cultural Centre, Saadetdere Cultural Centre, Yenikent Cultural Centre and Yunus Balta Cultural Centre. Four parks built in Esenyurt  (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Park, Şehitler Park, Gaziler Park and Kadir Topbaş Park) are also situated among the complexes.

Istanbul Beykent University
Istanbul Beykent University (Turkish: İstanbul Beykent Üniversitesi) is a private non-profit university in Istanbul, Turkey, offering instruction in English and Turkish, with approximately 30,000 students.

Beykent University participates in the Erasmus Programme and has agreements with several European universities for student exchange between Turkey and European institutions. The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association.
Michel-Marie Calvet
Michel-Marie Bernard Calvet S.M. (born 3 April 1944 in Autun, France) is the French-born New Caledonian prelate who served as Archbishop of Nouméa from 19 June 1981 until his retirement on 14 January 2025.  In this time, with more than 43 years, he was longest serving bishop.

Society of Mary (Marists)
The Society of Mary (Latin: Societas Mariæ), better known as the Marists, is a Catholic religious congregation of pontifical right. Founded in Cerdon, France, by Jean-Claude Colin, the Society of Mary was recognized by an apostolic brief on April 29, 1836, and is made up of several branches (fathers, brothers, sisters, third order).
Hazel Glen
Hazel Glen was a historic home located near Port Penn, New Castle County, Delaware.  It was built  about 1859, and was a three-story, five-bay, L-shaped brick dwelling with a brick rear wing. It had a low-hipped roof (once surmounted by a cupola, three-story porches, projecting eaves, and a simple box cornice in the Italianate-Revival style. It featured a three-bay front entry porch with a flat roof supported by fluted Ionic columns.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  It was demolished sometime before 1991.

New Castle County, Delaware
New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware (New Castle, Kent, and Sussex). As of the 2020 census, the population was 570,719, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with nearly 60% of the state's population of 989,948. The county seat is Wilmington, which is also the state's most populous city. New Castle County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is named after William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (c. 1593–1676). New Castle County has the highest population and population density of any Delaware county, and it is the smallest county in the state by area. It has more people than the other two counties, Kent and Sussex, combined. It is also the most economically developed of the three.
Clyde Alwood
Clyde Gobel Alwood (January 1, 1895 – August 14, 1954) was an American college basketball standout for Illinois in the 1910s. A forward, Alwood played for the Fighting Illini from 1913 to 1917, scoring 242 points in 41 games during his three years of varsity play earning a varsity letter each year. Graduating from Clinton High School, Alwood was the son of Henry Alwood and Minnie (Rundle) Alwood. He married twice in his life, his first marriage was to Martha Amy Hargitt and his second was to Doris Jean Keifer.

Clinton High School (Clinton, Illinois)
Clinton Community High School is a secondary school located in Clinton, Illinois, US. Students who attend the school live in Clinton and surrounding towns such as, Wapella, Kenney, Hallsville and Lane.

The superintendent is Curt Nettles and the principal is Jerry Wayne.

In 2012–2013, around 566 students attended Clinton High School. The average class size was about 18.5 students, which is below the state average.

In 2012-13 the graduation rate was about 90.5% compared with the state average of 87%. The attendance rate was 93.2%, below the state rate of 94.2.

Clinton had an average composite score of 197 on the ACT exam.
Mary Caffrey Low
Mary Caffrey Low Carver (March 22, 1850 - March 4, 1926) was an American librarian and educator. She was one of the five founding members of the Sigma Kappa sorority and a pioneering advocate for women's education, along with being an accomplished library scientist and writer. She was also the first female student of Colby College.

Library and information science
Library and information science (LIS) are two academic disciplines that study all aspects of the creation, organization, documentation, management, communication, and use of recorded information. It underlies a variety of professional activities such as information management, librarianship, and archiving and records management, educating professionals for work in those areas, and carrying out research to improve practice.

Library science and information science are two original disciplines; however, they are within the same field of study. Library science is applied information science, as well as a subfield of information science. Due to the strong connection, sometimes the two terms are used synonymously.
Arnim O. Sundet
Arnim Orvin Sundet (March 15, 1904 – May 21, 1980) was an American businessman and politician.

Sundet was born in Chatfield, Minnesota and went to the Fillmore County, Minnesota public schools. In 1950, he moved to Faribault, Minnesota and was the owner of Sundet Mobile Homes Sales. Sundet served on the Rice County, Minnesota Fair Board and the local United States Selective Service Board. Sundet served on the Faribault Township Board. He also served on the Rice County Rural School Board and was chairman of the school board. Sundet was a Republican. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1953 to 1958. Sundet then served in the Minnesota Senate from 1959 to 1970. He died at his home in Faribault, Minnesota.

Fillmore County, Minnesota
Fillmore County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,228. Its county seat is Preston. Fillmore County is included in the Rochester metropolitan area.