hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
SEPTA Route 23
Route 23 is a former streetcar line and current bus route. It is operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The line runs between the Chestnut Hill and Center City neighborhoods via Germantown Avenue, 11th, and 12th Streets.

Route 23 was once Philadelphia's longest streetcar route, extending south to 11th St. and Pattison Avenue in South Philadelphia, and was one of three suspended by SEPTA in 1992. Route 23 was also believed to be the longest trolley route within a city in the world. A restoration of trolley service was proposed in recent years, with a feasibility study planned between 2021 and 2027. However, in November 2025, SEPTA began removing the trolley tracks on Germantown Avenue.

The route is consistently one of SEPTA's most heavily-traveled bus lines, coming in as the fourth-busiest for daily ridership in 2018, as well as an average weekday ridership of 14,322.

South Philadelphia
South Philadelphia, nicknamed South Philly, is the section of Philadelphia bounded by South Street to the north, the Delaware River to the east and south, and the Schuylkill River to the west. A diverse working-class community of many neighborhoods, South Philadelphia is well known for its large Italian-American population, though it also contains large Asian-American, Irish-American, African-American, and Latino populations.
Bald Ridge Creek
Bald Ridge Creek (also spelled Baldridge Creek) is a stream in northwest Texas County and southeast Pulaski County in the Ozarks of southern Missouri. It is a tributary of the Big Piney River. The headwaters of the stream arise to the southeast of Evening Shade and northeast of Missouri Route 17. The confluence with the Big Piney River is in Pulaski County southeast of the community of Big Piney and west of the community of Duke in Phelps County.

Bald Ridge Creek has the name of the local Baldridge family, original owners of the site.

Big Piney, Missouri
Big Piney is an unincorporated community in Pulaski County, Missouri, United States on the southeastern edge of Fort Leonard Wood and one mile west of a bend in the Big Piney River. The community is on Missouri Route TT four miles northeast of Palace.  Licking is seventeen miles to the southeast. Its former K-8 school has closed; students attend the Plato R-V School District.
Andrew Corsini
Andrea Corsini (30 November 1302 – 6 January 1373 or 1374) was an Italian Catholic prelate and professed member from the Carmelites who served as the Bishop of Fiesole from 1349 until his death.

Corsini led a wild and dissolute life until a rebuke from his mother moved him to go to the Santa Maria del Carmine church where he resolved to join the Carmelites as a priest and friar. He exercised various roles in the order, until reluctantly he accepted his episcopal position. In order to accept that position, he imposed greater mortifications upon himself than that required by the order, and dedicated himself to the plight of the poor.

Devotion to the late bishop became so profound after his death that miracles were reported at his tomb. The longstanding and popular devotion to Corsini led to Pope Eugene IV confirming his beatification on 21 April 1440 and Pope Urban VIII canonizing him as a saint on 22 April 1629.

Friar
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders in the Catholic Church. There are also friars outside of the Catholic Church, such as within the Evangelical-Lutheran Churches and Anglican Communion. The term, first used in the 12th or 13th century, distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the older monastic orders' allegiance to a single monastery formalized by their vow of stability. A friar may be in holy orders or be a non-ordained brother. The most significant orders of friars are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians, and Carmelites.
Rule of replacement
In logic, a rule of replacement is a transformation rule that may be applied to only a particular segment of an expression. A logical system may be constructed so that it uses either axioms, rules of inference, or both as transformation rules for logical expressions in the system. Whereas a rule of inference is always applied to a whole logical expression, a rule of replacement may be applied to only a particular segment. Within the context of a logical proof, logically equivalent expressions may replace each other. Rules of replacement are used in propositional logic to manipulate propositions.

Common rules of replacement include de Morgan's laws, commutation, association, distribution, double negation, transposition, material implication, logical equivalence, exportation, and tautology.

Formal system
A formal system (or deductive system) is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms.

In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use formal systems as the foundation of knowledge in mathematics.
However, in 1931 Kurt Gödel proved that any consistent formal system sufficiently powerful to express basic arithmetic cannot prove its own completeness. This effectively showed that Hilbert's program was impossible as stated.

The term formalism is sometimes a rough synonym for formal system, but it also refers to a given style of notation, for example, Paul Dirac's bra–ket notation.
Steve Olson
Steve Olson is an American writer who specializes in science, mathematics, and public policy.  He is the author of several nonfiction trade books:  Mapping Human History: Genes, Race, and Our Common Origins, which was nominated for the National Book Award in 2002; Count Down:  Six Kids Vie for Glory at the World’s Toughest Math Competition in 2004; Anarchy Evolution: Faith, Science, and Bad Religion in a World Without God in 2010; Eruption: The Untold Story of Mt. St. Helens in 2016.

He also has written for many magazines, including the Atlantic Monthly, the Smithsonian, Science, Scientific American, Wired, the Yale Alumni Magazine, the Washingtonian, Slate, and Paste.  His articles have been reprinted in Best American Science and Nature Writing 2003 and 2007.

Yale Alumni Magazine
The Yale Alumni Magazine is an alumni magazine about Yale University. It was founded in 1891.

Hal Boyle praised the magazine in a 1957 column.

Yale University took over operations of the Yale Alumni Magazine in 2015. As of July 2015 the editor-in-chief was Kathrin Day Lassila.

In 2014, a cover of the magazine that featured the headline "Reaching beyond the low-hanging fruit," with the subhed "Yale College seeks smart students from poor families. They're out there — but hard to find," was widely criticized.
Jennifer Redfearn
Jennifer Redfearn is an American filmmaker and educator. Redfearn serves as the director of the film documentary program within University of California, Berkeley’s Graduate School of Journalism.

Redfearn is the director and producer the 2011 film Sun Come Up, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject). Her 2021 documentary film Apart is about the impact of incarceration on families and communities.

UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism
The UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism is a graduate professional school on the campus of University of California, Berkeley. It is designed to produce journalists with a two-year Master of Journalism (MJ) degree. It also offers a minor in journalism to undergraduates and a journalism certificate option to non–UC Berkeley students. The school is located in North Gate Hall on the north side of the central campus of UC Berkeley.

The school is currently being served by Dean Michael Bolden, former CEO and executive director of the American Press Institute. Bolden replaced acting dean Elena Conis in August 2025 following a national search.

Most courses offered by the school are on the graduate level as part of its professional Master of Journalism (MJ) degree. The school offers a minor to undergraduates. The school enrolls approximately 120 students; 60 first-year and 60-second-year students, and is among the smaller graduate schools on the campus of UC Berkeley.
Mark Dugdale
Mark James Dugdale (born December 25, 1974) is an American IFBB professional bodybuilder. He lives in Woodinville, Washington.

His first competition in bodybuilding was in 1997 when he competed in the NPC (National Physique Committee) Emerald Cup. He placed 3rd in the middleweight class. 
His first Arnold Classic was in 2005, where he placed 9th. Later that year he competed in the Ironman Pro Invitational and the San Francisco Pro Invitational, placing 8th and 6th, respectively. He recently portrayed Achilles on the album cover for Back Breaker, the third album from the Tennessee Thrash metal band The Showdown.

The Showdown (band)
The Showdown is an American heavy metal band from Elizabethton, Tennessee. While the members of the band are Christian and the band is signed to a Christian record label, the band does not consider itself a Christian act, according to guitarist Josh Childers, while in an interview with vocalist David Bunton, when asked about a Christian metal band, answered without correcting the interviewer. Lyrically, their writing tells of heroism, sojourns and battles of life, most of which is influenced by Biblical aspects. As of 2008, they are signed to Solid State Records. The band was originally called 2540 from 1999 to 2004.
Broad Run Bridge and Tollhouse
The Broad Run Bridge and Tollhouse were built for the Leesburg Turnpike Company  in Loudoun County, Virginia. The stone bridge, built about 1820, was a permanent replacement for a series of wood bridges at the location, with at least three that had been washed away between 1771 and 1803. The bridge spanned Broad Run on two arches with prominent conical buttresses. The road rose to the center of the bridge.  The stone toll house stands nearby. It is a one-story three-bay house that has been progressively enlarged. The Tollhouse was purchased by the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors with intentions to restore the facility.

One span of the bridge collapsed, on June 21, 1972, as a result of flooding from Hurricane Agnes. The remainder of the bridge has since collapsed, leaving only the stone abutments.

The bridge and tollhouse were placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 17, 1970.

Loudoun County Board of Supervisors
Loudoun County, Virginia is divided into eight magisterial districts: Algonkian, Ashburn, Broad Run, Catoctin, Dulles, Leesburg, Little River, and Sterling. The magisterial districts each elect one supervisor to the board of supervisors which governs Loudoun County. There is also a chair elected by the county at-large, bringing total board membership to nine. Board members serve concurrent, four-year terms. A vice chair is selected by the board from among its membership. The current chair is Phyllis Randall and the current vice chair is Mike Turner, the Ashburn District Supervisor. He has served as vice chair since January 2025. Salaries for the board term of 2024–2027 were set by the previous board in January 2023.
Les Contes du chat perché
Les Contes du chat perché is a collection of stories written by Marcel Aymé in French, published between 1934 and 1946.

The narratives are presented from the perspectives of Delphine and Marinette, two school-aged girls living on a farm with their parents and animals capable of speech. The girls and the animals form a group that often opposes the adults, particularly their parents. The parents, depicted as rural farmers, care for their daughters but interact with them and the animals in a direct, practical manner. They view the animals solely for their utility, in contrast to the girls, who engage with them as if they were human. Marcel Aymé described the stories as intended for “children aged 4 to 75”.

Laurence Badie
Laurence Badie (15 June 1928 – 11 January 2024) was a French actress. She appeared in more than 100 films since 1952. Badie died on 11 January 2024, at the age of 95.

Badie was also a prolific voice actress, having voiced Velma Dinkley in the Scooby-Doo franchise until the mid 1990s, and Casper the Friendly Ghost in the 1950s animated shorts.
2022 Philippine local elections
Local elections in the Philippines took place on May 9, 2022. These were conducted together with the 2022 general election for national positions. All elected positions above the barangay (village) level but below the regional level were disputed. The following 18,180 positions will be disputed:

81 provincial governorships and vice-governorships

782 Provincial Board (Sangguniang Panlalawigan) members

1,634 mayorships and vice-mayorships

13,558 city and municipal councilors (Sangguniang Panlungsod and Sangguniang Bayan)

The elective positions in the Bangsamoro was originally scheduled to be held with these elections, but was postponed to 2025, concurrently with the 2025 elections.

The elective positions in the barangays won't be decided on this day as well. These will be held on October 30, 2023.

Sangguniang Panlalawigan
Sangguniang Panlalawigan (abbreviated as SP; lit. 'provincial council'), commonly known as the Provincial Board, are the legislatures in Philippine provinces. They are the legislative branches of the provinces, and their powers and responsibilities are defined by the Local Government Code of 1991. Along with the provincial governor, the executive branch of the province, they form the province's government.

Members are either called "board members" (BM) or "Sangguniang Panlalawigan members" (SPM). In Tagalog-speaking provinces, they are informally called "bokal".
Coenzyme Q10 deficiency
Coenzyme Q10 deficiency is a deficiency of coenzyme Q10.

It can be associated with mutations in COQ2, APTX, PDSS2, PDSS1, CABC1, and COQ9.
Some forms may be more treatable than other mitochondrial diseases.

ADCK3
aarF domain containing kinase 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCK3 gene.

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein similar to yeast ABC1, which functions in an electron-transferring membrane protein complex in the respiratory chain. It is not related to the family of ABC transporter proteins. Expression of this gene is induced by the tumor suppressor p53 and in response to DNA damage, and inhibiting its expression partially suppresses p53-induced apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found; however, their full-length nature has not been determined.
St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
St. John the Evangelist Church is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church in Center City, Philadelphia, within the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. From 1838 to 1864 it served as the cathedral for the diocese. The historic Gothic Revival parish church, completed in 1832, is located just south of Market Street on 13th Street, a little more than a block from Philadelphia City Hall.

Since 1991, it has been staffed by the Capuchins, a Franciscan order, though for most of its history it was served by diocesan priests. The current pastor is Father Thomas Betz, OFM Cap.

Archdiocese of Philadelphia
The Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Latin: Archidiœcesis Philadelphiensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in southeastern Pennsylvania in the United States. The seat of the archbishop is the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul in Philadelphia. Nelson J. Pérez is the archbishop.
59th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 59th Division (第59師団, Dai-gojūkyū Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Robe Division (衣兵団, Koromo Heidan). It was formed on 2 February 1942 in Jinan as a security (class C) division, simultaneously with the 58th and 60th divisions. The nucleus for the formation was the 10th Independent Mixed Brigade. As a security division, the 59th Division's backbone consisted of independent infantry battalions, and it did not include an artillery regiment. Its men were drafted from Chiba Prefecture, with a reinforcements office located in Kashiwa. The division was initially assigned to the 12th Army.

Guantao County
Guantao County (simplified Chinese: 馆陶县; traditional Chinese: 館陶縣; pinyin: Guǎntáo Xiàn) is a county of southern Hebei province, China, bordering Shandong's Guan County and Linqing to the east across the Wei Canal (卫运河). It is under the administration of Handan City, and has a population of 320,000 residing in an area of 456 km2 (176 sq mi). Jinan lies 160 kilometres (99 mi) to the east, Handan 75 km (47 mi) to the west, and Beijing 420 km (260 mi) to the north, and the county is served by G22 Qingdao–Lanzhou Expressway and China National Highways 106 and 309. The area was formerly part of Shandong Province.
Heidenreich
Heidenreich is a German surname which may be translated as "Land of the Heathen," or "Power of the Heathens," or "Realm of the Heathens". Notable people with the surname include:

Carl Heidenreich, German painter

David Elias Heidenreich (1638–1688), German writer

Elke Heidenreich (born 1943), German TV journalist and presenter, novelist, librettist, literary critic

Herbert Heidenreich (born 1954), German footballer

Jakub Heidenreich, Czech footballer

Jon Heidenreich (born 1972), American wrestler

Maximilian Heidenreich (1967–2024), German footballer

Heydenreich is a variation of the name. Notable people include:

Gustav Heinrich Heydenreich († 1897), German entomologist

Karl Heinrich Heydenreich (1764–1801), German philosopher

Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich (1903–1978), German art historian

Michał Heydenreich (1831–1886), Polish general

Gustav Heinrich Heydenreich
Gustav Heinrich Heydenreich (-, Osnabrück- 18 May 1897) was a German entomologist.

Gustav Heinrich Heydenreich specialised in Lepidoptera. His collection is conserved in Senckenberg Museum. He wrote Lepidopterorum Europaerum Catalogus methodicus, published in Leipzig in 1851, in which he described new species.
Chengdu–Dazhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway
The Chengdu–Dazhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway or Chengdawan HSR (Chinese: 成达万高速铁路; pinyin: Chéngdáwàn Gāosù Tiělù) is a high-speed railway currently under construction in China. This line forms part of the Shanghai–Chongqing–Chengdu high-speed railway.

Shanghai–Chongqing–Chengdu high-speed railway
The Shanghai–Chongqing–Chengdu high-speed railway is a high-speed rail line under construction in China. The Chinese name of the railway line, Huyurong, is a combination of the abbreviations for Shanghai (沪, Hù), Chongqing (渝, Yú), and Chengdu (蓉, Róng). It will run in an east–west direction largely parallel to the Yangtze River, connecting the cities of Shanghai, Nanjing, Hefei, Wuhan, Chongqing and Chengdu.

Announced in 2016 as part of China's "Eight Vertical and Eight Horizontal" network, the passage will comprise multiple railway lines and branch lines, including those currently operational as well as those under construction and under planning.
Alabama Warrior Railway
The Alabama Warrior Railway (reporting mark ABWR) is a terminal railroad in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. The railroad operates within the confines of Walter Industries in North Birmingham. It began operations on August 7, 2009, and is owned and operated by Watco.

James W. Walter Sr.
James W. Walter Sr. (September 18, 1922 – January 6, 2000), of Tampa, Florida, United States, was a home builder who started Jim Walter Homes and Walter Industries, now doing business as Walter Energy, Inc., a leading producer of metallurgical coal for the global steel industry, in 1946 with $1,000 he borrowed from his father. Walter eventually sold the company in 1986 for $2 billion to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR).

Walter was the son of Ebe and Mabel Walter. The book Building a Business: The Jim Walter Story tells his story.  His wife, Monica Walter, died in 1982, leaving two sons, James W. Walter Jr. and Robert Walter. The western section of what was known as Columbus Drive was renamed Jim Walter Boulevard in 2003.
BAC Credomatic
BAC Credomatic is a financial group in Central America, with operations in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua (where it was founded and former headquarters in the city of Managua), Costa Rica (current headquarters), Panama, Grand Cayman, The Bahamas, and the United States.

Grand Cayman
Grand Cayman is the largest of the three Cayman Islands and the location of the territory's capital, George Town. In relation to the other two Cayman Islands, it is approximately 75 miles (121 km) southwest of Little Cayman and 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Cayman Brac.
John L. Saksun
John L. Saksun (May 3, 1922 – November 1, 2016) was a Canadian-Slovak tool and die maker and precision machinist. He was born in Žalobín, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). At age 16, shortly after the wartime occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1938, Saksun left the country for Canada. He founded military and commercial aircraft manufacturer, The Queensway Machine Products Ltd, in 1952. He later founded golf club manufacturer, Accuform Golf in 1975.

Tool and die maker
Tool and die makers are highly skilled crafters working in the manufacturing industries.
Tool and die makers work primarily in toolroom environments—sometimes literally in one room but more often in an environment with flexible, semipermeable boundaries from production work. They are skilled artisans (craftspeople) who typically learn their trade through a combination of academic coursework and with substantial period of on-the-job training that is functionally an apprenticeship. They make jigs, fixtures, dies, molds, machine tools, cutting tools, gauges, and other tools used in manufacturing processes.
Kidnapped (comics)
Kidnapped, a 2007 graphic novel by Alan Grant (words) and Cam Kennedy (artwork), is adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novel Kidnapped. It was commissioned as part of the events to celebrate Edinburgh being named the first UNESCO City of Literature.

Some of the art for this has been bought for the collections of the National Library of Scotland, and some also appeared in Edinburgh Evening News. 7500 free copies of it were printed.

Grant claims to have read the original novel six times to familiarise himself fully with the source material, and decided to use as much of the original dialogue as possible.

It has also been translated into Lowland Scots, as Kidnappit by Matthew Fitt, and James Robertson, and it has been translated to Scots Gaelic as Fo Bhruid by Iain MacDhòmhnaill.

City of Literature
The UNESCO's City of Literature programme is a part of the wider Creative Cities Network. The list consists of 53 cities across 6 continents that have played a significant role in the literary tradition of the host countries. Each city nominated to the list has generally met a set of criteria described by UNESCO, such as producing notable writers and authors, constructing important libraries and bookstores, hosting literature festivals and programmes, and publishing major literary works. The nominations are reviewed every four years.

The Network was launched in 2004, and now has member cities in seven creative fields.  The other creative fields are: Crafts and Folk Arts, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Media Arts, and Music.