hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gary Gereffi
Gary Allan Gereffi (born July 23, 1948 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American economic sociologist, policy activist, author, and academic. Gereffi is emeritus Professor of Sociology and Founding Director of the Global Value Chains Center at Duke University. He is one of the originators of the Global Value Chains (GVC) framework and he is known for his work on governance structures and upgrading strategies in GVCs, global commodity chain (GCCs), dependency theory, cross-regional development strategies in Latin America and East Asia, and the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) in development.

Gereffi has written on global value chains and their relationship to international development, and has collaborated with multilateral organizations. His work with scholars like Raphael Kaplinsky, John Humphrey, Timothy Sturgeon, Stefano Ponte, Jennifer Bair, Joonkoo Lee and Valentina De Marchi produced a theoretical framework that addresses the complexities of globalization.

Raphie Kaplinsky
Raphael Malcolm Kaplinsky (born 31 December 1946) is an Honorary Professor at the Science Policy Research Unit and an Emeritus Professorial Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. In 2024 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He was an active and well-known opponent to Apartheid in South Africa during the 1960s, and played a leading role in 1968 in the Mafeje affair. Kaplinsky was not allowed to return to his country of birth until Nelson Mandela was released from prison in 1990, after which he played an active role in policy development at the national and regional levels. He spent the bulk of his professional career at the University of Sussex where he led research programmes on industrial and technology policy and on Global value chain. He led and participated in a number of Advisory Missions to governments in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Europe.
Another Midnight Run
Another Midnight Run is a 1994 American made-for-television film, and the first in a series of television films produced for Universal Television's Action Pack programming block and based on the 1988 feature film Midnight Run. Christopher McDonald plays bounty hunter Jack Walsh, who was portrayed by Robert De Niro in the first film. Another Midnight Run was followed by two more made-for-television sequels, Midnight Runaround and Midnight Run for Your Life.

Dan Hedaya
Daniel G. "Dan" Hedaya (born July 24, 1940) is an American actor best-known for his supporting roles in films such as Blood Simple, The Addams Family, Clueless, The Usual Suspects, A Night at the Roxbury, and Mulholland Drive.
Empires of Sand
Empires of Sand is a 1999 novel by American writer David W. Ball. It tells the story of two cousins who grow up together in Paris but are separated during the Franco-Prussian War. The second half of the novel concerns their adventures in French Algeria, one cousin living with a Tuareg tribe, the other a French lieutenant on the real-life Flatters Expedition, an ill-fated mission initiated by the French government in 1881 to survey a railway route through the Hoggar region of the Sahara desert.  Most of the expedition's members were slaughtered by the Tuareg.

Paul Flatters
Paul Flatters (16 September 1832 – 16 February 1881) was a French soldier who spent a long period as a military administrator in Algeria. He is known as leader of the Flatters expedition, an ill-fated attempt to explore the route of a proposed Trans-Saharan railway from Algeria to the Sudan. Almost all members of the expedition were massacred by hostile Tuaregs. The survivors resorted to eating grass and to cannibalism on the long retreat through the desert. After a brief outburst of public indignation the fiasco was forgotten.
Federación de Mocedades Galeguistas
The Federación de Mocedades Galeguistas (FMG, Galicianist Youth Federation or Galician Nationalist Youth Federation in English language) was the youth organization of the Partido Galeguista, which was formed in January 1934, bringing together the different local nationalist youth organizations that had been formed since 1932. It had around 1,000 members, its official organ was the Guieiro (Guide in English language), and their leaders were Xaime Illa Couto, Celso Emilio Ferreiro, Xosé Velo and Ramón Piñeiro López.

Vigo
Vigo (Galician: [ˈbiɣʊ], locally [ˈbiħʊ]) is a city and municipality in Spain, in the autonomous community of Galicia in the province of Pontevedra, and the capital of the comarca of Vigo. Located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, it sits on the southern shore of an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, the Ria de Vigo, the southernmost of the Rías Baixas.

The municipality, with an area of 109.06 km2 (42.11 sq mi) and a population of 295,523 in 2024 including rural parishes, is the most populous municipality in Galicia, and the 14th-most-populous in Spain. The area of the municipality includes the Cíes Islands, part of the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park.

Vigo is one of the region's primary economic agents, owing to the French Stellantis Vigo plant and to its port. Close to the Portugal–Spain border, Vigo is part of the Galicia–North Portugal Euroregion. The European Fisheries Control Agency is headquartered in Vigo.
ANY (magazine)
ANY (an acronym for "Architecture New York") was an architectural journal published by the ANYone Corporation for over seven years. The first issue was published in May 1993, and the last in September 2000. A total of 27 issues were published.

Contributors to ANY included Zaha Hadid, Bernard Tschumi, Elizabeth Diller, Rem Koolhaas, Sanford Kwinter, R.E. Somol, Peter Eisenman, and Greg Lynn. Issues one to eight were designed by long-time Eisenman collaborator, Massimo Vignelli. Beginning with number eight, the magazine was designed by graphic design firm, 2x4 (Georgianna Stout and Michael Rock).

ANY was succeeded by Log, also published by the ANYone Corporation.

Massimo Vignelli
Massimo Vignelli (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmassimo viɲˈɲɛlli]; January 10,1931 – May 27, 2014) was an Italian designer active in graphic design, industrial design, furniture, and architecture. He worked within the modernist tradition, emphasizing simplicity through the use of basic geometric forms. With his wife Lella, Vignelli helped establish the New York office of Unimark International and Vignelli Associates.

Vignelli summarised his thoughts about graphic design as "the organisation of information that is semantically correct, syntactically consistent, and pragmatically understandable," further writing that it should "be visually powerful, intellectually elegant, and above all timeless."
Lee Sedol
Lee Sedol (Korean: 이세돌; born 2 March 1983), or Lee Se-dol, is a South Korean former professional Go player of 9 dan rank. As of February 2016, he ranked second in international titles (18), behind only Lee Chang-ho (21). His nickname is "The Strong Stone" ("Ssen-dol"). In March 2016, he played a notable series of matches against the program AlphaGo that ended in Lee losing 1–4.

Lee announced his retirement from professional play in November 2019, stating he could never be the top overall player of Go due to the increasing dominance of AI, which he called "an entity that cannot be defeated". Lee shared in a 2024 interview, "losing to AI, in a sense, meant my entire world was collapsing. ... I could no longer enjoy the game. So I retired."

Go ranks and ratings
There are various systems of Go ranks and ratings that measure the skill in the traditional board game Go. Traditionally, Go rankings have been measured using a system of dan and kyu ranks.  Especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate the handicapping system, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game.  This system is also commonly used in many East Asian martial arts, where it often corresponds with a belt color. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, elo-based rating systems have been introduced. In such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results.
Sanders Shiver
Sanders Shiver (born February 14, 1955) is an American former football player and coach. A fifth round draft choice out of Carson–Newman College—now known as Carson–Newman University—in 1976, he professionally played ten years as a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) with the Baltimore Colts and Miami Dolphins.

Shiver served as the head football coach at Bowie State University in Bowie, Maryland from 1989 to 1992, compiling a record of 15–24–1. Shiver was an assistant coach at Bowie State from 1986 to 1988 under Dave Dolch, before succeeding him as head coach in December 1988 when Dolch left to become the head football coach at Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa.

Shiver currently works for the public school system of Prince George's County, Maryland, is married, and has four daughters.

Bowie State University
Bowie State University (Bowie State or BSU) is a public historically black university in the Prince George's County of the U.S. state of Maryland, north of Bowie. It is part of the University System of Maryland. Founded in 1865, Bowie State is Maryland's oldest historically black university and one of the ten oldest in the country. Bowie State is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.
Rebecca Petty
Rebecca Dean Petty (born April 13, 1970), also known as Rebecca DeMauro, is an American politician and activist from Rogers, Arkansas. After her 12-year-old daughter, Andria Brewer, was murdered in 1999, she became an advocate for victims of violent crime. She is also a former Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from the 94th district. The district she represented encompasses a part of Benton County in the northwest Arkansas, her adopted state.

Arkansas House of Representatives
The Arkansas House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arkansas General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Arkansas. The House has 100 members elected from an equal number of constituencies across the state. Each district has an average population of 30,137, according to the 2020 federal census. Members are elected to two-year terms and, since the 2014 Amendment to the Arkansas Constitution, limited to sixteen years cumulative in either house.

The Arkansas House of Representatives meets annually, in regular session in odd number years and for a fiscal session in even number years, at the State Capitol in Little Rock.
2025 Kobe Challenger – Doubles
Vasil Kirkov and Bart Stevens were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Neil Oberleitner and Michael Vrbenský won the title after defeating Pruchya Isaro and Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha 6–7(1–7), 7–6(10–8), [10–4] in the final.

Michael Vrbenský
Michael Vrbenský (born 26 December 1999) is a Czech tennis player. He has a career high ATP singles ranking of world No. 277 achieved on 15 July 2024 and a career high doubles ranking of No. 97 achieved on 24 November 2025.
Vrbenský has won 11 ATP Challenger doubles titles, including 7 titles in 2025, tied for the second-most titles for that season.
Sarkent Nature Park
Sarkent State Nature Park (Kyrgyz: Саркент мамлекеттик жаратылыш паркы) is a national park in Leylek District of Batken Region of Kyrgyzstan established in June 2009. The purpose of the park is conservation of the unique natural complexes and biodiversity, protection of rare and endangered flora and fauna, and extension of network of specially protected areas of Kyrgyz Republic. The area of the park is 39,999 hectares. The park is located in the Turkestan Range, 42 km from the district center Isfana and in 177 km from the regional center Batken.

Rare species listed in the Red Book live here, such as the brown bear, the snow leopard, the golden eagle, the lynx, and the saker. The park is located on the very edge of Kyrgyzstan, making visitor levels low. Local authorities are trying to further develop tourism in the area.

Batken
Batken (also called Batkent) is a town in southwestern Kyrgyzstan, on the southern fringe of the Fergana Valley. It is the administrative seat of Batken Region.  Since 2000, it is a city of regional significance, i.e. not part of a district. However, it is still the administrative seat of Batken District. Its area is 205 square kilometres (79 sq mi), and its resident population was 27,730 in 2021 (both including the villages Bulak-Bashy, Kyzyl-Jol and Bazar-Bashy). The population of the town proper was 15,805.
Jacek Kawalec
Jacek Kawalec (born 29 September 1961 in Warsaw) is a Polish actor, game show and television personality.

He gained popularity as a host of one of the first American shows to be licensed and remade to be broadcast on Polish television - 'Randka w ciemno' (the format of The Dating Game). After he quit the show in 1998, due to a fire accident which was broadcast live, Kawalec became a dubbing actor in animated films with leading roles in such hits as Finding Nemo (Gdzie jest Nemo?) or Ice Age (Epoka lodowcowa).

In 2006 he received a role in the popular TVP TV series Ranczo; he created (2006–2009, 2011–2016) the character of a local teacher of Polish literature.

Television in Poland
Television in Poland was introduced on an experimental basis in 1937. It was state owned, and was interrupted by the Second World War in 1939. Television returned to Poland in 1952 and for several decades was controlled by the communist government. Colour television was introduced in Poland in 1971. Private television stations in Poland appeared around the time of the fall of communism, with PTV Echo (once a member of the local channels of Polonia 1) becoming the first private station in Poland (and in the former Eastern Bloc).
Wild Goose Farm
Wild Goose Farm is a 173-acre (70 ha) farm complex near Shepherdstown, West Virginia, established in the early 19th century. The farm includes a large, irregularly-arranged main house, a Pennsylvania-style bank barn, a tenant house, and outbuildings including a spring house, smoke house, ice house, corn crib, water tower and a decorative pavilion.

Ice house (building)
An ice house or icehouse is a building used to store ice throughout the year, commonly used prior to the invention of the refrigerator. Some were underground chambers, usually man-made, located near natural sources of winter ice, such as freshwater lakes, but many were buildings with various types of insulation.

During the winter, ice and snow would be cut from lakes or rivers, taken into the ice house, and packed with insulation (often straw or sawdust). It would remain frozen for many months, often until the following winter, and could be used as a source of ice during the summer months.

The main application of ice was food preservation, but it could also be used to cool drinks or to prepare desserts such as ice cream and sorbet. During the heyday of the ice trade, a typical commercial ice house would store 2,700 tonnes (3,000 short tons) of ice in a 9-by-30-metre (30 by 100 ft) and 14-metre-high (45 ft) building.
North Hollywood High School
North Hollywood High School (NHHS) is a public high school in the North Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. It is in the San Fernando Valley and enrolls approximately 2,500 students. Several neighborhoods, including most of North Hollywood, Valley Village, Studio City and Sun Valley, send students to it. It is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Its principal is Ricardo Rosales.

Western Association of Schools and Colleges
The Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC (/wɒsk/ WOSK)) provided accreditation of public and private universities, colleges, secondary and elementary schools in California and Hawaii, the territories of Guam, American Samoa and Northern Marianas Islands, in addition to the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, the Pacific Rim, Peru, Czech Republic, Armenia, and East Asia.

Until 2012, WASC was a single organization with three units. In 2012, it separated into three organizations that share the WASC acronym:

The Accrediting Commission for Schools (ACS WASC)

The Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges (ACCJC)

The Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC)
Definiteness
In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases that distinguishes between referents or senses that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and those that are not (indefinite noun phrases). The prototypical definite noun phrase picks out a unique, familiar, specific referent such as the sun or Australia, as opposed to indefinite examples like an idea or some fish.

There is considerable variation in the expression of definiteness across languages, and some languages such as Japanese do not generally mark it, so the same expression can be definite in some contexts and indefinite in others. In other languages, such as English, it is usually marked by the selection of determiner (e.g., the vs. a). Still other languages, such as Danish, mark definiteness morphologically by changing the noun itself (e.g. Danish en mand (a man), manden (the man)).

Noun phrase
A noun phrase – or NP or nominal (phrase) – is a phrase that usually has a noun or pronoun as its head, and has the same grammatical functions as a noun. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.

Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects, as predicative expressions, and as complements of prepositions. One NP can be embedded inside another NP; for instance, some of his constituents has as a constituent the shorter NP his constituents.

In some theories of grammar, noun phrases with determiners are analyzed as having the determiner as the head of the phrase, see for instance Chomsky (1995) and Hudson (1990).
King Progress
King Progress is the debut album by Jackson Heights. The album was released in the U.K. on Charisma Records in 1970. In the U.S., the album was released on Mercury Records in 1971. The album is known for the song "The Cry of Eugene", a track originally written and played by The Nice on their first album, The Thoughts of Emerlist Davjack.

Tony Stratton Smith wrote in the original liner notes that "this record gives ribs and muscle to acoustic music." In January 1971, Lee Jackson told Hit Parader magazine that the track "King Progress" had an ecological theme which audiences were responsive to.

It would be the only album that included Charlie Harcourt (who would later go on to join Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys and Lindisfarne), Tommy Slone, and Mario Enrique Covarrubias Tapia who would leave shortly after the album was released.

Tony Stratton Smith
Tony Stratton Smith (born Anthony Mills Smith; 11 August 1933 – 19 March 1987) was an English rock music manager and entrepreneur. He founded the London-based record label Charisma Records in 1969 and managed rock groups such as the Nice, Van der Graaf Generator and Genesis.
West Monkseaton Metro station
West Monkseaton is a Tyne and Wear Metro station, and former British Rail station, serving the suburb of Monkseaton in North Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England. It was opened in 1933, closed in 1979 for conversion to become part of the Tyne and Wear Metro, and joined that network in 1980.

The station is a rare example of the Art Deco style applied to a railway station in the United Kingdom. The station building has curved flanking entrance bays and a flat roof, whilst the metal framed windows provide a horizontal emphasis based on the glazing bars. It is variously attributed to the LNER architect, H. H. Powell, and to Oliver Hill, the architect of the Midland Hotel in Morecambe.

Morecambe
Morecambe (/ˈmɔːrkəm/ MOR-kəm) is a seaside town and civil parish in the City of Lancaster district of Lancashire, England, on Morecambe Bay, part of the Irish Sea. In 2011 the parish had a population of 34,768.
Shoreditch and Finsbury
Shoreditch and Finsbury was a parliamentary constituency centred on the Shoreditch district of the East End of London and the adjacent Finsbury area.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, using the first-past-the-post system of voting.

The constituency was created for the 1950 general election, partially replacing the previous Shoreditch and Finsbury constituencies, which had seen a significant fall in population.

Shoreditch and Finsbury was itself abolished for the February 1974 general election, when its territory was divided between two new constituencies: Islington South & Finsbury and Hackney South & Shoreditch.

Finsbury
Finsbury is a district of North-Central London, forming the southeastern part of the London Borough of Islington. It borders the City of London.

The Manor of Finsbury is first recorded as Vinisbir (1231) and means "manor of a man called Finn". Finsbury lay just outside Cripplegate (and on its later construction, Moorgate) in London Wall. At that time, much of the manor was part of the "great fen which washed against the northern wall of the City".

Finsbury gave its name to two larger administrative areas: the Finsbury Division of the Ossulstone Hundred of Middlesex, from the 17th century until 1900, and from 1900 to 1965 the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury. The Metropolitan Borough included Finsbury (also known as St Luke's) and Clerkenwell.

The area should not be confused with Finsbury Park, a public space roughly 3 miles (5 km) to the north, which gives its name to its surrounding mainly residential area.
Intus
Intus was a traditional pre-colonial Filipino alcoholic drink from the Visayas Islands and Mindanao. It was made by boiling sugarcane juice until it reduces to a thick syrup. It was then allowed to cool and mixed with the bark of the kabarawan tree (Neolitsea villosa) and fermented. The word intus (or initus) means "reduced" or "liquid thickened by boiling", from the Old Visayan verb itus ("to reduce"). Like the kabarawan drink, intus is extinct. The tradition was lost during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. Among the Lumad people of Mindanao, intus was flavored with langkawas (Alpinia galanga) or pal-la (Cordyline fruticosa) roots.

Lumad
The Lumad are a group of Austronesian indigenous peoples in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning 'native' or 'indigenous'. The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (lit. 'indigenous people'), the autonym officially adopted by the delegates of the Lumad Mindanao Peoples Federation (LMPF) founding assembly on 26 June 1986 at the Guadalupe Formation Center, Balindog, Kidapawan, Cotabato. Usage of the term was accepted in Philippine jurisprudence when President Corazon Aquino signed into law Republic Act 6734, where the word was used in Art. XIII sec. 8(2) to distinguish Lumad ethnic communities from the islands of Mindanao.

Mindanao is home to a substantial part of the country's indigenous population, comprising around 15% of the Philippine population.
Cederberg ghost frog
The Cederberg ghost frog  (Heleophryne depressa), also known as the Hex River ghost frog or Hex River torrent frog, is a species of frog in the family Heleophrynidae. It is endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa, living in the Cederberg mountain range.

Cederberg
The Cederberg mountains are located near Clanwilliam, approximately 300 km north of Cape Town, South Africa at about 32°30′S 19°0′E﻿ / ﻿32.500°S 19.000°E﻿ / -32.500; 19.000. The mountain range is named after the endangered Clanwilliam cedar (Widdringtonia cedarbergensis), which is a tree endemic to the area. The mountains are noted for dramatic rock formations and San rock art. The Cederberg Wilderness Area is administered by CapeNature.

Cederberg is now the generally accepted spelling for the area, which combines the English (Cedarberg) and Afrikaans (Sederberg) variants.