hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Optimization problem
In mathematics, engineering, computer science and economics, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions.

Optimization problems can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete:

An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a discrete optimization, in which an object such as an integer, permutation or graph must be found from a countable set.

A problem with continuous variables is known as a continuous optimization, in which an optimal value from a continuous function must be found. They can include constrained problems and multimodal problems.

Countable set
In mathematics, a set is countable if either it is finite or it can be made in one to one correspondence with the set of natural numbers. Equivalently, a set is countable if there exists an injective function from it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associated to a unique natural number, or that the elements of the set can be counted one at a time, although the counting may never finish due to an infinite number of elements.

In more technical terms, assuming the axiom of countable choice, a set is countable if its cardinality (the number of elements of the set) is not greater than that of the natural numbers. A countable set that is not finite is said to be countably infinite.

The concept is attributed to Georg Cantor, who proved the existence of uncountable sets, that is, sets that are not countable; for example the set of the real numbers.
Quang khem
The Quang khem ("slow-running deer") or Chinh's deer is an animal resembling a deer, found in the Pu Mat region of Vietnam, close to Vũ Quang. It first came to scientific attention through the work of biologist Nguyen Ngoc Chinh.

It is curious for its antlers, which, unlike those of other deer, are unpronged, in fact resembling the curled horns of an antelope. Quang khem skulls culled by Nguyen have been sent to University of Copenhagen, where they are being studied by Peter Arctander, who has so far been unable to relate them to any known deer species. As a result, its taxonomic status remains undefined and no binomial name has been assigned yet.

Pù Mát National Park
Pù Mát National Park (Vietnamese: Vườn quốc gia Pù Mát) is a national park in Nghệ An Province, in Vietnam's North Central Coast region.  It is part of the Western Nghệ An Biosphere Reserve.

In the Thai language, Pù Mát means "high slope". This park was established by Decision 174/2001/QĐ-TTg, dated November 8, 2001, by the Prime Minister of Vietnam on upgrading Pù Mát Preservation Zone.

This park is situated from N 18°46′to 19°12′and from E 104°24′to 104°56′.
The park covers an area of 94,804 ha, spreading in three districts of Tương Dương, Con Cuông and Anh Sơn of Nghệ An Province. Of the total area, the strictly protected area comprises 89.517 ha, and the ecological recovery area comprises 1.596 ha. A buffer area covers 86.000 ha.
Nesmith Ankeny
Nesmith Cornett Ankeny (1927, Walla Walla, Washington – 4 August 1993, Seattle) was an American mathematician specialising in number theory.

After Army service, he studied at Stanford University and obtained his Ph.D. at Princeton University in 1950 under the supervision of Emil Artin.  He was a Fellow at Princeton and the Institute for Advanced Study, then  assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University from 1952 to 1955, when he joined MIT.  He was a Guggenheim fellow in 1958; he became a full professor in 1964 and retired in 1992.

His research was mainly in analytic number theory, on consequences of the generalized Riemann hypothesis.

He was also interested in game theory and gaming: he wrote a book on mathematical analysis of poker strategies, especially bluffing.

Bluff (poker)
In the card game of poker, a bluff is a bet or raise made with a hand which is not thought to be the best hand. To bluff is to make such a bet. The objective of a bluff is to induce a fold by at least one opponent who holds a better hand. The size and frequency of a bluff determines its profitability to the bluffer. By extension, the phrase "calling somebody's bluff" is often used outside the context of poker to describe situations where one person demands that another proves a claim, or proves that they are not being deceptive.
Cyrtandra oenobarba
Cyrtandra oenobarba is a species of rare flowering plant in the African violet family, Gesneriaceae. It is known by the common name shaggystem cyrtandra. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Kauai. It can be found in only three localized areas of the island and there are fewer than 500 individuals remaining in the wild. It was federally listed as an endangered species in 2010. Like other Hawaiian Cyrtandra it is called haʻiwale.

This plant grows in wet inland valleys where there is abundant rainfall. It grows in constantly wet habitat such as bogs and mossy rocks near waterfalls. This habitat is degraded by feral pigs and exotic plant species.

This subshrub is thought to have been much more widespread in the past; it was collected from many locations on the island.

Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (almost all Didymocarpoideae) and the New World (most Gesnerioideae), with a very small number extending to temperate areas. Many species have colorful and showy flowers and are cultivated as ornamental plants.
Shootin' for Love
Shootin' for Love is a 1923 American silent Western film directed by Edward Sedgwick and featuring Hoot Gibson. Gibson plays a World War I veteran suffering from shell shock who at his father's ranch becomes involved in a dispute over water rights that leads to gunfire. The British Board of Film Censors, under its then-current guidelines, banned the film in 1923.

British Board of Film Classification
The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) is a non-governmental organisation founded by the British film industry in 1912 and responsible for the national classification and censorship of films exhibited at cinemas and video works (such as television programmes, trailers, adverts, public information/campaigning films, menus, bonus content, etc.) released on physical media within the United Kingdom. It has a statutory requirement to classify all video works released on VHS, DVD, Blu-ray (including 3D and 4K UHD formats), and, to a lesser extent, some video games under the Video Recordings Act 1984. The BBFC was also the designated regulator for the UK age-verification scheme, which was abandoned before being implemented.
Rathborne
Rathborne is a surname. Notable persons with the surname include:

Aaron Rathborne (fl. 1605–1622), English surveyor

Basil Rathbone (1892–1967), English actor

Joseph Rathborne (1807–1842), English priest

Luke Rathborne, musician

St George Henry Rathborne (1854–1938), American writer

Tina Rathborne (born 1950), American film director and screenwriter

Basil Rathbone
Philip St. John Basil Rathbone MC (13 June 1892 – 21 July 1967) was an English actor. Born in South Africa and raised in Derbyshire, he rose to prominence in the United Kingdom as a Shakespearean stage actor and went on to appear in more than 70 films, primarily costume dramas, swashbucklers, and, occasionally, horror films.

Rathbone frequently portrayed suave villains or morally ambiguous characters, such as Mr. Murdstone in David Copperfield (1935), Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet (1936) and Sir Guy of Gisbourne in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938). His most famous role was that of Sherlock Holmes in fourteen Hollywood films made between 1939 and 1946 and in a radio series.

Rathbone's later career included roles on Broadway, as well as self-ironic film and television work. In 1948, he shared the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play with two others. He was also nominated for two Academy Awards and honoured with three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
2008 Bausch & Lomb Championships
The 2008 Bausch & Lomb Championships was the 29th edition of that tennis tournament and was played on outdoor clay courts. It was classified as a Tier II event on the 2008 WTA Tour. The event took place at the Racquet Park at the Amelia Island Plantation in Amelia Island, Florida, U.S. from April 7 through April 13, 2008. The tournament offered total prize money of US$600,000. First-seeded Maria Sharapova won the singles title and earned $95,500 first-prize money.

Tatiana Golovin of France was the defending singles champion.

Tatiana Golovin
Tatiana Golovin (Russian: Татья́на Григóрьевна Головина́, romanized: Tatyana Grigoryevna Golovina; born 25 January 1988) is a French former professional tennis player. She won the 2004 French Open mixed-doubles event, partnering with Richard Gasquet, and reached the singles quarterfinals at the 2006 US Open, losing to the eventual champion Maria Sharapova. Her career-high singles ranking is world No. 12. In 2008, she was diagnosed with lower back inflammation and was forced to stop playing competitive tennis.
Melaleuca societatis
Melaleuca societatis is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south west of Western Australia. It is a dwarf shrub with small, fleshy leaves and many heads of pink or purple flowers in spring, followed by "soccer-ball" fruit.

Ball (association football)
A football or soccer ball is the ball used in the sport of association football. The ball's spherical shape, as well as its size, mass, and material composition, are specified by Law 2 of the Laws of the Game maintained by the International Football Association Board. Additional, more stringent standards are specified by FIFA and other governing bodies for the balls used in the competitions they sanction.

The modern 32-panel ball design was developed in 1962 by Eigil Nielsen, and technological research continues to develop footballs with improved performance. The 32-panel ball design was soon joined by 24-panel balls as well as 42-panel balls, both of which improved on performance prior to 2007.

A black-and-white patterned spherical truncated icosahedron design, brought to prominence by the Adidas Telstar, has become a symbol of association football. Many different designs of balls exist, varying both in appearance and physical characteristics.
Doljanchi
Dol (Korean: 돌) or doljanchi (돌잔치) is a Korean tradition that celebrates a baby's first birthday.

The tradition has been practiced since the early Joseon period. The ceremony typically involves the ritual offering of a samsinsang to the god Samsin (who is said to watch over children), the preparation of a dolsang with various foods and ritual objects, and a doljabi (based on the Chinese zhuazhou), where children are encouraged to pick up an object that is said to predict their future.

The practice has changed over time. Traditionally, the doljanchi was held at the family home and involved a number of ritual offerings. Now, the practice is often held at reserved venues and is celebrated as a secular party. Its practice has also spread internationally with the Korean diaspora.

Beoseon
The beoseon (Korean: 버선; Korean pronunciation: [pʌ.sʌn]) is a type of footwear consisting of a pair of socks worn with hanbok, Korean traditional clothing, and designed for protection, warmth, and style. It is also called jogui (Korean: 족의; Hanja: 足衣), jokgeon (족건; 足件) or mal (말; 襪) in hanja. According to a book titled Hunmong jahoe (훈몽자회, 訓蒙字會) written by Choe Sejin (최세진, 崔世珍) in 1527 during the reign of King Jungjong of the Joseon Dynasty, beoseon was previously called "bosyeonmal" (보션말).

It is not clear when beoseon was first worn, but ancient beoseon is assumed to have originated as a form of trousers or bojagi (wrapping cloths) for protecting the feet. During the period of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, silk beoseon was worn only by members of the upper classes. In the Joseon period, beoseon made from white fabric was worn more commonly regardless of class.
2006 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2006.

Residue (chemistry)
In chemistry, residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events. Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction.

Residues as an undesired by-product are a concern in agricultural and food industries.
Museum of Catholic Art and History
The Museum of Catholic Art and History, formerly known as the Jubilee Museum and Catholic Cultural Center, is a museum of Catholic relics and art in Columbus, Ohio. The museum is located on Broad Street in Downtown Columbus, where it reopened in late 2021. The museum was formerly located at the schoolhouse of Holy Family Church in the city's Franklinton neighborhood, from 1998 to 2019.

The museum has the largest collection of diversified Catholic artwork in the United States.

Athanasius Schneider
Athanasius Schneider, O.R.C. (born Anton Schneider on 7 April 1961) is a Catholic prelate, serving as the Auxiliary Bishop of Astana in Kazakhstan. He is a member of the Canons Regular of the Holy Cross of Coimbra. He is known for championing the pre-Vatican II liturgical traditions and practices of the Church, such as the Tridentine Mass, and for protesting certain current policies, including some associated with Pope Francis.
Ken Robinson (sprinter)
Ken Robinson (July 15, 1963 – May 10, 2019) was an American sprinter.

Robinson attended Berkeley High School in California where he was considered a top high school sprinting prospect. He was an All-American sprinter for the Arizona State Sun Devils track and field team, placing 4th in the 4 × 100 meters relay at the 1983 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships. He won gold medals on the U.S. relay team at the 1983 Pan American Games and 1983 World University Games.

His brother James Robinson was an Olympic 800 metres runner. Ken later worked for the Tempe Police Department and then became a coach in Nederland, Colorado. He died on May 10, 2019.

Nederland, Colorado
Nederland (/ˈnɛdərlənd/, NED-ər-lənd) is a statutory town located near Barker Meadow Reservoir in the foothills of southwest Boulder County, Colorado, United States. As of the 2020 United States census it had a population of 1,471.
Glenbrook North High School
Glenbrook North High School (also known as GBN) is a public high school in Northbrook, Illinois, a north suburb of Chicago, United States. It was established in 1953 and is part of the Northfield Township High School District 225.

In 2022, it was ranked the 48th-best public high school in the United States by Niche.

Feeder schools that attend GBN are Wood Oaks, Northbrook Junior High, Field (Northbrook portions), and Maple (Northbrook portions). GBN serves most of Northbrook, some unincorporated portions of Cook County, and a very small section of Glenview.

Niche (company)
Niche.com, formerly known as College Prowler, is an American company headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that runs a ranking and review site. The company was founded by Luke Skurman in 2002 as a publisher of print guidebooks on U.S. colleges, but is now an online resource providing information on K–12 schools, colleges, cities, neighborhoods, and companies across the United States.
Federal Government College, Jos
Federal Government College, Jos (FGC Jos) is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education, Nigeria. It is a unity school that prepares young boys and girls for the future. FGC Jos is located Along Zaria road, Jos in Jos the capital city of Plateau State in the north-central region of Nigeria, West Africa.

Zaria
Zaria Listenⓘ (formerly Zazzau) is a metropolitan city in Nigeria, located within four local government areas in Kaduna State. It serves as the capital of the Zazzau Emirate Council and is one of the original seven Hausa city-states. The local government areas comprising Zaria are Zaria, Sabon Gari, Giwa, and Soba local government areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria.

It contains Nigeria's largest university, Ahmadu Bello University, and various tertiary institutions including the Federal College of Education (FCE Zaria), Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, Nigeria Institute of Leather and Science Technology and Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic.  Department of Agriculture Ahmed Bello University Zaria. Ameer Shehu Idris College of Advanced Diploma.

From the 2006 population census, Zaria was estimated to have 736,000 people. It is home to the Emir of Zazzau.
Leen Vleggeert
Leendert "Leen" Vleggeert (31 January 1931 – 19 July 2014) was a Dutch politician. He served as a member of the Senate of the Netherlands between 1981 and 1983 for the Labour Party. He was also mayor of Puttershoek (1977–1982), interim-mayor of Heinenoord (1980–1982), mayor of Gorinchem (1982–1990), Spijkenisse (1990–1996) and lastly interim-mayor of Vlaardingen (2002).

Vleggeert was born in Gouderak, where his father served in the municipal council. Between 1946 and 1977 he worked in the metal industry. In the industry he worked his way up from metalworker to manager. In his political views Vleggeert was a supporter of Joop den Uyl. He was made Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau on 27 April 1990. He died on 19 July 2014 in Waddinxveen.

Gouderak
Gouderak is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is located 4 km southwest of Gouda on the river Hollandsche IJssel, in the municipality of Krimpenerwaard.

Gouderak was a separate municipality until 1985, when it merged with Lageweg (Ouderkerk) and Ouderkerk aan den IJssel to become part of Ouderkerk.
Finance FC
Finance Football Club was a football club from Bhutan, based at Changlimithang, who played in the inaugural Bhutan A-Division, then the top level of football in Bhutan, but since replaced by a full national league.

Bhutan Premier League
The Bhutan Premier League, currently known as the Bank of Bhutan Premier League due to sponsorship reasons, is the men's highest division of professional football in Bhutan. It also provides Bhutan's entrant for continental competition, the AFC Challenge League.
Jacques Cohen (embryologist)
Jacques Cohen (born 26 December 1951) is a Dutch embryologist based in New York. He is a Director at Reprogenetics LLC, Laboratory Director at ART Institute of Washington at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (a joint fertility program with NIH), and Scientific Director of R & D at IVF-online.

While working with Robert G. Edwards at Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, Cohen investigated improving embryo implantation rates. Cohen has been involved in research on the application of micromanipulation techniques to operate on eggs, sperm and embryos. He co-developed partial zone dissection in human oocyte.

As of October 2024, he is listed as an Emeritus Chief Editor at Reproductive Biomedicine Online. He has also held faculty positions at Emory University, Cornell University Medical College, and the University of Connecticut.

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC; formerly known as the National Naval Medical Center and colloquially referred to as Bethesda Naval Hospital, Walter Reed, or Navy Med) is a United States military medical center located in Bethesda, Maryland. It is one of the largest and most prominent military medical centers in the United States, and it has provided medical care for several United States presidents since its opening in 1940.

In 2011, the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC), named after yellow fever researcher Walter Reed, was combined with the National Naval Medical Center to form today's tri-service Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.

It is accessed by the Medical Center station on the Washington Metro's Red Line.
Mouse (TV series)
Mouse (Korean: 마우스) is a South Korean television series starring Lee Hee-joon, Lee Seung-gi, Park Ju-hyun, and Kyung Soo-jin. Directed by Choi Joon-bae and Kang Cheol-woo and written by Choi Ran, the story follows detective Go Mu-Chi (Lee Hee-joon) as he works alongside rookie officer Jeong Ba-reum (Lee Seung-gi) to hunt a serial killer.

The series aired on tvN on Wednesdays and Thursdays from March 3 to May 20, 2021. It was ranked 3rd hottest drama for the first half of 2021 based on KT's online video service (OTT) Seezn, and ranked 5th in tvN's all-time Wednesday and Thursday series (based on a paid platform integrated with cable, IPTV, and satellite/provided by Nielsen Korea).

TvN (South Korean TV channel)
tvN (originally standing for Total Variety Network) is a South Korean nationwide pay television network owned by CJ ENM Entertainment Division. tvN programming consists of a variety of entertainment content focused on television series and variety shows. It is available on cable, on satellite through SkyLife, and on IPTV platforms in South Korea. Since 2014, the network has been headed by Kang Ho-sung. From June 28, 2010, to April 30, 2013, tvN Go was broadcast by renting a channel from Korea DMB.
1953 Circuit de Cadours
The 5th Circuit de Cadours was a Formula Two motor race held on 30 August 1953 at the Circuit de Cadours, in Cadours, Tarn-et-Garonne, France. The race, consisting of 2x10 lap heats, a 10 lap repechage and a 30 lap final, was won by Maurice Trintignant in a Gordini Type 16. Trintignant's teammates Harry Schell and Jean Behra finished second and third, with Schell setting fastest lap.

Repechage
Repechage (/ˌrɛpɪˈʃɑːʒ/ ⓘ REP-ish-AHZH, UK also /ˈrɛpɪʃɑːʒ/ REP-ish-ahzh; French: repêchage [ʁəpɛʃaʒ] ⓘ, lit. 'fishing out'  or 'rescuing') is a practice in series competitions that allows participants who failed to meet qualifying standards by a small margin to continue to the next round. A well-known example is the wild card system.
2025 Atlantic Coast Conference men's soccer season
The 2025 Atlantic Coast Conference men's soccer season was the 72nd season of men's varsity soccer in the conference. The season began on August 21. Conference play began in September and concluded in October. The 2025 ACC men's soccer tournament was held from November 5 through November 16 at campus sites and at WakeMed Soccer Park in Cary, North Carolina.

Pittsburgh were the defending regular season champions. The Wake Forest Demon Deacons were the defending ACC tournament champions.

Virginia won the regular season title with an undefeated 5–0–3 regular season record. They were unable to convert their regular season title into an ACC Tournament title, as they lost in the final to SMU. Nine teams from the ACC qualified for the NCAA Tournament.

2025 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team
The 2025 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team will represent the University of Virginia during the 2025 NCAA Division I men's soccer season. The Cavaliers will be led by head coach George Gelnovatch, in his 30th season. They will play their home games at Klöckner Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. This will be the team's 85th season playing organized men's college soccer and their 74th playing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).