hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Random element
In probability theory, random element is a generalization of the concept of random variable to more complicated spaces than the simple real line. The concept was introduced by Maurice Fréchet (1948) who commented that the “development of probability theory and expansion of area of its applications have led to necessity to pass from schemes where (random) outcomes of experiments can be described by number or a finite set of numbers, to schemes where outcomes of experiments represent, for example, vectors, functions, processes, fields, series, transformations, and also sets or collections of sets.”

The modern-day usage of “random element” frequently assumes the space of values is a topological vector space, often a Banach or Hilbert space with a specified natural sigma algebra of subsets.

René Maurice Fréchet
René Maurice Fréchet (French: [ʁəne mɔʁis fʁeʃɛ, moʁ-]; 2 September 1878 – 4 June 1973) was a French mathematician. He made major contributions to general topology and was the first to define metric spaces. He also made several important contributions to the field of statistics and probability, as well as calculus. His dissertation opened the entire field of functionals on metric spaces and introduced the notion of compactness. Independently of Riesz, he discovered the representation theorem in the space of Lebesgue square integrable functions. He is often referred to as the founder of the theory of abstract spaces.
Tirandamycin
Tirandamycins are a small group of natural products that contain a bicyclic ketal system and a tetramic acid moiety, the latter of which is found in different natural products from a variety of sources and which is characterized by a 2,4-pyrrolidinedione ring system. Members of this structural family have shown a wide range of biological activities like in antiparasitic, antifungal and anti-HIV evaluations, and furthermore, have shown potential usefulness because of their potent antibacterial properties. Streptolydigin, an analogue of the tirandamycins, is known to function as an antibacterial agent through inhibiting the chain initiation and elongation steps RNA polymerase transcription. The structural diversity in the tirandamycin family originates from the different oxidation patterns observed in the bicycic ketal system, and these modifications are determinant features for the bioactivity associated with these molecules.

Antiparasitic
Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases, such as those caused by helminths, amoeba, ectoparasites, parasitic fungi, and protozoa, among others. Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents of the infections by destroying them or inhibiting their growth; they are usually effective against a limited number of parasites within a particular class. Antiparasitics are one of the antimicrobial drugs which include antibiotics that target bacteria, and antifungals that target fungi. They may be administered orally, intravenously or topically. Overuse or misuse of antiparasitics can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Broad-spectrum antiparasitics, analogous to broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacteria, are antiparasitic drugs with efficacy in treating a wide range of parasitic infections caused by parasites from different classes.
Peoples Press (Port Neches, Texas)
The Peoples Press was a weekly newspaper in Port Neches, Texas, published from 1919 to 1932 and owned by Peoples Press, Incorporated.  Its circulation was reported as 800 in 1924 and 750 from 1925 to 1928.

Port Neches, Texas
Port Neches is a city in Jefferson County, Texas, United States. The population was 13,692 at the 2020 census, an increase over the figure of 13,040 tabulated in 2010. It is part of the Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area.
The Gettysburg Review
The Gettysburg Review was a quarterly literary magazine featuring short stories, poetry, essays and reviews. Work that appeared in the magazine has been reprinted in "best-of" anthologies and received awards.

The  magazine was "recognized as one of the country's premier journals," according to a description at the Web site of the New York Public Library. The 2007 U.S. News guide to the best colleges described the review as "recognized as one of the country's best literary journals." According to a Web page of the English Department of the University of Wisconsin Colleges, the Gettysburg Review is considered a "major literary journal in the U.S."

Joyce Carol Oates
Joyce Carol Oates (born June 16, 1938) is an American writer. Oates published her first book in 1963, and has since published 58 novels, a number of plays and novellas, and many volumes of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction. Her novels Black Water (1992), What I Lived For (1994), and Blonde (2000), and her short story collection Lovely, Dark, Deep: Stories (2014) were each finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. She has won many awards for her writing, including the National Book Award for her novel Them (1969), two O. Henry Awards, the National Humanities Medal, and the Jerusalem Prize (2019).

Oates taught at Princeton University from 1978 to 2014, and is the Roger S. Berlind '52 Professor Emerita in the Humanities with the Program in Creative Writing. From 2016 to 2020, she was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she taught short fiction in the spring semesters. She now teaches at Rutgers University, New Brunswick.
Dmytro Kozachenko
Dmytro Kozachenko (born 11 January 1982) is a Ukrainian former professional football goalkeeper.  He previously played for FC Obolon Kyiv, FC Nafkom Brovary and FC Zorya Luhansk in Ukraine and FC Atyrau in Kazakhstan.

FC Atyrau
Football Club Atyrau (Kazakh: «Атырау» футбол клубы / "Atyrau" futbol kluby) is a professional football club based in Atyrau, who last played in the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest level of Kazakh football. The club's home ground is the 8,900-seat Munaishy Stadium, where they have played since their inception.
Justin Higgins
Justin Higgins (born c. 1977) is an American college football coach. He is the special teams coordinator for Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a position he has held since 2025. He was the head football coach for Keystone College from 2018 to 2024. Higgins was head football coach at Richfield Springs Central High School, in Richfield Springs, New York from 2005 to 2006. he also coached for Ithaca, Kean, Lehigh, Morrisville State, Utica, and Seton Hill. He played college football for Ithaca.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (/rɛnsəˈlɪər/ ren-sə-LEER; RPI) is a private research university in Troy, New York, United States. It is the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world and the Western Hemisphere. It was established in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer and Amos Eaton for the "application of science to the common purposes of life".

Built on a hillside, RPI's 265-acre (107 ha) campus overlooks the city of Troy and the Hudson River. The institute operates an on‑campus business incubator and the 1,250-acre (510 ha) Rensselaer Technology Park.

RPI is organized into six main schools which contain 37 departments, with emphasis on science and technology. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities: Very High Research Activity".
Leiopus femoratus
Leiopus femoratus is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1859, and is known from Bulgaria, the Caucasus, France, northern Iran, southern Russia, and Turkey. The beetles inhabit a variety of deciduous trees, including those in the genera Castanea, Carpinus, Juglans, Ficus, and Tilia. They measure 5-8 millimetres in length, and can live for approximately 1–2 years.

Ficus
Ficus (/ˈfaɪkəs/ or /ˈfiːkəs/) is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. Many Ficus species are grown for their fruits, though only two species, the common fig (F. carica) and sycamore fig (F. sycomorus), are cultivated to any extent, with common fig being the type species and by far the most important. The fruit of most other species are also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as bushfood. However, they are extremely important food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for their many practical uses.
1431 Luanda
1431 Luanda, provisional designation 1937 OB, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 July 1937, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the city of Luanda.

Union Observatory
Union Observatory, also known as Transvaal Observatory, Republic Observatory and Johannesburg Observatory (078), is a defunct astronomical observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa that operated from 1903 to 1971. It is located on Observatory Ridge, the city's highest point at 1,808 metres altitude in the suburb Observatory.

The observatory and its former annex, the § Leiden Southern Station, are known for the discovery of 6,000 double stars and for Proxima Centauri, made by astronomer Robert Innes. At the observatory, 578 identifications of minor planet were made, a record number at the time. The Minor Planet Center credits the observatory as the site where 147 minor planets were discovered by astronomers Harry Wood, Cyril Jackson, Hendrik van Gent, Ernest Johnson, Ejnar Hertzsprung, Jacobus Bruwer and Joseph Churms (see § List of discovered minor planets).
Asterivora inspoliata
Asterivora inspoliata is a species of moth in the family Choreutidae. It is endemic to New Zealand, and has been found in the subalpine hills and mountains of Otago, Fiordland and Southland in the South Island. Adults are on the wing in December and January.

Choreutidae
Choreutidae, or metalmark moths, are a family of insects in the lepidopteran order whose relationships have been long disputed. It was placed previously in the superfamily Yponomeutoidea in family Glyphipterigidae and in superfamily Sesioidea. It is now considered to represent its own superfamily (Minet, 1986). The relationship of the family to the other lineages in the group "Apoditrysia" need a new assessment, especially with new molecular data.
Niederwörresbach
Niederwörresbach is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Herrstein-Rhaunen, whose seat is in Herrstein.

Niederwörresbach was shaped by the agate grinders' trade and the quarrying business. The local sport club's artistic gymnastics squad has earned international recognition.

Herrstein-Rhaunen
Herrstein-Rhaunen is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Birkenfeld, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the Verbandsgemeinde is in Herrstein. It was formed on 1 January 2020 by the merger of the former Verbandsgemeinden Herrstein and Rhaunen.

The Verbandsgemeinde Herrstein-Rhaunen consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):

49°47′N 7°20′E﻿ / ﻿49.78°N 7.33°E﻿ / 49.78; 7.33
Budapest Declaration
Budapest Declaration could refer to:

Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances of 1994, regarding Ukraine

International Union of Food Science and Technology Budapest Declaration of 1995

Budapest Open Access Initiative declaration of 2002

Budapest Declaration on Machine Readable Travel Documents of 2006

Budapest Open Access Initiative
The Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) is a public statement of principles relating to open access to the research literature, which was released to the public on February 14, 2002. It arose from a convening in Budapest organized by the Open Society Institute on December 1–2, 2001 to promote open access, which at that time was also known as Free Online Scholarship. This small gathering of individuals is recognized as one of the major defining events of the open access movement.
Ewe drumming
Ewe drumming refers to the drumming ensembles of the Ewe people of Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The Ewe are known for their experience in drumming throughout West Africa. The sophisticated cross rhythms and polyrhythms in Ewe drumming are similar to those in  Afro-Caribbean music and late jazz. The original purpose of Ewe drumming were sung or performed by warriors. Now the songs and performed to celebrate or for recreational use. For example, Agbadza was originally used as a warrior dance but is now used to celebrate events.

Hemiola
In music, hemiola (also hemiolia) is the ratio 3:2. The equivalent Latin term is sesquialtera. In rhythm, hemiola refers to three beats of equal value in the time normally occupied by two beats. In pitch, hemiola refers to the interval of a perfect fifth.
George Obiozor
George Achulike Obiozor Listenⓘ (15 August 1942 – 26 December 2022) was a Nigerian professor and diplomat. Obiozor was the Nigerian Ambassador to the United States. He was the 10th president-general of Ọhaneze Ndigbo; succeeded by Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu.

Ọhanaeze Ndigbo
Ọhanaeze Ndigbo // ⓘ is an Igbo socio-cultural organization in Nigeria and a political party whose members or reps can come from any state in Nigeria. The group aims to represent the interests of all Igbo political parties within and outside Nigeria. As of 2025, the group is headed by Senator John Azụta-Mbata.

Although the group is a political party, one of its main objectives is to foster unity among its members in order to more effectively represent the political interests of Igbos in Nigeria.
2010 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 2010 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 2010. Incumbent Governor Bob Riley was term-limited and unable to seek re-election. The party primaries were held on June 1, 2010, with a Republican runoff on July 13. In the general election, Robert J. Bentley defeated Democrat Ron Sparks. This was the first election in which Republicans won three consecutive gubernatorial elections in the state. This was also the first time since Reconstruction that a Republican carried Colbert County, Franklin County, and Lawrence County in a gubernatorial race.

Bob Riley
Robert Renfroe Riley (born October 3, 1944) is an American retired politician and businessman who served as the 52nd governor of Alabama from 2003 to 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. representative for Alabama's 3rd congressional district from 1997 to 2003.
Bryan Tanaka
Bryan Kekoa Tanaka (IPA: [ˈbraɪən tæˈnɑːkə]; Olympia, Washington, born April 11, 1983) is a Japanese American dancer, choreographer, actor and creative director, best known for his work with global music icons such as Mariah Carey, Rihanna, Jennifer Lopez, Madonna and Beyoncé.

The Butterfly Returns
The Butterfly Returns was a concert residency by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. It began on July 5, 2018 and concluded on February 29, 2020. This was Carey's second concert residency placed in Las Vegas since #1 to Infinity (2015–17).
Shear modulus
In solid mechanics, the shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain:

The derived SI unit of shear modulus is the pascal (Pa), although it is usually expressed in gigapascals (GPa) or in thousand pounds per square inch (ksi). Its dimensional form is M1L−1T−2, replacing force by mass times acceleration.

Isotropy
In physics and geometry, isotropy (from Ancient Greek  ἴσος (ísos) 'equal' and  τρόπος (trópos) 'turn, way') is uniformity in all orientations. Precise definitions depend on the subject area. Exceptions, or inequalities, are frequently indicated by the prefix a- or an-, hence anisotropy. Anisotropy is also used to describe situations where properties vary systematically, dependent on direction. Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented.
Belhaven University
Belhaven University (Belhaven or BU) is a private evangelical Christian university in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. Founded in 1883, the university offers traditional majors, programs of general studies, and pre-professional programs in Christian ministry, medicine, dentistry, law, and nursing.

Bachelor of Business Administration
A Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) is an undergraduate degree in business administration awarded by colleges and universities after completion of four years and typically 120 credits of undergraduate study in the fundamentals of business administration.
Prblms
"Prblms" (a disemvoweling of "problems" and stylized in all caps) is a single by American singer 6lack. It was released on September 23, 2016, by LoveRenaissance and Interscope Records. The track was produced by NOVA. The song was certified 3× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in December 2020. Following the popularity, 6lack would go on to open for The Weeknd.

Disemvoweling
Disemvoweling, disemvowelling (British and Commonwealth English), or disemvowelment is writing a piece of text with all the vowel letters removed. Disemvoweling is often used in band and company names. It used to be a common feature of SMS language where space was costly.
Vasantotsav
Vasantotsav is an annual Indian Classical music, semi classical, folk and light music festival held in Pune. The festival is organized by Dr. Vasantrao Deshpande Pratisthan, Pune, in the memory of the late Dr. Vasantrao Deshpande by inviting respected artists to perform at this event. Nana Patekar is the pillar supporting this entire event.

Wadali Brothers
The Wadali Brothers – Puranchand Wadali and Pyarelal Wadali – are Sufi singers and musicians from Guru Ki Wadali in the Amritsar District in Punjab, India. Pyarelal Wadali, the younger of the two died on 4 March 2018 at the age of 75 due to cardiac arrest at the Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, Amritsar.

Born into the fifth generation of musicians given to singing the messages of Sufi saints, the Wadali brothers dabbled in the most unexpected of professions before they became Sufi singers. While Puranchand Wadali, the elder brother, was a regular in an akhara (wrestling ring) for 25 years, Pyarelal contributed to the meager family income by playing the role of Krishan in the village Ras Lila.
Undertow (Tool album)
Undertow is the debut studio album by the American rock band Tool, released on April 6, 1993, by Zoo Entertainment. Produced by the band and Sylvia Massy and recorded at Grand Master Studios in Hollywood, the album includes some tracks omitted from the band's debut EP Opiate and is their only album to feature original bassist Paul D'Amour.

According to AllMusic, Undertow helped heavy metal remain prominent as a mainstream musical style, and allowed several later bands to break through to the mainstream. It was released at a time when grunge was at the height of its popularity, and pop punk was slowly beginning to gather mainstream attention. AllMusic saw the album's success in the "striking, haunting visuals that complemented the album's nihilistic yet wistful mood."

As of 2021, Undertow has been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Chris Haskett
Chris Haskett (born 1962) is an American guitarist. He was a member of the rock band Rollins Band from 1986 to 1997 and again for the band's reunion in 2006. He has also recorded or performed with David Bowie, Foetus, Pigface, The Cassandra Complex, Tool, The Joy Thieves, and others.
2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado
The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado were held on November 3, 2020, to elect the seven U.S. representatives from the state of Colorado, one from each of the state's seven congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections.

Joe Neguse
Joseph D. Neguse (/nəˈɡuːs/ nə-GOOSS; born May 13, 1984) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Colorado's 2nd congressional district since 2019. The district is located in the northwest part of the state, based in Fort Collins, Longmont, and Boulder, and includes many rural communities and mountain towns, including Walden, Granby, Steamboat Springs, and Gypsum. A member of the Democratic Party, he was a regent of the University of Colorado from 2008 to 2015. Neguse is the first Eritrean-American elected to the United States Congress and Colorado's first black member of Congress. Neguse has served as House assistant Democratic leader since 2024.
2016 Sait Nagjee Trophy
The 2016 Sait Nagjee Trophy was the 36th edition of the Sait Nagjee Football Tournament and the first edition of the tournament since 1995. This tournament was organized by the Kozhikode District Football Association (KDFA) under the patronage of Dr. Siddeek Ahmed, President KDFA, and was held in Kozhikode, Kerala, India, from 5 to 21 February 2016. Along with clubs from different parts of the world, the Argentina U-23 national team also took part in the tournament. Brazilian footballer Ronaldinho is the brand ambassador for the tournament.

FC Dnipro Reserves won the trophy beating Atlético Paranaense Reserves in the final.

Club Athletico Paranaense
Club Athletico Paranaense (abbreviated CAP, commonly known as Athletico Paranaense and up to 2019 known as Atlético Paranaense) is a Brazilian football team from the city of Curitiba, capital city of the Brazilian state of Paraná, founded on 26 March 1924.

The team's most important titles have been winning the 2001 Série A, the Copa Sudamericana in 2018 and 2021, making it the only team from Paraná to win international titles. It won the Copa do Brasil in 2019. In the Copa Libertadores, they have finished runner-up twice, in 2005 and 2022.

They are considered the strongest team in Brazil outside of the Big 12, at times even surpassing them.
Nikolai Remizov
Nikolai Vladimirovich Remizov (Russian: Никола́й Влади́мирович Ре́мизов; 20 May [O.S. 8 May] 1887 in Saint-Petersburg – 4 August 1975 in Riverside County), also known as Nicolai Remisoff, was a Russian and American artist, political cartoonist and art director of American cinema. He worked a number of times on films directed by fellow Russian Gregory Ratoff. Before the 1917 Revolution he was the leading artist in Russian satirical magazines Strekoza and Satirikon, in which he published his cartoons under the pseudonym Re-Mi.

Cartoon
A cartoon is a type of visual art that is typically drawn, frequently animated, in an unrealistic or semi-realistic style. The specific meaning has evolved, but the modern usage usually refers to either: an image or series of images intended for satire, caricature, or humor; or a motion picture that relies on a sequence of illustrations for its animation. Someone who creates cartoons in the first sense is called a cartoonist, and in the second sense they are usually called an animator.

The concept originated in the Middle Ages, and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, beginning in Punch magazine in 1843, cartoon came to refer – ironically at first – to humorous artworks in magazines and newspapers. Then it also was used for political cartoons and comic strips. When the medium developed, in the early 20th century, it began to refer to animated films that resembled print cartoons.