hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kosmos 146
Kosmos 146 (Russian: Космос 146, lit. 'Cosmos 146'), also known as Soyuz 7K-L1 No. 2P, was a Soviet test spacecraft precursor to the Zond series, launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard the inaugural flight of the Proton-K rocket, an improved version of the Proton, which had been launched four times before.

The spacecraft was designed to launch a crew from the Earth to conduct a flyby of the Moon and return to Earth. The primary focus was a circumlunar flight, which would help document the Moon while also showing Soviet power. The test ran from the Zond program from 1967 to 1970, which produced multiple failures in the 7K-L1's re-entry systems. The remaining 7K-L1s were scrapped, ultimately replaced by the Soyuz 7K-L3.

Soyuz 7K-LOK
The Soyuz 7K-LOK, or simply LOK (Russian: Лунный Орбитальный Корабль, romanized: Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl meaning "Lunar Orbital Craft") was a Soviet crewed spacecraft designed to take humans from Earth to orbit the Moon, developed in parallel to the 7K-L1. The LOK would carry two cosmonauts, acting as a mother ship for the LK lander which would land one crew member to the surface. It was part of the N1-L3 programme which also included the LK lander and the N1 rocket.
Karbach, Bavaria
Karbach (German: [ˈkaːɐ̯ˌbax] ⓘ) is a market municipality in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (Administrative Community) of Marktheidenfeld.

Regierungsbezirk
A Regierungsbezirk (German pronunciation: [ʁeˈɡiːʁʊŋsbəˌtsɪʁk] ⓘ, pl. Regierungsbezirke, German pronunciation: [ʁeˈɡiːʁʊŋsbəˌtsɪʁkə], lit. 'governmental district') is a type of administrative division in Germany. Currently, four of the sixteen Länder (states of Germany) are split into Regierungsbezirke, each in turn split into rural or urban districts.

Regierungsbezirke serve as regional mid-level local government units in four of Germany's sixteen states: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia. Each of the nineteen Regierungsbezirke features a non-legislative governing body called a Regierungspräsidium (governing presidium) or Bezirksregierung (district government) headed by a Regierungspräsident (governing president), concerned mostly with administrative decisions on a local level for districts within its jurisdiction. Saxony has Direktionsbezirke (directorate districts) with more responsibilities shifted from the state parliament.
Gangdong-myeon, Gyeongju
Gangdong-myeon (Korean: 강동면) is a myeon or a township of Gyeongju in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It is bordered by Pohang on the east and north, Cheonbuk-myeon on the south and Angang-eup on the west. In 2006 its population was 8,705 people, and its area is approximately 81.48 sq kilometers. Its name means "east of the river" although in fact much of it lies north of the Hyeongsan River.

Hyeongsan River
The Hyeongsan River is a river in southeastern South Korea. It flows from Baeyanggol Valley (배양골), Wolpyeong-ri (월평리/月坪里), Dudong-myeon (두동면/斗東面), Ulju County in Ulsan to the Sea of Japan, covering a distance of about 62 km. The Hyeongsan watershed covers roughly 1,167 km2 (Jo 1987:35).

The Hyeongsan flows north from near the northern border of Greater Ulsan into Gyeongju, where it enters the Gyeongju Basin and is joined by the Bukcheon stream (북천/北川), a major tributary. It continues north into Pohang, and in Angang-eup of Pohang it is joined by the Gigyecheon flowing from the north and turns abruptly eastward. From there runs east and slightly north until it meets the Sea of Japan at Pohang Harbor. The estuary of the Hyeongsan has been covered by the massive industrial development around the port of Pohang, including the POSCO steel mill.
Tricetinidin
Tricetinidin is an intense red-colored chemical compound belonging to the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins. It can be found in black tea infusions. Tricetinidin, in tea, would be a product of the oxidative degallation of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).

Epigallocatechin gallate
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), also known as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, is the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid, and is a type of catechin.

EGCG – the most abundant catechin in tea – is a polyphenol under basic research for its potential to affect human health and disease.  EGCG is used in many dietary supplements.
Phantasy Theater
The Phantasy Entertainment Complex was a staple in the Cleveland music scene since the early 1980s. The Phantasy helped launch nationally recognized bands Anne E. DeChant, Devo, Exotic Birds, Filter, Lucky Pierre, the Adults, The Pagans, Stabbing Westward, and was the debut location for Nine Inch Nails. It was also a stopover for other major acts like Iggy Pop, Jesus and Mary Chain, The Pogues, The Psychedelic Furs, the Ramones and Psychic TV and has hosted reunion shows for bands including Lestat, among others.

Anne E. DeChant
Anne E. DeChant is an American rock singer/songwriter/guitarist based in the Cleveland area. Her career began with the band Odd Girl Out in the early 1990s before releasing her first solo project in 1996.
Kreuznach Conference (August 9, 1917)
The Kreuznach Conference on August 9, 1917, was a German government conference that aimed to draft the Reich Government's response to the proposals made on August 1, 1917, by Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin for negotiating an honorable way out of the conflict. Additionally, the conference served as the primary meeting between the new Imperial Chancellor, Georg Michaelis, and the two main leaders of the German High Command, Erich Ludendorff and Paul von Hindenburg. At this meeting, the military tried to impose the war aims they set for the conflict on the members of the civilian government, based on the minutes of the April 23, 1917 conference.

Ministry of foreign affairs
In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral relations affairs as well as for providing support, including consular services, for a country's citizens who are abroad. The entity is usually headed by a foreign minister or minister of foreign affairs (the title may vary, such as a secretary of state who has the same functions). The foreign minister typically reports to the head of government (such as prime minister or president).
Askey–Wilson polynomials
In mathematics, the Askey–Wilson polynomials (or q-Wilson polynomials) are a family of orthogonal polynomials introduced by Richard Askey and James A. Wilson as q-analogs of the Wilson polynomials. They include many of the other orthogonal polynomials in 1 variable as special or limiting cases, described in the Askey scheme. Askey–Wilson polynomials are the special case of Macdonald polynomials (or Koornwinder polynomials) for the non-reduced affine root system of type (C∨1, C1), and their 4 parameters a, b, c, d correspond to the 4 orbits of roots of this root system.

They are defined by

where φ is a basic hypergeometric function, x = cos θ, and (,,,)n is the q-Pochhammer symbol. Askey–Wilson functions are a generalization to non-integral values of n.

Special case
In logic, especially as applied in mathematics, concept A is a special case or specialization of concept B precisely if every instance of A is also an instance of B but not vice versa, or equivalently, if B is a generalization of A. A limiting case is a type of special case which is arrived at by taking some aspect of the concept to the extreme of what is permitted in the general case. If B is true, one can immediately deduce that A is true as well, and if B is false, A can also be immediately deduced to be false. A degenerate case is a special case which is in some way qualitatively different from almost all of the cases allowed.
Blackshades
Blackshades is a malicious trojan horse used by hackers to control infected computers remotely. The malware targets computers using operating systems based on Microsoft Windows. According to US officials, over 500,000 computer systems have been infected worldwide with the software.

In 2014, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested hundreds of people who had Blackshade in their computer. Before the FBI crackdown, Blackshades was sold for US$40 on Hack Forums, and reportedly generated US$350,000 in sales.

Trojan horse (computing)
In computing, a trojan horse (or simply trojan; often capitalized, but see below) is a kind of malware that misleads users as to its true intent by disguising itself as a normal program.

Trojans are generally spread by some form of social engineering. For example, a user may be duped into executing an email attachment disguised to appear innocuous (e.g., a routine form to be filled in), or into clicking on a fake advertisement on the Internet. Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a backdoor, contacting a controller who can then have unauthorized access to the affected device. Ransomware attacks are often carried out using a trojan.

Unlike computer viruses and worms, trojans generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves.
Kalemie Airport
Kalemie Airport (IATA: FMI, ICAO: FZRF) (French: Aéroport de Kalémie) is an airport serving Kalemie in Tanganyika Province (formerly Katanga Province) and on Lake Tanganyika, in the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Tanganyika Province
Tanganyika (Swahili: Jimbo la Tanganyika) is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Tanganyika, Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami and Lualaba provinces are the result of the splitting up of the former Katanga province. Tanganyika was formed from the Tanganyika district whose town of Kalemie was elevated to capital city of the new province.

The new province's territory corresponds to the historic Nord-Katanga province that existed in the early period of post-colonial Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1962 and 1966.
Endaro Mahanubhavulu
Endaro Mahanubhavulu  is a popular kriti in Carnatic music composed by Tyagaraja, one of the Trinity of Carnatic music. Its lyrics are in Telugu; the music is set in the Sri Ragam and is in Aadi Talam.  It is among the Pancharatna Kritis ("five gems") of Tyagaraja.

Adi tala
Adi tala (Sanskrit: ādi tāḷa, Kannada: ಆದಿ ತಾಳ, lit. 'primary rhythm'; also spelled aadi taalam or adi talam) is the name of one of the most popular tala or rhythms used in Carnatic Music. Its full technical name according to the Carnatic Music's tala system is Chaturashra-naDe Chaturashra-jaati triputa taLa.
Adam Day
Adam Day is an American poet and critic. He is the author of American Elision (Louisiana State University Press, 2027), The Strategic Crescent (Broadstone Books, 2025), Illuminated Edges (Kelsay Books, 2024), Left-Handed Wolf (Louisiana State University Press, 2020), Model of a City in Civil War (Sarabande Books, 2015), and one chapbook of poetry, Badger, Apocrypha (Poetry Society of America, 2011).

PEN American Center inactive awards
The PEN America Literary Awards have been characterized as being among the "major" American literary prizes. The awards are among many PEN awards sponsored by International PEN in over 145 PEN centres around the world.

Many of the awards once presented by the PEN American Center (today PEN America) are no longer issued, including those listed below.
John R. McLean (Canadian politician)
John Robert McLean (January 1, 1906 – October 9, 1964) was a merchant and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 1st Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1940 to 1943, from 1947 to 1951 and from 1959 to 1964 as a Progressive Conservative.

He was born in Souris, Prince Edward Island, the son of Harry Daniel McLean and Annie Mitchell, and the grandson of John McLean. He was educated at the Pictou Academy. In 1936, he married Marjorie Robina McBeath. He worked at a bank for several years before becoming president of the family business. McLean was defeated by Herbert Acorn when he ran for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1939; he was elected to the provincial assembly in a 1940 by-election held following Acorn's death. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1943, 1951 and 1955. McLean served as speaker for the assembly from 1959 until his death in office at the Prince Edward Island Hospital in Charlottetown at the age of 58.

Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
The Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island (French: Assemblée législative de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard) together with the lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island form the General Assembly of Prince Edward Island. The Legislative Assembly meets at Province House, which is at the intersection of Richmond and Great George Streets in Charlottetown. Bills passed by the Assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.
Kobra (TV programme)
Kobra was a Swedish television programme produced by SVT with interviews and reportage about culture, presented by Kristofer Lundström. It started in 2001. The programme was broadcast 10 p.m., Tuesday evenings. The programme won the  Kristallen in 2005 and 2009 for best lifestyle/magazine programme and best culture and society programme respectively.

Kristallen
Kristallen (lit. 'The Crystal') is the official annual Swedish television award, administered by the foundation  Det svenska tevepriset. It was created in 2005 by television producers SVT, TV3, TV4, Kanal 5 and UR.
Albin Julius
Albin Julius (born Albin Julius Martinek, 16 October 1967 – 4 May 2022) was an Austrian martial music and industrial artist; his primary musical project was called Der Blutharsch. His ancestors came to Austria from Bohemia, where they came from the city of Jihlava.

Julius founded the history-themed, folk-based ensemble, The Moon Lay Hidden Beneath a Cloud. His first release as Der Blutharsch was a self-titled picture disc, limited to 250 copies.

Julius released all Der Blutharsch music on his own record label, Wir Kapitulieren Niemals (WKN, which translates: We Never Surrender).  Julius founded the HauRuck! music label, which releases albums by several Neofolk and industrial groups.

Neofolk
Neofolk (originally known as apocalyptic folk) is a music genre that originally emerged during the 1980s through the British post-punk and industrial music scene. It is primarily characterized by acoustic instrumentation and draws influences from dark wave and post-industrial styles such as dark ambient.
Kevin Smyth (rugby league)
Kevin Smyth (1932–2007) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s.  He played for Western Suburbs, Balmain and Parramatta in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition.

New South Wales Rugby League
The New South Wales Rugby League Ltd (NSWRL) is an Australian rugby league football competition operator in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory and is a member of the Australian Rugby League Commission.

It was registered on 21 December 1983 and succeeded the New South Wales Rugby Football League which had been formed in Sydney on 8 August 1907. The NSWRFL and then NSWRL operated the premier rugby league club competitions for Sydney, then New South Wales and then Australia from 1908 to 1994. The organisation administers the New South Wales rugby league team for State of Origin.
Dennis Buchanan
Sir RanaId Dennis Buchanan KBE (1932–2001) was the owner of several airlines in Oceania, most notably Talair in Papua New Guinea (PNG). He was also a publisher and served one term in the country's pre-Independence National Assembly.

National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
The National Parliament of Papua New Guinea is the unicameral national legislature in Papua New Guinea. It was created in 1964 as the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea but gained its current name after the nation was granted independence in 1975.
Gunnar Fredrik Hellesen
Gunnar Fredrik Hellesen (23 February 1913 –  7 July 2005) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

He was born in Haugesund.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Rogaland in 1961, and was re-elected on one occasion. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1958–1961.

On 5 June 1970, he was appointed Minister of Defence during the centre-right cabinet Borten, replacing Otto Grieg Tidemand who on the same day became Minister of Trade and Shipping. Hellesen held the position until the cabinet Borten fell in 1971.

Hellesen was a member of Haugesund city council from 1945 to 1963, serving as mayor in from 1955 to 1959. He served as County Governor of Rogaland from 1968 to 1973.

Minister of Trade and Shipping
The minister of trade and shipping (Norwegian: Handels- og sjøfartsministeren) was a councilor of state and chief of the Norway's Ministry of Trade and Shipping. The position was created on 6 December 1947 when the position of minister of trade and industry was split into a portfolio for trade and shipping, and a minister of industry. As a prelude, a separate minister of shipping had been created between 1942 and 1945 to lead the Ministry of Shipping. The minister of trade and industry had its own ministry until 1988, when the responsibility was taken over by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The position was abolished in 1997, when the portfolio was taken over by the minister of trade and industry.
Rostoul Lake
Rostoul Lake is a lake in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin, and is within Woodland Caribou Provincial Park.

The primary inflows are the Rostoul River, arriving at the southeast from Hansen Lake, and Haven Creek, arriving at the southwest from the direction of Haven Lake. The primary outflow, leaving at the northwest and leading towards Hammerhead Lake, is the Rostoul River, which flows via the Gammon River, the Bloodvein River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River to Hudson Bay.

Kenora District
Kenora District is a district and census division in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The district seat is the City of Kenora.

It is geographically the largest division in Ontario: at 407,213.01 square kilometres (157,225.82 sq mi), it covers 38 percent of the province's area, making it larger than Newfoundland and Labrador, and slightly smaller than Sweden or roughly the land size of California. Kenora District also has the lowest population density of any of Ontario's census divisions (it ranks 37th out of 50 by total population).

The district was created in 1907 from parts of Rainy River District. The northern part (north of the Albany River) only became part of Ontario in 1912 (transferred from the Northwest Territories). The separate Patricia District upon transfer, it was in 1937 annexed to Kenora District and known sometimes as the Patricia Portion.
Markov chain approximation method
In numerical methods for stochastic differential equations, the Markov chain approximation method (MCAM) belongs to the several numerical (schemes) approaches used in stochastic control theory. Regrettably the simple adaptation of the deterministic schemes for matching up to stochastic models such as the Runge–Kutta method does not work at all.

It is a powerful and widely usable set of ideas, due to the current infancy of stochastic control it might be even said 'insights.' for numerical and other approximations problems in stochastic processes. They represent counterparts from deterministic control theory such as optimal control theory.

The basic idea of the MCAM is to approximate the original controlled process by a chosen controlled markov process on a finite state space. In case of need, one must as well approximate the cost function for one that matches up the Markov chain chosen to approximate the original stochastic process.

Stochastic control
Stochastic control or stochastic optimal control is a sub field of control theory that deals with the existence of uncertainty either in observations or in the noise that drives the evolution of the system. The system designer assumes, in a Bayesian probability-driven fashion, that random noise with known probability distribution affects the evolution and observation of the state variables.  Stochastic control aims to design the time path of the controlled variables that performs the desired control task with minimum cost, somehow defined, despite the presence of this noise. The context may be either discrete time or continuous time.
Gritzner
Gritzner is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Erich Gritzner (1874–1963), German heraldist, genealogist, and sigillographer

James E. Gritzner (born 1947), American judge

Maximilian Gritzner (1842–1902), German heraldist

Erich Gritzner
Erich Gritzner (7 April 1874, in Berlin – 10 November 1963, in Dresden) was a German heraldist, genealogist and sigillographer, known for his research of German nobility. He was the son of heraldist Maximilian Gritzner (1843–1902).

He studied at the universities of Leipzig and Berlin, receiving his doctorate at Leipzig in 1901. From 1903 he worked as a research assistant at the Hauptstaatsarchiv and the Ernestinischen Gesamtarchiv in Weimar, then in 1907/08 served as an archival assistant for the district archives of Lorraine. From 1911 to 1920 he worked in the Saxon commission for nobility, and eventually was named "heraldmeister" in the Ministry of the Interior at Dresden.
Hatley, Quebec (municipality)
Hatley is a municipality of about 771 people, in Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada. It lies to the south of the township municipality of the same name.

An otherwise quiet and tiny agricultural setting, one of Hatley's main claims to fame is its annual Canada Day Celebration which always takes place on July 1. Along with a parade (featuring horses, floats, antique cars, tractors, children on decorated bikes and any number of other entrants), the day includes games for children, artisan vendors, a book sale, community lunch, local performers, and ends off with a fireworks display.

Estrie
Estrie (French pronunciation: [ɛstʁi]) is an administrative region of Quebec that comprises the Eastern Townships. Estrie, a French neologism, was coined as a derivative of est, "east". Originally settled by anglophones, today it is about 90 per cent francophone. Anglophones are concentrated in Lennoxville, home of the region's only English-speaking university, Bishop's University. The English-language Eastern Townships School Board runs 20 elementary schools, three high schools, and a learning centre.

The region originally consisted of 6 regional county municipalities. In 2021, La Haute-Yamaska & Brome-Missisquoi joined Estrie, transferring from Montérégie.
Byron Lee (American football)
Byron Keith Lee (born September 8, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for two seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Ohio State. He was selected by the New Jersey Generals in the 1986 USFL Territorial Draft, but did not sign with the team, as he was also chosen by Philadelphia in the seventh round (176th overall) of the 1986 NFL draft. He was waived by the Eagles during final roster cuts on August 19, 1986, but was re-signed on October 15. He played for the Eagles in 1986 and 1987, and was an offseason member of the Los Angeles Raiders in 1988. He played for the Columbus Thunderbolts of the Arena Football League (AFL) in 1991.

New Jersey Generals
The New Jersey Generals were a franchise of the United States Football League (USFL) established in 1982 to begin play in the spring and summer of 1983. The team played three seasons from 1983 to 1985, winning 31 regular season games and losing 25 while going 0–2 in postseason competition. Home games were played at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, which was called The Meadowlands for Generals games.