hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Esophagitis
Esophagitis, also spelled oesophagitis, is a disease characterized by inflammation of the esophagus. The esophagus is a tube composed of a mucosal lining, and longitudinal and circular smooth muscle fibers. It connects the pharynx to the stomach; swallowed food and liquids normally pass through it.

Esophagitis can be asymptomatic; or can cause epigastric and/or substernal burning pain, especially when lying down or straining; and can make swallowing difficult (dysphagia). The most common cause of esophagitis is the reverse flow of acid from the stomach into the lower esophagus: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Endoscopy
An endoscopy is a procedure used in medicine to look inside the body. The endoscopy procedure uses an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike many other medical imaging techniques, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ.

There are many types of endoscopies. Depending on the site in the body and type of procedure, an endoscopy may be performed by a doctor or a surgeon. During the procedure, a patient may be fully conscious or anaesthetised. Most often, the term endoscopy is used to refer to an examination of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, known as an esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Similar instruments are called borescopes for nonmedical use.
1999 Generali Ladies Linz
The 1999 Generali Ladies Linz was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Linz, Austria. It was part of Tier II of the 1999 WTA Tour. It was the 13th edition of the tournament and was held from 25 October until 31 October 1999. First-seeded Mary Pierce won the singles title.

1999 WTA Tour
The WTA Tour is the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The WTA Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV events. ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Element Eighty
Element Eighty is an American nu metal band from Tyler, Texas, formed in 2000. The band split in 2006, only to be reunited a few months later in 2007. According to singer David Galloway, the name of the band was inspired by Metallica and the Periodic Table of the Elements. "I can remember sitting in a physics class when I was in Ninth Grade, scribbling song lyrics in a notebook and trying to think up a good name for the band. I also remembered that Metallica supposedly got their name from the periodic table, so as I was sitting in that class I checked out what the heaviest metal on that table was - it turned out to be mercury, which is the 80th element on the periodic charts. That's how we became Element Eighty."

Ill Niño
Ill Niño (Spanglish wordplay meaning "ill child"; stylized as ill niño) is a Latin American nu metal band formed in Union City, New Jersey, in 1998 by drummer Dave Chavarri, who remains the band's sole original member. They have released seven studio albums, two EPs, and one compilation album, with total worldwide album sales exceeding 1.3 million.
Off to the Revolution by a 2CV
Off to the Revolution by a 2CV (Italian: Alla rivoluzione sulla due cavalli) is a 2001 Italian comedy film directed by Maurizio Sciarra. It won the Golden Leopard at the 2001 Locarno International Film Festival.

Golden Leopard
The Golden Leopard (Italian: Pardo d'oro) is the top prize at the Locarno Film Festival, an international film festival held annually in Locarno, Switzerland since 1946. Directors in the process of getting an international reputation are allowed to be entered in the competitive selection. The winning films are chosen by a jury. The award went under many names until it was named the Golden Leopard in 1968. The festival was not held in 1951 and the prize was not awarded in 1956 and 1982. As of 2024 René Clair is the only director to have won the award twice, winning in the first two years of the festival.
Jes Staley
James Edward "Jes" Staley (born December 27, 1956) is an American banker and the former group chief executive of Barclays. He spent 34 years at J.P. Morgan's investment bank. After moving to BlueMountain Capital in 2013, Staley became CEO of Barclays in December 2015.

In November 2021, Staley resigned amid a regulatory probe into whether he mischaracterized his relationship with the financier, human trafficker and sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. According to The New York Times, Staley was Epstein's "chief defender" at J.P. Morgan, helping Epstein maintain accounts at the firm amid internal concerns that Epstein was using the accounts for illicit activities.

Financial Conduct Authority
The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) is a financial regulatory body in the United Kingdom. It operates independently of the UK Government and is financed by charging fees to members of the financial services industry. The FCA regulates financial firms providing services to consumers, and maintains the integrity of the financial markets in the United Kingdom.

It focuses on the regulation of conduct by both retail and wholesale financial services firms. Like its predecessor the FSA, the FCA is structured as a company limited by guarantee.: 140

The FCA works alongside the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Policy Committee to set regulatory requirements for the financial sector. The FCA is responsible for the conduct of around 58,000 businesses which employ 2.2 million people and contribute around £65.6 billion in annual tax revenue to the economy in the United Kingdom.
Chicago Cougars
The Chicago Cougars were a professional ice hockey team in Chicago. They competed in the World Hockey Association from 1972 to 1975. The Cougars played their home games in the International Amphitheatre.

Mount Prospect, Illinois
Mount Prospect is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is part of Elk Grove and Wheeling townships, about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of downtown Chicago and approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) north of O'Hare International Airport. As of the 2020 census, the village had a total population of 56,852.
Outline of Gibraltar
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Gibraltar:

Gibraltar – British Overseas Territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula of Southeastern Europe overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar between the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean.  The territory shares a border with Spain to the north. Gibraltar was ceded by Spain to Great Britain in perpetuity in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht though Spain requests its return. The Government of the United Kingdom has stated it is committed to respecting the wishes of the Gibraltarians, who strongly oppose the idea of annexation along with any proposal for shared sovereignty with Spain.

Elections in Gibraltar
Gibraltar elects on the national level a legislature. The Gibraltar Parliament has 17 members, all elected for a four-year term in one constituency with each voter getting to vote for their selection of ten candidates. Gibraltar forms a single constituency but voters have only ten votes.  Hence the electoral bloc with the most votes will normally get ten seats and the runners up seven.
2025 Asia Rugby Women's Championship
The 2025 Asia Rugby Women's Championship was the 14th edition of the Asia Rugby Women's Championship. The tournament was held in Fukuoka, Japan and took place from 15 to 25 May. Matches were played at Japan Rugby’s high performance national rugby training centre.

Japan won their seventh championship title after defeating Hong Kong in the final match.

Asia Rugby Women's Championship
The Asia Rugby Championship for women's national fifteen-a-side teams is a rugby union tournament that has been contested since 2006. Organised by Asia Rugby, there are currently two competition divisions — the Championship, and Division 1. The championship is also the continental qualifying tournament for Asian women's teams in the lead up to the Rugby World Cup, and the WXV.
2023 Camellia Bowl
The 2023 Camellia Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 23, 2023, at the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery, Alabama. The 10th annual Camellia Bowl featured the Arkansas State Red Wolves from the Sun Belt Conference and the Northern Illinois Huskies from the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The game began at approximately 11:00 a.m. CST and was aired on ESPN. The Camellia Bowl was one of the 2023–24 bowl games concluding the 2023 FBS football season.

Salute to Veterans Bowl
The Salute to Veterans Bowl (formerly the Camellia Bowl) is an annual National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sanctioned FBS college football bowl game played in Montgomery, Alabama, at the Cramton Bowl. The bowl has tie-ins with the Sun Belt Conference and the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The game was announced in August 2013 and was first played in December 2014. It is owned and managed by ESPN Events.
Orla Railway
The Orla Railway (German: Orlabahn) is a 14.9 kilometre long branch line in Thuringia, that runs from Orlamünde on the Saal Railway to Pößneck's "lower station" (unterer Bahnhof). Until 1946 there was a continuation of the line to Oppurg on the Leipzig–Gera–Saalfeld railway.

The 11.7 km long line, that branches off in Orlamünde from the Saal Railway south of Jena and is only operated today as far as the lower station in Pößneck, was inaugurated on 1 October 1889 to this station.

A second section of line followed, from Pößneck lower station to Oppurg, which was opened in 1892 and closed again in 1946, because that section went after the war to the then Soviet Union as a war reparation.

The section remaining today underwent a full renovation (Grundsanierung) in 1999/2000. In the years that followed an hourly service was introduced on this line and, since the 2001 timetable change, the services connect to Jena Saal station (Jena Saalbahnhof).

Oppurg
Oppurg is a municipality in the district of Saale-Orla-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany.

The main attraction is Schloss Oppurg, an 18th-century mansion which once belonged to Hoym and Hohenlohe families. The princes of Hohenlohe-Oehringen owned the castle up to 1945. Today, it is a hotel.
Astronomical naming conventions
In ancient times, only the Sun and Moon, a few stars, and the most easily visible planets had names. Over the last few hundred years, the number of identified astronomical objects has risen from hundreds to over a billion, and more are discovered every year. Astronomers need to be able to assign systematic designations to unambiguously identify all of these objects, and at the same time give names to the most interesting objects, and where relevant, features of those objects.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is the recognized authority in astronomy for assigning designations to celestial bodies such as stars, planets, and minor planets, including any surface features on them. In response to the need for unambiguous names for astronomical objects, it has created a number of systematic naming systems for objects of various sorts.

55 Cancri
55 Cancri is a binary star system located 41 light-years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It has the Bayer designation Rho1 Cancri (ρ1 Cancri); 55 Cancri is the Flamsteed designation (abbreviated 55 Cnc). The system consists of a K-type star (designated 55 Cancri A, also named Copernicus /koʊˈpɜːrnɪkəs/) and a smaller red dwarf (55 Cancri B).

As of 2025, four extrasolar planets, designated 55 Cancri Ab, Ac, Ae and Af,  named Galileo, Brahe, Janssen, and Harriot, respectively, and two planet candidates 55 Cancri Ad (named Lipperhey) and 55 Cancri Ag are known to orbit 55 Cancri A; alongside two extrasolar planets, designated Bb and Bc, which are known to orbit 55 Cancri B.
1996–97 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team
The 1996–97 George Mason Patriots Men's basketball team represented George Mason University during the 1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was the 31st season for the program, the fourth and final under head coach Paul Westhead. The Patriots played their home games at the Patriot Center in Fairfax, Virginia.

In the CAA tournament, the Patriots lost to Richmond in the first round.

1997 CAA men's basketball tournament
The 1997 CAA men's basketball tournament was held February 28–March 3, 1997, at the Richmond Coliseum in Richmond, Virginia. The winner of the tournament was Old Dominion, who received an automatic bid to the 1997 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament.
ATM-74 mine
The ATM-74 is a North Korean wooden box mine, it is a copy of the Soviet TMD-B. It is a wooden box packed with blocks of TNT, the top of the mine has three planks of wood underneath the central plank is a pressure fuze similar to Soviet MV-5 pressure fuze.

TMD-44 and TMD-B mines
The TMD-44 and TMD-B are simple rectangular Soviet wooden box cased anti-tank blast mines, they were both used during the Second World War. Both mines are similar in design, differing only in fuzing mechanism. The wooden construction of both the mines makes them unpredictable as rot and insects can eat away the wooden case, reducing activation pressure to as little as 3 kg. Both mines are found in a number of countries including Afghanistan, Angola, Chad, Cuba, Egypt, Korea, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Falk Harnack
Falk Harnack (2 March 1913 – 3 September 1991) was a German director and screenwriter. During Germany's Nazi era, he was also active with the German Resistance and toward the end of World War II, the partisans in Greece. Harnack was from a family of scholars, artists and scientists, several of whom were active in the anti-Nazi Resistance and paid with their lives.

Karl Bleibtreu
Karl August Bleibtreu (January 13, 1859 – January 30, 1928) was a German writer who promoted naturalism in German literature. He was noted for his aggressive and dogmatic style of criticism, linked to a nationalistic and sometimes antisemitic agenda. His later work was heavily influenced by Nietzsche's theory of the übermensch.
Euphemia of Hungary
Euphemia of Hungary was a daughter of King Béla I of Hungary and his wife, Richesa (or Adelaide) of Poland (1050s – 11 April 1111). She was the wife of Duke Otto I of Olomouc, the second son the Duke of Bohemia Bretislav I .

They were married before 1073.

Some researchers believe that Euphemia was the daughter of Bela's older brother Andrew I of Hungary and his wife Anastasia of Kiev, with the alternative name Adelhaid been proposed, due to minimal sources on her birth. Though the theory supported by most scholars and historians is that Euphemia was born as a result of a marriage between King Bela I and an unknown Piast Princess.

Together they have four children:

Svatopluk, Duke of Bohemia (21 September 1109)

Otto II the Black (18 February 1126)

Bretislav

Boleslava

Their youngest two children disappeared from written records and thus, are assumed to have died at a young age.

Andrew I of Hungary
Andrew I the White or the Catholic (Hungarian: I. Fehér or Katolikus András/Endre; c. 1015 – before 6 December 1060) was King of Hungary from 1046 to 1060. He descended from a younger branch of the Árpád dynasty. After he spent fifteen years in exile, an extensive revolt by the pagan Hungarians enabled him to take the throne from King Peter Orseolo. He strengthened the position of Catholicism in the Kingdom of Hungary and successfully defended its independence against the Holy Roman Empire.

His efforts to ensure the succession of his son, Solomon, resulted in the open revolt of his brother Béla. Béla dethroned Andrew by force in 1060. Andrew suffered severe injuries during the fighting and died before his brother was crowned king.
PuTTY
PuTTY (/ˈpʌti/) is a free and open-source terminal emulator, serial console and network file transfer application. It supports several network protocols, including SCP, SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw socket connection. It can also connect to a serial port. The name "PuTTY" has no official meaning.

PuTTY was originally written for Microsoft Windows, but it has been ported to various other operating systems. Official ports are available for some Unix-like platforms, with work-in-progress ports to Classic Mac OS and macOS, and unofficial ports have been contributed to platforms such as Symbian, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone.

PuTTY was written and is maintained primarily by Simon Tatham, a British programmer.

SSH File Transfer Protocol
In computing, the SSH File Transfer Protocol, also known as Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), is a network protocol that provides file access, file transfer, and file management over any reliable data stream. It was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as an extension of the Secure Shell protocol (SSH) version 2.0 to provide secure file transfer capabilities, and is seen as a replacement of File Transfer Protocol (FTP) due to superior security. The IETF Internet Draft states that, even though this protocol is described in the context of the SSH-2 protocol, it could be used in a number of different applications, such as secure file transfer over Transport Layer Security (TLS) and transfer of management information in VPN applications.

This protocol assumes that it is run over a secure channel, such as SSH, that the server has already authenticated the client, and that the identity of the client user is available to the protocol.

The official URI scheme is sftp.
Eastern Approaches
Eastern Approaches (1949) is a memoir of the early career of Fitzroy Maclean. It is divided into three parts: his life as a junior diplomat in Moscow and his travels in the Soviet Union, especially the forbidden zones of Central Asia; his exploits in the British Army and SAS in the North Africa theatre of war; and his time with Josip Broz Tito and the Partisans in Yugoslavia.

Maclean was considered to be one of Ian Fleming's inspirations for James Bond, and this book contains many of the elements: remote travel, the sybaritic delights of diplomatic life, violence and adventure.  The American edition was titled Escape To Adventure, and was published a year later. All place names in this article use the spelling in the book.

Diplomatic rank
Diplomatic rank is a system of professional and social rank used in the world of diplomacy and international relations. A diplomat's rank determines many ceremonial details, such as the order of precedence at official processions, table seatings at state dinners, the person to whom diplomatic credentials should be presented, and the title by which the diplomat should be addressed.
Cotlar–Stein lemma
The Cotlar–Stein almost orthogonality lemma is a mathematical lemma in the field of functional analysis. It may be used to obtain information on the operator norm on an operator, acting from one Hilbert space into another, when the operator can be decomposed into almost orthogonal pieces.

The original version of this lemma (for self-adjoint and mutually commuting operators) was proved by Mischa Cotlar in 1955 and allowed him to conclude that the Hilbert transform is a continuous linear operator in  without using the Fourier transform. A more general version was proved by Elias Stein.

Continuous linear operator
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a continuous linear operator or continuous linear mapping is a continuous linear transformation between topological vector spaces.

An operator between two normed spaces is a bounded linear operator if and only if it is a continuous linear operator.
Cyrtomium falcatum
Cyrtomium falcatum is a species of fern, commonly known as house holly-fern and Japanese holly fern, in the wood fern family Dryopteridaceae. It is native to eastern Asia.

It grows from crevices in coastal cliffs, stream banks, rocky slopes, and other moist, stable areas.

Dryopteridaceae
The Dryopteridaceae are a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. They are known colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Dryopteridoideae  of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato.

The family contains about 1700 species and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Species may be terrestrial, epipetric, hemiepiphytic, or epiphytic. Many are cultivated as ornamental plants.  The largest genera are Elaphoglossum (600+), Polystichum (260), Dryopteris (225), and Ctenitis (150). These four genera contain about 70% of the species.  Dryopteridaceae diverged from the other families in eupolypods I about 100 million years ago.
The fossil record appears to show the earliest members of the group emerging some 99 MYA during the Mid Cretaceous.
Stoney's Extra Stout (Pig)
Stoney's Extra Stout (Pig) is the eighth studio album by the Dead Milkmen. It was released by Restless Records in 1995. The Dead Milkmen had decided to break up prior to its release; the band (minus deceased bass player Dave Schulthise) would not record again until 2011's The King in Yellow.

Several songs made it onto Death Rides a Pale Cow (A Collection), a greatest hits release from the band.

The King in Yellow (album)
The King in Yellow is the ninth studio album by the Dead Milkmen. It was their first studio album in 16 years. It was released digitally on the band's website in 2011; a CD release followed shortly thereafter.
Same-sex marriage in Zacatecas
Same-sex marriage has been legal in the Mexican state of Zacatecas since 30 December 2021. On 14 December 2021, the Congress of Zacatecas passed a same-sex marriage bill by 18 votes to 10. The legislation was published in the official state gazette on 29 December, and came into force the following day. Prior to statewide legalisation, five municipalities of Zacatecas issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples despite a state ban, comprising about a quarter of the state population. These five municipalities were Zacatecas, Cuauhtémoc, Villanueva, Miguel Auza and Fresnillo.

Zacatecas
Zacatecas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas, is one of the 31 states of Mexico. It is divided into 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas.

It is located in north-central Mexico and is bordered by the states of Durango to the northwest, Coahuila to the north, Nayarit to the west, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León to the east, and Jalisco, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes to the south. The state is best known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture and its importance during the Mexican Revolution. Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism.
Lists of tourist attractions in Amritsar
Amritsar is a city in the northern Indian state of Punjab, located approximately 25 kilometres (15 miles) from the India–Pakistan border. It is a major centre of commerce, culture, and transportation in the region. Amritsar is the centre of Sikhism and home to its principal place of worship, the Harmandir Sahib. The city is a destination for tourism, including as part of the Golden Triangle travel circuit. Major destinations are:

Golden Temple and Heritage Street

Durgiana Temple

Punjab State War Heroes' Memorial & Museum

Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Sthal

Sadda Pind

Urban Haat Food Street

Gobindgarh Fort

Ram Bagh Palace and Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum

Wagah border

Partition Museum

Jallianwala Bagh

Gurdwara Baba Atal

Jallianwala Bagh
Jallianwala Bagh (IPA: [dʒəlɪjãːʋaːlaː baːɣ, baːɡ]) is a historic garden and memorial of national importance close to the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab, India, preserved in the memory of those wounded and killed in the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre that took place on the site on the festival of Baisakhi Day, 13 April 1919. The 7-acre (28,000 m2) site houses a museum, gallery and several memorial structures. It is managed by the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, and will be renovated between 2025 and 2027.