hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey
The Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey is an abbey located within the city and island of Mont-Saint-Michel in  Normandy, in the department of Manche.

The abbey is an essential part of the structural composition of the town the feudal society constructed. On top, God, the abbey, and monastery; below this, the Great halls, then stores and housing, and at the bottom (outside the walls), fishermen's and farmers' housing.

The abbey has been protected as a French monument historique since 1862. Since 1979, the site as a whole – i.e., the Mont-Saint-Michel and its bay – has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is managed by the Centre des monuments nationaux.

With more than 1.335 million visitors in 2010, the abbey is among the most visited cultural sites in France.

Manche
Manche (/mɒ̃ʃ/; French: [mɑ̃ʃ] ⓘ; Norman: Maunche) is a coastal French department in Normandy on the English Channel, which is known as La Manche, literally "the sleeve", in French. Manche is bordered by Ille-et-Vilaine and Mayenne to the south, Orne and Calvados to the east, the English Channel to the west and north and by sharing maritime borders with the Crown Dependencies of Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey of the United Kingdom to the west. It had a population of 495,045 in 2019.
Aviation Cadet Training Program (USAAF)
The Flying/Aviation Cadet Pilot Training Program was originally created by the U.S. Army to train its pilots. Originally created in 1907 by the U.S. Army Signal Corps, it expanded as the Army's air assets increased.

Santa Ana Army Air Base
Santa Ana Army Air Base (SAAAB) was a World War II-era air base located near Santa Ana, California. The air base was decommissioned in 1946, and part of the land was annexed by Costa Mesa in 1953. The air base was used for basic training, although it did not have planes, hangars or runways. The base was 1,336 acres (5.41 km2), and the main section of the base was located between Baker Street to the north, Harbor Boulevard to the west, Wilson Street on the south, and Newport Boulevard on the east. The land formerly occupied by the air base is today the home of John Wayne Airport, the Orange County Fairgrounds, and Orange Coast College.
Bob Dunn (American football)
Robert Edward Dunn (November 26, 1904 – August 26, 1978) was an American football player.

Dunn was born in 1904 in Waterbury, Connecticut. He attended Crosby School in Waterbury, Connecticut, and the Dean Academy in Franklin, Massachusetts. He then enrolled at New York University and played for NYU Violets football program from 1924 to 1927.

Dunn also played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Staten Island Stapletons. He appeared in six NFL games, all as a starter, during the 1929 season.

Dunn died in 1978 in Dover, New Jersey.

Staten Island Stapletons
The Staten Island Stapletons, also known as the Staten Island Stapes, were a professional American football team. Founded in 1915, they played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1929 to 1932. The team was based in the Stapleton section of Staten Island. They played under the shortened nickname the "Stapes" the final two seasons.

Jack Shapiro, a blocking back for the Stapletons, was the shortest player in NFL history, weighing between 119–126 pounds (54–57 kg) and just over 5 feet (1.5 m) tall.
Yisrael Medad
Yisrael Medad (Hebrew: ישראל מידד; born 1947 in New York City) is an American-born Israeli journalist and author. He was director of Educational Programming and Information resources at the Menachem Begin Heritage Center in Jerusalem until June 2017 and has retired from that position. He is now engaged in editing an English-language annotated anthology of Ze'ev Jabotinsky's writings.

Menachem Begin Heritage Center
The Menachem Begin Heritage Center is the official state memorial commemorating Menachem Begin, Israel's sixth Prime Minister. The center is located on the Hinnom Ridge, overlooking Mount Zion and walls of the Old City of Jerusalem.
Kablaki F.C.
Kablaky Futebol Clube, commonly known as Kablaky is an East Timorese football club based in Manufahi, Same District. The team plays in the Liga Futebol Timor-Leste, playing in the Segunda Divisão since its inception in 2016. The club also includes a partnered futsal team that is set to compete in the Pra Liga Futsal Timor-Leste.

Liga Futebol Timor-Leste Segunda Divisão
Liga Futebol Timor-Leste Segunda Divisão, often referred to as the Segunda Divisão, is second-highest division of the Liga Futebol Timor-Leste and second-highest overall in the Timorense football league system.
Malgas
Malgas (or Malagas) is a settlement on the right (southwest) bank of the Breede River in the Overberg region of the Western Cape. It is situated 25 kilometres north-west of the Breede River mouth at Witsand, and 30 kilometres south-east of Swellendam.

"Malgas" is the Afrikaans for gannet.  The word "malgas" is probably an adaptation of the Portuguese: mangas de velludo, lit. 'velvet sleeves', referring to the Cape gannet (Morus capensis) with its black-tipped wings. According to the 2011 census, Malgas has a population of 44 people in 20 households.

Witsand
Witsand, located in the Western Cape of South Africa, is a small coastal town at the mouth of the Breede River estuary. Often referred to as the Whale Nursery of South Africa, the town attracts a remarkable number of southern right whales between June and November each year.

As an authentic destination for water sports and outdoor enthusiasts, Witsand offers experiences such as kite-surfing, surfing, stand-up paddleboarding, and fishing. The town lies within the Hessequa region, also known as the Explorer's Garden Route.

The Breede River near Witsand is also known for yielding some of the largest bull sharks ever recorded—though notably, there have been no reported shark attacks. Each November, Witsand hosts the finish line of the annual Vlakte Marathon, a notable event in the region.

In recent years, Witsand has also gained attention as a hub for Bitcoin adoption in Africa, with many local merchants now accepting cryptocurrency payments.
Hiroshi Takahashi (table tennis)
Hiroshi Takahashi (高橋 浩, Takahashi Hiroshi) is a former international table tennis player from Japan.

From 1967 to 1975 he won several medals in singles, doubles, and team events in the Asian Table Tennis Championships. He also won a silver medal in the team event at the World Table Tennis Championships in 1965.

Asian Table Tennis Championships
The Asian Table Tennis Championships is a biennial table tennis tournament that the International Table Tennis Federation regards as a continental championship. From 1952 to 1972, the tournament was organized by the Table Tennis Federation of Asia. The Asian Table Tennis Union started its own Asian Championships due to a split between national table tennis associations in Asia.
Nyazepetrovsky District
Nyazepetrovsky District (Russian: Нязепетро́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-seven in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,459 square kilometers (1,336 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Nyazepetrovsk. Population: 18,261 (2010 Census); 21,527 (2002 Census); 27,767 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Nyazepetrovsk accounts for 68.2% of the district's total population.

Administrative divisions of Chelyabinsk Oblast
Chelyabinsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia situated within the Ural Mountains region. As of 2015 it contains 30 cities or towns and is divided into 27 districts, 13 urban-type settlements and 242 selsovets.  As of 2002, there are also 1260 rural localities and 24 uninhabited rural localities.
Don Ward (ice hockey)
Donald Joseph Ward (October 19, 1935 – January 6, 2014)  was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 34 games in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks and Boston Bruins between 1957 and 1960. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1956 to 1973, was mainly spent with the Seattle Totems in the minor Western Hockey League.

Western Hockey League (1952–1974)
The Western Hockey League (WHL) was a minor professional ice hockey league based in Western Canada that operated from 1952 to 1974. The league was managed for most of its history by Al Leader, and had roots in the Pacific Coast Hockey League and the Western Canada Senior Hockey League. The championship trophy of the WHL was the Lester Patrick Cup.
Criticism of Marxism
Criticism of Marxism has come from various political ideologies, campaigns and academic disciplines. This includes general intellectual criticism about dogmatism, a lack of internal consistency, criticism related to materialism (both philosophical and historical), arguments that Marxism is a type of historical determinism or that it necessitates a suppression of individual rights, issues with the implementation of communism and economic issues such as the distortion or absence of price signals and reduced incentives.

In addition, critics have raised empirical and epistemological concerns, arguing that Marxism relies on vague or unfalsifiable theories, resists refutation through dialectical reinterpretation, and has failed key predictions about capitalist collapse and socialist revolution.

Political campaign
A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group. In democracies, political campaigns often refer to electoral campaigns, by which representatives are chosen or referendums are decided. In modern politics, the most high-profile political campaigns are focused on general elections and candidates for head of state or head of government, often a president or prime minister.
Presidential Elections Committee
The Presidential Elections Committee (PEC) is a six-member council set up by the Government of Singapore to ensure that each candidate running for the office of President of Singapore fulfils the stringent qualifications set out in Article 19 of the Constitution of Singapore.

Public Service Commission (Singapore)
The Public Service Commission (PSC) has a constitutional role to appoint, confirm, promote, transfer, dismiss and exercise disciplinary control over public officers in Singapore. It is constituted under Part IX of the Constitution of Singapore.

The PSC also retains two key non-constitutional roles. It considers the suitability of candidates for appointment as chief executive officers of statutory boards; it is also responsible for the planning and administration of scholarships provided by the Government of Singapore. Members are appointed by the president, in consultation with the prime minister.
Reagan Dunn
Reagan Blackburn Dunn (born 1971) is an American politician and former federal prosecutor who serves on the nonpartisan King County Council, representing District 9 in Southeast King County, Washington. District 9 includes the cities of Bellevue, Newcastle, Renton, Maple Valley, Covington, Black Diamond, and Enumclaw, as well as sprawling unincorporated areas.

Prior to his service on the King County Council, Dunn was a federal prosecutor and appointee in the US Department of Justice. As senior counsel to the Director for the Executive Executive Office for United States Attorneys, he helped create Project Safe Neighborhoods, a national initiative against gun violence.

Enumclaw, Washington
Enumclaw (/ˈiːnəmklɔː/ ⓘ EE-nəm-klaw) is a city in King County, Washington, United States. The population was 12,543 at the 2020 census.

The Enumclaw Plateau, on which the city resides, was formed by a volcanic mudflow (lahar) from Mount Rainier approximately 5,700 years ago.
Rhode Island in the American Civil War
The state of Rhode Island during the American Civil War remained loyal to the Union, as did the other states of New England. Rhode Island furnished 25,236 fighting men to the Union Army, of which 1,685 died. The state used its industrial capacity to supply the Union Army with the materials needed to win the war. Rhode Island's continued growth and modernization led to the creation of an urban mass transit system and improved health and sanitation programs.

William Sprague IV
William Sprague IV (September 12, 1830 – September 11, 1915) was the 27th Governor of Rhode Island from 1860 to 1863, and U.S. Senator from 1863 to 1875. He participated in the First Battle of Bull Run during the American Civil War while he was a sitting Governor.
Alaska Defense Command
The Alaska Defense Command (ADC) was a military formation of the United States Army. It was established on 4 February 1941, responsible for coordinating the defense of the Alaska Territory of the United States. The first commanding general of ADC was Brigadier General Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. The Air Force, Alaska Defense Command, was replaced by the Alaskan Air Force which was activated on 15 January 1942.

Until 1 November 1943, Alaska Defense Command was under the jurisdiction of the Western Defense Command, headquartered at the Presidio of San Francisco. ADC was dissolved on 31 October 1943 and replaced by the Alaskan Department, still commanded by now Lieutenant General Buckner but now reporting directly back to the War Department in Washington, D.C.

The Alaskan Department became United States Army Alaska on 15 December 1947.

Fort Richardson (Alaska)
Fort Richardson is a United States Army installation in the U.S. State of Alaska, adjacent to the city of Anchorage. In 2010, it was merged with nearby Elmendorf Air Force Base to form Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson.
Pata Island massacre
The Pata Island massacre refers to an event that took place on February 12, 1981, on Pata Island, Sulu province in the Philippines. More than 100 Philippine Army officers and men were killed by Moro natives in what was called by retired Major General Delfin Castro as "the biggest number of casualties incurred by the Armed Forces of the Philippines in a single incident since the start of the conflict in Mindanao and had the dubious distinction of achieving the biggest losses in AFP firearms and equipment in a single incident." An estimated 3,000 Tausug civilians, including women and children, were killed in months of shelling by military forces in 1982 and was tagged as the Pata Island massacre.

Sulu
Sulu ([sʊˈlu]), officially the Province of Sulu (Tausūg: Wilaya' sin Lupa' Sūg; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Sulu; Chavacano: Provincia de Sulu); is a province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago and part of the Zamboanga Peninsula region.

It was part of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), until the Supreme Court of the Philippines on September 9, 2024, declared its inclusion to be unconstitutional because of the province's simple majority vote against it during the 2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite.

Its capital is Jolo on the island of the same name. Maimbung, the royal capital of the Sultanate of Sulu, is also located in the province. Sulu is along the southern border of the Sulu Sea and the northern boundary of the Celebes Sea.
Mike Vitar
Michael Anthony Vitar (born December 21, 1978) is an American firefighter and former actor who appeared as Benjamin Franklin "Benny the Jet" Rodriguez in The Sandlot and Luis Mendoza in the final two Mighty Ducks films. He started acting as a teenager when a casting manager spotted him in line for a ride at a school carnival. Vitar retired from acting after 1997.

Vitar has two older siblings. His older brother, Pablo, played the older version of his character, Benny, in The Sandlot, after which he joined the Los Angeles Police Department in 1996. Pablo died of colon cancer on January 29, 2008. Vitar also has an older sister, Elizabeth.

Vitar attended St. Francis High School in La Cañada, California, from which he graduated in 1997. Starting in 1996, Vitar worked for Gerber Ambulance in Torrance as an EMT, from which he moved into his career as a firefighter.  Since 2002, Vitar has been a firefighter for the Los Angeles Fire Department. He currently resides in Los Angeles.

La Cañada Flintridge, California
La Cañada Flintridge, commonly known as just La Cañada (Spanish for 'The Ravine'), is a city in the foothills of the  Verdugo Mountains in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Located in the Crescenta Valley, in the western edge of the San Gabriel Valley, it is the location of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory & Descanso Gardens.

Before the city's incorporation on November 30, 1976, it consisted of the two distinct communities of La Cañada and Flintridge.

The population was 20,573 at the 2020 census.
Magnesium (medication)
Magnesium salts are available as a medication in a number of formulations. They are used to treat magnesium deficiency, low blood magnesium, eclampsia, and several other conditions. Magnesium is an essential nutrient.

Usually in lower dosages, magnesium is commonly included in dietary mineral preparations, including many multivitamin preparations. Chelated magnesium is sometimes used to aid in absorption.

In 2023, it was the 313th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 200,000 prescriptions  and magnesium salts were the 174th most commonly prescribed medication, with more than 2 million prescriptions.

Absorption (pharmacology)
Absorption is the journey of a drug travelling from the site of administration to the site of action.

The drug travels by some route of administration (oral, topical-dermal, etc.) in a chosen dosage form (e.g., tablets, capsules, or in solution). Absorption by some other routes, such as intravenous therapy, intramuscular injection, enteral nutrition, is even more straightforward and there is less variability in absorption and bioavailability is often near 100%. Intravascular administration does not involve absorption, and there is no loss of drug. The fastest route of absorption is inhalation.

Absorption is a primary focus in drug development and medicinal chemistry, since a drug must be absorbed before any medicinal effects can occur.  Moreover, the drug's pharmacokinetic profile can be easily and significantly changed by adjusting factors that affect absorption.
2017 Currie Cup First Division
The 2017 Currie Cup First Division was the second tier of the 2017 Currie Cup competition, an annual South African rugby union competition organised by the South African Rugby Union. It was the 79th edition of the competition and was contested between 25 August and 20 October 2017.

The competition was won by the Griffons, who beat the Leopards 60–36 in the final played on 20 October 2017.

Currie Cup
The Currie Cup (Afrikaans: Curriebeker) is South Africa's premier domestic rugby union competition featuring teams representing either entire provinces or substantial regions within provinces. The Currie Cup dates back to 1891.
Anson Wood Burchard
Anson Wood Burchard (April 21, 1865 – January 22, 1927) was an American businessman. He was the vice-chairman of General Electric and the chairman of General Electric International, having served many years as a vice president of General Electric.  In addition, he was a director for several public utility companies.

Burchard was an associate of AIEE. During WWI, he acted as assistant to Benedict Crowell, who was Director of Munitions.  He was the third husband of Allene Tew.

He died suddenly on January 22, 1927 at the home of Mortimer L. Schiff. Anson is buried at Locust Valley Cemetery, Locust Valley, New York.

Benedict Crowell
Benedict Crowell (October 21, 1869 – September 8, 1952) was a United States military officer and politician particularly influential in military organization during and following World War I. He was United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1917 to 1920.
Abu al-Husain al-Nuri
Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Nuri (Persian: ابو الحسین النوری) (died 908 AD), known also as Nuri, was a famous early Sufi saint. He was of Persian origins, but born in Baghdad in 840 CE where spent most of his life. He is the author of Maqamat al-qulub (Stations of the Hearts). He is famous for saying, "I love God and God loves me".

Nuri and several of his friends were accused of heresy and charged in 878 C.E. Nuri offered to be tried before his companions. The regent at the time was impressed by such magnanimity and investigated the case and found these Sufis to be good Muslims. Thus he set the accused free. Nuri was exiled to Raqqa in Syria, and returned later on.

Poetry and statements from Nuri are narrated in popular Sufism. According to popular accounts, he gained the title "Nuri" because he "radiated light when talking".  He was acquainted with Junayd Baghdadi.

Junayd of Baghdad
Junayd of Baghdad (Persian: جُنیدِ بَغدادی; Arabic: الجنيد البغدادي; c. 830 – 910) was a mystic and one of the most famous of the early Islamic saints. He is a central figure in the spiritual lineage of many Sufi orders.

Junayd taught in Baghdad throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in the development of Sufi doctrine. Like Hasan of Basra before him, was widely revered by his students and disciples as well as quoted by other mystics. Because of his importance in Sufi theology, Junayd was often referred to as the "Sultan".
Jason Baumgartner
Jason Raymond Baumgartner, from the IBM Corporation, was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for contributions to formal hardware verification and its application.

Electronic design automation
Electronic design automation (EDA), also referred to as electronic computer-aided design (ECAD), is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. The tools work together in a design flow that chip designers use to design and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Since a modern semiconductor chip can have billions of components, EDA tools are essential for their design. A complete set of technologies are integrated in EDA tools, which have been expanded to software, hardware and design methodologies (such as through design services),  this article in particular describes EDA specifically with respect to integrated circuits (ICs).
History of the periodic table
The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements, structured by their atomic number, electron configuration and recurring chemical properties. In the basic form, elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, in the reading sequence. Then, rows and columns are created by starting new rows and inserting blank cells, so that rows (periods) and columns (groups) show elements with recurring properties (called periodicity). For example, all elements in group (column) 18 are noble gases that are largely—though not completely—unreactive.

The history of the periodic table reflects over two centuries of growth in the understanding of the chemical and physical properties of the elements, with major contributions made by Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, John Newlands, Julius Lothar Meyer, Dmitri Mendeleev, Glenn T. Seaborg, and others.

History of atomic theory
Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries. Initially, it referred to a hypothetical fundamental particle of matter, too small to be seen by the naked eye, that could not be divided. Then the definition was refined to being the basic particles of the chemical elements, when chemists observed that elements seemed to combine with each other in ratios of small whole numbers. Then physicists discovered that these atoms had an internal structure of their own and therefore could be divided after all.

Atomic theory is one of the most important scientific developments in history, crucial to all the physical sciences. At the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, physicist and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept.