hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
New approaches to international law
New approaches to international law (NAIL) is a subfield, but not a coherent movement, related to critical legal studies and Third World approaches to international law. A "unifying factor is the common desire to rethink the foundations of international law and create space for emancipatory politics".

Critical legal studies
Critical legal studies (CLS) is a school of critical theory that developed in the United States during the 1970s. CLS adherents claim that laws are devised to maintain the status quo of society and thereby codify its biases against marginalized groups.

Despite wide variations in the opinions of critical legal scholars around the world, there is a consensus regarding the key goals of critical legal studies:

to demonstrate the ambiguity and possible preferential outcomes of supposedly impartial and rigid legal doctrines;

to publicize historical, social, economic and psychological results of legal decisions;

to demystify legal analysis and legal culture in order to impose transparency on legal processes so that they earn the general support of socially responsible citizens.

The abbreviations "CLS" and "Crit" are sometimes used to refer to the movement and its adherents.
United Nations Forum on Sustainability Standards
The United Nations Forum on Sustainability Standards (UNFSS) is an initiative with a steering committee of six United Nations Agencies – Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Trade Centre (ITC), UN Environment, UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the secretariat of UNFSS. UNFSS headquarters are in Geneva.

International standard
An international standard is a technical standard developed by one or more international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide. The most prominent such organization is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Other prominent international standards organizations including the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Together, these three organizations have formed the World Standards Cooperation alliance.
Ncdu
ncdu (NCurses Disk Usage) is a disk utility for Unix systems. Its name refers to its similar purpose to the du utility, but ncdu uses a text-based user interface under the [n]curses programming library. Users can navigate the list using the arrow keys and delete files that are taking up too much space by pressing the 'd' key. It provides a swift and efficient way to view directories that are taking up disk space, and was primarily meant for remote shells. It runs on UNIX-based systems, such as Linux, BSD, and POSIX. Users can install ncdu by running a package manager command in their terminal emulator (i.e. for Debian-based systems, apt install ncdu). Version 1.09 and later can export the file listing in JSON format.

ncdu was developed by Yoran Heling to learn C and to serve as a disk usage analyzer on remote systems over ssh. Version 2.0 of the program brought a full rewrite in the Zig programming language.

Curses (programming library)
curses is a terminal control library for Unix-like systems, enabling the construction of text user interface (TUI) applications.

The name is a pun on the term "cursor optimization". It is a library of functions that manage an application's display on character-cell terminals (e.g., VT100).

ncurses is the approved replacement for 4.4BSD classic curses.
Baiyuerius shenzhen
Baiyuerius shenzhen is a species of spider in the family Agelenidae, subfamily Coelotinae. It is endemic to China. The species was described in 2023 and is known only from near its type locality in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province.

Agelenidae
The Agelenidae are a large family of spiders in the suborder Araneomorphae. Well-known examples include the common "grass spiders" of the genus Agelenopsis. The most widely accepted common name for members of the family is funnel weaver.
Miscanthus fuscus
Miscanthus fuscus, one of three species known as elephant grass, is a South Asian grass species first described by William Roxburgh, and was given its current name by George Bentham. Miscanthus fuscus is included in the genus silvergrasses, and the grass family. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.

The bamboo-like plant grows rapidly up to 3 metres high, generating a high yield of biomass with low ash content, suitable for use in electricity generation.

Biomass
Biomass is material produced by the growth of microorganisms, plants or animals. Beyond this general definition, there are differences in how the term is used and applied depending on industry or subject-matter norms. For example, it may be more narrowly defined as just plant matter, or as a combination of plant and animal matter.
René Domingo
René "Bill" Domingo (28 December 1928 – 13 June 2013) was a French professional footballer who spent his entire career as a midfielder for Saint-Étienne. He was their long-term captain in the 1950s and 1960s, and helped the team to their first ever domestic trophies.

Trophée des Champions
The Trophée des Champions (French pronunciation: [tʁɔ.fe de ʃɑ̃.pjɔ̃], lit. 'Champions' Trophy') is a French association football trophy contested in an annual match between the champions of Ligue 1 and the winners of the Coupe de France. It is equivalent to the super cups found in many other countries.
Hell in a Cell (2015)
The 2015 Hell in a Cell was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was the seventh annual Hell in a Cell and took place on October 25, 2015, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The event was the first WWE pay-per-view, other than SummerSlam, to be held in the city of Los Angeles since No Way Out in February 2007. This was also the last Hell in a Cell event to be held before the reintroduction of the brand extension in July 2016.

Eight matches were contested at the event, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. In the main event, Brock Lesnar defeated The Undertaker in a Hell in a Cell match, their second match against each other in a Hell in a Cell match, the first one being at No Mercy in October 2002. In the opening bout, Alberto Del Rio, who last wrestled for WWE in 2014, returned to answer John Cena's open challenge and defeat him to win the WWE United States Championship.

Facebuster
A facebuster, also known as a faceplant, is a takedown move in professional wrestling in which an attacking wrestler forces their opponent down to the mat face-first without involving a headlock or facelock. A standard facebuster, also known as a jumping facebuster, involves the wrestler grabbing hold of the opponent's head/hair and dropping down to their knees, forcing the opponent's face into the mat.
Royal Troon Golf Club
Royal Troon Golf Club is a links golf course in Scotland, located in Troon, South Ayrshire. The club was established in 1878, and originally only consisted of five holes whereas today, it has increased to a total of 45 holes. Its Old Course is one of the host courses for The Open Championship, one of the major championships on the PGA Tour and European Tour. The Club most recently hosted in 2024 for the tenth time. It also hosted the Women's British Open in 2020.

On 1 July 2016, Royal Troon members voted overwhelmingly to admit women into the club as members, avoiding a potential controversy that could have led to the club being removed from the Open Championship rota.

Ulex
Ulex (commonly known as gorse, furze, or whin) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. The genus comprises about 20 species of thorny evergreen shrubs in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae. The species are native to parts of western Europe and northwest Africa, with the majority of species in Iberia.

Gorse is closely related to the brooms, and like them, it has green stems, very small leaves and is adapted to dry growing conditions. However, it differs from the brooms in its extreme thorniness, the shoots being modified into branched thorns 1–4 centimetres (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 inches) long, which almost wholly replace the leaves as the plant's functioning photosynthetic organs. The leaves of young plants are trifoliate, but in mature plants, they are reduced to scales or small spines.  All the species have yellow flowers, generally showy, some with a very long flowering season.
Group C
Group C was a category of sports car racing introduced by the FIA in 1982 and continuing until 1993, with Group A for touring cars and Group B for GTs.

It was designed to replace both Group 5 special production cars (closed top touring prototypes like Porsche 935) and Group 6 two-seat racing cars (open-top sportscar prototypes like Porsche 936). Group C was used in the FIA's World Endurance Championship (1982–1985), World Sports-Prototype Championship (1986–1990), World Sportscar Championship (1991–1992) and in the European Endurance Championship (1983 only). It was also used for other sports car racing series around the globe (All Japan Sports Prototype Championship, Supercup, Interserie). The final year for the class came in 1993, thereafter being replaced by Group GT1.

Broadly similar rules were used in the North American IMSA Grand Touring Prototype series (GTP).

Grand tourer
A grand tourer (GT) is a type of car that is designed for high speed, long-distance driving with luxury specifications. The most common format is a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive two-door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement. Grand tourers are often the coupé derivative of luxury saloons or sedans. Some models, such as the Ferrari 250 GT, Jaguar E-Type, and Aston Martin DB5, are considered classic examples of gran turismo cars.

The term is a near-calque from the Italian language phrase gran turismo, which became popular in the English language in the 1950s, evolving from fast touring cars and streamlined closed sports cars during the 1930s.
Jocelyn (Sicilian chancellor)
Jocelyn (original Latin: Canzolinus, Italianised as Gozzelino) was an Italo-Norman officer serving Roger II of Sicily.

In 1134, he was appointed lieutenant to Guarin in the Terra di Lavoro with the title of Chamberlain (camerarius). In 1135 he was made the procurator of the Principality of Capua for the young Prince Alfonso while Guarin was made Alfonso's regent. He took part in the sieges of Montecassino and Salerno in January 1137. After Guarin's death on 21 January, Jocelyn succeeded him as interim chancellor (magister cancellarius) and took over the Italo-Norman forces trying to occupy Montecassino and defend Salerno from the army of the Emperor Lothair II. After securing the election of an Anacletan abbot at Montecassino, Jocelyn was replaced by Robert of Selby as chancellor.

Italo-Normans
The Italo-Normans (Italian: Italo-Normanni), or Siculo-Normans (Siculo-Normanni) when referring to Sicily and Southern Italy, are the Italian-born descendants of the first Norman conquerors to travel to Southern Italy in the first half of the eleventh century. While maintaining much of their distinctly Norman culture and customs of war, French culture also played an important role, they were partly shaped by the diversity of Southern Italy, by the cultures and customs of the Greeks, Lombards, and Arabs in Sicily.
Mercedes-Benz China
Mercedes-Benz China is the subsidiary of German multinational automotive company Mercedes-Benz Group in the Mainland China and headquartered in Beijing, China.

the company was founded in  2001 and is responsible for the activities of Mercedes-Benz Cars and Vans, Mercedes-Benz Financial Services, Mobility Services, the spare parts business, and research and development centers.

Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)
The Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206) is the fifth generation of the Mercedes-Benz C-Class which is produced by Mercedes-Benz Group AG since 2021. It replaces the W205 C-Class which had been produced since 2014. The fifth-generation C-Class is available in sedan (W206), station wagon/estate (S206), and long-wheelbase sedan (V206) body styles. The W206 C-Class is based on the Mercedes MRA II rear-wheel drive modular platform also used by the W223 S-Class.
2006 Hamburg Masters
The 2006 Hamburg Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 100th edition of the Hamburg Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2006 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg, Germany, from 15 May through 22 May 2006.

The top two seeds, world number one Roger Federer and number two Rafael Nadal, both withdrew from the singles draw before the tournament started with fatigue. Lukáš Dlouhý and Robin Söderling came in as unseeded replacements.

The men's field was therefore headlined by ATP No. 3 and 2005 Madrid Masters,  2005 Paris Masters and Miami finalist Ivan Ljubičić, Kremlin Cup and New Haven winner  Nikolay Davydenko, and Indian Wells runner-up and Stockholm, Bangkok winner James Blake. Other top seeds competing were 2004 French Open champion Gastón Gaudio, Fernando González and Tommy Robredo.

2006 Thailand Open (tennis)
The 2006 Thailand Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 4th edition of the Thailand Open, and was part of the International Series of the 2006 ATP Tour. It took place at the Impact Arena in Bangkok, Thailand, from 25 September through 1 October 2006. James Blake won the singles title.
Natillas
Natillas (Spanish pronunciation: [naˈtiʎas]) is a term in Spanish for a variety of custards and similar sweet desserts in the Spanish-speaking world. In Spain, this term refers to a custard dish made with milk and eggs, similar to other European creams as crème anglaise. In Colombia, the delicacy does not include eggs, and is called natilla.

Crème anglaise
Crème anglaise (French: [kʁɛm‿ɑ̃glɛz]; French for 'English cream'), custard sauce, pouring custard, or simply custard is a light, sweetened pouring custard from French cuisine, used as a dessert cream or sauce. It is a mix of sugar, egg yolks, and hot milk usually flavoured with vanilla.

Crème anglaise can be poured over cakes or fruits as a sauce or eaten as part of desserts such as floating island. It also serves as a base ingredient for other desserts such as ice cream or crème brûlée.

As a beverage, it is known as "drinking custard" or "boiled custard" in the American South and served like eggnog during the Christmas season.

Other names include the French terms crème à l'anglaise ("English-style cream") and crème française ("French cream").

Imitation custard sauce, containing no egg, is often made from instant custard powders such as Bird's Custard.
Francesco Ferrari (politician, born 1946)
Francesco Ferrari (16 December 1946 – 23 May 2022) was an Italian politician. He was appointed to the European Parliament on 5 July 2007 to replace Marta Vincenzi, and sat as a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group. He was a member of United in the Olive Tree – for Europe.

Marta Vincenzi
Marta Vincenzi (born 27 May 1947) is an Italian politician and former Mayor of Genoa. She was previously a Member of the European Parliament for the North-West of Italy with the Democrats of the Left (DS), part of the Socialist Group from 2004 until she resigned on 29 June 2007.

Vincenzi was born in Genoa. She sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism, and was a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development and the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. She was also a member of the Delegation for relations with the Mashreq countries. She served as President of the Province of Genoa from 1993 to 2002. In May 2007 Marta Vincenzi became mayor of Genoa with the Democratic Party. In February 2012 she ran in a primary election to seek a second term as mayor, but lost to independent candidate Marco Doria.
Piedra Blanca (Puerto Rico)
Piedra Blanca is the fourth highest peak of Puerto Rico measuring 4,042 feet (1,232 m) above sea level. Piedra Blanca, which is Spanish for "white rock", is located in the Cordillera Central or Central Mountain Range of Puerto Rico, in the Veguitas barrio of Jayuya, close to Cerro de Punta and Cerro Rosa.

Jayuya, Puerto Rico
Jayuya (Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈʝuʝa]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the mountainous center region of the island, north of Ponce; east of Utuado; and west of Ciales. Jayuya is spread over 10 barrios and Jayuya Pueblo (the downtown and administrative center of the city). It is the principal city of the Jayuya Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Named after the Taíno tribal leader, Hayuya, Jayuya is known for its skilled wood carvers. Among its monuments are the statue of Nemesio Canales and the bust of Hayuya, both by the Puerto Rican sculptor Tomás Batista.
Dr. James Penny Memorial Stakes
The Dr. James Penny Memorial Stakes is a Listed American Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares that are three years old or older, over a distance of 1+1⁄16 miles on the turf held annually in July at Parx Casino and Racing racetrack in Bensalem, Pennsylvania. The event currently carries a purse of $200,000.

Parx Casino and Racing
Parx Casino and Racing (formerly Philadelphia Park Racetrack and Casino) is a Thoroughbred horse racing venue and the largest casino gaming complex in Pennsylvania. Parx is located in Bensalem Township in Bucks County, northeast of the city of Philadelphia. Owned and operated by Greenwood Gaming and Entertainment, Inc., Parx features 24-hour gaming with over 3,200 slot machines, 188 live table games, a poker room with 48 poker tables, live racing and simulcast action, sports betting, several dining options and bars, and the Xcite Center. Parx also offers online gambling and online sports betting along with off-track betting at two locations.
Association of Women Artists (Auckland)
The Association of Women Artists (AWA) was a feminist art collective formed in Auckland, New Zealand in 1980, to celebrate and exhibit New Zealand, specifically Auckland, women's art. They emerged as an Auckland iteration of the Women's Art Movement and were a catalyst for the formation of similar groups across New Zealand. They were active until 1998, staging numerous exhibitions, workshops and forums at Outreach Gallery, Ponsonby.

Te Uru Waitākere Contemporary Gallery
Te Uru Waitākere Contemporary Gallery (commonly known as Te Uru, formerly known as Lopdell House Gallery) is a contemporary art gallery located in Titirangi, Auckland. The gallery, which serves the West Auckland region, was originally opened within Lopdell House in 1986.
Marina Poplavskaya
Marina Poplavskaya (Russian: Марина Поплавская; born  September 1977) is a Russian operatic soprano. Her repertoire includes leading roles in operas of the Romantic era; she is particularly known for her performances in the operas of Verdi.

Riccardo Muti
Riccardo Muti (Italian: [rikˈkardo ˈmuːti]; born 28 July 1941) is an Italian conductor.  He is current music director of the Orchestra Giovanile Luigi Cherubini. Muti has previously held posts at the Maggio Musicale in Florence, the Philharmonia Orchestra in London, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Teatro alla Scala in Milan, the Salzburg Whitsun Festival, and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.  He was named music director emeritus in Chicago in 2023.

A prolific recording artist, Muti has received numerous honours and awards, including two Grammy Awards. He is especially associated with the music of Giuseppe Verdi. Among the world's leading conductors, in a 2015 Bachtrack poll he was ranked by music critics as the world's fifth best living conductor.
African Urban Youth Languages
African Urban Youth Languages is an umbrella term for languages formed and spoken in the urban areas of Africa that have resulted from language contact in their populations that has been caused by migration into cities in the latter part of the 20th century.
It encompasses languages such as Camfranglais, Indoubil, Lingla ya Bayankee, Nouchi, Sheng, and Engsh.
There is some degree of linguistic prejudice against calling these languages, but they are not pidgins nor creole languages.
They have been variously named "urban vernaculars" or "urban youth languages" in linguistic literature, although the name African Urban Youth Language, coined for a linguistics conference in Cape Town in 2013, has come to be the accepted name, not least because of the simplicity of its acronym AUYL.

Camfranglais
Camfranglais (French pronunciation: [kamfʁɑ̃ɡlɛ] ⓘ), Francanglais, or Francamglais (portmanteau of the French adjectives camerounais, français, and anglais) is a vernacular of Cameroon, containing grammatical and lexical elements from Cameroonian French, Cameroonian English, and Cameroonian Pidgin English, in addition to lexical contributions from various indigenous languages of Cameroon.

The language blend is common among young people in the country, and rivals Cameroonian Pidgin English ("Creole") as the country's most common lingua franca. It is most popular in the high-density urban centres where anglophones and francophones meet. Camfranglais has caused concern for educators, who worry that the language blend may hinder acquisition of regular French and English and may be seen as a shortcut around true bilingualism. Studies are underway over Camfranglais, which some academics consider to be on its way to becoming a proper language.
Panikos Krystallis
Panikos Krystallis (Greek: Πανίκος Κρυστάλλης; 1 July 1938 – 9 June 2025) was a Cypriot football player who played as a forward and a later manager. Apart from a stint abroad with Greek club AEK Athens, he spent his entire career in his home country of Cyprus with Apollon Limassol and AEL Limassol. At international level, he made 20 appearances for the Cyprus national team scoring four goals.

Cypriot Cup
The Cypriot Cup, formally known as the Cypriot Coca-Cola Cup of First and Second Division (Greek: Κύπελλο Κύπρου Coca-Cola A' B' Κατηγορίας) for sponsorship purposes, is a Cypriot knockout football club competition, hosted annually by the Cyprus Football Association.

First held in 1934, it is the second most important competition in Cypriot football, after the Cypriot First Division. Since 2008, it is contested by teams from the first and second division, while teams from the third and fourth division compete in the Cypriot Cup for lower divisions.

The winners of the Cypriot Cup qualify for one of UEFA's European competitions, and a place in the Cypriot Super Cup. APOEL are the most successful team in the competition with 21 titles. AEK Larnaca FC are the current champions, having defeated the previous champions Pafos FC in the 2024–25 Final.
Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–1930)
The Muslim Conflict in Gansu broke out when a coalition of Muslim generals revolted against the Guominjun in 1927. Prominent among the rebels was Ma Tingxiang, the son of the General Ma Anliang, who received aid in the form of arms from Zhang Zuolin in Manchuria.

Republic of China Military Academy
The Republic of China Military Academy (Chinese: 中華民國陸軍軍官學校; pinyin: Zhōnghúa Mīngúo Lùjūn Jūnguān Xúexiào; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lio̍k-kun Kun-koaⁿ Ha̍k-hāu), also known as the  Chinese Military Academy (CMA), is the service academy for the Republic of China Army. It was founded as the Whampoa Military Academy at Whampoa, Canton (present day Huangpu, Guangzhou) in 1924. At the end of the Chinese Civil War the academy evacuated to the island of Taiwan and took its current name. Its graduates participated in the Northern Expedition, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War.