hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Serre's inequality on height
In algebra, specifically in the theory of commutative rings, Serre's inequality on height states: given a (Noetherian) regular ring A and a pair of prime ideals  in it, for each prime ideal  that is a minimal prime ideal over the sum , the following inequality on heights holds:

Without the assumption on regularity, the inequality can fail; see scheme-theoretic intersection#Proper intersection.

Commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not specific to commutative rings. This distinction results from the high number of fundamental properties of commutative rings that do not extend to noncommutative rings.

Commutative rings appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
To All New Arrivals
To All New Arrivals is the 5th studio album by dance music act Faithless. The album was created after the positive response to the Faithless Greatest Hits tour, originally described as their "final tour". The album was released on 27 November 2006, a week after the single "Bombs". The title for the album was inspired by the recent birth of two babies to band members Rollo and Sister Bliss. The album cover features the 1880 oil painting, Nightfall on the Thames, by John Atkinson Grimshaw.

The album was supported by a tour of all of the United Kingdom's major arenas, which began in Nottingham on 17 March 2007. It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 30 for the week ending 3 December 2006. Given that their previous studio album, No Roots, entered the charts at number 1, this position was seen as a disappointment.

No Roots (album)
No Roots is the fourth album by British electronic music act Faithless, released in 2004. It reached number one on the UK Albums Chart that year, giving them their first number one album in their career. It features vocals from vocalist Dido, LSK, and the late Nina Simone.
Prime Minister of Qatar
The Prime Minister of the State of Qatar (Arabic: رئیس الوزراء القطري) is the head of government of Qatar, and technically the second most powerful official in the country after the Emir, who in practice holds all power and authority.

Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar since the coup d'état of 1972, was the first holder of this position from its establishment in 1970. He served as prime minister until the coup of June 1995, when he was deposed by his son Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani.

In March 2023, emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani replaced Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Aziz Al Thani with his minister of foreign affairs, current prime minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani.

1995 Qatari coup d'état
The 1995 Qatari coup d'état was a bloodless palace coup that took place in Qatar on 27 June 1995. The coup was carried out by Crown Prince Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani who, with the support of the ruling Al Thani family, took control of the country while his father, Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, was on a visit to Geneva, Switzerland. The coup came after a falling-out between Hamad bin Khalifa and his father who, in early 1995, had tried regaining some of the authority he bestowed upon Hamad in 1992.
Afiq Fazail
Muhammad Afiq bin Fazail (born 29 September 1994) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Malaysia Super League club Johor Darul Ta'zim.

Afiq has individually won 2 FAM Football Awards 'Best Midfielder Award' in 2022 and 2023 where he was also included in the 'Team of the Season'.

2022 Malaysia FA Cup
The 2022 Malaysia FA Cup was the 32nd edition of the Malaysia FA Cup, a knockout competition for Malaysian association football clubs. The winners, if eligible, would be assured a place in the 2023–24 AFC Cup group stage. 34 teams entered the competition.

Kedah Darul Aman were the defending champions after winning the 2019 Malaysia FA Cup. The 2020 edition was abandoned midway during the tournament, and the 2021 edition was not played, both due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia.
Foreign interference in the 2024 United States elections
Several nations interfered in the 2024 United States elections. U.S. intelligence agencies identified Cuba, China, Iran, and Russia as the most pressing concerns, with Russia being the most active threat.

Interference included propaganda, disinformation, and misinformation campaigns using inauthentic accounts and websites on social media and the internet; successful and unsuccessful attempts to hack presidential campaigns; the promotion and denigration of specific candidates and causes; and the posting of divisive content and conspiracy theories to cause domestic unrest and criticize the United States and democracy more broadly.

2024 Tenet Media investigation
Tenet Media was an American right-wing media company founded by conservative political commentator Lauren Chen and her husband, Liam Donovan, in 2022. Describing itself as a "network of heterodox commentators that focus on Western political and cultural issues", Tenet Media featured six right-wing influencers: Matt Christiansen, Tayler Hansen, Benny Johnson, Tim Pool, Dave Rubin, and Lauren Southern.

In 2024 the U.S. charged two Russian media executives in a $10 million scheme to illegally fund Tenet Media and influence it to promote Russian propaganda. The company shut down shortly afterward.
6th Ohio General Assembly
The Sixth Ohio General Assembly was the sixth meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Chillicothe, Ohio, on December 7, 1807, and adjourned February 22, 1808.

Jefferson County, Ohio
Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,249. Its county seat is Steubenville. The county is named for Thomas Jefferson, who was vice president at the time of its creation.

Jefferson County is part of the Weirton–Steubenville, WV–OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton, PA–WV–OH Combined Statistical Area.
Thomas Hollinshead House
The Thomas Hollinshead House, also known as the Eves House and the Stow House, is located at 18 West Stow Road near the Marlton section of Evesham Township in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. The historic Georgian house was built in 1776 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1992, for its significance in architecture.  It was listed as part of the Historic Resources of Evesham Township, New Jersey, Multiple Property Submission (MPS).

The two and one-half story brick house was built in 1776 by Thomas Hollinshead, on land his grandfather, Thomas Eves, gave to him. According to the multiple property submission, it is possibly the oldest known surviving house in the township. During the American Revolutionary War, British soldiers leaving Philadelphia encamped here on the night of June 19, 1778.

Evesham Township, New Jersey
Evesham Township is a township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is a suburb of Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-most populous city. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 46,826, an increase of 1,288 (+2.8%) from the 2010 census count of 45,538, which in turn reflected an increase of 3,263 (+7.7%) from the 42,275 counted in the 2000 census. Colloquially, the area is referred to as Marlton, the name of a community within the township.

The township is part of the South Jersey region of the state and, along with all of Burlington County, is a part of the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley.
1980 FA Cup final
The 1980 FA Cup final was contested by West Ham United and Arsenal at Wembley. West Ham won by a single goal, scored by Trevor Brooking. To date, it is the last time a team from outside the top flight has won the FA Cup. It was West Ham's third FA Cup triumph and the last time that they had won a major trophy until their UEFA Europa Conference League victory in 2023.

2023 UEFA Europa Conference League final
The 2023 UEFA Europa Conference League final was the final match of the 2022–23 UEFA Europa Conference League, the second season of Europe's tertiary club football tournament organised by UEFA. The match was played at the Fortuna Arena in Prague, Czech Republic, on 7 June 2023, between Italian club Fiorentina and English club West Ham United.

West Ham United won the match 2–1 for their first UEFA Europa Conference League title. As winners, they qualified for the group stage of the 2023–24 UEFA Europa League.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular
The Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (Institute of Molecular Medicine), or iMM for short, is an associated research institution of the University of Lisbon, in Lisbon, Portugal.

IMM is devoted to human genome research with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of disease mechanisms, developing novel predictive tests, improving diagnostics tools, and developing new therapeutic approaches.

University of Lisbon
The University of Lisbon (ULisboa; Portuguese: Universidade de Lisboa) is a public research university in Lisbon, and Portugal's largest university. It was founded in 1911, but the university's present structure dates to the 2013 merger of the former University of Lisbon (1911–2013) and the Technical University of Lisbon (1930–2013).
Church of St Mary the Virgin, Pilton
The Church of St Mary the Virgin in Pilton is the 13th-century Anglican parish church for the Pilton suburb of Barnstaple in Devon. It has been a Grade I listed building since 1951 and comes under the Diocese of Exeter.

Sounding board
A sounding board, also known as a tester and abat-voix is a structure placed above and sometimes also behind a pulpit or other speaking platform that helps to project the sound of the speaker. It is usually made of wood.  The structure may be specially shaped to assist the projection, for example, being formed as a parabolic reflector. In the typical setting of a church building, the sounding board may be ornately carved or constructed. The term "abat-voix," from the French word for the same thing (abattre (“to beat down”) + voix (“voice”)), is also used in English.
Sophiornithidae
The Sophiornithidae (literally "wisdom birds") are an extinct family of chicken-sized predatory birds that lived from the Paleocene to the Eocene periods of the Cenozoic, and were found primarily in Europe, and are thought to be primitive owls (hence, the name wisdom bird). They were also possibly related to Strigiformes.

The French genera Berruornis (Late Paleocene to Late Eocene/Early Oligocene), as well as Palaeotyto and Palaeobyas from Quercy, are sometimes placed in this family. The latter might instead be barn owls, while the first might be a very basal owl but not an actual sophiornithid. Strigogyps was placed here for a time, but it has been revised several times since then and appears to be an ameghinornitid; these were distant relatives of the seriemas.

Berruornis
Berruornis orbisantiqui was an early fossil owl or owl-like bird recovered from late Paleocene deposits in the region of Reims in northeastern France. It was about the size of a Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo).
Czech Informel
Czech Informel is described as a current of expressive structural abstraction that emerged from specific local conditions at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. It radically defined itself against all contemporary production and compromised creation and aestheticization of official art and became a turning point in the history of Czech art. Foreign critics appreciated the uniqueness of the works and wrote about a strong revolt of about thirty desperate avant-garde artists, which had no predecessor in Czechoslovakia. The term "informel" was used from 1945 by the French critic Waldemar-George and taken up and claimed by the painter Michel Tapié in the very title of the exhibition Signifiants de l´informel staged in Paul Facchetti´s studio in 1951. With international informel, which in Enrico Crispolti's conception includes a very heterogeneous group of artistic forms ranging from tachism to lyrical abstraction, is the Czech informel related only by some creative techniques.

Zbyšek Sion
Zbyšek Sion (12 April 1938 – 21 October 2025) was a Czech painter and printmaker, a co-founder of Czech structural abstraction art. His later works were mostly imaginative and illusionistic paintings, often on a general warning theme or bearing a strong political symbolism.
Daniel Salamanca
Daniel Domingo Salamanca Urey (8 July 1869 – 17 July 1935) was a Bolivian lawyer and politician who served as the 33rd president of Bolivia from 1931 to 1934.

He was overthrown in a coup d'état on 27 November 1934, during the country's disastrous Chaco War with Paraguay. Bolivian historians have referred to him as "El Hombre Símbolo" (the symbolic man), as a president who carefully cultivated an appearance of integrity and nationalism.

President of Bolivia
The president of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente de Bolivia), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.

According to the Bolivian Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and may serve a maximum of two terms. A strict and inviolable two-term limit is enshrined in the Bolivian Constitution. If no candidate wins a majority (defined as either more than 50%, or alternatively at least 40% and at least 10% more than the second-place candidate), the top two candidates advance to a runoff election.

Rodrigo Paz is the 68th and current president of Bolivia, having assumed office on 8 November 2025.
Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina
Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Florence and about 70 km southeast of Pisa.

Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina borders the following municipalities: Casole d'Elsa, Monterotondo Marittimo, Montieri, Pomarance, Radicondoli, Volterra.

Radicondoli
Radicondoli is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Siena in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Florence and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Siena.
Social anarchism
Social anarchism, also known as left-wing anarchism or socialist anarchism, is an anarchist tradition that sees individual liberty and social solidarity as mutually compatible and desirable.

It advocates for a social revolution to eliminate hierarchical power structures, such as capitalism and the state. In their place, social anarchists encourage voluntary social collaboration through mutual aid and envision non-hierarchical forms of social organization, such as networks of popular assemblies and worker cooperatives.

Identified with the socialist tradition of Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin, social anarchism is often contrasted with individualist anarchism.

Anti-capitalism
Anti-capitalism is a political ideology and movement encompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that oppose capitalism. Anti-capitalists seek to combat the worst effects of capitalism and to eventually replace capitalism with  alternative economic systems such as socialism and communism.
Frivolous or vexatious
In law, frivolous or vexatious is a term used to challenge a complaint or a legal proceeding being heard as lacking in merit, or to deny, dismiss or strike out any ensuing judicial or non-judicial processes.

The term is used in several jurisdictions, such as England & Wales, Ireland, Canada and New Zealand. While the term is referenced in laws and regulations, it is often not defined by statute, being developed instead by decisions of the courts.

Law of the Republic of Ireland
The law of Ireland consists of constitutional, statutory, and common law. The highest law in the State is the Constitution of Ireland, from which all other law derives its authority. The Republic has a common-law legal system with a written constitution that provides for a parliamentary democracy based on the British parliamentary system, albeit with a popularly elected president, a separation of powers, a developed system of constitutional rights and judicial review of primary legislation.
Dog meat
Dog meat, also known as false-mutton, fragrant meat, or simply fragrant, is the meat derived from dogs. Historically, human consumption of dog meat has been recorded in many parts of the world.

In the 21st century, dog meat is consumed to a limited extent in Cambodia, China, parts of Northeastern India, Indonesia, Ghana, Laos, Nigeria, South Korea, Switzerland, and Vietnam.  In these areas, the legality of dog meat consumption varies with some nations permitting it or lacking a nationwide ban. It was estimated in 2014 that worldwide, 25 million dogs were eaten each year by humans.

Some cultures view the consumption of dog meat as part of their traditional, ritualistic, or day-to-day cuisine, and other cultures consider consumption of dog meat a taboo, even where it had been consumed in the past. Opinions also vary drastically across different regions within different countries.

Xoloitzcuintle
The Xoloitzcuintle (or Xoloitzquintle, Xoloitzcuintli, or Xolo) is one of several breeds of hairless dog. It is found in standard, intermediate, and miniature sizes. The Xolo has both hairless and coated types, with the latter fully furred. Coated and hairless can be born in the same litter as a result of the same combination of genes. The hairless variant is known as the perro pelón mexicano or Mexican hairless dog. It is characterized by its wrinkles and dental abnormalities. In Nahuatl, from which its name originates, it is xōlōitzcuintli [ʃoːloːit͡sˈkʷint͡ɬi] (singular) and xōlōitzcuintin [ʃoːloːit͡sˈkʷintin] (plural). The name comes from the Aztec god of fire and lightning Xolotl that, according to ancient narratives, is its creator and itzcuīntli [it͡sˈkʷiːnt͡ɬi], meaning 'dog' in the Nahuatl language.
The Benefactor (novel)
The Benefactor is a novel by Susan Sontag published in 1963 by Farrar, Straus & Company.

Sontag's first novel, it was inspired by the ancient Greek myth of Hippolytus of Athens and his step-mother Phaedra

John Barth
John Simmons Barth (/bɑːrθ/; May 27, 1930 – April 2, 2024) was an American writer best known for his postmodern and metafictional fiction. His most highly regarded and influential works were published in the 1960s, and include The Sot-Weed Factor, a whimsical retelling of Maryland's colonial history; Giles Goat-Boy, a satirical fantasy in which a university is a microcosm of the Cold War world; and Lost in the Funhouse, a self-referential and experimental collection of short stories. He was co-recipient of the National Book Award in 1973 for his episodic novel Chimera.
Chinese food therapy
Chinese food therapy (simplified Chinese: 食疗; traditional Chinese: 食療; pinyin: shíliáo; lit. 'food therapy', also called nutrition therapy and dietary therapy) is a mode of dieting rooted in Chinese beliefs concerning the effects of food on the human organism, and centered on concepts such as seasonal eating and in moderation. Its basic precepts are a mix of Taoist Wuxing and eight principle theory that are concepts drawn from the modern representation of traditional Chinese medicine. Food that conform to the mode are called yaoshan (simplified Chinese: 药膳; traditional Chinese: 藥膳; pinyin: yàoshàn; lit. 'drug-food').

Food therapy has long been a common approach to health among Chinese people both in China and overseas, and was popularized for western readers in the 1990s with the publication of books like The Tao of Healthy Eating (Flaws 1995a) and The Wisdom of the Chinese Kitchen (Young 1999).

Zangfu
The zangfu (simplified Chinese: 脏腑; traditional Chinese: 臟腑; pinyin: zàngfǔ) are functional relationships stipulated by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This concept did not primarily develop out of anatomical biological considerations, but from cosmological patterns and influences.

Each zang is paired with a fu, and each pair is assigned to one of the Wuxing (Five Elements). The zangfu are also connected to the twelve standard meridians – each zang organ is attached to a yin meridian, and each fu organ, to a yang meridian. They are five systems of Heart, Liver, Spleen, Lung, Kidney.

To highlight the fact that the zangfu are not equivalent to the anatomical organs, their names are often capitalized.
Door phone
A door phone or door bell phone is a set of electrical and electronic elements used to handle communication between a resident in a house, apartment or villa and a guest outside. The device can also lock or unlock the door it has been configured to work with. Door phones have been used across a variety of commercial and residential buildings. For example, offices and apartment blocks both make frequent use of door phones. They are so widely used that, nowadays, they form part of the standard electrical installation of most buildings.

The simplest version is an intercom that establishes a communication between an entryway at street level and a resident inside the house. A loudspeaker installed at the street level entrance allows a building resident to speak to their visitor. In buildings where there are more than one door phone plate located outside of a building's entrance, each door phone has a certain number of buttons depending on the number of units in each building.

Electric strike
An electric strike is an access control device used for door frames. It replaces the fixed strike faceplate often used with a latch (also known as a keeper).
ANSI/BHMA A156.31 – Standard for Electric Strikes and Frame Mounted Actuators is a US industry specification defining operations and testing of electric strikes.
Benzilylcholine mustard
Benzilylcholine mustard (N-2-chloroethyl-N-methyl 2-aminoethyl benzilate) is a modified version of acetylcholine, so named because after cyclization in solution it forms an aziridinium derivative that is structurally similar to benzilylcholine. It is well known for being an irreversible antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. It has been used in pharmacological experiments  investigating the relationship between receptor occupancy and response. It was also one of the tools in characterization of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.

Irreversible antagonist
An irreversible antagonist is a type of antagonist that binds permanently to a receptor, either by forming a covalent bond to the active site, or alternatively just by binding so tightly that the rate of dissociation is effectively zero at relevant time scales. This permanently deactivates the receptor and is usually followed by rapid internalisation and recycling of the non-functional receptor protein. Irreversible enzyme inhibitors that act similarly are clinically used and include drugs such as aspirin, omeprazole and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
Hoplisoma paleatum
Hoplisoma paleatum, the blue leopard corydoras, mottled corydoras or peppered catfish, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Corydoradinae, the corys, of the family Callichthyidae, the armoured catfishes. This catfish is found in southeastern South America.

Courtship display
A courtship display is a set of display behaviors in which an animal, usually a male, attempts to attract a mate; the mate exercises choice, so sexual selection acts on the display. These behaviors often include ritualized movement ("dances"), vocalizations, mechanical sound production, or displays of beauty, strength, or agonistic ability.