hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Defence Minister of Nigeria
The Federal Minister of Defence of Nigeria is the Federal Executive Council official who leads the Defence Ministry of Nigeria. The Defence Minister's main responsibility is to manage all branches of the Nigerian Armed Forces, to maintain a modern, competent, and professional military force for the protection of the national territory, maritime interests, airspace, and constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

Ministry of Defence (Nigeria)
The Ministry of Defence is a government ministry in Nigeria with the statutory responsibility of overseeing and supervising the Nigerian Armed Forces. The Ministry of Defence is headed by the Minister of Defence, a cabinet-level head who reports directly to the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Its main mission is to provide administrative and support services, timely and effectively to enable the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Pato Kalan
Pato Kalan is a village in Shahkot in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from Shahkot, 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Nakodar, 49 kilometres (30 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar, and 179 kilometres (111 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Shahkot, India
Shahkot is a small city and one of the five tehsils of Jalandhar district in Punjab, India. Shahkot is situated on Jalandhar-Moga-Barnala-Sirsa National Highway 703 (Old NH 71). Shahkot is administered by the Municipal Committee. About 176 villages belong to Shahkot tehsil.
Awu language
Awu (Chinese: 阿邬) (autonym: lu33 ju33 za33), is an unclassified Loloish language of Yunnan, China. It is spoken in Yuanyang County, Yunnan, China, including in the village of Xiaopingzi 小坪子, Daping Township 大坪乡 (Lu & Lu 2011).

Loloish languages
The Loloish languages, also known as Yi (like the Yi people) and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a sub-branch of 50–100 Tibeto-Burman languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of Southwestern China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, sub-classification is more contentious.

The 2013 edition of Ethnologue  estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Loloish ("Ngwi") languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers.
Aikaterini Kontochristopoulou
Aikaterini Kontochristopoulou (born 10 June 1997) is a Greek fencer. She competed in the women's foil event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She was defeated in the round of 64 by Do Thi Anh of Vietnam and did not advance.

Đỗ Thị Anh
Đỗ Thị Anh (born 9 February 1996) is a Vietnamese fencer. She won silver in the women's team foil event at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games and competed in the women's foil event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Anh started fencing when she was 15, after learning about the sport from the manga series Ore wa Teppei.
Gamaliel IV
Gamaliel IV (flourished probably late 3rd century CE; also known as Gamaliel IV ben Judah II) was the son of the nasi Judah II and father of  Judah III.

Gamaliel was the president of the Sanhedrin between 270 and 290 CE. However, due to Roman persecution, during his presidency the name Sanhedrin was dropped and its authoritative decisions were subsequently issued under the name Beth HaMidrash. His name is rarely mentioned in the Talmud, as his scholarship was considered inferior to that of his contemporary Rabbi Yochanan.

Hoshaiah Rabbah is said to have prevented Gamaliel from introducing into Syria a ruling referring to the tithing of crops. The Jerusalem Talmud tells a story of Gamaliel's humility: Once when Abbahu asked him a question about the law, Gamaliel speaks of his own ignorance in comparison with Abbahu.

Hoshaiah Rabbah
Hoshaiah Rabbah or  Hoshaʻyā Rabbā (Hebrew: הושעיה רבה) was an amora of the first generation in Rabbinic Judaism and a compiler of baraitot explaining the Mishnah and the Tosefta. He is known from tractates of the Jerusalem Talmud.
Churchill–Bernstein equation
In convective heat transfer, the Churchill–Bernstein equation is used to estimate the surface averaged Nusselt number for a cylinder in cross flow at various velocities.  The need for the equation arises from the inability to solve the Navier–Stokes equations in the turbulent flow regime, even for a Newtonian fluid. When the concentration and temperature profiles are independent of one another, the mass-heat transfer analogy can be employed. In the mass-heat transfer analogy, heat transfer dimensionless quantities are replaced with analogous mass transfer dimensionless quantities.

This equation is named after Stuart W. Churchill and M. Bernstein, who introduced it in 1977. This equation is also called the Churchill–Bernstein correlation.

Prandtl number
The Prandtl number  (Pr) or Prandtl group is a dimensionless number, named after the German physicist Ludwig Prandtl, defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. The Prandtl number is given as:

where:

: momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity), , (SI units: m2/s)

: thermal diffusivity, , (SI units: m2/s)

: dynamic viscosity, (SI units: Pa s = N s/m2)

: thermal conductivity, (SI units: W/(m·K))

: specific heat, (SI units: J/(kg·K))

: density, (SI units: kg/m3).

Note that whereas the Reynolds number and Grashof number are subscripted with a scale variable, the Prandtl number contains no such length scale and is dependent only on the fluid and the fluid state. The Prandtl number is often found in property tables alongside other properties such as viscosity and thermal conductivity.

The mass transfer analog of the Prandtl number is the Schmidt number and the ratio of the Prandtl number and the Schmidt number is the Lewis number.
2011–12 Big 12 men's basketball season
The 2011–12 Big 12 Conference men's basketball season began with practices on October 15, 2011 and ended with the Big 12 Tournament, won by Missouri on March 10, 2012 at the Sprint Center in Kansas City.

It was the first season in which 10 teams participated, since Colorado left for the Pac-12 and Nebraska joined the Big Ten. It was also the final season in this conference for Texas A&M and Missouri before they both joined the SEC for the 2012–13 season.

Missouri Tigers men's basketball
The Missouri Tigers men's basketball team represents the University of Missouri in the SEC. Prior to the 2012–2013 season, the basketball team represented the school in the Big 12 Conference. They are located in Columbia, Missouri, playing home games at Mizzou Arena (15,061). The team last played in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 2025. The Tigers' season in 2022–23 was their first under head coach Dennis Gates, who was hired away from Cleveland State to replace the fired Cuonzo Martin. The Missouri men's basketball program was a charter member of the Big 12 Conference, formed from the Big Eight Conference in 1996. Entering the 2023–24 season the Tigers had an all-time record of 1,691–1,245 and a winning percentage of .576.
Rafael Martín Vázquez
Rafael Martín Vázquez (born 25 September 1965) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played mostly as an attacking midfielder.

He represented most notably Real Madrid, having two different spells and amassing La Liga totals of 252 games and 42 goals for the club. He also played abroad in Italy, France, Mexico and Germany.

Martín Vázquez appeared for Spain at the 1990 World Cup and Euro 1988, winning nearly 40 caps.

1991–92 UEFA Cup
The 1991–92 UEFA Cup was the 21st season of Europe's then-tertiary club football tournament organised by UEFA. The final was played over two legs at Stadio Delle Alpi, Turin, Italy, and at Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam, Netherlands. The competition was won by Dutch club Ajax, who defeated Torino of Italy on away goals after an aggregate result of 2–2 to claim their first UEFA Cup title.

The victory made Ajax only the second team—after Torino's city rivals Juventus—to have won all three major European trophies at the time (European Cup/UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League, and the Cup Winners' Cup). As the only English team in the tournament due to lost coeffecient following the five-year ban for the Heysel disaster during the 1985 European Cup final, and being given an additional year of exclusion, Liverpool made their comeback in continental competition for the first time since then.
CIA activities in Nicaragua
CIA activities in Nicaragua were frequent in the late 20th century. The increasing influence gained by the Sandinista National Liberation Front, a left-wing and anti-imperialist political party in Nicaragua, led to a sharp decrease in Nicaragua–United States relations, particularly after the Nicaraguan Revolution. In 1981, President Ronald Reagan authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to support the Contras, a right-wing Nicaraguan political group to combat the influence held by the Sandinistas in the Nicaraguan government. Various anti-government rebels in Nicaragua were organized into the Nicaraguan Democratic Force, the first Contra group, at the behest of the CIA. The CIA also supplied the Contras with training and equipment, including materials related to torture and assassination. There have also been allegations that the CIA engaged in drug trafficking in Nicaragua.

William J. Casey
William Joseph Casey (March 13, 1913 – May 6, 1987) was an American lawyer who was the Director of Central Intelligence from 1981 to 1987.  In this capacity he oversaw the entire United States Intelligence Community and personally directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) throughout much of the Reagan administration.
High pressure
In science and engineering, the study of high pressure examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure. High pressure usually means pressures of thousands (kilobars) or millions (megabars) of times atmospheric pressure (about 1 bar or 100 kilopascals).

Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.: 445  Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in2) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the unit atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
Metapodial
Metapodials are long bones of the hand (metacarpals) and feet (metatarsals) which connect the digits to the lower leg bones.  In humans, five are present in each hand and foot. In quadrupeds, these form the lower limb, rather than being part of the extremity, thus what looks to be the elbow of a sheep is actually the wrist.

Metatarsal bones
The metatarsal bones or metatarsus (pl.: metatarsi) are a group of five long bones in the midfoot, located between the tarsal bones (which form the heel and the ankle) and the phalanges (toes). Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (the side of the great toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal (often depicted with Roman numerals). The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. The lengths of the metatarsal bones in humans are, in descending order, second, third, fourth, fifth, and first. A bovine hind leg has two metatarsals.
Chase Vault
The Chase Vault is a burial vault in the cemetery of the Christ Church Parish Church in Oistins, Christ Church, Barbados, best known for a widespread urban legend of "mysterious moving coffins". According to the story, each time the heavily sealed marble vault was opened for the burial of a family member, including in 1808, twice in 1812 and in 1816 and 1819, all of the lead coffins had changed position. The facts of the story are unverified; investigations have concluded there may not be actual events at the base of the legend.

Burial vault (tomb)
A burial vault is a structural stone or brick-lined underground tomb or 'burial chamber' for the interment of a single body or multiple bodies underground. The main difference between entombment in a subterranean vault and a traditional in-ground burial is that the coffin is not placed directly in the earth, but is placed in a burial chamber specially built for this purpose. A burial vault refers to an underground chamber, in contrast to an above-ground, freestanding mausoleum. These underground burial tombs were originally and are still often vaulted and usually have stone slab entrances. They are often privately owned and used for specific family or other groups, but usually stand beneath a public religious building, such as a church, or in a churchyard or cemetery. A crypt may be used as a burial vault and a freestanding mausoleum may contain a burial vault beneath the ground.
2018 WAC women's basketball tournament
The 2018 WAC women's basketball tournament was a tournament held March 7–10, 2018, at the Orleans Arena in Paradise, Nevada.  Seattle, the winner of the WAC Tournament, earned an automatic trip to the 2018 NCAA tournament.

2018 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
The 2018 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament began on March 16, 2018, and concluded with the national championship game on Sunday, April 1. The Final Four was played at Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio. This is the third time that the women's Final Four was played in Ohio after previously being held in Cincinnati in 1997 and Cleveland in 2007 and the first time that the women's Final Four was played in Columbus. For only the fourth time in the tournament’s 37-year history, all four of the number one seeds made it to the Final Four (1989, 2012, 2015).

Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA women's basketball tournament at 37 consecutive appearances. Connecticut also continued its record streak of 11 consecutive Final Four appearances.
Gersbach (Schopfheim)
Gersbach is a state-recognized resort town in the municipality of Schopfheim, a town in the district of Lörrach in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Gersbach is situated in a mountain valley basin to the south from the eponymous river in the Black Forest at an altitude of 800–1170 m above sea level. The old town of Schopfheim is roughly 17 km away. The formerly independent village, together with the six associated hamlets (Fetzenbach, Gersbach-Au, Lochmühle, Metteln, Neuhaus, and Schlechtbach) forms one of Baden-Württemberg's largest Gemarkung, with an area of 2409 hectares.

Lörrach (district)
Lörrach is a Landkreis (district) in the southwest of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald and Waldshut. To the west it borders the French département Haut-Rhin; to the south the Swiss cantons Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft and Aargau.
Crataegus senta
Crataegus senta (common name rough hawthorn) is a putative species of hawthorn native to North Carolina. Most authorities have it as a synonym of Crataegus flava, the summer haw or yellow-fruited thorn, from which it differs by having red fruit.

Crataegus
Crataegus (/krəˈtiːɡəs/), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn, Mayflower or hawberry, is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.
Hantzsche–Wendt manifold
The Hantzsche–Wendt manifold, also known as the HW manifold or didicosm, is a compact, orientable, flat 3-manifold, first studied by Walter Hantzsche and Hilmar Wendt in 1934. It is the only closed flat 3-manifold with first Betti number zero. Its holonomy group is . It has been suggested as a possible shape of the universe because its complicated geometry can obscure the features in the cosmic microwave background that would arise if the universe is a closed flat manifold, such as the 3-torus.

3-manifold
In mathematics, a 3-manifold is a topological space that locally looks like a three-dimensional Euclidean space. A 3-manifold can be thought of as a possible shape of the universe. Just as a sphere looks like a plane (a tangent plane) to a small and close enough observer, all 3-manifolds look like our universe to a small enough observer. This is made more precise in the definition below.
M3 tripod
The M3 tripod is a weapon mount used on the M2HB Browning machine gun and the  Mk 19 grenade launcher. The M3 tripod has a total weight of 20 kilograms (44 pounds). The M205 tripod, formerly the XM205, is intended to replace it.

Weapon mount
A weapon mount is an assembly or mechanism used to hold a weapon (typically a gun) onto a platform in order for it to function at maximum capacity. Weapon mounts can be broken down into two categories: static mounts and non-static mounts.
Shihori railway station
Shihori railway station is a station in Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India, in the Ahmedabad division of the Western Railway zone.

Shihori station is 33 km from Patan railway station. One passenger, two express, and two superfast trains halt at the station.

Ahmedabad railway division
Ahmedabad railway division is one of the six railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 1 April 2003 and its headquarter is located at Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat of India.

Mumbai WR railway division, Vadodara railway division, Bhavnagar railway division, Rajkot railway division and Ratlam railway division are the other five railway divisions under WR Zone headquartered at Churchgate, Mumbai.
Tracy Bond
Teresa "Tracy" Bond (née Draco, also known as Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo) is a fictional character and the main Bond girl in the 1963 James Bond novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service, where she becomes the first Bond girl to marry 007. In the novel’s  1969 film adaptation, Tracy is played by the actress Diana Rigg.

It is suggested that the inspiration for Tracy Bond came from Ian Fleming's wartime romance with Muriel Wright, whom he met whilst skiing in Kitzbühel.  Wright's sudden death in her London flat in 1944 from a bombing raid during The Blitz and Fleming's subsequent grief are reflected in Tracy's own unexpected death and its effect on Bond, evident in the succeeding novels and film adaptations.

Bond girl
"Bond girl" is a term for a female character who is a love interest, ally or adversary of the character James Bond in a novel, film, or video game. According to Lisa Funnell, an editor of multiple books about the James Bond series, the "Bond girl" is a staple of the franchise and has been a powerful contributor to its worldwide success. Funnell believes the term is overused in popular discourse, as it is applied to almost every female character who appears in a Bond film. In recent years, some actresses in the franchise have stated that they prefer the term "Bond woman" over "Bond girl".
Vitali covering lemma
In mathematics, the Vitali covering lemma is a combinatorial and geometric result commonly used in measure theory of Euclidean spaces. This lemma is an intermediate step, of independent interest, in the proof of the Vitali covering theorem. The covering theorem is credited to the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Vitali. The theorem states that it is possible to cover, up to a Lebesgue-negligible set, a given subset E of Rd by a disjoint family extracted from a Vitali covering of E.

Separable space
In mathematics, a topological space is called separable if it contains a countable dense subset; that is, there exists a sequence  of elements of the space such that every nonempty open subset of the space contains at least one element of the sequence.

Like the other axioms of countability, separability is a "limitation on size", not necessarily in terms of cardinality (though, in the presence of the Hausdorff axiom, this does turn out to be the case; see below) but in a more subtle topological sense.  In particular, every continuous function on a separable space whose image is a subset of a Hausdorff space is determined by its values on the countable dense subset.

Contrast separability with the related notion of second countability, which is in general stronger but equivalent on the class of metrizable spaces.
2013 Toyota Owners 400
The 2013 Toyota Owners 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on April 27, 2013, at Richmond International Raceway in Richmond, Virginia, United States. Contested over 406 laps—extended from 400 laps due to a Green-white-checker finish on the 0.75-mile (1.20 km) D-shaped oval, it was the ninth race of the 2013 Sprint Cup Series championship. Kevin Harvick of Richard Childress Racing won the race, his first win of the 2013 season, while Clint Bowyer finished second. Joey Logano, Juan Pablo Montoya, and Jeff Burton rounded out the top five.

NASCAR Cup Series at Richmond Raceway
Stock car races in the NASCAR Cup Series have been held at Richmond Raceway in Richmond, Virginia since 1953.

A second race in March was also held at the track from 1953 to 2024 until it was moved to Mexico for the 2025 season.
Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q2)
The following is a timeline of the presidency of Joe Biden during the second quarter of 2021, from April 1 to June 30, 2021. For a complete itinerary of his travels, see List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2021). To navigate between quarters, see timeline of the Joe Biden presidency. For the Q3 timeline see timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q3).

Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency
Joe Biden, a Democrat from Delaware, was elected President of the United States on November 3, 2020. He was inaugurated on January 20, 2021, as the nation's 46th president, and his presidency ended on January 20, 2025, with the second inauguration of Donald Trump.

The following articles cover the timeline of Joe Biden, and the time leading up to it:
Hans-Peter Pfammatter
Hans-Peter Pfammatter (1974 in Sierre) is a Swiss jazz pianist and composer.

Pfammatter played as a child at first trumpet. At the age of thirteen, he changed to piano. He played in several rock, pop and jazz bands and studied from 1995 until 1999 at the jazz school of Luzern. then, he played in the recordings of Bänz Oester, Gilbert Paeffgen and Werner Hasler and appeared in the concerts of Corin Curschellas, Ray Anderson, Christy Doran, Fredy Studer, Tony Overwater, Fee Claasen, Brad Dutz and Alexander Sipiagin.

In 2001, he became a member of Christy Doran's group, New Bag. Along with the clarinet player Lucien Dubuis, the bass player Urban Lienert and percussion player Lionel Friedli, he founded the group Scope. The group published the album Nu Gara in 2007.

At the same time, he composed music for dramas and plays such as Tag des Jammers with Peter Schärli and for short movies and radio plays. He composed also for several string quartets.

Corin Curschellas
Corin Curschellas (Romansh pronunciation: [ˈkɔrin kurˈʃeːlɐs]; born 2 July 1956) is a Swiss singer-songwriter, vocalist (jazz, folk music, world music, chanson), free improvisation, actress (theatre, film, musical), voice actress in (radio drama and audio books) as well as voice instructress.