hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Joachimów-Mogiły
Joachimów-Mogiły [jɔaˈximuf mɔˈɡiwɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bolimów, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south-east of Bolimów, 13 km (8 mi) north of Skierniewice, and 59 km (37 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Skierniewice County
Skierniewice County (Polish: powiat skierniewicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Skierniewice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county); there are no towns within the county.

The county covers an area of 756.12 square kilometres (291.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 37,779.
Largest differencing method
In computer science, the largest differencing method is an algorithm for solving the partition problem and the multiway number partitioning. It is also called the Karmarkar–Karp algorithm after its inventors, Narendra Karmarkar and Richard M. Karp.  It is often abbreviated as LDM.

Narendra Karmarkar
Narendra Krishna Karmarkar (born 1956) is an Indian mathematician. He developed Karmarkar's algorithm. He is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher.

He invented one of the first provably polynomial time algorithms for linear programming, which is generally referred to as an interior point method. The algorithm is a cornerstone in the field of linear programming. He published his famous result in 1984 while he was working for Bell Laboratories in New Jersey.
Jean Crespon
Jean Crespon (14 October 1797, Nîmes – 1 August 1857) was a French zoologist and naturalist.

Born into a poor family, he worked as a barber, soldier, and poet before becoming a taxidermist and turning to natural history. In 1840 he published his Ornithologie du Gard et des pays circonvoisins (Ornithology of Gard and Environs), a book that covered 321 species of birds. The book earned the praise of naturalists that included Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805-1861).

In 1844 Crespon published the two-volume La Faune méridionale (Mediterranean Wildlife), in which he described 27 new species.

Crespon's natural history collections passed to the Muséum d'histoire naturelle in Nîmes on his death.

Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ] ⓘ) is a department in Southern France, located in the region of Occitanie. It had a population of 748,437 as of 2019; its prefecture is Nîmes.

The department is named after the river Gardon. In recent decades of the twenty-first century, local administration and French speakers have returned to the original Occitan name of the river, Gard (Occitan pronunciation: [gaɾ]). It is part of a revival of Occitan culture.
Valley coal mine
Valley Colliery, commonly known as Valley Pit, was a deep coal mine and training centre located in  Hednesford, Staffordshire, UK.

Situated at the foot of the Hednesford Hills, Valley Colliery was opened in 1874 and for 108 years served the area providing coal for homes and industries, including most notably Rugeley Power Station.
The training centre and colliery closed for good in 1982.

Today the site of the former coal mine is home to The Museum of Cannock Chase which was opened by Cannock Chase District Council as the Valley Heritage Centre in 1989.

The currently standing museum is housed in some of the buildings which remain from the Valley Colliery.

Valley was one of many coal mines dotted around Cannock Chase and the wider Staffordshire area.

Rugeley power stations
The Rugeley power stations were a series of two coal-fired power stations located on the River Trent at Rugeley in Staffordshire. The first power station on the site, Rugeley A power station was opened in 1961, but has since been closed and demolished. Rugeley B power station was commissioned in 1970, and closed on 8 June 2016. The cooling towers of which were demolished on 6 June 2021. It had an output of 1,000 megawatts (MW) and had a 400 kilovolt (kV) connection to the national grid. The B station provided enough electricity to power roughly half a million homes.
Natalie's Rap 2.0
"Natalie's Rap 2.0" is a song written and recorded by American comedy hip hop group The Lonely Island and features Natalie Portman with Beck Bennett and Alex Moffat. It is the sequel to the 2006 single "Natalie's Rap" from the band's first album Incredibad. The music video premiered on the February 3, 2018 edition of SNL which Portman hosted, with the single being released to online services after the broadcast.

Alex Moffat
Alexander Everett Moffat (/ˈmɒfət/; born March 25, 1982) is an American actor and comedian. He was a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 2016 to 2022. In 2023, he made his Broadway debut in The Cottage.
Martijn Bok
Martijn Bok (born 8 March 1973) is a retired Dutch tennis player.

Bok has a career high ATP singles ranking of 212 achieved on 22 May 1995. He also has a career high doubles ranking of 204 achieved on 16 October 1995.

Bok has won 1 ATP Challenger doubles title at the 1995 Seville Challenger.

Bok is the current coach of Petra Martić, tennis professional from Croatia.

Petra Martić
Petra Martić (Croatian pronunciation: [pêtra mâːrtitɕ]; born 19 January 1991) is a Croatian professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 14, achieved in January 2020. Martić has won two singles titles on the WTA Tour, one singles and one doubles tournament on the WTA Challenger Tour, plus four singles and five doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.
Steve Baines
Stephen John Baines (born 23 June 1954) is an English former footballer and later a referee in the Football League. Born in Newark, Nottinghamshire, during his refereeing career he resided in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. He is the only referee in the League's history to have had a significant career previously as a professional player.

Chesterfield, Derbyshire
Chesterfield is a market and industrial town in the county of Derbyshire, England. It is 24 miles (39 km) north of Derby and 11 miles (18 km) south of Sheffield at the confluence of the Rivers Rother and Hipper. In 2011, the built-up-area subdivision had a population of 88,483, making it the second-largest settlement in Derbyshire, after Derby. The wider Borough of Chesterfield had a population of 103,569 in the 2021 Census. In 2021, the town itself had a population of 76,402.

It has been traced to a transitory Roman fort dated to approximately AD 80-100. The name of the later Anglo-Saxon village comes from the Old English ceaster (Roman fort) and feld (pasture). It has a sizeable street market three days a week. The town sits on an old coalfield, but little visual evidence of mining remains since the closure of the final town centre mine nicknamed “The Green Room”. The main landmark is the crooked spire of the Church of St Mary and All Saints.
Palotaka
Palotaka (sometimes spelled Palataka) as is a community in Magwi County of Eastern Equatoria state in South Sudan. It is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Magwi.

At one time Palotaka was a thriving town.
During the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005) it was in turn a base for the Sudan People's Liberation Army and the Sudan Armed Forces, and was almost abandoned.
In March 1993 Moli Tokoro and Borongoli camps were evacuated for Natinga after the National Islamic Front had made advances in the south. The route led through Palotaka, where about 800 of the unaccompanied minors decided to settle.
Following the war, many refugees from Uganda have returned and are being helped to resettle by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

Eastern Equatoria
Eastern Equatoria is a state in South Sudan. It has an area of 73,472 km2. The capital city is Torit. On October 1, 1972, the state was divided into Imatong and Namorunyang states and was re-established by a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020.

Louis Lobong Lojore is the current governor of Eastern Equatoria.
Abbey of Val des Écoliers, Mons
Notre Dame du Val des Écoliers was a monastery of Augustinian canons regular in the city of Mons, Belgium, founded as a priory in 1252 at the invitation of Margaret, Countess of Hainaut. It became an abbey in 1617 and was suppressed in 1796, during the French period. The buildings were later used as an arsenal, a meeting hall, a warehouse, a factory, and a hospital, but were allowed to decay into considerable disrepair. Most of the old buildings were demolished in 1876, but one tower remained and was restored in 1892. It was classified as a monument in 1955 and is now a landmark. The monastic ruins were investigated by archaeologists in 2021 prior to being cleared to make way for an underground carpark and office space. Initially expected to last a month, the dig would ultimately run from March to July, and exhumed about sixty sets of human remains dating from the 14th and 15th centuries.

Canon regular
The Canons Regular are Catholic priests and religious brothers (canons) who live in community under a rule (Latin: regula and κανών, kanon, in Greek) and are generally organised into religious orders, differing from both secular canons and other forms of religious life, such as clerics regular, designated by a partly similar terminology. As religious communities, they have lay brothers as part of the community. Canons regular generally follow the Rule of Saint Augustine.

At times, the life of canons regular has been very popular. In 12th-century England, there were more houses of canons (often referred to as an abbey or canonry) than monasteries of monks.
Rebel Faction (Cultural Revolution)
During the Cultural Revolution, a Rebel Faction (Chinese: 造反派; pinyin: Zàofǎn pài) was a group or a sociopolitical movement that was self-proclaimed "rebellious". Composed of workers and students, they were often the more radical wing of the Red Guards and grew around 1967, but were accompanied by further splits and sectarianism.

Rebellion
Rebellion is an uprising that resists and is organized against one's government. A rebel is a person who engages in a rebellion. A rebel group is a consciously coordinated group that seeks to gain political control over an entire state or a portion of a state. A rebellion is often caused by political, religious, or social grievances that originate from a perceived inequality or marginalization. Rebellion comes from Latin re and bellum, and in Lockian philosophy refers to the responsibility of the people to overthrow unjust government.
Topside (Brooksville, Maine)
Topside is a historic summer estate in Brooksville, Maine.  Designed by Tennessee architect William Crutchfield and built in 1918, this unusual log structure more closely resembles vacation houses found in the mountain areas of the southern United States than it those found in Maine.  It is located on the north shore of Walker Pond, off Maine State Route 176.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

Maine State Route 176
State Route 176 (SR 176) is part of Maine's system of numbered state highways, located in Hancock County. The 38-mile-long (61 km) route runs in a vertical zig-zag direction, but it is mostly signed as an east–west route. The western terminus of the route is at SR 175 in Brooksville and its eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 1 (US 1) and SR 3 in Orland.
5th Panzer Army
5th Panzer Army (German: 5. Panzerarmee) was the name of two different German armoured formations during World War II. The first of these was formed in 1941, during the North African campaign and surrendered to the Allies at Tunis in 1943. The army was re-formed in France in 1944, fought in Western Europe and surrendered in the Ruhr pocket in 1945.

Armoured warfare
Armoured warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare. It is a major component of modern methods of war. The premise of armoured warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional defensive lines through use of manoeuvre by armoured units.

Much of the application of armoured warfare depends on the use of tanks and related vehicles used by other supporting arms such as infantry fighting vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and other combat vehicles, as well as mounted combat engineers and other support units. The doctrine of armoured warfare was developed to break the static nature of World War I trench warfare on the Western Front, and return to the 19th century school of thought that advocated manoeuvre and decisive battle outcomes in military strategy.
Belsize Wood
Belsize Wood is a 0.7 hectare Local Nature Reserve and a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II, in Belsize Park in the London Borough of Camden. It is a steeply sloping site divided into a northern half, which is always open to the public and is of lesser ecological value, and a southern part which is in a better state of conservation, and which is only open at weekends. The two halves are separated by a public footpath between Lawn Road and Aspern Grove. The site is owned and managed by Camden Council.

Local nature reserve
Local nature reserve (LNR) is a statutory designation for certain nature reserves in Great Britain. The Wild Life Conservation Special Committee established them and proposed a national suite of protected areas comprising national nature reserves, conservation areas (which incorporated suggestions for Sites of Special Scientific Interest), national parks, geological monuments, local nature reserves and local educational nature reserves.

There are now over 1,280 LNRs in England, covering almost 40,000 hectares, which range from windswept coastal headlands and ancient woodlands to former inner city railways and long abandoned landfill sites.
Bedekaspel
Bedekaspel is an East Frisian village in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is an Ortsteil of the municipality of Südbrookmerland. It is located near the Großes Meer. A Haufendorf, the village of Bedekaspel includes Wochenendsiedlung ("Weekend Settlement"), a recreational area on the northern shore of the Großes Meer, and Bedekaspeler Marsch.

Bedekaspel was an independent municipality until it was incorporated into the municipality of Südbrookmerland on 1 July 1972.

East Frisia
East Frisia (/ˈfriːʒə/) or East Friesland (/ˈfriːzlənd/; German: Ostfriesland; East Frisian Low Saxon: Oostfräisland; Saterland Frisian: Aastfräislound) is a historic region in the northwest of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is primarily located on the western half of the East Frisian peninsula, to the east of West Frisia and to the west of Landkreis Friesland.

Administratively, East Frisia consists of the districts Aurich, Leer and Wittmund, and the city of Emden. It has a population of approximately 469,000 people and an area of 3,142 square kilometres (1,213 sq mi).

There is a chain of islands off the coast, called the East Frisian Islands (German: Ostfriesische Inseln). From west to east, these islands are Borkum, Juist, Norderney, Baltrum, Langeoog and Spiekeroog.
Berteștii de Jos
Berteștii de Jos is a commune located in Brăila County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Berteștii de Jos, Berteștii de Sus, Gura Călmățui and Spiru Haret. It formerly included Gura Gârluței and Nicolești villages, now depopulated.

The Balta Mică a Brăilei Natural Park is partly situated on the administrative territory of the commune.

Muntenia
Muntenia (Romanian pronunciation: [munˈteni.a], also known in English as Greater Wallachia) is a historical region of Romania, part of Wallachia (also, sometimes considered Wallachia proper, as Muntenia, Țara Românească, and the rarely used Valahia are synonyms in Romanian). It is situated between the Danube (south and east), the Carpathian Mountains (the Transylvanian Alps branch) and Moldavia (both north), and the Olt River to the west. The latter river is the border between Muntenia and Oltenia (or Lesser Wallachia). Part of the traditional border between Wallachia/Muntenia and Moldavia was formed by the rivers Milcov and Siret.
September 1960 lunar eclipse
A total lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Monday, September 5, 1960, with an umbral magnitude of 1.4239. It was a central lunar eclipse, in which part of the Moon passed through the center of the Earth's shadow. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon's near side entirely passes into the Earth's umbral shadow. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly two hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Occurring about 2.5 days after perigee (on September 2, 1960, at 22:20 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

Umbra, penumbra and antumbra
The umbra, penumbra and antumbra are three distinct parts of a shadow, created by any light source after impinging on an opaque object of lesser size. In cases of equal or smaller impinging objects, only an umbra and penumbra are generated. Assuming no diffraction, for a collimated beam (such as a point source) of light, only the umbra is cast.

These phenomena are generally observed within solar systems, as the size of the stars within the system are larger than the orbiting satellites, hence these terms are most often used for the shadows cast by celestial bodies, though they are sometimes used to describe levels of darkness, such as in sunspots.
Davis Gillilan
Davis Gillilan or Gillilian (March 17, 1812 - August 8, 1852) was an American merchant, miner and politician from Dubuque, Wisconsin Territory and Potosi, Wisconsin, who held various elected offices in Dubuque and served a single one-year term as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Grant County.

Grant County, Wisconsin
Grant County is the most southwestern county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 51,938. Its county seat is Lancaster and its largest city is Platteville. The county is named after the Grant River, in turn named after a fur trader who lived in the area when Wisconsin was a territory. Grant County comprises the Platteville Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the tri-state area of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa, and is crossed by travelers commuting to Madison, Wisconsin, from a number of eastern Iowan cities, and by residents of northern Illinois traveling to the Twin Cities or La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Cultura (journal)
Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal that was established in 2004 and covers philosophical work exploring different values and cultural phenomena. The journal is published in print format by Peter Lang. Online access to all issues of Cultura from 2005 to the present is provided by the Philosophy Documentation Center.

EBSCO Information Services
EBSCO Information Services, headquartered in Ipswich, Massachusetts, is a division of EBSCO Industries Inc., a private company headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. EBSCO provides products and services to libraries of many types around the world. Its products include EBSCONET, a complete e-resource management system, and EBSCOhost, which supplies a fee-based online research service with 375 full-text databases, a collection of 600,000-plus ebooks, subject indexes, point-of-care medical references, and an array of historical digital archives. In 2010, EBSCO introduced its EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS) to institutions, which allows searches of a portfolio of journals and magazines.
Lorcon
lorcon (acronym for Loss Of Radio CONnectivity) is an open source network tool. It is a library for injecting 802.11 (WLAN) frames, capable of injecting via multiple driver frameworks, without the need to change the application code. Lorcon is built by patching the third-party MadWifi-driver for cards based on the Qualcomm Atheros wireless chipset.

The project is maintained by Joshua Wright and Michael Kershaw ("dragorn").

Atheros
Atheros Communications, Inc. was an American computer networking company independently active from 1998 to 2011. It produced semiconductor chips for network communications, particularly wireless chipsets. The company was founded under the name T-Span Systems in 1998 by experts in signal processing and VLSI design from Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, and private industry. The company was renamed Atheros Communications in 2000 and it completed an initial public offering in February 2004, trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol ATHR.

On January 5, 2011, it was announced that Qualcomm had agreed to a takeover of the company for a valuation of US$3.7 billion. When the acquisition was completed on May 24, 2011, Atheros became a subsidiary of Qualcomm operating under the name Qualcomm Atheros.

Qualcomm Atheros chipsets for the IEEE 802.11 standard of wireless networking are used by over 30 different wireless device manufacturers.
DBpm Records
dBpm Records is an American record label based in Chicago, Illinois, and founded in 2011 by Grammy Award winning, alternative rock band Wilco. The label has released all of Wilco's albums since The Whole Love in 2011. It was aided by ADA for distribution, until the label had a new distribution agreement with Sony Music Entertainment in 2023; Cousin was the first release under the new distribution agreement. The label has also released Don't Lose This by Pop Staples; Sukierae, an album created by Jeff Tweedy and his son Spencer Tweedy; a set of solo albums by Jeff Tweedy called WARM + WARMER; and most recently, the final live album by the late Daniel Johnston, Chicago 2017.

Pops Staples
Roebuck "Pops" Staples (December 28, 1914 – December 19, 2000) was an American gospel and R&B musician. A "pivotal figure in gospel in the 1960s and 1970s", he was a songwriter, guitarist and singer.  He was the patriarch and member of singing group The Staple Singers, which included his son Pervis and daughters Mavis, Yvonne, and Cleotha.
Makem and Clancy
Makem and Clancy was an Irish folk duo popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The group consisted of Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy, who had originally achieved fame as a part of the trailblazing folk group The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem in the 1960s. Makem and Clancy sang a combination of traditional Irish music, folks songs from a variety of countries, and newly written pieces, including compositions that Tommy Makem himself wrote. One reporter described their music as "more polished and varied than that used by the Clancy Brothers."

Although best known for their albums, concerts, and television programs, Makem and Clancy had three top ten singles in Ireland, including the number one hit, "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda." Upon Liam Clancy's death in 2009, Irish broadcaster and writer Shay Healy noted about the group: "America had Elvis, Britain had The Beatles—Ireland had Makem and Clancy."

The Dutchman (song)
"The Dutchman" is a song written by Michael Peter Smith in 1968 and popularized by Liam Clancy, Brendan Grace and Steve Goodman. At the time Smith wrote the song, he had never visited the Netherlands.

The song is about an elderly couple living in Amsterdam, Margaret and the title character. The unnamed Dutchman is senile, and Margaret cares for him with a sadness over what has happened to him over the years. It is a story of unconditional love.