hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Immigration Act of 1917
The Immigration Act of 1917, or the Burnett Act, was a United States Act that aimed to restrict immigration by imposing literacy tests on immigrants, creating new categories of inadmissible persons, and barring immigration from the Asia–Pacific region. The most sweeping immigration act the United States had passed until then was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 in marking a turn toward nativism. The 1917 act governed immigration policy until it was amended by the Immigration Act of 1924; both acts were revised by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.

Nativism (politics)
Nativism is the political policy of promoting or protecting the interests of native-born or indigenous people over those of immigrants, including the support of anti-immigration and immigration-restriction measures.
Verrucaria bulgarica
Verrucaria bulgarica is a species of crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It forms a very thin, brown crustose thallus on soft limestone rocks, breaking into small angular plates dotted with minute, low-domed fruiting bodies. Originally described in 1930 from the Rhodope Mountains of Bulgaria, the species is now known from a handful of widely scattered locations including Great Britain and the South Orkney Islands in the Southern Ocean. The lichen is considered rare and is distinguished by its reduced structure, simple ascospores, and preference for calcareous substrates in cool, humid conditions.

Calcareous
Calcareous (/kælˈkɛəriəs/) is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is  used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
Abu Kebir, Egypt
Abu Kebir (Arabic: أبو كبير) is a city in the Sharqia Governorate of Egypt.

Successive census results indicate a considerable steady rise in its population - 68,394 in 1986, 85,339 in 1996, 103,175 in 2006, 142,420 (estimated) in 2018 and 165,246 (estimated) in 2023.

Abu Kebir is a city located in Al Sharkia Governorate in the north of Egypt, 80km from Cairo capital. Among its figures are chemist Mostafa El-Sayed and football player Ahmed Salama.

It is well known for its rural suburbs with some distinctive agricultural crops as well as the urban area and markets in the city center.

Mostafa El-Sayed
Mostafa A. El-Sayed (Arabic: مصطفى السيد) is an Egyptian-American physical chemist, nanoscience researcher, member of the National Academy of Sciences and US National Medal of Science laureate. He is known for the spectroscopy rule named after him, the El-Sayed rule.
Dew's Ponds
Dew's Ponds is a 6.7-hectare (17-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) south of Halesworth in Suffolk. It is a Special Area of Conservation.

This site has a variety of types of grassland, hedges and ditches, on chalk overlain by boulder clay. However, it has been designated an SSSI primarily because it has twelve ponds with one of the largest breeding populations of great crested newts in Britain. There are also grass snakes, smooth newts and slowworms.

The site is private land with no public access.

Boulder clay
Boulder clay is an unsorted agglomeration of clastic sediment that is unstratified and structureless and contains gravel of various sizes, shapes, and compositions distributed at random in a fine-grained matrix. The fine-grained matrix consists of stiff, hard, pulverized clay or rock flour. Boulder clay is also known as drift clay; till; and unstratified drift.

The term boulder clay is infrequently used for gravelly sedimentary deposits of nonglacial origin. These deposits include submarine slump and slide deposits along continental margins, lacustrine debris flow deposits consisting of pebbly mudstones, and coarse, poorly sorted, cobbly diamictons associated with the Guangxi karst, China.
Little Posbrook
Little Posbrook is a hamlet in south Hampshire, England. At the 2011 census the population of the hamlet was included in the Titchfield ward of Fareham Borough Council.

50°50′12″N 1°14′30″W﻿ / ﻿50.83667°N 1.24167°W﻿ / 50.83667; -1.24167

Borough of Fareham
The Borough of Fareham is a local government district with borough status in Hampshire, England. Its council is based in Fareham. Other places within the borough include Portchester, Hill Head, Sarisbury, Stubbington, Titchfield and Warsash. The borough covers much of the semi-urban area between the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth, and is part of the South Hampshire conurbation. The neighbouring districts are Eastleigh, Winchester, Portsmouth and Gosport. The district's southern boundary is the coast of the Solent.
Genoa Area Local School District
Genoa Area Local School District is a school district in Northwest Ohio. The school district has an open enrollment policy which allows students who live outside the district's borders to attend; however, the school primarily serves students who live in the city and townships of Genoa, Allen Twp., and Clay Twp. located in Ottawa County. The superintendent is Dennis Mock.

Ottawa County, Ohio
Ottawa County is a county located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,364. Its county seat is Port Clinton. The county is named either for the Odawa (Ottawa) Indigenous peoples who lived there, or for an Indigenous word meaning "trader".

Ottawa County comprises the Port Clinton, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Toledo-Port Clinton, OH Combined Statistical Area.
Mark Ridderhof
Mark Ridderhof (born April 25, 1989) is a retired Dutch professional basketball player. He played professionally since 2009, when he joined Landstede Basketbal. Since then, he played for Apollo Amsterdam and Donar Groningen in the Dutch Basketball League (DBL).

Dutch Basketball League
The Dutch Basketball League (DBL), formerly the Eredivisie, was the highest professional basketball league in the Netherlands, run by the Federatie Eredivisie Basketball (FEB). Since 2021, the league has been replaced by the Belgian-Dutch BNXT League.

The league had a closed system: to participate, a team has to have enough money and potential. The league began in 1960 as the Eredivisie and was organized by the NBB and later the FEB. In 1977 the league introduced play-offs. As of 2019, the Dutch Basketball League consists of ten teams and plays under the FIBA rules.
Bruce E. Logan
Bruce Ernest Logan is an American civil and environmental engineer who serves as the Kappe Professor of Environmental Engineering and the Evan Pugh University Professor in Engineering at Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). He is also the director of Penn State's Engineering Energy and Environmental Institute and their Hydrogen Energy Center. His main research interest is in the development of water infrastructure technology, and his lab has developed devices that can produce electricity from wastewater. He is also known for his work developing microbial fuel cells. Since 2013, he has been the editor-in-chief of Environmental Science & Technology Letters, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is also an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering (2013) for microbial electrochemical technologies for wastewater treatment and sustainable energy generation.

Wastewater
Wastewater (or waste water) is water generated after the use of drinking water, fresh water, raw water, or saline water in a variety of deliberate applications or processes.: 1  Another definition of wastewater is "Used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff / storm water, and any sewer infiltration or sewer inflow".: 175  In everyday usage, wastewater is commonly a synonym for sewage (also called domestic wastewater or municipal wastewater), which is wastewater that is produced by a community of people.
Talents for Sale
Talents for Sale (Korean: 어서옵SHOW) is a South Korean variety show created and broadcast by KBS. It first aired on 6 May 2016. The show borrows ideas from home shopping channels, in which the MCs work together with guests to raise funds for local charities by advertising products created based on the guests' talents.

KBS announced on 12 April 2016 that it has signed a ₩1.62 billion one-year contract (US$1,376,481.6) with a Chinese company for the rights to air the Talents for Sale and another KBS show, Battle Trip, in China. This makes the Talents for Sale the first ever South Korean variety show exported to China prior to its first airing.

Talents for Sale aired at 21:35 (KST) every Fridays on KBS2.

Home shopping
Home shopping is the electronic retailing and home shopping channels industry, which includes such billion dollar television-based and e-commerce companies as Shop LC, HSN, Gemporia, TJC, QVC, eBay, ShopHQ, Rakuten.com and Amazon.com, as well as traditional mail order and brick and mortar retailers as Hammacher Schlemmer and Sears. Home shopping allows consumers to shop for goods from the privacy of their own home, as opposed to traditional shopping, which requires one to visit brick and mortar stores and shopping malls.

There are three main types of home shopping: mail or telephone ordering from catalogs; telephone ordering in response to advertisements in print and electronic media (such as periodicals, TV shopping channels and radio); and online shopping. The study shows that home shopping are continuously preferred by the customers especially for those teleworkers and busy working class.
Kyejo
Kyejo is an active stratovolcano in the Rukwa Rift Basin of Tanzania. It is located northwest of Lake Malawi. Eruptions at Kyejo are typically effusive although some moderately-sized explosions occur at its summit. Its numerous parasitic cones, a combination of spatter and cinder cones, are mostly distributed along its southern flanks. Volcanic activity in the area initiated during the mid-Pleistocene. Its last eruption was dated to around 1800 and is the only historically documented eruption on Kyejo. This eruption occrred at the Sarabwe and Fiteko parasitic cones along a northwest trending fissure at its northwestern slope. The three-day eruption produced lava flows that travelled 8 km (5.0 mi).

Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, (Swahili: Ziwa Nyasa) is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.

It is the fourth largest freshwater lake in the world by volume, the ninth largest lake in the world by area and the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. Lake Malawi is home to more species of fish than any other lake in the world, including at least 700 species of cichlids. The Mozambique portion of the lake was officially declared a reserve by the Government of Mozambique on June 10, 2011, while in Malawi a portion of the lake is included in Lake Malawi National Park.

Lake Malawi is a meromictic lake, meaning that its water layers do not mix. The permanent stratification of Lake Malawi's water and the oxic-anoxic boundary are maintained by moderately small chemical and thermal gradients.
Abeles
Abeles is an English and Jewish surname, derived from the biblical name Abel. Notable people with the surname include:

Benjamin Abeles (1925–2020), American physicist

Edward Abeles (1869–1919), American actor

Florin Abelès (1922–2005), French physicist

John H Abeles (born 1945), American businessman

Kim Victoria Abeles (born 1952), American artist

Michele Abeles (born 1977), American artist

Peter Abeles (1924–1999), Australian businessman

Marcus Abeles (1837–1894), Austrian physician

Moshe Abeles (born 1936), Israeli brain researcher

Norman Abeles (born 1928), American psychologist

Ruth Abeles (born 1942), Israeli gymnast

Sigmund Abeles (born 1934), American artist

Benjamin Abeles
Benjamin Abeles (23 June 1925 – 14 December 2020) was an Austrian-Czech physicist whose research in the 1960s in the US on germanium–silicon alloys led to the technology used to power space probes such as the Voyager spacecraft. He grew up in Austria and Czechoslovakia and arrived in the UK in 1939 on one of the Kindertransport missions. He completed his education after the war in Czechoslovakia and Israel (from 1949), obtaining a doctorate in physics. He then lived and worked as a research physicist in the US and retired in 1995. His honours include the 1979 Stuart Ballantine Medal and his induction into the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame (1991).
Kozo Fujita
Kozo Fujita (藤田 晃三, Fujita Kōzō, born 21 November 1967) is a Japanese former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race at the 1992 Summer Olympics. As a professional, he rode for Bridgestone Racing, the precursor of Bridgestone–Anchor, until he retired in 2000. He then became an employee of Bridgestone Cycle.

Cycling at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race
The men's individual road race was an event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. There were 154 participants from 61 nations, with 84 cyclists completing the race. The maximum number of cyclists per nation was three. The event was won by Fabio Casartelli of Italy, the nation's first victory in the men's individual road race since 1968 and fourth overall (two more than any other nation). Erik Dekker's silver was the first medal for the Netherlands in the event since 1972. Dainis Ozols gave Latvia its first medal in the event in the country's first independent appearance since 1936.
Azeri oilfield
Azeri (Azerbaijani: Azəri) is an Azerbaijani offshore oil field in the Caspian Sea, located 100 km (62 mi) east of the capital Baku, and is a part of the larger Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli  (ACG) project. The Azeri field includes Central Azeri, West Azeri, East Azeri production platforms compression and water injection platform (C&WP).  The field was discovered in 1988, and originally it was named after 26 Baku Commissars.

Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of high heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

Reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil (petroleum) or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability, while in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability, which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.
Alain Hyardet
Alain Hyardet (born 28 November 1964) is a French rugby union coach and former player.

Born in Aix-en-Provence, Hyardet was a centre and played with AS Béziers from 1986 to 1994. It was after moving to Castres Olympique that he earned a France call up, featuring twice in the 1995 Latin Cup competition in Argentina, against Italy and the home side. He got a taste of European rugby in the 1995–96 Heineken Cup, before retiring as a player.

Hyardet has coached USA Perpignan, AS Béziers and Montpellier RC in French rugby, as well as Austin Elite for two seasons of Major League Rugby. His son Julien was a professional rugby player.

AS Béziers Hérault
Association sportive de Béziers Hérault (French pronunciation: [asɔsjɑsjɔ̃ spɔʁtiv də bezje eʁo]; Occitan: Associacion Esportiva de Besièrs Erau), often referred to by rugby media simply by its location of Béziers, is a French rugby union club currently playing in the second level of the country's professional rugby system, Pro D2. They earned their most recent promotion as the 2011 Fédérale 1 champions, but the club also won 11 Top 14 titles since its establishment in 1911.

Béziers was a major force in French rugby throughout the 1970s and 1980s; however, at the end of 2004–05 season they were relegated to Pro D2. After some years playing in the French second division, they finished bottom of the table in 2008–09 and were relegated to amateur Fédérale 1, before returning to Pro D2 after their 2011 title. They are based in Béziers in the Hérault department of Occitania, and play at the Stade Raoul-Barrière (capacity 18,555). The club colors are red and blue.
Shearing (surname)
Shearing is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dinah Shearing (1928–2021), Australian actress

George Shearing (1919–2011), British jazz pianist

Miriam Shearing (born 1935), American lawyer and judge

Peter Shearing (born 1938), English footballer

Miriam Shearing
Miriam Mattinen Shearing (born Ellen Miriam Mattinen; February 24, 1935) is an American lawyer and retired judge in Nevada.  Shearing was the first woman to serve as a Nevada district judge and as justice and chief justice on the Supreme Court of Nevada (1993–2005).
Napoleon Marache
Napoleon Marache (June 15, 1818 – May 11, 1875) was a chess player, problem composer, and journalist. He was born in France and moved to the United States at around 12 years of age. He learned the game of chess around 1844, and immediately became a devotee. He began composing chess problems and writing about chess the following year. In the mid-19th century, he was both one of America's first chess journalists and one of its leading players. In 1866, he published Marache's Manual of Chess, which was one of the country's first books on chess, and also one of its first books on backgammon. He is perhaps best known today for having lost a famous game to Paul Morphy.

Spirit of the Times
The Spirit of the Times: A Chronicle of the Turf, Agriculture, Field Sports, Literature and the Stage was an American weekly newspaper published in New York City. The paper aimed for an upper-class readership made up largely of sportsmen. The Spirit also included humorous material, much of it based on experience of settlers near the southwestern frontier. Theatre news was a third important component. The Spirit had an average circulation of about 22,000, with a peak of about 40,000 subscribers. The newspaper ceased publication in 1892.
Macfie
Macfie or MacFie is a surname of Scottish origin. The name is derived from the Gaelic Mac Dhuibhshíthe, which means "son of Duibhshíth" (or alternately MacDhubhshith, "son of Dubhshithe"). This Gaelic personal name is composed of two elements: dubh "black" + síth "peace". The earliest record of the surname is of Thomas Macdoffy, in 1296.

Goidelic languages
The Goidelic (/ɡɔɪˈdɛlɪk/ goy-DEL-ik) or Gaelic languages (/ˈɡeɪlɪk/ GALE-ik; Irish: teangacha Gaelacha; Scottish Gaelic: cànanan Goidhealach; Manx: çhengaghyn Gaelgagh) form one of the two groups of Insular Celtic languages, the other being the Brittonic languages.

Goidelic languages historically formed a dialect continuum stretching from Ireland through the Isle of Man to Scotland. There are three modern Goidelic languages: Irish (Gaeilge), Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), and Manx (Gaelg). Manx died out as a first language in the 20th century but has since been revived to some degree.
1969–70 County Antrim Shield
The 1969–70 County Antrim Shield was the 81st edition of the County Antrim Shield, a cup competition in Northern Irish football.

Bangor won the tournament for the 1st time, defeating Ards 3–2 in the third final replay at Solitude after three previously drawn matches.

People of Northern Ireland
People from Northern Ireland are those born in Northern Ireland who, at the time of their birth, have at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen, or otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland indefinitely under the Belfast Agreement.

Most Northern Irish people either identify as British, Northern Irish, Irish, or a combination thereof. The 20th century conflict known as The Troubles, which ended in effect in 1999, was primarily caused by tensions between people who had these different identites, and their connections to religion (Anglican protestants and Catholics).
The Herald (Sharon)
The Herald is a six-day morning daily newspaper published in Sharon, Pennsylvania, covering Mercer County and the greater Shenango Valley area of Pennsylvania. It is owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc., Montgomery, Ala. In 2020 in the midst of the COVID pandemic, it eliminated its 30-year-old Sunday edition and made its Tuesday edition digital-only. The Herald appears as a printed and digital edition the other five days of the week.

Sharon, Pennsylvania
Sharon is a city in western Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States.  The city, located along the banks of the Shenango River on the state border with Ohio, is about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Youngstown, about 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Cleveland and about 60 miles (97 km) northwest of Pittsburgh. The population was 13,147 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Hermitage micropolitan area.
SXAL/MBAL
In cryptography, SXAL (substitution xor algorithm, sometimes called SXAL8) is a block cipher designed in 1993 by Yokohama-based Laurel Intelligent Systems. It is normally used in a special mode of operation called MBAL (multi-block algorithm). SXAL/MBAL has been used for encryption in a number of Japanese PC cards and smart cards.

SXAL is an 8-round substitution–permutation network with block size and key size of 64 bits each. All operations are byte-oriented. The algorithm uses a single 8×8-bit S-box K, designed so that both K(X) and X XOR K(X) are injective functions. In each round, the bytes of the block are first permuted. Then each byte is XORed with a key byte and an earlier ciphertext byte, processed through the S-box, and XORed with the previous plaintext byte.

The key schedule is rather complex, processing the key with SXAL itself, beginning with a null key and using permuted intermediate results as later keys.

Block cipher
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm that operates on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are the elementary building blocks of many cryptographic protocols. They are ubiquitous in the storage and exchange of data, where such data is secured and authenticated via encryption.

A block cipher uses blocks as an unvarying transformation. Even a secure block cipher is suitable for the encryption of only a single block of data at a time, using a fixed key. A multitude of modes of operation have been designed to allow their repeated use in a secure way to achieve the other security goals of confidentiality and authenticity. However, block ciphers may also feature as building blocks in other cryptographic protocols, such as universal hash functions and pseudorandom number generators.
Magicka 2
Magicka 2 is an action-adventure video game, the sequel to Magicka, for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and PlayStation 4. It was released on May 26, 2015 and was announced at Sony's E3 2014 media briefing with a trailer. Instead of being developed by Arrowhead Game Studios, the title was developed by Pieces Interactive alongside the publisher Paradox Interactive.

E3 2014
The Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 (E3 2014) was the 20th E3 held. The event took place at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California. It began on June 10, 2014, and ended on June 12, 2014, with 48,900 total attendees.

Major exhibitors included Microsoft Corporation, Nintendo, and Sony Computer Entertainment. Exhibitors host their own press conferences usually one day prior to the E3 event, but some companies issued additional information an extra day prior this time.
The Wind Changes
"The Wind Changes" is a song written and originally recorded by Johnny Cash.

Released in September 1967 as a single (Columbia 4-44288, with "Red Velvet" on the opposite side), it debuted on the U.S. Billboard country chart on the week of October 28, eventually reaching number 60.

Later the song was included on Johnny Cash's album Old Golden Throat (1968).

Old Golden Throat
Old Golden Throat is the 28th album by country singer Johnny Cash.  It was released in 1968 and is a collection of mostly previously released songs.   Nine of the fourteen tracks had previously appeared on Billboard's country singles chart.