hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Contact guidance
Contact guidance refers to a phenomenon for which the orientation of cells and stress fibers is influenced by geometrical patterns such as nano/microgrooves on substrates, or collagen fibers in gels and soft tissues. This phenomenon was discovered in 1912, and the terminology was introduced in 1945, but it is with the development of tissue engineering that researchers drew increasing attention on this topic, seeing the potential of contact guidance in influencing the morphology and organization of cells. Nevertheless, the biological processes underlying contact guidance are still unclear.

Phenomenon
A phenomenon  (pl. phenomena), sometimes spelled phaenomenon, is an observable event. The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon, which cannot be directly observed. Kant was heavily influenced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in this part of his philosophy, in which phenomenon and noumenon serve as interrelated technical terms. Far predating this, the ancient Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus also used phenomenon and noumenon as interrelated technical terms.
Burg Sommeregg
Sommeregg is a medieval castle near Seeboden in the Austrian state of Carinthia, Austria. It is situated in the foothills of the Nock Mountains at an altitude of 749 m.

During the feudal period, Sommeregg was the seat of the Lord and Burgrave of Sommeregg until 1652. In 1442 the Sommeregg District Court was able to become independent from the County of Ortenburg, which led to an upgrading of the rule.

The fortress served as an administrative seat in the Upper Carinthian estates held by the Counts of Ortenburg and Celje; it later was the residence of the Graben and Khevenhüller dynasties; ministeriales of the Austrian House of Habsburg.

Nock Mountains
The Nock Mountains (German: Nockberge or Nockgebirge) are the westernmost and highest mountain range of the Gurktal Alps in Austria, spread over parts of the federal states of Carinthia, Salzburg and Styria. Their appearance is characterised by numerous dome-like and grass-covered summits (Nocken). Their highest peak is  the Eisenhut in Styria which reaches an elevation of 2,441 m (8,009 ft) AA.

In July 2012 the Nock Mountains and the adjacent Lungau region were designated a biosphere reserve by UNESCO. They were largely unglaciated in the Ice Age and were a glacial refugium.
Cuando Respiro En Tu Boca
"Cuando Respiro En Tu Boca" (When I Breath in Your Mouth) is an alternative rock song by Chilean rock band Lucybell. Released as third single from their debut album Peces on 1995. The song already have a good rotation around Chilean radios. Is considered a classic song of the band. The music video was directed by Pepe Maldonado and was composed by Claudio Valenzuela. Is the first track of the album.

Claudio Valenzuela
Claudio Valenzuela (born June 10, 1969, in Santiago, Chile) is a guitarist, singer, and composer. He is most known as the lead-singer and guitarist of Chilean rock band Lucybell. Formed in 1991, Valenzuela is the only original member and the main composer of the band, as the line-up shifted over the years. Lucybell has released 7 studio albums.

In 2009 Claudio Valenzuela released his first solo album, Gemini. Released on the Accidental Muzik label, and produced by Adam Moseley, the album explores the themes of life, love, and death, and is bilingual (Spanish and English).  Gemini was released in Mexico and the U.S. in 2010 and supported with tours in both countries.
Our Man in Nashville
Our Man in Nashville is the twentieth studio album by American guitarist Chet Atkins, released in 1963. RCA did a series of "Our Man in ..." and Chet was indeed their man in Nashville. He was producing and developing the "Nashville sound".

The album is primarily notable for featuring Atkins's first recordings of instrumentals composed by Jerry Reed. During the next thirty-two years Reed provided Atkins with more than thirty original guitar compositions.

The album reached No. 135 on the Billboard's Top albums chart, during a five-week stay on it.

Our Man in Nashville is out of print.

Nashville sound
The Nashville sound is a subgenre of American country music that originated in the 1950s in Nashville, Tennessee. It replaced the dominance of the rough honky tonk music with "smooth strings and choruses", "sophisticated background vocals" and "smooth tempos" associated with traditional pop. It was an attempt "to revive country sales, which had been devastated by the rise of rock 'n' roll".
2003 Norwegian Third Division
The 2003 season of the 3. divisjon, the fourth highest association football league for men in Norway.

22 games were played in 24 groups, with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Twelve teams were promoted to the 2. divisjon through playoff.

Norwegian Third Division
The Norwegian Third Division, also called Norsk Tipping-Ligaen, is the fourth highest division of the men's football league in Norway. Like the rest of the Norwegian football league system, the season runs from spring to autumn, running approximately from April to October. After the 2010 season, the league was reorganised, reducing the number of teams to 164 and halving the number of parallel sections from 24 to 12. After the 2016 season, the league was again reorganised, reducing the number of teams from 164 to 84, and halved the number of groups from twelve to six.

All six group winners promote to 2. divisjon, while the bottom four in all groups are relegated to 4. divisjon.
Vere Hobart, Lord Hobart
Vere Henry Hobart, Lord Hobart (8 December 1818 – 27 April 1875) was a British colonial administrator.

Hobart was born in Welbourn, Lincolnshire to  Augustus Hobart-Hampden, 6th Earl of Buckinghamshire and Mary Williams, daughter of Welsh barrister John Williams. In 1840, he graduated from Trinity College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A). Following the death of his grandfather in 1849, his father succeeded to the earldom and Vere was styled as Lord Hobart (his father's courtesy title).

On 4 August 1853, he married Mary Katherine Carr, daughter of the former Bishop of Bombay Rt. Revd. Thomas Carr and Catherine Emily MacMahon. He worked as a clerk in the Board of Trade in 1842. He was the private secretary to Sir George Grey at the Home Office in 1855. On 30 May 1856, he matriculated from Trinity College. He was the Governor of Madras from 15 May 1872 till his death on 27 April 1875, decessit vita patris. He died unexpectedly at Government House, Madras of typhoid fever.

Trinity College, Oxford
Trinity College (full name: The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity in the University of Oxford, of the foundation of Sir Thomas Pope (Knight)) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas Pope, on land previously occupied by Durham College, home to Benedictine monks from Durham Cathedral.

Despite its large physical size, the college is relatively small in terms of student numbers at approximately 400. It was founded as a men's college and has been coeducational since 1979. As of 2023, the total funds of Trinity amounted to more than £224 million, including a financial endowment of £191 million.

Trinity has produced three British prime ministers, placing it third after Christ Church and Balliol in terms of former students who have held that office.
Unnai Naan
Unnai Naan is a 2008 Indian Tamil language romantic drama film produced and directed by Senthilnathan. The film stars newcomers Viinu and Naash, with Manobala, Sulakshana, Vennira Aadai Moorthy, T. P. Gajendran, Abhinayashree, Bhuvaneswari, Suja Varunee and Shakeela playing supporting roles. The film was released on 8 August 2008.

T. P. Gajendran
T. P. Gajendran (1955 – 5 February 2023) was an Indian film director and actor who played minor roles. He directed more than 15 films and acted in more than 100 films. He was the son of Tuticorin MR.Perumal.  Actress T. P. Muthulakshmi, his sister-in-law, helped with his upbringing.
Edward Berkeley (died 1596)
Edward Berkeley (died 1596) was an English politician. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Old Sarum in 1586, and sat in the Irish House of Commons in 1585 as an MP for County Antrim.

Irish House of Commons
The Irish House of Commons (Irish: Teach na gComóntach, Teach na dTeachtaí) was the lower house of the Parliament of Ireland that existed from 1297 until the end of 1800. The upper house was the House of Lords. The membership of the House of Commons was directly elected, but on a highly restrictive franchise, similar to the unreformed House of Commons in contemporary Great Britain. Catholics were disqualified from sitting in the Irish parliament from 1691, even though they comprised the vast majority of the Irish population.

The Irish executive, known as the Dublin Castle administration, under the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, was not answerable to the House of Commons but to the British government. However, the Chief Secretary for Ireland was usually a member of the Irish parliament. In the Commons, business was presided over by the Speaker.

From 1 January 1801, it ceased to exist and was succeeded by the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
Arunachala Kavi
Arunachala Kavi (Tamil: அருணாசல கவி) (1711–1779) was a Tamil poet and a composer of Carnatic music. He was born in Tillaiyadi, which was formerly part of  Thanjavur District and is now located in Mayiladuthurai district in Tamil Nadu. The three Tamil composers Arunachala Kavi, Muthu Thandavar and Marimutthu Pillai are considered the Tamil Trinity, who contributed to the evolution of Carnatic music. He composed the famous opera Rama Natakam.

Mayiladuthurai district
Mayiladuthurai district is an administrative district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in 2020 by the division the Nagapattinam district. The district is named after its headquarters, Mayiladuthurai. It is situated in the Cauvery Delta region.
Zen organisation and institutions
The Zen tradition is maintained and transferred by a high degree of institutionalisation, despite the emphasis on individual experience and the iconoclastic picture of Zen.

In Japan, modernity has led to criticism of the formal system and the commencement of lay-oriented Zen-schools such as the Sanbo Kyodan and the Ningen Zen Kyodan. How to organize the continuity of the Zen-tradition in the west, constraining charismatic authority and the derailment it may bring on the one hand, and maintaining the legitimacy and authority by limiting the number of authorized teachers on the other hand, is a challenge for the developing Zen-communities in the west.

Musō Soseki
Musō Soseki (夢窓 疎石; 1275 – October 20, 1351) was a Rinzai Zen Buddhist monk and teacher, and a calligrapher, poet and garden designer. The most famous monk of his time, he is also known as Musō Kokushi (夢窓国師; "national [Zen] teacher Musō"), an honorific conferred on him by Emperor Go-Daigo. His mother was the daughter of Hōjō Masamura (1264–1268), seventh Shikken (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate.
Brehe Farmstead Historic District
Brehe Farmstead Historic District, also known as the Fairview Stock Farm, is a historic home, farm, and national historic district located at Washington, Franklin County, Missouri. The farmhouse was built about 1869, and is a two-story brick dwelling.  The other contributing buildings are the brick smokehouse/ dwelling combination (c. 1865), a frame poultry house (1940s), a large
frame granary (c. 1925), a Quonset barn (ca. 1945), a small frame milk house (c. 1930), and a large gambrel roofed bank barn (c. 1930) with a round ceramic block silo.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Farmhouse
A farmhouse is a building that serves as the primary quarters in a rural or agricultural setting. Historically, farmhouses were often combined with space for animals called a housebarn. Other farmhouses may be connected to one or more barns, built to form a courtyard, or with each farm building separate from each other.
Adegoke Adelabu
Gbadamosi Adegoke Adelabu Listenⓘ (3 September 1915 – 25 March 1958), popularly known as Adelabu Adegoke Penkelemesi, was a prominent personality in the politics of Ibadan city and subsequently that of the Western Region of Nigeria right before the country's independence in 1960. He was Nigeria's Minister of Natural Resources and Social Services from January 1955 to January 1956 and was later the opposition leader in the Western Regional Assembly until his death in 1958. He was a self-made man born into a humble family but became an influential figure in Nigerian politics. He attended Government College, Ibadan and eventually became a businessman. His successful political career was cut short when he was killed in a car crash, not long before Nigeria gained independence from Britain.

Adelabu was a self-described egotist who believed in the merits of radical nationalism, national unity and radical socialist ideology.

Self-made man
A self-made man is a person whose success is of their own making.

Benjamin Franklin, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, has been described as the greatest exemplar of the self-made man. Inspired by Franklin's autobiography, Frederick Douglass developed the concept of the self-made man in a series of lectures that spanned decades starting in 1879.

Originally, the term referred to an individual who arises from a poor or otherwise disadvantaged background to eminence in financial, political or other areas by nurturing qualities, such as perseverance and diligence, as opposed to achieving these goals through inherited fortune, family connections, or other privileges. By the mid-1950s, success in the United States generally implied "business success".
Castalian Spring
The Castalian Spring, in the ravine between the Phaedriades at Delphi, is where all visitors to Delphi — the contestants in the Pythian Games, and especially pilgrims who came to consult the Delphic Oracle — stopped to wash themselves and quench their thirst; it is also here that the Pythia and the priests cleansed themselves before the oracle-giving process. Finally Roman poets regarded it as a source of poetic inspiration. According to some mythological versions it was here that Apollo killed the monster, Python, who was guarding the spring, and that is why it was considered to be sacred.

Pythian Games
The Pythian Games (Ancient Greek: Τὰ Πύθια, romanized: Ta Pythia) were one of the four Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. Founded circa the 6th century BCE, the festival was held in honor of the god Apollo and took place at his sanctuary in Delphi to commemorate the mytho-historic slaying of Python and the establishment of the Oracle at Delphi. The Pythian Games took place every four years, two years after the Olympic Games, and between each Nemean and Isthmian Games. They continued until the 4th century AD.

The Pythian Games, which were ranked second in importance behind the Olympics, primarily and originally focused on competitions for art and dance. As the Pythian Games evolved over time athletic events were added and some events allowed for the participation of women.
Baitada
Baitada or Baitadeli also Soradi is referred to the people of Baitadi district,Baitadeli have 2 main dialects "Soradi" and "purchudi". similar language spoken in other area like Darchula,  Bhajhang, Dadeldhura, kanchanpur and kailali Districts  of Nepal. Large number of population originally from Baitadi  living in the adjoining area of Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand, India like Dharchula, Baluwakot, Askot, Jauljibi, Dauda, Sunkholi, Jhulaghat, Pipali etc. also speaks the same dialects  which G. A. Grierson has mentioned as the dialects of Kumaoni language. The 2021 Nepal census has  revealed that 155,666 people or 0.52 per cent of Nepal's population speak Baitadeli (Baitada) dialect.

Askot
Askot or Askote is a small Himalayan town in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand in India. It is the part of Kanalichhina development Block and Didihat Tehsil.

The place is also famous for the Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary dedicated to the conservation of Musk deer. Askot lies midway between Pithoragarh to Dharchula road and located on a ridge. 'Kailash-Mansarovar Pilgrimage route from Delhi - Kathgodam - Didihat - Dharchula, passes through Askot.

along with surrounded regions the area was once part of Manaskhand region and came under Katyuri kings after fall of katyuris the Rajwars dynasty which was a branch katyuri kings continued to rule the region, ruled by Pal Rajput/Thakuri (Suryavanshi Rajputs, a clan of Katyuri kings), Chand, Gorkha, Raikas and British rulers, though Rajwars continue to be its ceremonial Head. Van Rawats - an endangered tribe of Uttaranchal, inhabits around this area.
Offside (bandy)
Offside is a rule in bandy which states that if a player is in an offside position when the ball is touched or played by a teammate, the player may not become actively involved in the play. A player is in an offside position when closer to the opponent's goal-line than both the ball and the second-to-last defender (which is usually the last outfield player), and also in the opponent's half of the bandy field. "Offside position" is a matter of fact, whereas committing an "offside offence" occurs when a player is "actively participating" and is subject to the interpretation of the referee. Goals scored after committing an offside offence are nullified if caught by the referee.

The offside rules are virtually the same in bandy as the offside rules in association football (therefore, pictures of a green football field are used here to illustrate it). In bandy, they are regulated in section 11 of the Bandy Playing Rules set up by the Federation of International Bandy (FIB).

Federation of International Bandy
The Federation of International Bandy (FIB; French: Fédération internationale de bandy, Russian: Международная федерация хоккея с мячом, Swedish: Internationella Bandyförbundet) is the international governing body for the sport of bandy, including the variant called rink bandy. The federation is headquartered in Karlstad Municipality, Sweden.
1859 Belgian general election
Partial general elections were held in Belgium on 14 June 1859. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 69 of the 116 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 31 of the 58 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 55.9%, although only 49,672 people were eligible to vote.

Under the alternating system, elections for the Chamber of Representatives were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders. Additionally, special elections were held on the same day in the arrondissements of Charleroi, Liège and Mons.

Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)
The Chamber of Representatives (Dutch: Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers; French: Chambre des représentants; German: Abgeordnetenkammer) is one of the two chambers in the bicameral Federal Parliament of Belgium, the other being the Senate. It is considered to be the "lower house" of the Federal Parliament.
Karoninka people
The Karoninka people (also called Karone) are an ethnic group in West Africa related to the Jola. They live mainly in Casamance, Senegal, on the right bank of the Casamance River and the islands in the mouth, but also in The Gambia.

Casamance River
The Casamance River (French: Fleuve Casamance) in Senegal flows westward for the most part into the Atlantic Ocean along a path about 200 miles (320 km) in length. However, only 80 miles (130 km) are navigable.  The Casamance is the principal river of the Kolda, Sédhiou, and Ziguinchor Regions in the southern portion of Senegal. It is located between the Gambia River to the north and the Cacheu and Geba rivers to the south.

There is a bridge at Ziguinchor, one of the most important towns on the river, that connects it to Bignona on the north bank.  Other important settlements on its banks include Goudomp, Sedhiou, Diattakounda, Tanaff, and Kolda.

The river is named after the Kasa Mansa, or king of the precolonial Kasa kingdom.
Than Sein
Than Sein (Burmese: သန်းစိန်) is a Burmese politician and former military officer. He currently serves as a Pyithu Hluttaw member.

Than Sein was born on 1 February 1946 in Pegu, Burma. He is married to Rosy Than Sein. He is a former Brigadier-General in the Myanmar Army, serving as a Commandant of the Mingaladon Defence Services Hospital.

Than Sein contested the 2010 Burmese general election as a Union Solidarity and Development Party candidate for the Pyithu Hluttaw, representing the Kyimyindaing Township constituency. He won the election with 19,225 votes, about 42% of the votes.

Kyimyindaing Township
Kyimyindaing Township (Burmese: ကြည့်မြင်တိုင် မြို့နယ်, pronounced [tɕḭmjənàiɰ̃ mjo̰nɛ̀]; also Kyeemyindaing Township, Kyimyindine, or Kyi Myin Dine, and anglicised as Kemmendine) is located in the western part of Yangon, and shares borders with Kamayut Township in the north, the Yangon River and Twante Township in the west, Sanchaung Township in the east, and Ahlon Township in the south. It consists of 21 wards.
PLOS Genetics
PLOS Genetics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal established in 2005 and published by the Public Library of Science. The founding editor-in-chief was Wayne N. Frankel (Columbia University Medical Center). The current editors-in-chief are Aimée Dudley (Pacific Northwest Research Institute) and Anne Goriely (MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine). The journal covers research on all aspects of genetics and genomics.

PLOS
PLOS (for Public Library of Science; PLoS until 2012) is a nonprofit publisher of open-access journals in science, technology, and medicine and other scientific literature, under an open-content license. It was founded in 2000 and launched its first journal, PLOS Biology, in October 2003.

As of 2024, PLOS publishes 14 academic journals, including 7 journals indexed within the Science Citation Index Expanded, and consequently 7 journals ranked with an impact factor.

PLOS journals are included in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). PLOS is also a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), a participating publisher and supporter of the Initiative for Open Citations, and a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Kitaa
Kitaa, originally Vestgrønland ("West Greenland"), is a former administrative division of Greenland. It was by far the most populated of the divisions, being home to almost 90% of the total population. The divisions were de facto replaced by statistical regions after Greenland received home rule in 1979.

It is bordered in the west by the Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Labrador Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. To the east lies Tunu.

All but three of the island territory's municipalities were located in West Greenland. These were (in geographical order, from south to north):

Nanortalik

Qaqortoq

Narsaq

Ivittuut

Paamiut

Nuuk

Maniitsoq

Sisimiut

Kangaatsiaq

Aasiaat

Qasigiannguit

Ilulissat

Qeqertarsuaq

Uummannaq

Upernavik

Maniitsoq
Maniitsoq (Greenlandic pronunciation: [maniːtsːɔq]) or Sukkertoppen is a town on Maniitsoq Island, western Greenland located in the Qeqqata municipality. With 2,534 inhabitants as of 2020, it is the sixth-largest town in Greenland.
D. H. Robins' cricket team in New Zealand in 1979–80
Sports promoter Derrick Robins assembled a cricket team, captained by Chris Cowdrey, to tour Australia and New Zealand in February and March 1980. The team played only minor cricket in Australia but their schedule in New Zealand included two first-class matches against Northern Districts at Seddon Park, Hamilton and against a Young New Zealand XI at Eden Park, Auckland. These two matches ended in draws. In addition to Cowdrey, Robins' team included Dipak Patel, Bill Athey, Kim Barnett and Nick Cook.

Chris Cowdrey
Christopher Stuart Cowdrey (born 20 October 1957) is an English former cricketer. Cowdrey played for Kent, Glamorgan and England as an all-rounder. He is the eldest son of the cricketer and life peer, Colin Cowdrey, Baron Cowdrey of Tonbridge. He was educated at Tonbridge School.