hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mastaura (Caria)
Mastaura (Ancient Greek: Μάσταυρα), was an ancient Greek town near Dereağzı, Nazilli in northern Caria, not to be confused with ancient Mastaura (Lycia).

Some sources speak of the town as originally belonging to Lydia, a kingdom into which Croesus (560-546 BC) briefly incorporated Caria.

Pliny the Elder mentions the town as dependent on Ephesus as its provincial capital and thus as belonging in his time (1st century AD) to the Roman province of Asia 
which, under the Roman Empire, incorporated Caria.

In Severan times the city became rich as evidenced by the impressive buildings.

Asia (Roman province)
Asia (Ancient Greek: Ἀσία) was a Roman province covering most of western Asia Minor (Anatolia, Turkey), which was created following the Roman Republic's annexation of the Attalid Kingdom in 133 BC. After the establishment of the Roman Empire by Augustus, it was the most prestigious senatorial province and was governed by a proconsul. That arrangement endured until the province was subdivided in the fourth century AD.

The province was one of the richest of the Empire and was at peace for most of the Imperial period. It contained hundreds of largely self-governing Greek city-states, who competed fiercely with one another for status, through appeals to the Imperial authorities and the cultivation of prestigious cultural institutions such as festival games, religious cults, and oratory.
Bulgarian verbs
Bulgarian verbs are the most complicated part of Bulgarian grammar, especially when compared with other Slavic languages. Bulgarian verbs are inflected for person, number and sometimes gender. They also have lexical aspect (perfective and imperfective), voice, nine tenses, three moods, four evidentials and six non-finite verbal forms. Because the subject of the verb can be inferred from the verb ending, it is often omitted. As there is no infinitive in contemporary Bulgarian, the basic form of a verb is its present simple tense first person singular form.

Independent clause
In traditional grammar, an independent clause (or main clause) is a clause that can stand by itself as a simple sentence. An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate and makes sense by itself.

Independent clauses can be joined by using a semicolon or by using a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, etc.).
Maja Kazazic
Maja Kazazic (born May 14, 1977) is a Bosnian genocide survivor, businesswoman, and motivational speaker. She was critically injured during the Bosnian War in 1993, losing her left leg and suffering severe injuries.

Bosnians
Bosnians (Bosnian: Bosanci / Босанци; sg. masc. Bosanac / Босанац, fem. Bosanka / Босанкаcode: bos promoted to code: bs ) are people native to the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially the region of Bosnia. The term is used regardless of ethnic or cultural affiliation. The term Bosnian refers to all inhabitants/citizens of the country, though people from the region of Herzegovina may prefer the demonym Herzegovinian. The term can also be used as a designation for anyone who is descended from Bosnia.

Bosnian as a demonym is a nationality and does not imply any specific ethnic group. The term should not be confused with the ethnonym Bosniak, which refers to the largest ethnic group in the country. The native ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina are Bosniaks, Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats.
Luisa Giaconi
Luisa Giaconi (Florence, 18 June 1870 – Fiesole, 18 July 1908) was an Italian poet. Her work represents one of the most significant expressions of Italian symbolism in women's writing, projected towards the new sensibilities of the twentieth-century.

Artistic symbol
In works of art, literature, and narrative, a symbol is a concrete element like an object, character, image, situation, or action that suggests or hints at abstract, deeper, or non-literal meanings or ideas. The use of symbols artistically is symbolism. In literature, such as novels, plays, and poems, symbolism goes beyond just the literal written words on a page, since writing itself is also inherently a system of symbols.

Artistic symbols may be intentionally built into a work by its creator, which in the case of narratives can make symbolism a deliberate narrative device. However, it also may be decided upon by the audience or by a consensus of scholars through their interpretation of the work. Various synonyms exist for this type of symbol, based on specific genre, artistic medium, or domain: visual symbol, literary symbol, poetic symbol, etc.
Spangled Unicorn
Spangled Unicorn is a composition for brass ensemble by the British-born composer Anna Clyne.  The work was commissioned by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, for which Clyne was then composer-in-residence.  It was first performed on March 21, 2011, at Symphony Center, Chicago by the brass section of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.

Artist-in-residence
Artist-in-residence (also Writer-in-residence), or artist residencies, encompass a wide spectrum of artistic programs that involve a collaboration between artists and hosting organisations, institutions, or communities. They are programs that provide artists with space and resources to support their artistic practice. Contemporary artist residencies are becoming increasingly thematic, with artists working together with their host in pursuit of a specific outcome related to a particular theme.
Putah Creek State Wildlife Area
Putah Creek Wildlife Area is a state wildlife area of Solano County, California. The 670 acre reserve lies to the southeast of Lake Berryessa, to the south of Monticello Dam and the confluence of Putah Creek and Cold Creek. Trees found here include cottonwood, blue oak and chaparral. Deer, quail, California towhee, Bullock's oriole, and black-headed grosbeak are also found in the area, which also includes Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve.

Bullock's oriole
Bullock's oriole (Icterus bullockiorum) is a small New World blackbird. At one time, this species and the Baltimore oriole were considered to be a single species, the northern oriole. This bird is named after William Bullock, an English amateur naturalist.
Lea, Cheshire
Lea is a former civil parish, now in the parish of Doddington and District, in the unitary authority area of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England, which lies to the north east of Audlem and to the south of Crewe. The parish was predominantly rural, but it includes the hamlet of Lea Forge (at SJ707486). Nearby villages include Betley, Blakenhall, Hough, Walgherton and Wybunbury.

According to the 2001 census, it had a population of 25. At the time of the 2011 Census the population remained less than 100. Details are included in the civil parish of Blakenhall, Cheshire.

Betley
Betley is a village and civil parish in the borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme in Staffordshire, England, about halfway between the town of Newcastle-under-Lyme and Nantwich. Betley forms a continual linear settlement with Wrinehill.
Edward Leigh Chase
Edward Leigh Chase (1884–1965) was an American painter and illustrator, and an early member of the Byrdcliffe experiment which gave rise to the artists' colony at Woodstock, New York. A gifted sketch artist and watercolorist, he was one of the group of young Art Students League humorists who called themselves the Fakirs.

Pen
A pen is a common writing instrument that applies ink to a surface, typically paper, for writing or drawing. Early pens such as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens held a small amount of ink on a nib or in a small void or cavity that had to be periodically recharged by dipping the tip of the pen into an inkwell. 
Today, such pens find only a small number of specialized uses, such as in illustration and calligraphy. Reed pens, quill pens and dip pens, which were used for writing, have been replaced by ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, fountain pens and felt or ceramic tip pens.

Ruling pens, which were used for technical drawing and cartography, have been replaced by technical pens such as the Rapidograph. All of these modern pens contain internal ink reservoirs, such that they do not need to be dipped in ink while writing.
Hélène Louvart
Hélène Louvart (born September 2, 1964) is a French cinematographer. She graduated in 1985 from the prestigious École nationale supérieure Louis-Lumière in Paris. She is a member of French Society of Cinematographers (AFC). She has worked with many French and international directors, such as Wim Wenders, Agnès Varda, Claire Denis, Christophe Honoré, Jacques Doillon, Nicolas Klotz, Sandrine Veysset, Marc Recha, Alice Rohrwacher, and Léos Carax.

French Society of Cinematographers
The French Society of Cinematographers (French: Association française des  directrices et directeurs de la photographie cinématographique), or the AFC for short, is France's foremost professional organization of French cinematographers. Founded in 1990 by Henri Alekan, Raoul Coutard, Alain Derobe, Pierre-William Glenn, and Georges Strouvé, who were soon joined by Eduardo Serra, Pierre Lhomme, and Robert Alazraki, the AFC today has 179 members.

The AFC receives financial support from the Centre national de la cinématographie, and is a co-founder of Imago, The European Federation of Cinematographers.

Its headquarters are located at 8, rue Francœur in the 18e arrondissement of Paris, next to the Fémis cinema academy.
Camberwell and Peckham
Camberwell and Peckham was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since its 1997 creation until its abolition for the 2024 general election by Harriet Harman of the Labour Party. Harman had served for the previous constituency of Peckham since 1982. She is a former cabinet minister and the "Mother of the House of Commons", having the longest record of continuous service of any female MP.

Under the 2023 periodic review of Westminster constituencies, the majority of the constituency was incorporated into the re-established seat of Peckham.

Nunhead
Nunhead (/ˈnʌnhɛd/) is an inner-city suburb in the London Borough of Southwark, England, 4 miles (6.4 km) southeast of Charing Cross. It is the location of the 52-acre (0.21 km2) Nunhead Cemetery. Nunhead has traditionally been a working-class area, but is undergoing gentrification. It is the location of several underground reservoirs, built by the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company.
Raphael Chegeni
Raphael Msunga Chegeni is a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania.

Chegeni is Regional Chairperson of The Great Lakes Parliamentary Forum on Peace (AMANI Forum), East Africa Chapter Representative on the Parliamentary Network of the World Bank. He was the chairperson of Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Tanzania Branch from 2006 to 2010. He is a member of Chama Cha Mapinduzi - CCM, the governing party in Tanzania.  Dr. Chegeni is a Co-President on the Council of Parliamentary Network for Nuclear Disarmament as part of the Middle Power Initiative.  In 2004, he joined the Parliamentarians for Global Action.

AMANI Forum
The Great Lakes Parliamentary Forum on Peace, better known as the AMANI Forum, is an Africa-focused organization based in Nairobi, Kenya that works to promote peace and democracy, and to mitigate conflict in the African Great Lakes region.  AMANI Forum was formed in 1998 by regional parliamentarians to create a structure to enable coordinated work towards sustainable peace.  Since then AMANI has grown to a membership of over 650 parliamentarians, with national chapters in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.  In 2007 a chapter was established in the East African Legislative Assembly.

Amani is the Swahili word for peace.

Google Books
Billups, Mississippi
Billups is an unincorporated community in Lowndes County, Mississippi.

Billups is located west of Columbus and just south of Golden Triangle Regional Airport. According to the United States Geological Survey, variant names are Billups Gate and Billups Station.

Billups is the site of the former 2,000 acre plantation of Colonel Thomas C. Billups.

Billups was a flag stop on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. The first oil well in Lowndes County was drilled in Billups in 1921 and gravel and logs were shipped from the community.

A post office operated under the name Billups from 1901 to 1906.

Columbus, Mississippi
Columbus is a city in and the county seat of Lowndes County, on the eastern border of Mississippi, United States, located primarily east, but also north and northeast of the Tombigbee River, which is also part of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. It is approximately 146 miles (235 km) northeast of Jackson, 92 miles (148 km) north of Meridian, 63 miles (101 km) south of Tupelo, 60 miles (97 km) northwest of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and 120 miles (193 km) west of Birmingham, Alabama.

As of the 2020 census, Columbus had a population of 24,084. Columbus is the principal city of the Columbus Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Columbus-West Point Combined Statistical Area. Columbus is also part of the area of Mississippi called The Golden Triangle, consisting of Columbus, West Point and Starkville, in the counties of Lowndes, Clay and Oktibbeha.  Schools include Mississippi University for Women and Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science.
2017 STP 500
The 2017 STP 500 was a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race held on April 2, 2017, at Martinsville Speedway in Ridgeway, Virginia. Contested over 500 laps on the .526 mile (.847 km) paperclip-shaped short track, it was sixth race of the 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series season.

Ridgeway, Virginia
Ridgeway is a town in Henry County, Virginia, United States. As of the 2020 census, Ridgeway had a population of 752. It is part of the Martinsville Micropolitan Statistical Area. Martinsville Speedway, a NASCAR racetrack, is located just within Ridgeway town limits.
Hitching
Hitching could refer to:

Hitching (short story), a short story by Orson Scott Card

Hitching tie, a knot

Ringbolt hitching, a knot

Hitchhiking,

Hitching, a synonym for lag-related overclocking (i.e. when a digital image runs smoothly, stops and repeat again)

Overclocking
In computing, overclocking is the practice of increasing the clock rate of a semiconductor device, such as a processor, beyond its rated speed, potentially increasing its performance. Overclocked devices, however, may have shorter lifespans, become unstable and unreliable, and in extreme cases, be permanently damaged. Many manufacturers do not cover damage from overclocking in their warranties, while some allow it inside a predefined safety margin.
Potomac High School
Potomac High School is the name of several schools in the United States.

Potomac High School (Maryland), Oxon Hill, Maryland

Potomac High School (Virginia), Dumfries, Virginia

Potomac Falls High School, Sterling, Virginia

West Potomac High School, Fairfax County, Virginia

Original name of Winston Churchill High School (Maryland), Potomac, Maryland

Winston Churchill High School (Maryland)
Winston Churchill High School, often referred to as WCHS, Churchill High School, CHS or Churchill, is a public high school in Potomac, Maryland, United States, an unincorporated section of Montgomery County. It is the only public high school in Potomac.

The school is named after Winston Churchill, a British statesman and politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II. Founded in 1964 as Potomac High School, the school's name was changed to "Winston Churchill High School" a year later.

Churchill belongs to the Montgomery County Public Schools system. Most of its students live in Potomac with a small portion in Bethesda.
Werner Ziegler
Werner Ziegler (30 April 1916 – 15 April 2001) was a German officer during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany.

Ziegler joined the Bundeswehr in 1956, serving at the Infantry School in Hammelburg under General Hellmuth Mäder. In 1960 Ziegler served deputy commander of the Panzergrenadierbrigade 35. Seven years later he retired as Oberst and commander of the Panzergrenadierbrigade 19 in Ahlen.

Ahlen
Ahlen (German pronunciation: [ˈaːlən] ⓘ; Westphalian: Aulen) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 30 km southeast of Münster. Ahlen is part of the District of Warendorf and is economically the most important town in that district. Ahlen is part of the larger Münster region, and of the historic Münsterland area.
The nearby villages of Dolberg, Vorhelm and Tönnishäuschen
are part of Ahlen, as well. The largest neighboring town is the city of Hamm to the southwest.
2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 3 – Women's 1000 metres
The women's 1000 metres race of the 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 3, arranged in the Alau Ice Palace, in Astana, Kazakhstan, was held on 1 December 2013.

Heather Richardson of the United States won the race, while her compatriot Brittany Bowe came second, and Olga Fatkulina of Russia came third. Thijsje Oenema of the Netherlands won the Division B race.

Olga Fatkulina
Olga Aleksandrovna Fatkulina (Russian: Ольга Александровна Фаткулина; born 23 January 1990) is a Russian long-track speed skater. She competed for Russia at the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics in the women's 500 m and 1000 m.
Juan Camilo Restrepo Salazar
Juan Camilo Restrepo Salazar (born 19 October 1946) was the 10th Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of Colombia, serving in the administration of President Juan Manuel Santos Calderón. A veteran politician, he also served as the 63rd Minister of Finance and Public Credit of Colombia, the 17th Minister of Mines and Energy of Colombia, the 20th Ambassador of Colombia to France, and as Senator of Colombia. A lifelong member of the Conservative Party, he tried to run for the Conservative presidential nomination in 1998, losing in the primaries, and 2002, where he won the primaries but withdrew before the election.

Ministry of Finance and Public Credit
The Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (Spanish: Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público), is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia responsible for the financial and budgetary matters of the country as well as implementing the financial policies passed by Congress, equivalent to the finance ministries of other countries.

The Ministry was created on 18 July 1923 by fusing together the existing Ministries of Finance and of the Treasury.

The Ministry of Finance and Public Credit is active in developing financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion.
M23 chemical mine
The M23 is a United States steel cased chemical landmine. The mine was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and approximately 100,000 units were produced. The U.S. completed its destruction of its stock at the Umatilla Chemical Depot in 2008 and the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System in 2000.

The mine is broadly similar to the M15 anti-tank mine in appearance, with the addition of four pairs of small ridges along the top surface. The mine has two secondary fuse wells in addition to the primary fuse well and can be set to operate either for anti-vehicle or anti-personnel purposes. It is normally fitted with either an M603 or M608 fuse. Upon activation, the bursting charge breaks open a thin steel casing, heating and spraying VX nerve agent to form an aerosol.

Umatilla Chemical Depot
The Umatilla Chemical Depot (UMCD), based in Umatilla, Oregon, was a U.S. Army installation in the United States that stored chemical weapons. The chemical weapons originally stored at the depot consisted of various live munitions and storage containers each holding 1 short ton (2,000 lb; 910 kg) GB or VX nerve agents or HD blister agent. All munitions had been safely destroyed by 2011 and base closure operations were still ongoing as of 2022.
741 Botolphia
741 Botolphia is a 29.6-km diameter minor planet (specifically an asteroid) orbiting in the asteroid belt, discovered by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf on 10 February 1913 from Winchester. It is named after Saint Botolph, the semi-legendary founder of a 7th-century monastery that would become the town of Boston, Lincolnshire, England. This asteroid is orbiting at a distance of 2.72 AU from the Sun, with an orbital period of 4.49 yr and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.07. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 8.41° to the ecliptic.

Photometric data collected during 2007 were used to produce an asteroid light curve showing a rotation period of 23.93±0.02 h, with a brightness amplitude of 0.015 in magnitude. This result is consistent with earlier results by independent observers. 741 Botolphia was initially classified as an X-type asteroid, but it may instead belong to the M-type taxonomy.

Botolph of Thorney
Botolph of Thorney (/ˈbɒtʊlf/; also called Botolph, Botulph or Botulf; later known as Saint Botolph; died c. 680) was an English abbot and saint. He is regarded as the patron saint of boundaries, and by extension, of trade and travel, as well as various aspects of farming. His feast day is celebrated either on 17 June (England) or 25 June (Scotland).
A6 highway (Lithuania)
The A6 highway is a highway in Lithuania (Magistralinis kelias). It runs from Kaunas to the Latvian border near Zarasai. From there, the road continues to Daugavpils as A13. The length of the road is 185.40 km.

The speed limit for most of the length of A6 is default 90–106 km/h (outside city limits) with few urban sections with default 40–67 km/h speed limit. The section from Kaunas to Jonava has been upgraded to a dual carriageway with at-grade junctions, at-grade pedestrian crossing points, U-turns and traffic-lights. The remaining sections are roads with one lane in each direction, leading through towns like Ukmergė, Utena and Zarasai.

This route is a part of International E-road network (part of European route E262).

In July 2023, the new project was approved for rerouting A6 from the south of Jonava to the suburbs of Skaruliai and Šveicarija. The construction works is expected to start in 2024.

Utena, Lithuania
Utena (pronunciationⓘ) is a city in north-east Lithuania. It is the administrative center of Utena district and Utena County. Utena is one of the oldest settlements of Lithuania. The name of the city is most probably derived from a hydronym. The name of the settlement has been known since 1261.

Utena is an industrial city. It is known for its clothing, food and beverage factories. In recent years, however, streets, public squares and large areas of the parks in the city were reconstructed and Utena is now more attractive for recreation and tourism.

The anniversary of Utena City had been held each year on the last weekend of September. Since 2013 the anniversary has been held on the first weekend of September to take advantage of better weather conditions.
Les Bossons station
Les Bossons station (French: Gare des Bossons) is a railway station in the commune of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, in the French department of Haute-Savoie. It is located on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge Saint-Gervais–Vallorcine line of SNCF.

Haute-Savoie
Haute-Savoie (French pronunciation: [ot savwa] ⓘ; Arpitan: Savouè d'Amont; Italian: Alta Savoia) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France, bordering both Switzerland and Italy. Its prefecture is Annecy. To the north is Lake Geneva; to the south and southeast are Mont Blanc and the Aravis mountain range.

It holds its name from the Savoy historical region, as does the department of Savoie, located south of Haute-Savoie. In 2019, it had a population of 826,094. Its subprefectures are Bonneville, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois and Thonon-les-Bains. The French entrance to the Mont Blanc Tunnel into Italy is in Haute-Savoie. It is noted for winter sports; the first Winter Olympic Games were held at Chamonix in 1924.