hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Modal operator
A modal connective (or modal operator) is a logical connective for modal logic. It is an operator which forms propositions from propositions. In general, a modal operator has the "formal" property of being non-truth-functional in the following sense: The truth-value of composite formulae sometimes depend on factors other than the actual truth-value of their components. In the case of alethic modal logic, a modal operator can be said to be truth-functional in another sense, namely, that of being sensitive only to the distribution of truth-values across possible worlds, actual or not. Finally, a modal operator is "intuitively" characterized by expressing a modal attitude (such as necessity, possibility, belief, or knowledge) about the proposition to which the operator is applied.

De dicto and de re
De dicto and de re are two phrases used to mark a distinction in intensional statements, associated with the intensional operators in many such statements.  The distinction is used regularly in analytical metaphysics and in philosophy of language.

The literal translation of the phrase de dicto is "about what is said", whereas de re translates as "about the thing". The original meaning of the Latin locutions may help to elucidate the living meaning of the phrases, in the distinctions they mark. The distinction can be understood by examples of intensional contexts of which three are considered here: a context of thought, a context of desire, and a context of modality.
Almer Township, Michigan
Almer Charter Township is a charter township of Tuscola County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was 1,965 at the 2020 census. It is the only charter township in the Upper Thumb region of Michigan, and is one of only two charter townships in Michigan to have a population less than the 2,000 resident population requirement set by the Charter Township Act of 1947. It is the second least populated Charter Township in Michigan, only behind Ironwood Township.

Ironwood Charter Township, Michigan
Ironwood Charter Township is a charter township of Gogebic County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,214 in 2020. The city of Ironwood borders on the south, but the two are administered autonomously.

Ironwood Township is the home of Gogebic Community College, as well as the Gogebic–Iron County Airport.  Most of the land in the township is within the Ottawa National Forest. The Montreal River forms the township's western boundary with Wisconsin. The township is the westernmost municipality in the state of Michigan, as well as the largest charter township in the state by land area and the least-densely populated.
Horror films of Cambodia
Horror films in Cambodia, first popular in the 1970s, have received renewed attention in Cambodian film making since the resurgence of the local industry in 2003. Horror is one of three popular genres into which most Cambodian films can be loosely grouped, the other two being period pieces and melodrama/romantic drama. The fledgling Cambodian industry of the mid 2000s looked to capitalize on the world-wide popularity of Japanese horror films which have heavily influenced Cambodian horror films. Common themes are ghost or spirit hauntings, possession, folk mythology and revenge by supernatural means. The storytelling takes a slower pace than Western horror and relies on suspense, a pervasive sense of doom and dread, and psychologically disturbing events and situations. Unlike its Japanese counterparts however, many Cambodian horror films also feature over the top gore as seen in Western horror.

The Weird Villa
The Weird Villa (Khmer: ភូមិគ្រឹះចម្លែក, romanized: Phumĭkrœ̆h Châmlêk) is a 2004 Khmer psychological thriller that was advertised as being based on actual events which took place during the French colonial period of Cambodia's history.
Natalia Kononenko
Natalia Alexeyevna Kononenko (Ukrainian: Наталія Олексіївна Кононенко; born 25 August 1994) is a Ukrainian former artistic gymnast who competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She is a two-time European bronze medalist on the uneven bars.

Code of Points (gymnastics)
The Code of Points is a rulebook that defines the scoring system for each level of competition in gymnastics. There is not a universal international Code of Points, and every oversight organization — such as the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), NCAA Gymnastics, and most national gymnastics federations — designs and employs its own different Code of Points.
Wamanripa (Junín)
Wamanripa (Quechua wamanripa Senecio, "the one with the wamanripa", hispanicized spelling Huamanrripa) is a mountain in the Cordillera Central in the Andes of Peru which reaches an altitude of approximately 5,000 metres (16,404 ft). It is located in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, Yauli District. Wamanripa lies east of Yanta Pallana and south of a lake named Pumaqucha.

Cordillera Central (Peru)
The Cordillera Central (Spanish for central mountain range) is part of the Andes in Peru. It extends in a northerly direction approximately between 11º 39’ and 12º 37’S and 75º 30’ and 76º 20’W (or between 11°37' and 12°26'S and 75°30' and 76°18'W) for about 60 km to 100 km. It contains the Paryaqaqa (P), Yauyos (Y) and Pichqa Waqra (PW) mountain ranges. It is located in the Junín Region and in the Lima Region.

The name Cordillera Central is also applied to one of the three ranges that cross Peru in a northwesterly direction between the Cordillera Occidental ("the western range") where the Cordillera Central of the Junín and Lima Regions is located and the Cordillera Oriental ("the eastern range").  The mountaineer Evelio Echevarría uses the term for the La Viuda range and the Khaskaqucha range.
Kandilli, Zonguldak
Kandilli (before 2003: Armutçuk) is a town in Ereğli District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,573 (2022).

Kandilli is located on top of a mountain about 10 km north east of Karadeniz Ereğli and about 40 km west of Zonguldak city.  It is about 1 km from the coast of the Black Sea but due to the precipitous cliffs it is not readily accessible. Kandilli used to have a small port facility at the bottom of the cliffs which was accessible using a funicular railway contraption which was still operable as of 2002.

The main industry of the town is a coal mine producing black coal.  A railway exists from Kandilli to the port at Eregli but is not in use.  The route of the railway is scenic and has been suggested by local entrepreneurs as a possible tourist railway.

Karadeniz Ereğli
Karadeniz Ereğli (or Ereğli) is a city in Zonguldak Province of Turkey on the Black Sea shore. It is the seat of Ereğli District. Its population is 122,282 (2022). The mayor of the city is Halil Posbıyık. Mehmet Yapıcı is the District Governor of Ereğli.
William Rutherford (mathematician)
William Rutherford (1798–1871) was an English mathematician famous for his calculation of 208 digits of the mathematical constant π in 1841.

Only the first 152 calculated digits were later found to be correct; but that broke the record of the time, which was held by the Slovenian mathematician Jurij Vega since 1789 (126 first digits correct). Rutherford used the following formula:

Jurij Vega
Baron Jurij Bartolomej Vega (also spelled Veha; Latin: Georgius Bartholomaei Vecha; German: Georg Freiherr von Vega; born Vehovec, March 23, 1754 – September 26, 1802) was a Slovene mathematician, physicist, and artillery commissioned officer.
Taiko: Drum Master
Taiko: Drum Master, also known as Taiko no Tatsujin: Taiko Drum Master (太鼓の達人 TAIKO DRUM MASTER) in Japan, is a 2004 rhythm game developed and published by Namco for the Sony PlayStation 2 as part of the popular Japanese video game franchise Taiko no Tatsujin. It was released in North America in 2004, and Japan in 2005.

The game was notable for being the only Taiko no Tatsujin title to release in North America, until the releases of Taiko no Tatsujin: Drum 'n' Fun! and Taiko no Tatsujin: Drum Session! in 2018. The songs featured in Taiko: Drum Master were all in English and mostly taken from various Western artists, even in the Japanese release.

KC and the Sunshine Band
KC and the Sunshine Band is an American disco and funk band that was founded in 1973 in Hialeah, Florida. Their best-known songs include the hits "Get Down Tonight", "That's the Way (I Like It)", "⁠(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty", "I'm Your Boogie Man", "Keep It Comin' Love", "Boogie Shoes", "Please Don't Go", and "Give It Up". The band took its name from lead vocalist Harry Wayne Casey's last name ('KC') and the 'Sunshine Band' from KC's home state of Florida, the Sunshine State. The group had five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart: four in the 1970s and the first number one song of the 1980s.
Mumbles Pier
The Grade II listed structure of Mumbles Pier is an 835 feet (255 m) long Victorian pleasure pier built in 1898.  It is located at the south-western corner of Swansea Bay near the village of Mumbles, within the city and county of Swansea, Wales. The pier is used for fishing and tourism, offering panoramic views of Swansea Bay with the Mumbles Lighthouse on one side and Port Talbot on the other.

Swansea Bay
Swansea Bay (Welsh: Bae Abertawe) is a bay on the southern coast of Wales. The River Neath, River Tawe, River Afan, River Kenfig and Clyne River flow into the bay. Swansea Bay and the upper reaches of the Bristol Channel experience a large tidal range. The shipping ports in Swansea Bay are Swansea Docks, Port Talbot Docks and Briton Ferry wharves.

Each stretch of beach within the bay has its own name:

Aberavon Beach

Baglan Bay

Jersey Marine Beach

Swansea Beach

Mumbles Beach
Lake Norman of Iredell, North Carolina
Lake Norman of Iredell is a census-designated place (CDP) in Iredell County, North Carolina, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census. The population at the 2020 census was 11,395.

The community is in the southwestern corner of Iredell County and consists of several peninsulas extending into Lake Norman, a large reservoir on the Catawba River. The CDP is bordered to the northeast by the city of Mooresville and to the south, across an arm of the lake, by the town of Cornelius in Mecklenburg County. The CDP is bordered to the southwest, across the main channel of the lake, by the CDP of Westport in Lincoln County, and to the northwest, also across the main channel, by the CDP of Lake Norman of Catawba in Catawba County.

Westport, North Carolina
Westport is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States. The population of the CDP was 4,026 at the 2010 census, up from 2,006 at the 2000 census. The community's name comes from its location on the west side of Lake Norman.
Halkin Street
Halkin Street is a street in Belgravia, London, running south-west to north-east from the north-east corner of Belgrave Square to Grosvenor Place.

Notable buildings include Forbes House, a Grade II-listed  detached mansion at No. 10, built in the early-mid 19th century.

The 5-star Halkin Hotel is at No. 5–6, and the Mexican Consulate is at No. 8. The street is also home to the Belgrave Chapel and the Caledonian Club.

Belgravia
Belgravia (/bɛlˈɡreɪviə/) is a district in Central London, covering parts of the areas of the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

Belgravia was known as the 'Five Fields' during the Tudor Period, and became a dangerous place due to highwaymen and robberies. It was developed in the early 19th century by Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster under the direction of Thomas Cubitt, focusing on numerous grand terraces centred on Belgrave Square and Eaton Square. Much of Belgravia, known as the Grosvenor Estate, is still owned by a family property company, the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor Group, although owing to the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, the estate has been forced to sell many freeholds to its former tenants.

The part of Belgravia that lies in the City of Westminster is a district of Westminster.
Liikkala Fortress
Liikkala Fortress is a fortress in Kouvola, Finland. It was built in 1790s as a part of a larger South-Eastern Finland fortification system to protect Saint Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire.

Liikkala is located at the crossroad of four roads from Anjala, Hamina, Kouvola and Kaipiainen. During the Hats' War of 1741–1743, Russians built a military camp in the area, and the oldest fortifications might be from that time. During the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790, the importance of the fortifications became evident as the Swedish troops tried to push through Liikkala towards Hamina. In 1790, Russians started to construct the Liikkala Fortress as an outpost of the Hamina Fortress, so that reinforcements could be called from Hamina when needed.

After the Finnish War, the border was moved to the Gulf of Bothnia, and the fortress system lost its importance and was eventually abandoned. During the Winter War, an anti-aircraft gun was posted on the fortress hill.

Hamina Fortress
Hamina Fortress (Finnish: Haminan linnoitus) is located in Finland on the coast of the Gulf of Finland and it is an integral part of the Hamina city centre. Hamina fortress is a Star fort, representing the Renaissance ideal city embodied by Palmanova city in northeastern Italy.
2013 Men's Youth World Handball Championship
The 2013 IHF Men's Youth World Championship was the 5th edition of the tournament and was held at Hungary from 10 – 23 August 2013.

The Oceania Continent Handball Federation withdrew from the tournament.

Denmark defeated Croatia 32–26 in the final to win the title for the third consecutive time.

IHF Men's U19 Handball World Championship
The IHF Men's U19 Handball World Championship (or the IHF Men's Youth World Championship) is the official competition for men's national handball teams under age 19. It has been organized by the International Handball Federation since 2005. It takes place every two years in odd years.
Mantis Peak
Mantis Peak is the unofficial name of a 7,614-foot (2,321-metre) double-summit mountain located in North Cascades National Park in Skagit County of Washington state. The nearest higher peak is Snowfield Peak, 1.23 mi (1.98 km) to the west, and Styloid Peak rises 0.48 mi (0.77 km) to the east. Precipitation runoff from Mantis Peak drains into Neve Creek and McAllister Creek, both tributaries of Thunder Creek. With a steep north face sculpted by the Neve Glacier, relief is significant as the summit rises 4,000 feet above the head of Neve Creek valley in less than one mile, and the south side rises 5,400 feet above McAllister Creek valley in 1.5 mi (2.4 km). The first ascent of Mantis Peak was made August 16, 1973 by Marilyn and Stan Jensen. "Distal Phalanx", the slightly higher twin summit, was first climbed on May 31, 1981, by John Roper and party, on the same day that he climbed Styloid Peak. Roper, being a doctor, named some of his many first ascents for anatomical parts of the body.

Skagit County, Washington
Skagit County /ˈskædʒɪt/ is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 129,523. The county seat and largest city is Mount Vernon. The county was formed in 1883 from the southern part of Whatcom County and is named for the Upper and Lower Skagit Indian tribes, which have been indigenous to the area prior to European-American settlement.

Skagit County comprises the Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is included in the Seattle-Tacoma, WA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Puget Sound region, and it is known for its strong agricultural sector and annual tulip festival.
Pasangar
Pasangar (Persian: پاسنگر, also Romanized as Pāsangar and Pā-ye Sangar; also known as Pāy-e Sangar) is a village in Tukahur Rural District, Tukahur District, Minab County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 18, in 4 families.

Tukahur Rural District
Tukahur Rural District (Persian: دهستان توكهور) is in Tukahur District of Minab County, Hormozgan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Tukahur. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Hasht Bandi, now a city.
Douglas Dolphin
The Douglas Dolphin is an American amphibious flying boat. While only 58 were built, they served a wide variety of roles including private air yacht, airliner, military transport, and search and rescue.

Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior
The Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior is a series of nine-cylinder, air-cooled, radial aircraft engines built by the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company from the 1930s to the 1950s. These engines have a displacement of 985 in3 (16 L); initial versions produced 300 hp (220 kW), while the most widely used versions produce 450 hp (340 kW).

Wasp Juniors have powered numerous smaller civil and military aircraft, including small transports, utility aircraft, trainers, agricultural aircraft, and helicopters. Over 39,000 engines were built, and many are still in service today.
2608 Seneca
2608 Seneca, provisional designation 1978 DA, is a stony asteroid and sub-kilometer near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 0.9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 February 1978, by German astronomer Hans-Emil Schuster at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile, and named after Roman philosopher Seneca.

Amor asteroid
The Amor asteroids are a group of near-Earth asteroids named after the archetype object 1221 Amor /ˈeɪmɔːr/. The orbital perihelion of these objects is close to, but greater than, the orbital aphelion of Earth (i.e., the objects do not cross Earth's orbit), with most Amors crossing the orbit of Mars. The Amor asteroid 433 Eros was the first asteroid to be orbited and landed upon by a robotic space probe (NEAR Shoemaker).
Thoracic spinal nerve 12
The thoracic spinal nerve 12 (T12) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment.

It originates from the spinal column from below the thoracic vertebra 12 (T12).

It may also be known as the subcostal nerve.

Subcostal nerve
The subcostal nerve (anterior division of the twelfth thoracic nerve) is a mixed motor and sensory nerve contributing to the lumbar plexus. It runs along the lower border of the twelfth rib, often gives a communicating branch to the first lumbar nerve, and passes under the lateral lumbocostal arch.

It then runs in front of the quadratus lumborum, innervates the transversus, and passes forward between it and the abdominal internal oblique to be distributed in the same manner as the lower intercostal nerves.

It communicates with the iliohypogastric nerve and the ilioinguinal nerve of the lumbar plexus, and gives a branch to the pyramidalis muscle and the quadratus lumborum muscle. It also gives off a lateral cutaneous branch that supplies sensory innervation to the skin over the hip.
Banisilan–Guiling–Alamada–Libungan Road
The Banisilan–Guiling–Alamada–Libungan Road is a 118-kilometer (73 mi), two-lane secondary highway that connects the provinces of Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, and Bukidnon. The road also connects Libungan, Cotabato to the Davao–Cotabato Road and leads to Asik-Asik Falls in Alamada, Cotabato.

The highway forms part of National Route 944 (N944) of the Philippine highway network.

Davao–Cotabato Road
The Davao–Cotabato Road is a 205.7-kilometer (127.8 mi), two-to-six lane major national primary road, connecting the provinces of Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Cotabato, and Maguindanao del Norte. It runs from Davao City to Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao del Norte.

This road is designated as part of National Route 1 (N1) and National Route 75 (N75) of the Philippine highway network and partially Asian Highway 26 (AH26) of the Asian highway network.
Windows Forms
Windows Forms, also known as WinForms, is a free, open-source graphical user interface (GUI) class library for building Windows desktop applications, included as a part of Microsoft .NET, .NET Framework or Mono, providing a platform to write client applications for desktop, laptop, and tablet PCs. While it is seen as a replacement for the earlier and more complex C++ based Microsoft Foundation Class Library, it does not offer a comparable paradigm and only acts as a platform for the user interface tier in a multi-tier solution.

At the Microsoft Connect event on December 4, 2018, Microsoft announced releasing Windows Forms as an open source project on GitHub. It is released under the MIT License. With this release, Windows Forms has become available for projects targeting the .NET Core framework. However, the framework is still available only on the Windows platform, and Mono's incomplete implementation of Windows Forms remains the only cross-platform implementation.

Abstract Window Toolkit
The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) is Java's original platform-dependent windowing, graphics, and user-interface widget toolkit, preceding Swing. The AWT is part of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) — the standard API for providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for a Java program. AWT is also the GUI toolkit for a number of Java ME profiles. For example, Connected Device Configuration profiles require Java runtimes on mobile telephones to support the Abstract Window Toolkit.
Hymenopus coronatus
Hymenopus coronatus is a mantis from the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. It is known by various common names, including walking flower mantis, orchid-blossom mantis and (pink) orchid mantis. It is one of several species known as flower mantis, a reference to their unique physical form and behaviour, which often involves moving with a "swaying" motion, as if being "blown" in the breeze. Several species have evolved to mimic orchid flowers as a hunting and camouflaging strategy, "hiding" themselves in plain view and preying upon pollinating insects that visit the blooms. They are known to grab their prey with blinding speed.

Hugh B. Cott
Hugh Bamford Cott (6 July 1900 – 18 April 1987) was a British zoologist, an authority on both natural and military camouflage, and a scientific illustrator and photographer. Many of his field studies took place in Africa, where he was especially interested in the Nile crocodile, the evolution of pattern and colour in animals. During the Second World War, Cott worked as a camouflage expert for the British Army and helped to influence War Office policy on camouflage. His book Adaptive Coloration in Animals (1940), popular among serving soldiers, was the major textbook on camouflage in zoology of the twentieth century. After the war, he became a Fellow of Selwyn College, Cambridge. As a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, he undertook expeditions to Africa and the Amazon to collect specimens, mainly reptiles and amphibians.
Iranian Complainant Mothers
Iranian complainant mothers (Persian: مادران دادخواه) or Iranian Mothers for Justice are mothers whose children were killed by the agents of the Islamic Republic in various protests in Iran. These women are the mothers of people who were killed during the 2017–2018 Iranian protests, the 2019–2020 Iranian protests, the 2021–2022 Iranian protests and the downing of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Air Defense.

Also, the mothers of those killed in the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners, who are also known as Mothers of Khavaran, and the mothers of those killed during the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, known as Mothers of Laleh Park and other mothers of those killed during the rule of the Islamic Republic in Iran can be called Iranian mothers for justice.

2021–2022 Iranian protests
Protests erupted in Iran on 15 July 2021 over water shortages, but were quickly met with police violence and brutality. November 2021 saw further protests due to water shortages; various other protests and strikes also took place due to the worsening economic situation. In August 2021, Amnesty International noted that brutal forces have been used by the Security Forces to oppress the protesters.