hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bratteli diagram
In mathematics, a Bratteli diagram is a combinatorial structure: a graph composed of vertices labelled by positive integers ("level") and unoriented edges between vertices having levels differing by one.  The notion was introduced by Ola Bratteli in 1972 in the theory of operator algebras to describe directed sequences of finite-dimensional algebras: it played an important role in Elliott's classification of AF-algebras and the theory of subfactors.  Subsequently Anatoly Vershik associated dynamical systems with infinite paths in such graphs.

Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Arnold Penther
Arnold Penther (15 October 1865, Rome – 6 April 1931, Vienna) was an Austrian naturalist.

From 1887 to 1891 he studied natural sciences in Vienna, receiving his PhD in 1892. Beginning in 1898 he worked as a volunteer at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna, later attaining the role of curator. At the museum, he specialized in the field of arachnology.

In 1894–96 he conducted zoological and botanical investigations in South Africa and Rhodesia. Ornithological specimens collected on the expedition were donated to the natural history museum in Vienna, and many of the plants he collected on the trip became part of the Vienna herbarium. Later on in his career, he embarked on scientific expeditions to Asia Minor, Mesopotamia and the Balkans.

The genus Pentheriella (family Asteraceae, synonym Heteromma) was named in his honor by Karl August Otto Hoffmann and Reinhold Conrad Muschler, and taxa with the specific epithet of pentheri are named after him, an example being Rhus pentheri.

Searsia pentheri
Searsia pentheri, the common crowberry (English),  gewone kraaibessie (Afrikaans), iNhlokoshiyane (Zulu), or mutasiri (Venda), is a species of tree in the genus Searsia. Frost hardy tree reaching a height of up to 6 metres. The tree is mainly evergreen but loses its leaves in severe winters. It has olive-green foliage with dark brown bark and can be grown in either full sun or semi shade. Small flowers are produced and are followed by masses of shiny, light brown, small edible fruits, which provide a feast for birds. Only female trees produce these fruits though. The tree occurs over large portions of South Africa. It has been planted in Spain.
Shehan Karunatilaka
Shehan Karunatilaka (born 1975) is a Sri Lankan writer. He grew up in Colombo, studied in New Zealand and has lived and worked in London, Amsterdam and Singapore. His 2010 debut novel Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew won the Commonwealth Book Prize, the DSC Prize, the Gratiaen Prize and was adjudged the second greatest cricket book of all time by Wisden. His second novel The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida (Sort of Books, 2022) was announced as the winner of the 2022 Booker Prize on 17 October 2022.

Commonwealth Writers
Commonwealth Writers (established in 2011) is the cultural initiative of the Commonwealth Foundation. It aims to inspire, develop and connect writers across the Commonwealth. Its flagship is a literary award for short stories, the Commonwealth Short Story Prize, and a website.

As the Commonwealth Foundation’s cultural programme, Commonwealth Writers works in partnership with international literary organisations, the wider cultural industries and civil society to help writers develop their craft. Partners include the BBC World Service, the British Council, English PEN, Granta, Hay Festival, the Prince Claus Fund, the Sigrid Rausing Trust, the Brunel University African Poetry Prize, and others.
Quadring Fen
Quadring Fen is a hamlet in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 2 miles (3.2 km) south from the A52 road, 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Billingborough and about 7 miles (11 km) north-west from Spalding.

The  village of Quadring is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to the east. The smaller settlement of Quadring High Fen is 0.5 miles (0.8 km) to the south.

Quadring Fen forms part of the Lincolnshire Fens which was an area of low-lying land prone to flooding prior to drainage works being carried out between 1635 and 1638.

A52 road
The A52 is a major road in the East Midlands, England. It runs east from a junction with the A53 at Newcastle-under-Lyme near Stoke-on-Trent via Ashbourne, Derby, Stapleford, Nottingham, West Bridgford, Bingham, Grantham, Boston and Skegness to the east Lincolnshire coast at Mablethorpe. It is approximately 147 miles (237 km) long.
Three Pagodas Fault
The Three Pagodas Fault is a right-lateral displacement strike-slip fault between Burma and Thailand named after the Three Pagodas Pass. It developed as a consequence of the collision between the Indian and the Eurasian Plate. The Three Pagodas Fault Zone (TPFZ) is a roughly 50 km wide zone separating the westernmost range of the Tenasserim Hills from the Tenasserim coast in Myanmar. The whole area is marked by a great number of fault traces and homoclinal ridges of Paleozoic limestone.

The Three Pagodas Fault Zone accommodates the southeastward extrusion of Indochina, with stresses twisting clockwise. Together with the Wang Chao Fault and the Mae Ping Fault, it runs parallel to the Red River Fault. There is a fear that a future earthquake caused by the TPFZ and the Sri Sawat Fault Zone (SSFZ) could damage the large dams in Kanchanaburi Province in the future and that it could cause widespread damage to Bangkok. There was already a severe earthquake in the area about 2,500 years ago.

Tanintharyi Region
Tanintharyi Region, formerly Tenasserim Division and Tanintharyi Division, is a region of Myanmar, covering the long narrow southern part of the country on the northern Malay Peninsula, reaching to the Kra Isthmus. It borders the Andaman Sea to the west and the Tenasserim Hills, beyond which lie Thailand, to the east. To the north is the Mon State. There are many islands off the coast, the large Mergui Archipelago in the southern and central coastal areas and the smaller Moscos Islands off the northern shores. The capital of the division is Dawei (Tavoy). Other important cities include Myeik (Mergui) and Kawthaung. The division covers an area of 43,344.9 square kilometres (16,735.6 sq mi), and had a population of 1,406,434 at the 2014 Census.
Katherine Wright (field hockey)
Katherine "Kate" Wright (née Gillis) is a women's field hockey player from Canada. Wright was born on August 14, 1989, in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Wright is the most capped player with the Canada national team, playing 216 matches. She surpassed the Stephanie Jameson's previous record of 169 matches at the 2017 Women's Pan American Cup. Wright has been captain of the national team since 2014.

Wright has represented Canada at two Commonwealth Games, in Glasgow 2014 and Gold Coast 2018. At the 2018 event, Wright captained Canada to their best finish in the tournament's history, coming in fifth place.

Wright has also once been named in the Pan American Elite Team by the Pan American Hockey Federation, in 2013.

Canada women's national field hockey team
The Canada women's national field hockey team participates in international field hockey competitions. In 1991, the Canadian men's and women's programs united under the national umbrella of Field Hockey Canada to share funding and infrastructure. The women's team made its first international appearance at the 1978 Women's Hockey World Cup in Madrid, Spain, finishing in fifth place. They were the runner-up at the 1983 Women's Hockey World Cup and the bronze medallists at the 1986 Women's Hockey World Cup.

The Canadian women's team participated in the women's international tournament for the first time in 1956. In 1979 Canada hosted 18 countries in Vancouver for that world event; Canada placed 8th. The 1978 Canadian team was the first to enter the Women's World Cup, and placed 5th.
Predictions of a genocide in Ethiopia
Predictions of a genocide in Ethiopia, particularly one that targets Tigrayans, Amharas and/or Oromos, have frequently occurred during the 2020s, particularly in the context of the Tigray War and Ethiopia's broader civil conflict.

Organizations related to the international Jewish community and otherwise involved in commemorating the Holocaust, such as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, have expressed alarm over the acts of mass violence occurring inside Ethiopia. In October 2022, the Museum issued a public statement declaring a "heightened risk" and concluding: "Ethnic-based targeting and the commission of mass atrocities have been an intentional strategy of parties to the conflict between the Ethiopian and regional Tigrayan governments".

Chidi Odinkalu
Chidi Anselm Odinkalu (b. June 12, 1968) is a Nigerian human rights activist, lawyer, professor and writer. He was the former chairman of Nigeria's National Human Rights Commission (Nigeria) and was recently the senior team manager for the Africa Program of Open Society Justice Initiative.

He has worked as an advisor for the Ford Foundation New York, World Bank, African Union, International Council for Human Rights Policy, Geneva; and many others. August 2021, the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University appointed Odinkalu a Professor in Human Rights Law.

In 2018, he co-authored a book titled Too Good to Die with Ayisha Osori.
San Francisco Mime Troupe
The San Francisco Mime Troupe is a theatre of political satire which performs free shows in various parks in the San Francisco Bay Area and around California, founded in 1959. Despite its name, the group does not perform silent mime, but each year creates an original musical comedy that combines aspects of commedia dell'arte, melodrama, and broad farce with topical political themes. In 1987, the group was awarded the Regional Theatre Award at the 41st Tony Awards.

Farce
Farce is a form of comedy that relies on exaggerated, improbable, or ridiculous situations to entertain an audience. It is typically marked by physical humor, absurdity, satire or parody, improbable scenarios, misunderstandings, and broadly stylized characters and performances.
WQSN
WQSN is a classic hits formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Norton, Virginia, serving Big Stone Gap, Pennington Gap, and Clintwood in Virginia, Whitesburg, Cumberland, and Jenkins in Kentucky, and Kingsport in Tennessee. WQSN is owned and operated by Bristol Broadcasting Company, Inc.

Norton, Virginia
Norton is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, located in the far western tip of the state and surrounded by Wise County, Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,687, making it the least populous city in Virginia. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Norton with surrounding Wise County for statistical purposes.
E. O. Köpke
Ernst Otto Köpke, also EO Köpke (November 19, 1914 in Diez - August 16, 2009 in Hamburg] was a German painter and graphic artist. His oeuvre, spanning a creative period of 70 years from 1934 to 2004, is very diverse. In addition to its main focus on stained glass, paintings and print graphics it also includes numerous works of commercial art, art in architecture, mosaics, book illustration as well as sketches (designs) for liturgical paraphernalia, for jewellery and for ceramic sculptures.

The given name Ernst Otto were never used by the artist himself, but were always combined into E.O. or EO. This applied both to the verbal form of address and to his signature. He would sign his works with EOK or, more rarely, EOKöpke.

Commercial art
Commercial art is the art of creative services, referring to art created for commercial purposes, primarily advertising. Commercial art uses a variety of platforms (magazines, websites, apps, television, etc.) for viewers with the intent of promoting the sale and interest of products, services, and ideas. It relies on the iconic image (pictorial representations that are recognized easily to members of a culture) to enhance recall and favorable recognition for a product or service. An example of a product could be a magazine ad promoting a new soda through complementary colors, a catchy message, and appealing illustrative features. Another example could be promoting the prevention of global warming by encouraging people to walk or ride a bike instead of driving in an eye catching poster. It communicates something specific to an audience.

People can obtain training, certifications, and degrees that incorporate commercial arts in many exercises, activities, and programs.
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is a ministry of the Federal Government of Nigeria that has the mandate to ensure food security in crop, livestock and fisheries, stimulate agricultural employment and services, promote the production and supply of raw materials to Agro-allied industries, provide markets for the products of the industrial sector, generate foreign exchange aid and rural Socio-economic development throughout Nigeria. Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar is the current minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. Abubakar replaced Sabo Nanono and took charge of the affairs of the ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in September 2021, after he was redeployed from the Federal Ministry of Environment by President Muhammadu Buhari.

Goodluck Jonathan
Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan Listenⓘ GCFR GCON (born 20 November 1957) is a Nigerian politician who served as the president of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015. He lost the 2015 presidential election to former military head of state General Muhammadu Buhari and was the first incumbent president in Nigerian history to lose re-election.

Previously, Jonathan served as the vice president of Nigeria from 2007 to 2010 under the administration of Umaru Musa Yar'Adua; and in oil-rich Bayelsa State as governor from 2005 to 2007, and deputy governor from 1999 to 2005. In 2015, Jonathan became the first Nigerian president to concede election defeat. It allowed the transfer of power to the opposition party in Africa's biggest democracy—a country that had hitherto experienced vote-rigging and violence.
Glendale Technology High School
Glendale Technology High School is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school in Glendale, New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1970 as Glendale High School, the school enrolled approximately 802 students in 2025, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom 17 percent identified as Indigenous Australians and nine percent were from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; the principal is Anthony Angel.

Department of Education (New South Wales)
The New South Wales Department of Education, a department of the Government of New South Wales, is responsible for the delivery and co-ordination of early childhood, primary school, secondary school, vocational education, adult, migrant and higher education in the state of New South Wales, Australia.

The department was preceded by the Board of National Education and Council of Education, and has been formerly known by a number of names, including Department of Public Instruction, the Department of Education and Training (DET) between December 1997 and April 2011, and the Department of Education and Communities (DEC) between April 2011 and July 2015.

The department's powers are principally drawn from the Education Act, 1990  (NSW).
Miami Central Senior High School
Miami Central Senior High School is a secondary school located at 1781 NW 95th Street in West Little River, Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Its current principal is Raymond Sands.

Miami Central opened in 1959. Its school mascot and colors were chosen in honor of NASA and the inception of its space program, which was an event at the time of the school's opening.

In the early 1990s, the school acquired a computer science magnet program, placed as part of the district's initiative to devote school space to certain magnet programs so as to attract minority students to less diverse schools.

The school serves most of the northern fringes of the city of Miami, as well as parts of North Miami, Opa-locka, the village of Miami Shores, and the village of El Portal.

Miami Shores, Florida
Miami Shores or Miami Shores Village is a village in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The village is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,567, up from 10,493 in 2010.
Romanian Space Agency
The Romanian Space Agency (ROSA; Romanian: Agenția Spațială Română) is a public institution that coordinates Romania's national space technology. ROSA, established in 1991, is subordinate to the Romanian Ministry of Education.

ROSA is not a representative of the Romanian Government, but ROSA establishes cooperative agreements with international organizations such as the European Space Agency, and the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Along with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ROSA represents Romania at the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) and at its subcommittees.

In addition, the Romanian Space Agency conducts research projects through the ROSA Research Center.

Committee on Space Research
The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) was established on October 3, 1958 by the International Council for Scientific Unions (ICSU) and its first chair was Hildegard Korf Kallmann-Bijl.  Among COSPAR's objectives are the promotion of scientific research in space on an international level, with emphasis on the free exchange of results, information, and opinions, and providing a forum, open to all scientists, for the discussion of problems that may affect space research.  These objectives are achieved through the organization of symposia, publication, and other means.
COSPAR has created a number of research programmes on different topics, a few in cooperation with other scientific Unions. The long-term project COSPAR international reference atmosphere started in 1960; since then it has produced several editions of the high-atmosphere code CIRA. The code "IRI" of the URSI-COSPAR working group on the International Reference Ionosphere was first edited in 1978 and is yearly updated.
Phillip Lowe
Phillip Lowe (born December 16, 1958) is an American politician. He is a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 60th District, serving since 2007. He is a member of the Republican party.

South Carolina House of Representatives
The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly. It consists of 124 representatives elected to two-year terms at the same time as U.S. congressional elections.

Unlike many legislatures, seating on the floor is not divided by party, but is arranged by county delegation – a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber. Until 1964, each of South Carolina's counties was a legislative district, with the number of representatives determined by the county's population. It meets from the second week of January into May.
2020–21 Persian Gulf Pro League
The 2020–21 Persian Gulf Pro League (formerly known as Iran Pro League) were the 38th season of Iran's Football League and 20th as Persian Gulf Pro League since its establishment in 2001. Persepolis were the defending champions. The season featured 14 teams from the 2019–20 Persian Gulf Pro League and two new teams promoted from the 2019–20 Azadegan League: Mes Rafsanjan and Aluminium Arak.

The 2020–21 season started on 6 November 2020 and was ended on 30 July 2021. Persepolis won their record-extending 5th consecutive title and 14th title overall (7th in the Pro League era)

Mes Rafsanjan F.C.
Mes Rafsanjan Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Rafsanjan, Iran. The club is owned by the Copper Industries Company the nationalised Iranian copper industry after which the club is named.
Kepler-63
Kepler-63 is a G-type main-sequence star about 638 light-years away. The star is much younger than the Sun, at 0.21 billion years. Kepler-63 is similar to the Sun in its concentration of heavy elements.

The star is exhibiting strong starspot activity, with relatively cold (4700±300 K) starspots concentrated in two mid-latitude bands similar to the Sun, changing their position in a cycle with a period of 1.27±0.16 years. Due to high magnetic activity associated with its young age, Kepler-63 has a very hot corona heated to 8 million degrees, and produces over ten times the solar amount of x-rays than the Sun.

Multiplicity surveys did not detect any stellar companions to Kepler-63 by 2016.

Stellar corona
In astronomy, a corona (pl.: coronas or coronae) is the outermost layer of a star's atmosphere. It is a region filled with relatively hot, tenuous plasma that is structured by the star's magnetic field.

Scientists have greater access to the solar corona than they do to other stellar coronae, since it is inside our solar system. This means that the coronae of other stars are still relatively poorly understood.

Corona (Latin for 'crown') is, in turn, derived from Ancient Greek  κορώνη (korṓnē) 'garland, wreath'.
Kogin-zashi
Kogin-zashi (こぎん刺し) is one of the techniques of sashiko, or traditional Japanese decorative reinforcement stitching, that originated in the part of present-day Aomori Prefecture controlled by the Tsugaru clan during the Edo period (1603-1867). It is also referred to as sashi-kogin.

Kogin-zashi is generally constructed of white cotton embroidery in diamond patterns on indigo-dyed fabrics such as cotton, linen and hemp. During the Edo period, peasants were not permitted to wear cotton cloth in the Tsugaru region, so cotton thread was added to linen cloth with the aim of bypassing these regulations and making clothes warmer and more protective during the harsh winter weather, as well as strengthening the cloth.

Hirosaki
Hirosaki (弘前市, Hirosaki-shi) is a city located in western Aomori Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 January 2026, the city had an estimated population of 157,031 in 84,998 households, and a population density of 300 per square kilometre (780/sq mi). The total area of the city is 524.20 square kilometers (202.39 sq mi).

Hirosaki developed as a castle town for the 100,000 koku Hirosaki Domain ruled by the Tsugaru clan. The city is currently a regional commercial center, and the largest producer of apples in Japan.  The city government has been promoting the slogans "Apple Colored Town Hirosaki" and "Castle and Cherry Blossom and Apple Town" to promote the city image. The town is also noted for many western-style buildings dating from the Meiji period.
Soe, Viljandi County
Soe is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Soe is 26 km (16 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi near the western shore of Võrtsjärv lake. As of 2011, it had a population of 261, a decrease from 315 in the 2000 census.

Viljandi Parish
Viljandi Parish (Estonian: Viljandi vald) is a rural municipality of Viljandi County, Estonia. It is located around the town of Viljandi, but does not include it.

Viljandi Parish was established by merging four municipalities: Paistu, Pärsti, Saarepeedi and Viiratsi parishes. This took place after the municipal elections held on 20 October 2013.

Between 1939 and 1950, Viljandi Parish existed with different borders.