hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Computational number theory
In mathematics and computer science, computational number theory, also known as algorithmic number theory, is the study of 
computational methods for investigating and solving problems in number theory and arithmetic geometry, including algorithms for primality testing and integer factorization, finding solutions to diophantine equations, and explicit methods in arithmetic geometry.
Computational number theory has applications to cryptography, including RSA, elliptic curve cryptography and post-quantum cryptography, and is used to investigate conjectures and open problems in number theory, including the Riemann hypothesis, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, the ABC conjecture, the modularity conjecture, the Sato-Tate conjecture, and explicit aspects of the Langlands program.

Primality test
A primality test is an algorithm for determining whether an input number is prime. Among other fields of mathematics, it is used for cryptography. Unlike integer factorization, primality tests do not generally give prime factors, only stating whether the input number is prime or not. Factorization is thought to be a computationally difficult problem, whereas primality testing is comparatively easy (its running time is polynomial in the size of the input). Some primality tests prove that a number is prime, while others like Miller–Rabin prove that a number is composite. Therefore, the latter might more accurately be called compositeness tests instead of primality tests.
NS Basic
NS Basic is a family of development tools developed and commercially marketed by NSB Corporation in Toronto, Ontario, Canada for iOS, Android, Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Linux, BlackBerry OS, webOS, Newton OS, Palm OS, Windows CE and Windows Mobile.

Bootstrap (front-end framework)
Bootstrap (formerly Twitter Bootstrap) is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at responsive, mobile-first front-end web development. It contains HTML, CSS and (optionally) JavaScript-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation, and other interface components.

As of May 2023, Bootstrap is the 17th most starred project (4th most starred library) on GitHub, with over 164,000 stars. According to W3Techs, Bootstrap is used by 19.2% of all websites.
Liqian
Liqian (simplified Chinese: 骊靬; traditional Chinese: 驪靬; pinyin: Líqián; Wade–Giles: Li-ch'ien) was a county established during the Western Han dynasty and located in the south of modern Yongchang County, Jinchang, in Gansu province of Northwest China. The Western Han inhabitants of the county had migrated to the area from western regions. The county was renamed Liqian (力乾) during the Northern Wei dynasty and disestablished during the Sui dynasty, becoming part of Fanhe County. There is a theory that some of the modern-day residents of Zhelaizhai (now Liqian village, in Jiaojiazhuang township) are descendants of a group of Roman soldiers that were never accounted for after being captured in the Battle of Carrhae. However, Chinese authorities, a 2007 genetic study, and archaeologists have debunked this theory.

County (China)
Counties (县) are found in the third level of the administrative hierarchy in provinces and autonomous regions and the second level in municipalities and Hainan, a level that is known as "county level" and also contains autonomous counties, county-level cities, banners, autonomous banners and city districts. There are 1,355 counties in mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions.

The term xian is sometimes translated as "district" or "prefecture" when put in the context of Chinese history.
Banbridge (District Electoral Area)
Banbridge is one of the seven district electoral areas (DEA) in Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon, Northern Ireland. The district elects seven members to Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council and contains the wards of Banbridge East, Banbridge North, Banbridge South, Banbridge West, Gilford, Loughbrickland and Rathfriland. Banbridge forms part of the Upper Bann constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament.

It was created for the 1985 local elections, replacing Banbridge Area A which had existed since 1973. It was called Banbridge Town until 2014, and contained five wards (Ballydown, Banbridge West, Edenderry, Fort and Seapatrick). For the 1993 local elections it gained an additional ward, The Cut. For the 2014 local elections it gained most of the abolished Knockiveagh DEA.

Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon
Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon is a local government district in Northern Ireland.  The district was created as Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon on 1 April 2015 by merging the City and District of Armagh, Banbridge District and most of the Borough of Craigavon. The word "City" was added to the name on 24 February 2016, to reflect Armagh's city status. The local authority is Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council.
Jubrique
Jubrique is a town and municipality in the province of Málaga, part of the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. The municipality is situated approximately 38 kilometers from Ronda and 105 km from the Malaga capital. It has a population of approximately 800 residents. The natives in this village are called Jubriqueños.

Province of Málaga
The Province of Málaga (Spanish: Provincia de Málaga [ˈmalaɣa]) is located in Andalusia, Spain. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and by the provinces of Cádiz to the west, Seville to the northwest, Córdoba to the north, and Granada to the east.

The province is subject to extreme water stress in the wake of the proliferation of avocado plantations in the Axarquía region, with the arid local climate being unsuitable to the plant's large water demands.
William Helffrich House
The William Helffrich House is a historic house located at 1200 Plainfield Avenue in Orange Park, Florida. It is locally significant as a frame vernacular house with Gothic Revival influences, and for being one of Orange Park's largest 19th century houses.

Orange Park, Florida
Orange Park is a town in Clay County, Florida, United States. As a suburb of Jacksonville in neighboring Duval County, it is formally a part of the Jacksonville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 9,089 at the 2020 census, up from 8,412 from the 2010 census. while the Town of Orange Park is only 5.32 sq mi large, Orange Park is the designated city on all addresses for all homes and businesses within the zip codes 32065 and 32073, which includes Lakeside, Bellair-Meadowbrook Terrace and Oakleaf Plantation.

The town's name reflects the hope of its founders for a fruit-growing industry, but their crops were destroyed in the Great Freeze of 1894–1895. Despite recovery elsewhere, the crops never came back to Orange Park.
Hor States
The Hor States (Tibetan: ཧོར་དཔོན་ཁག་ལྔ།, Wylie: hor dpon khag lnga; Chinese: 五霍爾; lit. 'Five Hors'), also known as the Horpa States, were a group of principalities located in the Tibetan region of Kham that existed from the 14th century to the mid-1900s.

Today, the historical territory of the Hor States comprises Garzê County, Luhuo County, and part of Dawu County.

5th Dalai Lama
The 5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (Tibetan: ངག་དབང་བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་, Wylie: Ngag-dbang blo-bzang rgya-mtsho) (1617–1682) was recognized as the 5th Dalai Lama, and he became the first Dalai Lama to hold both Tibet's political and spiritual leadership roles.

He is often referred to simply as the Great Fifth, being the key religious and temporal leader of Tibetan Buddhism and Tibet. He is credited with unifying all of Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang, after Gushri Khan's successful military interventions.

As an independent head of state, he established priest and patron relations with both Mongolia and the Qing dynasty simultaneously, and had positive relations with other neighboring countries.

He began the custom of meeting early European explorers.

The 5th Dalai Lama built the Potala Palace, and also wrote 24 volumes' worth of scholarly and religious works on a wide range of subjects.
Welsh–Scottish League
The Welsh–Scottish League was a rugby union league in Scotland and Wales jointly implemented by the Scottish Rugby Union and the Welsh Rugby Union from the 1999–2000 season onwards. It was a precursor to the Celtic League and lasted three seasons, being disbanded after the Celtic League was set up.

Border Reivers (rugby union)
Border Reivers, originally known as Scottish Borders Rugby, were one of four professional rugby union teams in Scotland, alongside Edinburgh, Caledonia Reds and Glasgow Warriors.

Border Reivers were active in the Scottish Inter-District Championship from 1996 to 1998 and in the Celtic League, Celtic Cup and Heineken Cup from 2002 until 2007, when, as part of the Scottish Rugby Union's cost-cutting measures, they were disbanded. They played their home matches at Netherdale (capacity circa 6,000) in Galashiels in the Scottish Borders region.
1932 United States Senate election in Arizona
The 1932 United States Senate elections in Arizona took place on November 8, 1932. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Carl Hayden ran for reelection to a second term, again defeating his 1926 challenger former U.S. Senator Ralph H. Cameron in the general election.

Hayden, then U.S. Congressman for Arizona's at-large Congressional district, was elected to his first term in 1926 when he defeated the incumbent Cameron, and would be successfully reelected to his second term in a rematch in 1932, by a wide margin. Candidates from the Socialist and Communist Parties also ran in the election, but did not garner much support, barely registering at 1% or less. This would be Cameron's final attempt at returning to the U.S. Senate, leaving Arizona soon after, and living for a time in both Philadelphia and Los Angeles.

Socialist Party USA
The Socialist Party of the United States of America (also Socialist Party USA or SPUSA) is a socialist political party in the United States. SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after the Socialist Party of America splintered into three: Social Democrats, USA (legal successor); the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (split); and SPUSA.

SPUSA describes itself as a multi-tendency socialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democratic revolution from below". In contrast to the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from the Democratic Party. SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy", in opposition to "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems".

Notable members include David McReynolds, Frank Zeidler, and Dan La Botz. Former members include Ben Burgis.
Paradise Hill, Nevada
Paradise Hill is an unincorporated community in Humboldt County, Nevada, United States. It is located along U.S. Route 95 at the junction of Nevada State Route 290 in Paradise Valley and is approximately 21 miles north of Winnemucca.

Paradise Hill is the site of a truck stop with a Sinclair gas station with a Dino Mart convenience store and a lounge for truckers.

U.S. Route 95 in Nevada
U.S. Route 95 (US 95) is a major U.S. highway traversing the U.S. state of Nevada from north to south directly through Las Vegas and providing connections to both Carson City (via US 50 in Silver Springs, Nevada area only) and Reno (via Interstate 80 in Fernley, Nevada only or U.S. 95A north to U.S. 50 west to I-580/U.S. 395 north in Carson City, Nevada area only). US 95 is cosigned with Interstate 80 for 95 miles (153 km) between Winnemucca and a junction 32 miles north of Fallon before heading north into Oregon at McDermitt. At 646.71 miles (1,040.78 km), it is the longest highway in Nevada.

Along much of its course through Nevada, US 95 has signs designating it as the Veterans Memorial Highway. A portion of the route in Las Vegas northwest of downtown is also called the Oran K. Gragson Freeway, named for Las Vegas mayor Oran K. Gragson who advocated for construction of that portion of freeway in the 1960s.
Shomanay district
Shomanay district (Karakalpak: Шоманай районы, Shomanay rayonı) is a district in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The capital lies at the city Shomanay. Its area is 780 km2 (300 sq mi) and it had 57,000 inhabitants in 2022.

There is one city Shomanay and seven rural communities.

Karakalpakstan
Karakalpakstan, officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan, is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. It spans the northwestern portion of Uzbekistan. Its capital is Nukus (Nókis / Нөкис). Karakalpakstan has an area of 166,590 km2 (64,320 sq mi), and has a population of about 2 million people. Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarazm, which in classical Persian literature was known as Kāt (کات).
Street and Racing Technology
Street and Racing Technology (SRT) is an American badge of high-performance vehicles manufactured by Stellantis North America, mainly ones of the Dodge brand.

Origins of the badge date back to 1989 when a team known as "Team Viper" was organized to develop the Dodge Viper. It later merged with Team Prowler, the developers of the Plymouth Prowler, to become Specialty Vehicle Engineering (SVE). This was renamed Performance Vehicle Operations (PVO) from January 2002 until around 2004. Since all PVO vehicles used the SRT badge, the development team itself was renamed to SRT in 2004. SRT is used by vehicles of Dodge, Chrysler, and Jeep brands, including police models for Chrysler/FCA Fleet Division.

Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 & 2.4 engine
The Chrysler 1.8, 2.0, and 2.4 are inline-4 engines designed originally for the Dodge and Plymouth Neon compact car. These engines were loosely based on their predecessors, the Chrysler 2.2 & 2.5 engine, sharing the same 87.5 mm (3.44 in) bore. The engine was developed by Chrysler with input from the Chrysler-Lamborghini team that developed the Chrysler/Lamborghini Formula 1 V12 engine in the early 1990s.

Beginning in 2005, these engines were phased out in favor of the new World engine built by the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance joint-venture.

The 2.0 and 2.4 variants were built at Saltillo Engine in Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico. The 1.8 and 2.0 was also built at Trenton Engine in Trenton, Michigan, United States.
Cadle Mission
The Cadle Mission, an Episcopal boarding school that operated in Allouez, Wisconsin, between 1827 and 1839, was named for its charter superintendent, the Rev. Richard Fish Cadle, a New Yorker who came to Green Bay via Detroit.

Its boarders were mostly the children of Native Americans or "half-breeds", according to documents held by the Wisconsin State Historical Society. A handful of white children attended as day students.

Wisconsin Historical Society
The Wisconsin Historical Society (officially the State Historical Society of Wisconsin) is simultaneously a state agency and a private membership organization whose purpose is to maintain, promote and spread knowledge relating to the history of North America, with an emphasis on the state of Wisconsin and the trans-Allegheny West. Founded in 1846 and chartered in 1853, it is the oldest historical society in the United States to receive continuous public funding. The society's headquarters are located in Madison, Wisconsin, on the campus of the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Cuthbert Ellison (Newcastle MP)
Cuthbert Ellison (12 July 1783 – 13 June 1860) was a British Whig politician.

He was born the son of Henry Ellison in Hebburn, County Durham and inherited his father's estate in 1795, aged 12. He was educated at Harrow School and Christ's College, Cambridge. He became a Gateshead borough holder in 1809, governor of the Gateshead Dispensary in 1839, and president in 1841. He was appointed High Sheriff of Durham
in 1828.

He was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for Newcastle upon Tyne at the 1812 general election and held the seat until he stood down at the 1830 general election. His generous contributions helped fund Gateshead buildings such as Trinity Chapel and St Mary's Church amongst other charitable donations. He lived in Gateshead Park (Park House) until 1825 when he moved to Hebburn Hall. He died in London in 1860.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne (UK Parliament constituency)
Newcastle-upon-Tyne was a parliamentary borough in the county of Northumberland of the House of Commons of England from 1283 to 1706, then of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It returned two Members of Parliament (MPs), elected by the bloc vote system.

Newcastle first sent Members to Parliament in 1283, although it was not always possible to act upon the writ of summons, which was disregarded on at least four occasions (1315, 1327, 1332 and 1337) because of warfare with the Scots.

The constituency was abolished in 1918, being split into four divisions; Newcastle upon Tyne Central, Newcastle upon Tyne East, Newcastle upon Tyne North and Newcastle upon Tyne West.
Paehwa station
Paehwa station is a railway station in Paehwa-ri, Anbyŏn county, Kangwŏn province, North Korea, on the Kangwŏn Line of the Korean State Railway.

The station, along with the rest of the former Kyŏngwŏn Line, was opened by the Japanese on 16 August 1914.

Gyeongwon Line
The Gyeongwon Line is a railway line serving northeastern Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. The line is operated by Korail. The name of the line came from Gyeongseong (Seoul) and Wonsan, the original terminus of the line, in what is now North Korea.
Rover (The Prisoner)
Rover is a plot device from the 1967 British television programme The Prisoner, and was a crucial tool used to keep 'prisoners' from escaping the Village. It was depicted as a floating white balloon that could coerce, and, if necessary, incapacitate or kill recalcitrant inhabitants of the Village. It also had the ability to subdivide. Several aspects of the Rover device were left unexplained and to the imagination of the viewer.

The name "Rover" was only used once in the entire series, in the episode "The Schizoid Man". The novel The Prisoner: Number Two by David McDaniel, based upon the series, uses the name Guardian.

David McDaniel
David Edward McDaniel (16 June 1939 – 1 November 1977) was an American science fiction author, who also wrote spy fiction, including several novels based on the television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
Dean Saunders (politician)
Dean Saunders is an American real estate broker and former politician.

Saunders moved to Lakeland, Florida, in 1983, and served in the Florida House of Representatives for two sessions from 1992 until 1996 serving Polk County.

Saunders was born to a citrus farmer and raised in Clermont, Florida. He received a bachelor's degree in citrus management from the University of Florida. During his senior year at UF, Saunders earned his real estate license. The same year Saunders stepped down as a state legislator, he founded the real estate firm SVN Saunders Ralston Dantzler. He has held several executive positions in the Realtors Land Institute, an organization affiliated with the National Association of Realtors. He has brokered large land deals for conservation agencies and organizations.

Polk County, Florida
Polk County (/poʊk/) is located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. The county population was 725,046 in the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 818,330 in July 2023. Its county seat is Bartow, and its largest city is Lakeland. Polk County comprises the Lakeland–Winter Haven metropolitan statistical area (MSA). This MSA is the 77th-most populous one and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.

The center of Florida's population is located in Polk County, near the city of Lake Wales. Polk County is home to one public university, one state college, and four private universities.
Katerina Clark
Katerina Clark (20 June 1941 – 1 February 2024) was an Australian scholar of Soviet studies. After getting her postgraduate degrees at Australian National University and Yale University, she began working as a professor of Russian and Slavic studies, including at Yale. As an academic, she wrote several books: The Soviet Novel (1981); Mikhail Bakhtin (1986), which she wrote with her husband Michael Holquist; Petersburg: Crucible of Cultural Revolution (1998); Moscow, the Fourth Rome (2011); and Eurasia without Borders (2021).

Evgeny Dobrenko
Evgeny Dobrenko (born 4 April 1962) is a Russian-American historian. Born in Odessa, he moved to Moscow and worked at Moscow State University and the Russian State University for the Humanities. He emigrated to the US and worked at Duke University, Stanford University, UC Irvine, Amherst College and NYU. He then moved to the UK, and worked at the University of Nottingham and the University of Sheffield. He is now professor of Russian studies at the Ca' Foscari University of Venice.

His lifelong area of academic interest has been Stalinist culture. He was awarded the Efim Etkind Prize for the best book about Russian Culture in 2012 and the AATSEEL Award for Outstanding Contributions to Scholarship in 2019. His book Late Stalinism was nominated for the Pushkin House Book Prize.
Star Trek: Renegades
Star Trek: Renegades is a 2015 American science fiction fan film based on the Star Trek media franchise. It concerns a group of criminals and misfits who undertake a covert mission when suspicion arises that Starfleet's official military chain of command has been compromised by enemy agents. It was funded largely through crowdsourcing, and the film's producers said they would submit it to CBS as a spec TV pilot. The completed pilot film was released for public viewing via YouTube beginning August 24, 2015.

Plans were announced for a Renegades web-based series, but in 2016 the overt Star Trek elements and characters were removed to avoid legal complications as a result of the Star Trek: Axanar lawsuit.

Command hierarchy
A command hierarchy or chain of command is a group of people who carry out orders based on others' authority within the group. Certain aspects of a command hierarchy tend to be similar, including rank, unity of command, and strict accountability. Command hierarchies are used in the military and other organizations. Systemic biases may arise in homogenous groups of command.
Glass electrode
A glass electrode is a type of ion-selective electrode made of a doped glass membrane that is sensitive to a specific ion. The most common application of ion-selective glass electrodes is for the measurement of pH. The pH electrode is an example of a glass electrode that is sensitive to hydrogen ions. Glass electrodes play an important part in the instrumentation in analytical chemistry and in physicochemical studies. The voltage of the glass electrode, relative to some reference value, is sensitive to changes in the activity of certain types of ions.

Nernst equation
In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is a  chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) from the standard electrode potential, absolute temperature, the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing reduction and oxidation respectively. It was named after  Walther Nernst, a German physical chemist who formulated the equation.
Gulczewo, Wyszków County
Gulczewo [ɡulˈt͡ʂɛvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wyszków, within Wyszków County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

Six Polish citizens were murdered by Nazi Germany in the village during World War II.

Gmina Wyszków
Gmina Wyszków is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Wyszków County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Wyszków, which lies approximately 53 kilometres (33 mi) north-east of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 165.6 square kilometres (63.9 sq mi) and, in 2006, its total population was 37,872 (of which the population of Wyszków amounted to 27,010 and the population of the rural part of the gmina was 10,862).