hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rheum nobile
Rheum nobile, the Sikkim rhubarb or noble rhubarb (पदमचाल), is a giant herbaceous plant of the Buckwheat Family (Polygonaceae) and  native to the Himalayas, from northeastern Afghanistan, east through northern Pakistan and India (in Sikkim), Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet to Myanmar, occurring in the alpine zone at 4000–4800 m altitude.

It is an extraordinary species of rhubarb (genus Rheum). At 1–2 m tall, the monocarpic inflorescences of R. nobile tower above the other shrubs and low herbs in its habitat, and it is visible across valleys from several kilometres.

R. nobile is often called a glasshouse plant because of its outer curtain of translucent bracts which pass visible light, creating a greenhouse effect, while blocking ultraviolet radiation. These are likely defenses against the increased UV-B exposure and extreme cold in its high altitude range. It also provides a safe haven for its pollinators against wind and night chill.

Alpine tundra
Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at high elevation, with an associated harsh climate. As the latitude of a location approaches the poles, the threshold elevation for alpine tundra gets lower until it reaches sea level and merges with polar tundra.

The high elevation causes an adverse climate, which is too cold and windy to support tree growth. Alpine tundra transitions to sub-alpine forests below the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra ecotone are known as krummholz. With increasing elevation it ends at the snow line where snow and ice persist through summer.

Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of the alpine tundra is characterized by dwarf shrubs close to the ground. The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused by adiabatic cooling of air, and is similar to polar climate.
Fursultiamine
Fursultiamine (INN; chemical name thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide or TTFD; brand names Adventan, Alinamin-F, Benlipoid, Bevitol Lipophil, Judolor, Lipothiamine) is a medication and vitamin used to treat thiamine deficiency.  Chemically, it is a disulfide derivative of thiamine and is similar in structure to allithiamine.

It was synthesized in Japan in the 1960s from allithiamine for the purpose of developing forms of thiamine with improved lipophilicity for treating vitamin B1 deficiency (i.e., beriberi), It was subsequently commercialized not only in Japan but also in Spain, Austria, Germany, and the United States.

Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly") is the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene. Such compounds are called lipophilic (translated as "fat-loving" or "fat-liking"). Such non-polar solvents are themselves lipophilic, and the adage "like dissolves like" generally holds true. Thus lipophilic substances tend to dissolve in other lipophilic substances, whereas hydrophilic ("water-loving") substances tend to dissolve in water and other hydrophilic substances.

Lipophilicity, hydrophobicity, and non-polarity may describe the same tendency towards participation in the London dispersion force, as the terms are often used interchangeably. However, the terms "lipophilic" and "hydrophobic" are not synonymous, as can be seen with silicones and fluorocarbons, which are hydrophobic but not lipophilic.
Sarah Josepha Hale
Sarah Josepha Buell Hale (October 24, 1788 – April 30, 1879) was an American writer, activist, and editor of the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civil War, Godey's Lady's Book. She was the author of the nursery rhyme "Mary Had a Little Lamb". Hale famously campaigned for the creation of the American Thanksgiving holiday and for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument.

Nursery rhyme
A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and other European countries, but usage of the term dates only from the late 18th/early 19th century. The term Mother Goose rhymes is interchangeable with nursery rhymes.

From the mid-16th century nursery rhymes began to be recorded in English plays, and most popular rhymes date from the 17th and 18th centuries. The first English collections, Tommy Thumb's Song Book and a sequel, Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, were published by Mary Cooper in 1744. Publisher John Newbery's stepson, Thomas Carnan, was the first to use the term Mother Goose for nursery rhymes when he published a compilation of English rhymes, Mother Goose's Melody, or Sonnets for the Cradle (London, 1780).
Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park
Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park is a continuously protected wilderness area in Finland, Norway and Russia. It consists of the Vätsäri Wilderness Area in Finland, Øvre Pasvik National Park and Øvre Pasvik Landscape Protection Area in Norway and the joint Norwegian–Russian Pasvik Nature Reserve.

Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park was established in several steps: Øvre Pasvik National Park was created in 1970, the Russian part of Pasvik Nature Reserve was established in 1992, and the Norwegian part created the following year. The twelve wilderness areas of Finland in Lapland were all created in 1991 to protect both the natural wilderness and the Sami culture. These areas combined cover an area of 14,903 square kilometers (5,754 sq mi), where such activities as road construction and mining are prohibited, as is logging in some areas. In 2003 the national park was expanded and Øvre Pasvik Landscape Protection Area was established, creating a continually protected area spanning three countries.

Wilderness areas of Finland
The wilderness areas (Finnish: Erämaa-alueet, Swedish: Ödemarksområden) of Finland are remote areas which are not strictly nature reserves. The areas were set up in 1991 to preserve their wilderness character, the Sami culture and their natural form of livelihood. There are 12 such areas, all of which are located in northern Lapland. The reserves cover an area of 14,890 square kilometres (5,750 sq mi). All the reserves are managed by the Metsähallitus (Forest Administration).

Hammastunturi Wilderness Area

Kaldoaivi Wilderness Area

Kemihaara Wilderness Area

Käsivarsi Wilderness Area

Muotkatunturi Wilderness Area

Paistunturi Wilderness Area

Pulju Wilderness Area

Pöyrisjärvi Wilderness Area

Tarvantovaara Wilderness Area

Tsarmitunturi Wilderness Area

Tuntsa Wilderness Area

Vätsäri Wilderness Area
Henry Halford Vaughan
Sir Henry Halford Vaughan, or Harry (27 August 1811 – 19 April 1885), was an English historian, the Regius Professor of History at Oxford University, from 1848 to 1858.

He was the son of the judge Sir John Vaughan. He was educated at Rugby School from 1822, went on to Christ Church, Oxford in 1829, and graduated with a first-class degree in literae humaniores in 1833. He entered Lincoln's Inn as a student in 1833 and was called to the bar in 1838, but never practised as a barrister. He was a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford from 1835 to 1842.

In 1856 he married Adeline Maria Jackson (1831–1881), eldest sister of Julia Jackson. Two years later he retired to Upton Castle in Pembrokeshire. Their son was the educationalist William Wyamar Vaughan.

Regius Professor of History (Oxford)
The Regius Professor of History (until 2011, Modern History) at the University of Oxford is a long-established professorial position. Holders of the title have often been medieval historians. The first appointment was made in 1724. The term "Regius" reflects the origins of the post as a royal appointment, itself a recognition of the important influence of history.

The Regius Professor of History is ex officio a Fellow of Oriel College. Professor Lyndal Roper has held the Regius Professorship since 2011, the first woman (and the first Australian) to have done so.
Alison Howie
Alison Howie (born 3 July 1991) is a Scottish female field hockey player who plays as a midfielder for the Scotland women's national field hockey team. She has represented Scotland in few international competitions including the 2013 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship, 2015 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship, 2017 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship, and 2018 Commonwealth Games.

2017 Women's EuroHockey Championship
The 2017 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship was the 13th edition of the women's field hockey championship organised by the European Hockey Federation. It was held from 18–26 August 2017 in the Wagener Stadium, Amstelveen, Netherlands. The tournament also served as a qualifier for the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup, with the winner qualifying.

The Netherlands won their ninth overall title by defeating Belgium 3–0 in the final, while England capture the third place by beating Germany 2–0.
Lynn Cameron
Lynn Cameron (born 31 July 1979, in Perth) is a Scottish curler, and she was a member of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland team taking part in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.

2006 was her first appearance as an Olympian.   She did not appear in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Canada.

She was part of the Scotland curling team which won the World Junior Championships in 1997 in which Scotland beat Sweden 11–3 in the final.

In 2009, she won a gold medal at the European Mixed Curling Championship with Tom Brewster.

She is employed as a physical education teacher at Morgan Academy in Dundee.

European Mixed Curling Championship
The European Mixed Curling Championship was a mixed curling tournament held annually in the autumn for European nations. The first tournament was held in 2005.

The European Mixed Curling Championship was replaced with a World Mixed Curling Championship, effective in the 2015–16 curling season.
Presidente Illia (Buenos Aires Premetro)
Presidente Illia is a station on the Buenos Aires Premetro. It was opened on 29 April 1987 together with the other Premetro stations. The station is located in the Barrio of Villa Soldati.

At this station, passengers may transfer to the Metrobus Sur BRT and Belgrano Sur Line commuter rail line.

Neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, the autonomous city and capital of Argentina, is composed of 48 neighbourhoods (locally known as barrios). Since 2008, the city is also legally divided into communes (comunas), each one including one or more barrios. Among the most visited and populated barrios are Palermo, Recoleta, Puerto Madero, Belgrano, San Telmo, La Boca, Monserrat and Caballito. Sectors of the city are also traditionally known as neighbourhoods by the inhabitants of Buenos Aires, but not officially by the authorities of the city; some examples are Barrio Chino, Barrio Norte and the Microcentro.
Radomír Heizer
Radomír Heizer (born 23 November 1987) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player who currently plays for Nice hockey Côte d'Azur of the Ligue Magnus.

Heizer previously played in the Slovak Extraliga for HK Spišská Nová Ves, HC ’05 Banská Bystrica, HK Poprad and HK Martin. He also played in the Czech Extraliga for HC Karlovy Vary and the Metal Ligaen for the Herlev Eagles.

Slovak Extraliga
The Slovak Extraliga, known as the Tipsport liga since the 2025–26 season for sponsorship reasons, is the highest-level ice hockey league in Slovakia. From 2018–19 to 2020–21, the league included one or two teams from Hungary.

Teams from the Extraliga can participate in the IIHF's annual Champions Hockey League (CHL). Participation is based on the strength of the various leagues in Europe (excluding the KHL). In the 2022–23 CHL season, the Extraliga was ranked the No. 10 league in Europe, so the champion of the previous season competed in the CHL.

The 1993–94 season was the first of the Slovak Extraliga following the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia midway through the 1992–93 Czechoslovak Extraliga season – which all Slovak and Czech teams played to completion.
2012 Open Castilla y León – Doubles
Johan Brunström and Frederik Nielsen were the defending champions, but decided not to participate.
Stefano Ianni and Florin Mergea won the title by defeating Konstantin Kravchuk and Nikolaus Moser 6–2, 6–3 in the final.

Florin Mergea
Florin Mergea (Romanian pronunciation: [floˈrin ˈmerdʒe̯a]; born 26 January 1985) is a Romanian former professional tennis player. As a doubles specialist, he has reached the final of the ATP World Tour Finals in 2015 and won an ATP Masters title at the Mutua Madrid Open earlier that year. He achieved a career-high ATP ranking of World No. 7 in doubles (July 2015) and World No. 243 in singles (May 2005).
2005 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 2005 proceeded in keeping with rules enacted in 2001. The Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) held an election to select from recent players, voting Ryne Sandberg and Wade Boggs into the Hall. The Veterans Committee held a separate election to select from players retired more than 20 years, but did not elect anyone.

Induction ceremonies in Cooperstown were held July 31 with Commissioner Bud Selig presiding.

Jerry Coleman
Gerald Francis Coleman (September 14, 1924 – January 5, 2014) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman for the New York Yankees and manager of the San Diego Padres for one year. Coleman was named the rookie of the year in 1949 by Associated Press, and was an All-Star in 1950 and later that year was named the World Series Most Valuable Player. Yankees teams on which he was a player appeared in seven World Series during his career, winning five times. Coleman served as a Marine Corps pilot in World War II and the Korean War, flying combat missions with the VMSB-341 Torrid Turtles (WWII) and VMA-323 Death Rattlers (Korea) in both wars. He later became a broadcaster, and he was honored in 2005 by the National Baseball Hall of Fame with the Ford C. Frick Award for his broadcasting contributions.
2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D
Pool D of the 2023 Rugby World Cup began on 9 September 2023 and concluded on 8 October 2023. The pool included 2003 champions and 2019 runner-ups England, previous hosts Japan, and Argentina. They are joined by Samoa, the winner of the Oceania 1 qualifier, and tournament debutants Chile (Americas 2). England topped the group and Argentina placed second, thus allowing both teams to progress.

Yutaka Nagare
Yutaka Nagare (流 大, Nagare Yutaka; born 4 September 1992) is a Japanese professional rugby union player who plays as a scrum-half for Japan Rugby League One club Tokyo Sungoliath and the Japan national team.
Shkinta
In Mandaeism, a shkinta (Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡊࡉࡍࡕࡀ, romanized: škinta, lit. 'shekinah') or shkina (škina) is a celestial dwelling inhabited by uthras in the World of Light that is analogous to the shekhinah in Jewish mysticism. In Tibil (the physical earth), it refers to a reed or mud hut that is used during Mandaean priest initiation ceremonies, since Mandaean priests represent uthras on earth.

Liverpool, New South Wales
Liverpool is a suburb in South Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located 31 kilometres (19 mi) south-west of the Sydney central business district on the western bank of the Georges River. Liverpool is the administrative centre for the City of Liverpool local government area.
Americans in France
Americans in France (French: Américains en France) consists of immigrants and expatriates from the United States as well as French people of American ancestry. Immigration to France from the United States dates back to the 19th century and according to the American embassy in Paris, as of 2015, there are about 100,000 American citizens residing in France.

Embassy of the United States, Paris
The Embassy of the United States in Paris is the diplomatic mission of the United States in the French Republic. The embassy is the oldest diplomatic mission of the United States. Benjamin Franklin and some of the other Founding Fathers were the earliest U.S. ambassadors to France. The chancery building is located at 2 Avenue Gabriel, on the northwest corner of the Place de la Concorde, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.
The Window of the Sadness
The Window of the Sadness (Azerbaijani: "Qəm pəncərəsi") is a 1986 Soviet drama film directed by Anar Rəsul oğlu Rzayev. It was adapted from the book "Stories from the Village of Danabash" by Jalil Mammadguluzadeh. Hasanagha Turabov, Ruslan Nəsirov, Həsən Məmmədov, Vaqif İbrahimoğlu and Leyla Shikhlinskaya play the leading roles.

Leyla Shikhlinskaya
Leila Farrukh gizi Shikhlinskaya (Azerbaijan Leyla Fәrrux qızı Şıxlinskaya, born June 12, 1947) is an Azerbaijani and Soviet actress, choreographer-teacher and professor. She earned a doctorate in art history, was awarded People's Artist of Azerbaijan. She was a member of the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR and the founder of the Leila Shikhlinskaya private clinic in Baku.  She starred in such films as Arshin Mal Alan (1965, Gulchohra), The Day Passed (1971, Esmer) and Dede Gorgud (1975, Banu-Cicek).
Sadegh Khalkhali
Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali (Persian: محمدصادق گیوی خلخالی; 27 July 1926 – 26 November 2003) was an Iranian Shia cleric who is said to have "brought to his job as Chief Justice of the revolutionary courts a relish for summary execution" that earned him a reputation as Iran's "hanging judge". A farmer's son from Iranian Azeri origins, Khalkhali was born in Givi, Azerbaijani SSR, in the Soviet Union (now in Azerbaijan). He is also reported to have been born in Kivi, in the Khalkhal County, Iran (ergo his name). Khalkhali has been described as "a small, rotund man with a pointed beard, kindly smile, and a high-pitched giggle" by The Daily Telegraph.

Summary execution
In civil and military jurisprudence, summary execution is the putting to death of a person accused of a crime without the benefit of a free and fair trial. The term results from the legal concept of summary justice to punish a summary offense, as in the case of a drumhead court-martial, but the term usually denotes the summary execution of a sentence of death. Under international law, it is defined as a combatant's refusal to accept an opponent's lawful surrender and the combatant's provision of no quarter, by killing the surrendering opponents.

Summary executions have been practiced by governments and paramilitary organizations during both peacetime and war, and are usually associated with war crimes and political persecution.
November 1979 Palestinian protests
The November 1979 Palestinian protests were a wave of protests across the occupied Palestinian territories following the Israeli government's decision to arrest and deport Mayor of Nablus Bassam Shakaa. The decision to arrest Shakaa had been taken after Israeli newspaper Haaretz published a report on a private conversation between Shakaa and Israeli Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories Danny Matt during which it claimed that Shakaa had made comments supporting the 1978 Coastal road massacre. After significant unrest among Palestinians, including the resignation of the mayors of all Palestinians, and the publication of a full transcript of the conversation, in which it was revealed that Shakaa had neither supported nor condemned the massacre, but had instead stated that attacks were a consequence of discontent with the Israeli occupation, the Israeli government reversed its decision and released Shakaa from custody.

Felicia Langer
Felicia Langer (Hebrew: פליציה לנגר; 9 December 1930 – 21 June 2018) was a German-Israeli attorney and human rights activist known for her defence of Palestinian political prisoners in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. She authored several books alleging human rights violations on the part of Israeli authorities. She lived in Germany from 1990 and acquired German citizenship in 2008. In July 2009, President of Germany Horst Köhler awarded her the Federal Cross of Merit, First class, which is the fifth highest of Germany's federal order of merit's eight ranks. The bestowal triggered a public controversy because of her attitude towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In 1990, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "the exemplary courage of her advocacy for the basic rights of the Palestinian people."
Demyanov
Demyanov (Демьянов) is a Russian patronymic surname (from Демьян, Damian). Notable people with the surname include:

Mikhail Demyanov (1873–1913), Russian painter

Nikolay Demyanov (1861–1938), Russian chemist

Viktor Demyanov (born 1999), Russian footballer

Nikolay Demyanov
Nikolay Yakovlevich Demyanov (Russian: Никола́й Я́ковлевич Демья́нов; March 27 [O.S. March 15] 1861, Tver – March 19, 1938, Moscow), also known as Demjanov and Demjanow, was a Russian organic chemist and a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). He is internationally known for the Demjanov rearrangement organic reaction and other discoveries.

He was a recipient of the Lenin Prize in 1930.
Nancy Wyman
Nancy S. Wyman (born April 21, 1946) is an American Democratic Party politician who was the 108th lieutenant governor of Connecticut, from 2011 to 2019. She was state comptroller of Connecticut from 1995 to 2011 and was the first woman elected to that office since it was created in 1786. She served as the Chairwoman of the Connecticut Democratic Party from 2019 to 2020.

Democratic Party of Connecticut
The Connecticut Democratic State Central Committee (CT Dems) is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the state of Connecticut. Its chair is Roberto L. Alves.

It is the dominant party in the state. Connecticut Democrats control both chambers of the state legislature, all constitutional state offices, all five of Connecticut's seats in the United States House of Representatives, and both of its seats in the United States Senate.
Marcia Macedo
Marcia N. Macedo is currently a Senior Scientist and Director of the Water Program at the Woodwell Climate Research Center in Falmouth, Massachusetts. Her research focuses on how land management and agricultural expansion interact with climate change to affect connections between aquatic ecosystems and upland tropical forests. She is a first generation American with Brazilian roots.

Falmouth, Massachusetts
Falmouth (/ˈfælməθ/ FAL-məth) is a town on Cape Cod in Massachusetts. The population was 32,517 at the 2020 census, making Falmouth the second-largest municipality on Cape Cod after Barnstable. The terminal for the Steamship Authority ferries to Martha's Vineyard is located in the village of Woods Hole in Falmouth. Woods Hole also contains several scientific organizations such as the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), the Woodwell Climate Research Center, NOAA's Woods Hole Science Aquarium, and the scientific institutions' various museums.

For geographic and demographic information on specific parts of the town of Falmouth, please see the articles on East Falmouth, Falmouth Village, North Falmouth, Teaticket, West Falmouth, and Woods Hole. Falmouth also encompasses the villages of Hatchville and Waquoit, which are not census-designated places and fall within the village of East Falmouth based on postal service.
Tianqiao, Jinan
Tianqiao District (simplified Chinese: 天桥区; traditional Chinese: 天橋區; pinyin: Tiānqiáo Qū; lit. 'sky bridge') is one of 10 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province in East China, forming part of the city's urban core. It has an area of 258.71 km2 (99.89 sq mi) and has 688,415 permanent residents as of 2010. It borders Jiyang County to the north, Licheng District to the east, Lixia District to the southeast, Shizhong District to the south, Huaiyin District to the southwest,  as well as the prefecture-level city of Dezhou to the northwest.

Dezhou
Dezhou (Chinese: 德州; pinyin: Dézhōu) is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the southeast, Liaocheng to the southwest, Binzhou to the northeast, and the province of Hebei to the north.