hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of Indian innovation
Timeline of Indian innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state.

The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories: architecture, astronomy, cartography, metallurgy, logic, mathematics, metrology, mineralogy, automobile engineering, information technology, communications, space and polar technology.

This timeline examines scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by various peoples of India. Inventions are regarded as technological firsts developed in India, and as such does not include foreign technologies which India acquired through contact.

Automotive industry in India
The automotive industry in India in 2025 is the world's third-largest by annual production worth US$250 billion, behind the United States (US$880 billion) and China (US$530 billion). The growth of automotive industry in India is fueled by the country's GDP growth (world's 3rd largest in PPP and 4th largest nominally) and rapid highway construction. In 2022, the industry accounted for 8% of the country's total exports and 7.1% of overall GDP.

According to a 2021 National Family Health Survey, only 8% of Indian households own a car, while 54% own motorcycles or scooters. In 2025, India had 44 cars per 1,000 people, markedly lower than in other major economies.
Vysoká (Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains)
Vysoká (German: Hochtann) is a mountain in the Zlín Region and Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It is 1,024 metres (3,360 ft) high and it is the highest mountain of the Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains. It is located at 49°24′14.36″N 18°21′39.98″E﻿ / ﻿49.4039889°N 18.3611056°E﻿ / 49.4039889; 18.3611056.

Zlín Region
Zlín Region (Czech: Zlínský kraj) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the south-eastern part of the historical region of Moravia. It is named after its capital Zlín. Together with the Olomouc Region, it forms a cohesion area of Central Moravia. It is located in the eastern part of the Czech Republic, where the borders with Slovakia (Trenčín and Žilina Regions) are formed by its eastern edge. It borders the South Moravian Region in the southwest, the Olomouc Region in the northwest, and the Moravian-Silesian Region in the north. Culturally, the region is composed of parts of three traditional Moravian regions: Haná, the Moravian Slovakia, and the Moravian Wallachia, as the city of Zlín lies roughly at their tripoint.
Caroline Mathilde (ballet)
Caroline Mathilde is a two-act ballet to music by Sir  Peter Maxwell Davies. Its original choreographer was Flemming Flindt in 1991.

It tells the story of the eighteenth-century English princess Caroline Mathilde (sister of George III), who in 1766 was sent to Denmark aged 15 to be married to the 17-year-old schizophrenic Danish king, Christian VII. The ballet portrays her unhappy marriage, the king's growing madness and her fatal love-affair with Struensee, the king's influential physician, which ultimately leads to their arrest, his execution and her exile at the age of 20, separated from her two young children.

As with Davies' earlier ballet, Salome, it was a commission by the Royal Danish Ballet. It was first performed on 14 March 1991 at the Royal Danish Theatre, Copenhagen. The orchestra was conducted by Markus Lehtinen.

Davies prepared two concert suites, each based on an act of the ballet.

Peter Maxwell Davies
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CH CBE (8 September 1934 – 14 March 2016) was an English composer and conductor, who in 2004 was made Master of the Queen's Music.

As a student at both the University of Manchester and the Royal Manchester College of Music, Davies formed a group dedicated to contemporary music called the New Music Manchester with fellow students Harrison Birtwistle, Alexander Goehr, Elgar Howarth and John Ogdon. Davies's compositions include eight works for the stage—from the monodrama Eight Songs for a Mad King, which shocked the audience in 1969, to Kommilitonen!, first performed in 2011—and ten symphonies, written between 1973 and 2013.

As a conductor, Davies was artistic director of the Dartington International Summer School from 1979 to 1984 and associate conductor/composer with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1992 to 2002, holding the latter position with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra as well.
Mirac
Mirac (Montenegrin: Мирац) is a settlement in Montenegro, three miles from Kotor. It was historically part of the Njeguši tribe. During the Ottoman period it was, together with Njeguši and Zalazi, commanded by Niko Rajkov of the Njeguši clan who had 480 men in arms. It was considered the borderland of Old Montenegro. The town was in dispute with neighbouring town Spiljari over property and land. The settlement is known for the meeting between Petar I Petrović-Njegoš and the French Marshall Auguste de Marmont, who discussed the preceding skirmishes between the Montenegrin and French armies. The meeting was held at the Church of Saint George.

42°23′N 18°47′E﻿ / ﻿42.383°N 18.783°E﻿ / 42.383; 18.783

Njeguši
Njeguši (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Његуши) is a village in the Cetinje Municipality of southern Montenegro, located on the slopes of Mount Lovćen, within the Lovćen national park. It is part of the historical territory of the Njeguši tribe.
Borgo Ticino
Borgo Ticino (Piedmontese: Borgh Tisén, Lombard: Burgh Tisin) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Novara.

Borgo Ticino borders the following municipalities: Agrate Conturbia, Castelletto sopra Ticino, Comignago, Divignano, Varallo Pombia, and Veruno.

Castelletto sopra Ticino
Castelletto sopra Ticino, also referred to by locals as Castelletto Ticino or just Castelletto, is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 100 km (62 mi) northeast of Turin and about 30 km (19 mi) north of Novara. Celtic inscriptions have been found.
Ramsay High School
Ramsay High School is a four-year magnet high school in Birmingham, Alabama. It is one of seven high schools in the Birmingham City School System and one of three International Baccalaureate schools in the Birmingham metropolitan area. Originally called Southside High School, it was later renamed in honor of industrialist Erskine Ramsay. School colors are royal blue and white, and the athletic teams are called the Rams. Ramsay competes in AHSAA Class 5A athletics.

Miss Alabama
The Miss Alabama competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Alabama in the annual Miss America Competition.

Alabama has won four Miss America titles: Abbie Stockard in 2025, Deidre Downs in 2005, Heather Whitestone (the first deaf woman to win the Miss America crown) in 1995, and Yolande Betbeze in 1951. Betbeze refused to pose in a swimsuit, causing swimsuit sponsor Catalina Swimwear to pull out and ultimately start the Miss USA pageant.

Emma Terry of Leeds was crowned Miss Alabama 2025 on June 28, 2025, at Samford University's Wright Center in Birmingham, Alabama. She competed for the title of Miss America 2026 in September 2025, placing 4th runner-up.
Park 'N Fly Airport Parking
Park'N Fly Airport Parking, also known as Park'N Fly, is a Canadian airport parking operator based in Mississauga, Ontario. It is the largest and only national operator for off-airport car parks in Canada. Park'N Fly is currently owned by CK Hutchison Holdings, a conglomerate in Hong Kong.

Parking
Parking is the act of stopping and disengaging a vehicle and usually leaving it unoccupied. Parking on one or both sides of a road is often permitted, though sometimes with restrictions.  Some buildings have parking facilities for use of the buildings' users.  Countries and local governments have rules for design and use of parking spaces.

Car parking is essential to car-based travel. Cars are typically stationary around 95 percent of the time. The availability and price of car parking may support car dependency. Significant amounts of urban land are devoted to car parking; in many North American city centers, half or more of all land is devoted to car parking.
Ekaterina Bolshova
Ekaterina Bolshova (Russian: Екатерина Серге́евна Большова; born 4 February 1988, in Saint Petersburg) is a Russian heptathlete.

Her personal best in the indoor pentathlon is 4896 points, achieved in February 2012 while winning the Russian title. This ranked her fifth on the all-time lists. In heptathlon her personal best result is 5738, achieved in May 2005 in Daegu. Bolshova got sixth place at 2012 World Indoor Championships and came fifth in the heptathlon at the 2012 European Athletics Championships.

She won the Russian indoor title a second time in February 2013 and recorded a total of  points, including personal bests of 6.57 m in the long jump and 2:10.52 minutes in the 800 metres.

Women's pentathlon
The pentathlon or women's pentathlon is a combined track and field event in which each woman competes in five separate events over one day (formerly two days). The distance or time for each event is converted to points via scoring tables, with the overall ranking determined by total points. Since 1949 the events have been sprint hurdling, high jump, shot put, long jump, and a flat race. The sprint hurdles distance was 80 m outdoors until 1969 and thereafter 100 m; in indoor pentathlon the distance is 60 m. The flat race was 200 m until 1976 and thereafter 800 m.  In elite-level outdoor competition, the pentathlon was superseded in 1981 by the heptathlon, which has seven events, with both 200 m and 800 m, as well as the javelin throw. Pentathlon is still contested at school and masters level and indoors.
Grigory Romodanovsky
Grigory Grigoryevich Romodanovsky (Russian: Григорий Григорьевич Ромодановский) was a controversial figure of the Russian foreign policy as a member of the Razryadny Prikaz, playing a key role in pursuing leaders of the Ukrainian Cossack officers into the union with the Muscovy state. During the Russo-Polish war, he was a leading Russian general of Tsar Alexis's reign who promoted the Tsar's interests in Ukraine.

Prikaz
A prikaz (Russian: прика́з; IPA: [prʲɪˈkas] ⓘ, plural: prikazy) was an administrative, judicial, territorial, or executive office functioning on behalf of palace, civil, military, or church authorities in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Tsardom of Russia from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The term usually suggests the functionality of a modern "ministry", "office", "department", or "bureau"; however, in practice prikaz was historically applied to most governmental organizations regardless of their function or authority. In modern Russian, prikaz literally means an 'order' in the meaning of 'directive' or 'command'.

Most of the prikazy were subordinated to the boyar duma. Some of them, palace prikazy (Russian: дворцовые приказы, romanized: dvortsovyje prikazy), were subordinated to the taynyi prikaz or pervyi prikaz, which answered directly to the tsar of Russia. The patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' had his own prikazy.
Thoona
Thoona is a town in north-eastern Victoria, Australia. The town is in the Rural City of Benalla local government area, 247 kilometres (153 mi) north east of the state capital Melbourne. At the 2006 census, Thoona and the surrounding area had a population of 474 dropping to just 127 ten years later.

Thoona Post Office opened on 18 August 1882. Thoona Primary School closed in 2015.

The town itself is located on the edge of a small hill and the word Thoona is Aboriginal for “small hill”, also. The Warby Ranges are around 5 kilometres (3 mi) east.  Thoona was home to the first co-operative butter factory in north-east Victoria. In March each year Thoona hosts the Victorian Wheelie Bin championships. A documentary on the event was made in 2001.

Warby Range State Park
Warby Range State Park was a Victorian state park just north of Glenrowan. In 2010, the park became part of the newly declared Warby-Ovens National Park. It is 11,460 hectares (28,300 acres) in area, and named after Ben Warby, a pastoralist who settled in the area in 1844. There are two basic campgrounds, and many other sites for true bush camping.
Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement
Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement (Russian: Раскильдинское се́льское поселе́ние; Chuvash: Ураскилт ял тăрăхĕ, Uraskilt jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the western part of the district. Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Raskildino. Rural settlement's population: 1,366 (2006 est.).

Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement comprises five rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Yadrin and Cheboksary–Krasnye Chetai highways cross the territory of the rural settlement.

Krasnye Chetai
Krasnye Chetai (Russian: Кра́сные Чета́и, Chuvash: Хĕрлĕ Чутай, Hĕrlĕ Çutay) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Krasnochetaysky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. Population:  2,623 (2010 Census); 2,982 (2002 Census); 2,975 (1989 Soviet census).
Anjunabeats Volume 7
Anjunabeats Volume 7 is the seventh album in the Anjunabeats Volume compilation series mixed and compiled by British trance DJs Above & Beyond and released on 5 October 2009. Copies pre-ordered through Recordstore.co.uk were signed by the three members of Above & Beyond; Jono Grant, Tony McGuinness and Paavo Siljamäki.

Paavo Siljamäki
Paavo Olavi Siljamäki (born 25 April 1977) is a Finnish writer, producer and DJ, comprising one-third of the British trance band Above & Beyond. "P.O.S" is his solo project. He has also made music for various artists. Together with his bandmates, he has founded the trance music label, Anjunabeats.
Denys Zacharopoulos
Denys Zacharopoulos (born 1952 in Athens, Greece) is an art historian and theorist. He works as Professor of Art History, author, and curator, amongst others at the 48th Biennale in Venice (Italy) and documenta IX in Kassel (Germany).

Jean-Marc Bustamante
Jean-Marc Bustamante (born 1952) is a French artist, painter, sculptor and photographer. He is a noted conceptual and installation artist and has incorporated ornamental design and architectural space in his works.
John Slavin
John Slavin (born Carnoustie, Scotland) was a Scottish football half back who played professionally in Scotland and in both the first and second American Soccer Leagues.

Slavin played for Raith Rovers and may have played for Arbroath F.C. and on loan to Forfar Athletic. In 1925, Slavin joined Hearts for the 1925–1926 season. In 1927, Slavin signed with the New York Nationals of the American Soccer League. Although the Nationals finished tenth in the league standings, it won the 1928 National Challenge Cup. In 1930, Charles Stoneham, owner of the Nationals renamed the team the New York Giants. The team collapsed in 1932 and the league followed soon after. In 1933, the second American Soccer League was formed and Slavin moved to Brookhattan in the new league. He played with Brookhattan until at least 1945 when he was a substitute in the team's 1945 National Challenge Cup victory over the Cleveland Americans.

New York Giants (soccer)
New York Giants was a name used by three different New York City soccer teams. Two of these teams were associated with the New York Giants baseball franchise. The first team that used the name played in the American League of Professional Football in 1894. The second team played in the American Soccer League between 1923 and 1930 while the third team played in the same league between 1930 and 1932.

The two Giants of the ASL were involved in a confusing name change. In 1930 after the original ASL Giants changed their name to New York Soccer Club, a rival team, the New York Nationals then changed their name to the Giants. One player, Davey Brown actually transferred from the original Giants to the Nationals, in effect moving from the Giants to the Giants.  In 1931 the new Giants became ASL champions after beating New Bedford Whalers, a successor team of the original Giants, in a play-off.
PDS5B
Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B (PDS5B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDS5B gene. It is a regulatory subunit of the Cohesin complex which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and DNA looping. The core cohesin complex is formed of SMC3, SMC1, RAD21 and either SA1 or SA2. PDS5 associates with WAPL to stimulate the release of cohesin from DNA but during DNA replication PDS5 promotes acetylation of SMC3 by ESCO1 and ESCO2.

STAG1
Cohesin subunit SA-1 (SA1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAG1 gene. SA1 is a subunit of the Cohesin complex which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and DNA looping. In somatic cells cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, RAD21 and either SA1 or SA2 whereas in meiosis, cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1B, REC8 and SA3. There is a nonprofit community formed for those with a STAG1 Gene mutation at www.stag1gene.org.
Arnold Gohr
Arnold Gohr (12 October 1896 – 23 January 1983) was a German clerical worker who became a trade unionist and activist. After 1945 he entered mainstream politics in East Berlin. As the Soviet occupation zone evolved into a Soviet sponsored one-party dictatorship, he never joined the ruling party, remaining instead a leading "collaborationist" member of the eastern version of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU party). He became a party chairman and served between 1948 and 1958 as "deputy lord mayor" ("stellvertretender Oberbürgermeister") of Berlin, a period during which the increasingly divided city's constitutional status and future were contentious and ambiguous on a number of different levels.

Allied Kommandatura
The Allied Kommandatura, or often just Kommandatura, also known as the Alliierte Kommandantur in German, was the governing body for the city of Berlin following Germany's defeat in World War II.  The victorious allied powers established control of post-war Germany and other territories via shared Military Government councils, including for Berlin.  The Kommandatura was often known as the little brother to the Allied Control Council, which had the same function for the whole of Germany, and was subordinate to it.  It originally comprised representatives from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union but later included France.  The Kommandatura had its home in the Berlin district of Dahlem.
Abdirizak Jurile
Abdirizak Osman Hassan 'Jurile' (Somali: Cabdirisaaq Cusmaan Xasan Juurile, Arabic: عبد الرزاق عثمان حسن جوريلى), commonly known as Jurile, is a Somali British politician, diplomat and professor, he served as Somali Minister of Planning and International Cooperation from July 2004 to December 2007, and later became Somali Minister of Postal Cooperation and Telecommunications.  Jurile was twice or more a Member of the Federal Parliament's lower house, before moving to the Upper House (senate) of the Parliament of Somalia in October 2016. He was responsible administratively and operationally to build The Garowe–Bosaso Highway and the Port of Bosaso in the Bari province. The highway starts from the Port of Bosaso and continues south as a single carriageway up over the Al-Miskat hills and downwards toward Qardho. It continues from there around 205 km (127.6 mi) southwards to Garowe thereafter the thoroughfare joins the Mogadishu – Berbera highway.

Bari, Somalia
Bari (Somali: Bari, Arabic: بري) is an administrative region (gobol) in northeastern Somalia that consists of six districts: Qandala, Iskushuban, Alula, Bosaso, Bandarbeyla, and Qardho. The port city of Bosaso is the capital of the region and the largest city in Bari. The region is part of the autonomous Somali state of Puntland.
Robert Bartko
Robert Bartko (born 23 December 1975) is a German former road and track cyclist, who competed professionally between 2001 and 2014. Born in the former East Germany, Bartko won two gold medals at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia: in the individual and in the team pursuit.

Six Days of Bremen
The Six Days of Bremen is a six-day track cycling race held annually in Bremen, Germany. The event was first held in 1910 as a one-off event and has been a regular event since 1965. It is held at the ÖVB Arena. The event was cancelled in 2021 and 2022 because of the COVID-19 pandemic, and was also not held in 2023. The event returned in January 2024.
John Forte (comics)
John Robert Forte, Jr. (October 6, 1918 – May 2, 1966) was an American comic-book artist, active from the early 1940s on, best known as one of the primary pencilers of DC Comics' early Legion of Super-Heroes stories.

Forte additionally drew for Timely Comics and Atlas Comics — the 1940s and 1950s predecessors, respectively, of Marvel Comics — as well as for the American Comics Group. Fiction House, Lev Gleason, and Quality Comics. He worked primarily for DC Comics beginning 1958, penciling Jimmy Olsen and Lois Lane stories for the Superman family of titles. Forte was also the artist for "Tales of the Bizarro World" which preceded Tales of the Legion of Super-Heroes as the lead feature in Adventure Comics. He also illustrated pulp magazines, calendars, clothing catalogs and newspaper advertising. John Forte died of cancer at the age of forty-seven in Valley Stream, New York, on May 20, 1966.

Timely Comics
Timely Comics was the common name for the group of corporations that was the earliest comic book arm of American publisher Martin Goodman, and the entity that would evolve by the 1960s to become Marvel Comics.

Founded in 1939, during the era called the Golden Age of Comic Books, "Timely" was the umbrella name for the comics division of pulp magazine publisher Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of corporate entities all producing the same product. The company's first publication in 1939 used Timely Publications, based at his existing company in the McGraw-Hill Building at 330 West 42nd Street in New York City. In 1942, it moved to the 14th floor of the Empire State Building, where it remained until 1951. In 2016, Marvel announced that Timely Comics would be the name of a new imprint of low-priced reprint comics.
Mountains (Lonestar song)
"Mountains" is a song written by Richie McDonald, Larry Boone and Paul Nelson, and recorded by American country music band Lonestar. It was released in June 26, 2006 as the lead single from their seventh studio album of the same name. The song is the band's final Top Ten hit, reaching a peak of number 10 on the U.S. country singles charts in late 2006.

Richie McDonald
Richard Vance McDonald (born February 6, 1962) is an American country music singer and songwriter. From 1994 until his departure in 2007, he was the lead singer of the group Lonestar, which recorded seven studio albums on BNA Records during his tenure as lead vocalist. For the first seven years of the band's existence, he alternated with then-bassist John Rich as vocalist. McDonald became the sole lead vocalist of Lonestar following Rich's departure. McDonald co-wrote several of the band's singles, and sang lead on all but one of them; he would rejoin the band in 2011 before exiting again in 2021 to perform with The Frontmen. Outside Lonestar, he has charted twice as a guest vocalist on others' songs, in addition to releasing two independent albums and four solo singles.