hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Holy League (1571)
The Holy League (Latin: Liga Sancta, Spanish: Liga Santa, Italian: Lega Santa) of 1571 was arranged by Pope Pius V and included the major Catholic powers of southern Europe (Iberian Peninsula and Italian Peninsula), specifically the Spanish Empire as well as the Italian maritime powers.
It was intended to break the Ottoman Empire’s control of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and was formally concluded on 25 May 1572.

Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana) is located within the Italian geographical region; it extends from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.
The peninsula is also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Italian Boot, or Mainland Italy.
Mattock River
The Mattock River is a river in Ireland. It is a tributary of the River Boyne.

Its source is near Collon (53°46′30″N 6°29′42″W﻿ / ﻿53.775°N 6.495°W﻿ / 53.775; -6.495), from where it flows through County Louth towards the southeast until a place west of Drummond Tower in Coolfore where it begins to form the boundary between Counties Meath and Louth. Here it turns towards the southwest until Monknewtown where it takes a southeastern direction again before turning roughly east at Dowth. It joins the River Boyne at Oldbridge in the parish of Drogheda (53°43′15″N 6°25′39″W﻿ / ﻿53.7207°N 6.4276°W﻿ / 53.7207; -6.4276). The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 10 metres.

Drogheda
Drogheda (/ˈdrɒhədə, ˈdrɔːdə/ DRO-həd-ə, DRAW-də; Irish: Droichead Átha [ˈd̪ˠɾˠɛhəd̪ˠ ˈaːhə] ⓘ, meaning "bridge at the ford") is an industrial and port town in County Louth on the east coast of Ireland, 43 km (27 mi) north of Dublin. It is located on the Dublin–Belfast corridor on the east coast of Ireland, mostly in County Louth but with the south fringes of the town in County Meath, 40 km (25 mi) north of Dublin city centre. Drogheda had a population of 44,135 inhabitants in 2022, making it the eleventh largest settlement by population in all of Ireland, and the largest town in the Republic of Ireland, by both population and area. The area of Drogheda that is in Co.Louth has 35,990 residents, while the area of Drogheda that is in Co. Meath has 8,145 residents, which make up the 44,135 total. It is the last bridging point on the River Boyne before it enters the Irish Sea. The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Newgrange is located 8 km (5.0 mi) west of the town.
EXPSPACE
In computational complexity theory, EXPSPACE is the set of all decision problems solvable by a deterministic Turing machine in exponential space, i.e., in  space, where  is a polynomial function of . Some authors restrict  to be a linear function, but most authors instead call the resulting class ESPACE. If we use a nondeterministic machine instead, we get the class NEXPSPACE, which is equal to EXPSPACE by Savitch's theorem.

A decision problem is EXPSPACE-complete if it is in EXPSPACE, and every problem in EXPSPACE has a polynomial-time many-one reduction to it.  In other words, there is a polynomial-time algorithm that transforms instances of one to instances of the other with the same answer.  EXPSPACE-complete problems might be thought of as the hardest problems in EXPSPACE.

EXPSPACE is a strict superset of PSPACE, NP, and P. It contains EXPTIME and is believed to strictly contain it, but this is unproven.

Space complexity
The space complexity of an algorithm or a data structure is the amount of memory space required to solve an instance of the computational problem as a function of characteristics of the input. It is the memory required by an algorithm until it executes completely. This includes the memory space used by its inputs, called input space, and any other (auxiliary) memory it uses during execution, which is called auxiliary space.

Similar to time complexity, space complexity is often expressed asymptotically in big O notation, such as 
   etc., where n is a characteristic of the input influencing space complexity.
Terrarium
A terrarium (pl. terraria or terrariums) is a glass container containing soil and plants in an environment different from the surroundings. It is usually a sealable container that can be opened for maintenance or to access the plants inside; however, terraria can also be open to the atmosphere. Terraria are often kept as ornamental items.

A closed terrarium's transparent walls allow heat and light to enter, creating a very favorable environment for plant growth. Heat entering the sealed container allows the creation of a small water cycle due to evaporating moisture from the soil and plants. The water vapor then condenses onto the walls of the container, eventually falling back onto the plants and soil below. Light passing through the transparent walls allows photosynthesis. Open terraria are not sealed and are better suited to plants requiring a more arid environment.

Condensation
Condensation is    the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle. It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with a liquid or solid surface or cloud condensation nuclei within the atmosphere. When the transition happens from the gaseous phase into the solid phase directly, the change is called deposition. Condensation is usually associated with water.
Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction
The Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reduction in organic chemistry is the reduction of ketones and aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols utilizing aluminium alkoxide catalysis in the presence of a sacrificial alcohol. The advantages of the MPV reduction lie in its high chemoselectivity and its use of a cheap environmentally friendly metal catalyst.  MPV reductions have been described as "obsolete" owing to the development of sodium borohydride and related reagents.

The MPV reduction was independently discovered by Albert Verley and the team of Hans Meerwein and Rudolf Schmidt in 1925. They found that a mixture of aluminium ethoxide and ethanol could reduce aldehydes to their alcohols. Ponndorf applied the reaction to ketones and upgraded the catalyst to aluminium isopropoxide in isopropanol.

Sodium borohydride
Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydridoborate and sodium tetrahydroborate, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBH4 (sometimes written as Na[BH4]). It is a white crystalline solid, usually encountered as an aqueous basic solution. Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent that finds application in papermaking and dye industries. It is also used as a reagent in organic synthesis.

The compound was discovered in the 1940s by H. I. Schlesinger, who led a team seeking volatile uranium compounds. Results of this wartime research were declassified and published in 1953.
Manfred Amerell
Manfred Amerell (born 25 February 1947 in Munich; died between the 6 and 11 December 2012) was a German football Official and Referee. From 1986 to 1994, he refereed 66 games of the Bundesliga; his full-time career was hotelier.

Referee
A referee is an official, in a variety of sports and competition, responsible for enforcing the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection. The official tasked with this job may be known by a variety of other titles  depending on the sport, including umpire, judge, arbiter, commissaire, or technical official (by the International Olympic Committee).  Referees may be assisted by linesmen, timekeepers, touch judges, or video assistant referees (VAR).
Ghaliah Emam
Ghaliah Zakaria Bakr Emam (Arabic: غالية زكريا بكر إمام; born 10 August 1994) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Saudi Women's Premier League club Al-Ahli and the Saudi Arabia national team.

Al-Ahli Saudi FC (women)
Al-Ahli Saudi Women Football Club (Arabic: النادي الأهلي السعودي لسيدات, romanized: an-nādī al-ʿahlī as-saʿūdī li-sāyīdāt), known simply as Al-Ahli Ladies, is a professional women's football club based in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It was established in 2022 as the women's section of the homonymous club, following an acquisition of the sporting license of Miras Women Football Club.

The team compete in the Saudi Women's Premier League, the top flight in Saudi national football, since its debut in the inaugural 2022–23.
Meet the Smiths
Meet the Smiths was a scripted reality television series on TBS. It features NBA on TNT analyst Kenny Smith, The Price Is Right model Gwendolyn Osborne-Smith and their five children. The series was picked up on September 30, 2014, with it to begin airing in Spring 2015. A sneak preview of the show aired February 13, 2015, on TNT and was uploaded to Facebook and the TBS website on March 13, 2015. The series officially premiered on April 3, 2015, on TBS.

Kenny Smith
Kenneth Smith (born March 8, 1965) is an American sports commentator and former professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "the Jet", he played in the NBA from 1987 to 1997 as a member of the Sacramento Kings, Atlanta Hawks, Houston Rockets, Detroit Pistons, Orlando Magic, and Denver Nuggets. Smith won back-to-back NBA championships with Houston.

Smith played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels, earning consensus first-team All-American honors as a senior in 1987. He was selected by Sacramento in the first round of the 1987 NBA draft with the sixth overall pick, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team with the Kings. After retiring from playing, Smith became a basketball commentator for the Emmy Award-winning Inside the NBA on TNT and ESPN. He also works as an analyst for CBS/Turner during the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.
Triphysaria micrantha
Triphysaria micrantha is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name purplebeak owl's-clover. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the grasslands of the Central Valley and the foothills to the east and west. It an annual herb producing a hairy, glandular, purple-colored stem up to about 15 centimeters in maximum height. Like many species in its family it is a facultative root parasite on other plants, attaching to their roots via haustoria to tap nutrients. Its greenish to red-purple leaves are up to 2.5 centimeters long and are sometimes divided into a few narrow, pointed lobes. The inflorescence is a spike of flowers a few centimeters in length. Each flower has a narrow purple upper lip and a wide lower lip which is divided into yellowish or white pouches, often with purple markings on the lower parts.

Haustorium
In botany and mycology, a haustorium (plural haustoria) is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients. For example, in mistletoe or members of the broomrape family, the structure penetrates the host's tissue and draws nutrients from it. In mycology, it refers to the appendage or portion of a parasitic fungus (the hyphal tip), which performs a similar function.  Microscopic haustoria penetrate the host plant's cell wall and siphon nutrients from the space between the cell wall and plasma membrane but do not penetrate the membrane itself. Larger (usually botanical, not fungal) haustoria do this at the tissue level.

The etymology of the name corresponds to the Latin word haustor meaning the one who draws, drains or drinks, and refers to the action performed by the outgrowth.
Fend Flitzer
The Fend Flitzer was a three-wheeled invalid carriage designed and built by Fritz Fend. The Flitzer established many of the basic concepts on which Fend's later Messerschmitt Kabinenroller microcars were developed.

Fritz Fend
Fritz Fend (April 14, 1920 in Rosenheim – November 22, 2000) was an aeronautical engineer. He was noted for designing Messerschmitt's Kabinenroller (cabinscooter) KR175 and KR200 microcars, for co-founding FMR, the company that took over production of the Kabinenrollers in 1956, and for designing the FMR Tg500, a sports microcar based on the Kabinenroller. Fend continued his career as an inventor and designer after the KR200 ended production.  Fend was working on another lightweight vehicle project shortly before his death.
Willie Boland
William John Boland (born 6 August 1975) is an Irish football coach and former professional footballer.

He notably played in the Premier League for Coventry City, and in the Football League for Cardiff City and Hartlepool United and in his native Ireland for Limerick. He was capped by both the Republic of Ireland U17 and Republic of Ireland U21 teams.

Following his retirement he became a youth coach at Middlesbrough before taking up a role as academy director of Limerick. In 2017 he spent a short spell as interim manager of the club.

Republic of Ireland national under-17 football team
The Republic of Ireland national under-17 football team, is the national under-17 football team of the Republic of Ireland and is controlled by the Football Association of Ireland and competes in the annual UEFA European Under-17 Championship and the biennial FIFA U-17 World Cup.
Deborah Allan
Deborah "Debbie" Allan (born 21 July 1975) is a former British judoka. She won three European Championship medals, including a gold at the 1999 European Judo Championships. Allan was scheduled to compete at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but was disqualified at the weigh-in for being over the weight limit.

European Judo Championships
The European Judo Championships is the Judo European Championship organized by the European Judo Union. The 2015 and 2019 editions were held during the respective European Games. This is also expected for future editions of the European Games.
Aleksey Lebedev (luger)
Aleksey Lebedev (born 1982) is a Russian luger who has competed since 2000. A natural track luger, he won the silver medal in the mixed team event at the 2005 FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships in Latsch, Italy.

Latsch
Latsch (German pronunciation: [latʃ]; Italian: Laces [ˈlaːtʃes]) is a comune (municipality) and a village in the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of the city of Bolzano.
Ranjit Vilas Palace (Ratlam)
The Ranjit Vilas Palace is a palace in Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh that was the residence of the royal family of Ratlam. Built in 1880 and named for the then ruler, the palace is noted for its Italian architecture and décor and is a key part of the city’s heritage. Owned by the Government of Madhya Pradesh since the death of the last ruler, the palace has suffered from encroachments and several proposals have been made to renovate and repurpose the building.

Ratlam
Ratlam (Hindi: IPA: [ɾət̪.laːm]),ⓘis a city in the northwestern part of the Malwa region in Madhya Pradesh state of India. The city of Ratlam lies 480 metres (1,570 ft) above sea level. It is the administrative headquarters of Ratlam district, which was created in 1947 after the independence of India. It is located 294 kilometres west of the state capital Bhopal.

In 2024 Indian general election, Anita Nagar Singh Chouhan of Bharatiya Janata Party was elected as the Member of Parliament from Ratlam.

Ratlam railway division is one of the six railway divisions under Western Railway zone of Indian Railways. Whose headquarters is in Ratlam city. This is an important railway junction of the state.
Diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is an amino acid, representing an epsilon-carboxy derivative of lysine. meso-α,ε-Diaminopimelic acid is the last intermediate in the biosynthesis of lysine and undergoes decarboxylation by diaminopimelate decarboxylase to give the final product.

DAP is a characteristic of certain cell walls of some bacteria. DAP is often found in the peptide linkages of NAM-NAG chains that make up the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. When provided, they exhibit normal growth. When in deficiency, they still grow but with the inability to make new cell wall peptidoglycan.

This is also the attachment point for Braun's lipoprotein.

Decarboxylation
Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. The reverse process, which is  the first chemical step in photosynthesis, is called carboxylation, the addition of CO2 to a compound. Enzymes that catalyze decarboxylations are called decarboxylases or, the more formal term, carboxy-lyases (EC number 4.1.1).
2022 Tampere Open – Doubles
Pedro Cachin and Facundo Mena were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Alexander Erler and Lucas Miedler won the title after defeating Karol Drzewiecki and Patrik Niklas-Salminen 7–6(7–3), 6–1 in the final.

Karol Drzewiecki
Karol Drzewiecki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkarɔl dʐɛˈvjɛtskʲi]; born 1 November 1995) is a Polish professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 820 achieved on 3 December 2018 and a doubles ranking of world No. 74 on 8 September 2025. Drzewiecki has won 12 ATP Challenger doubles titles.
Tácio
Tácio Caetano Cruz Queiroz (born 7 August 1980), better known as just Tácio, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as defensive midfielder. In 1997, he was part of the Brazilian team that won the 1997 South American Under-17 Football Championship.

Paysandu Sport Club
Paysandu Sport Club, commonly referred to as Paysandu, is a Brazilian professional club based in Belém, Pará, founded on 2 February 1914. It competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, the third tier of Brazilian football, as well as in the Campeonato Paraense, the top flight of the Pará state football league.
Hygroma (canine disease)
A hygroma, or a false bursa, is a discrete, fluid-filled sac that can form on the joints of dogs in response to repeated pressure, such as that from sitting on a hard surface. It is treated by draining the fluid and may be prevented by providing padded bedding.

Synovial bursa
A synovial bursa, usually simply bursa (pl.: bursae or bursas), is a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (similar in consistency to that of a raw egg white). It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement. Bursae are found around most major joints of the body.
James Shields (academic)
James Shields (21 November 1918 – 20 June 1978) was a Scottish psychiatric geneticist and twin researcher. In the 1960s, he worked with Irving Gottesman on a twin study of schizophrenia at the Medical Research Council Psychiatric Genetics Unit at Maudsley Hospital in London, England. This study, known as the Maudsley twin study, is now considered a landmark in the field. He had previously begun working for Eliot Slater at Maudsley after serving in the United Kingdom's Royal Artillery during World War II. He was a fellow of the Eugenics Society and the International Society for Twin Studies. After Shields died in 1978, Gottesman founded the annual James Shields Award for Lifetime Contributions to Twin Research in his honor.

Maudsley Hospital
The Maudsley Hospital is a British psychiatric hospital in south London. The Maudsley is the largest mental health training institution in the UK. It is part of South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and works in partnership with the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London. The hospital was one of the originating institutions in producing the Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines. It is part of the King's Health Partners academic health science centre and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health.
Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers
Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers (26 December 1816 in Mühlhausen – 18 June 1853 in Berlin) was a German botanist. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Walp. when citing a botanical name.

He received his education at the Universities of Greifswald and Breslau, earning his habilitation in 1848 at Berlin. He died on 18 June 1853 from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.

The plant genus Walpersia (synonym Phyllota) is named after him.

University of Wrocław
The University of Wrocław (Polish: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, UWr; Latin: Universitas Wratislaviensis) is a public research university in Wrocław, Poland. It is the largest institution of higher learning in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, with over 100,000 graduates since 1945, including some 1,900 researchers, among whom many have received the highest awards for their contributions to the development of scientific scholarship.

The university was established in 1701 and reconstituted in its current form in 1945, as a direct successor to the previous German University of Breslau. Following the territorial changes of Poland's borders, academics primarily from the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów restored the university building, which had been heavily damaged in the 1945 Battle of Breslau.
2025 International Challenger Zhangjiagang – Doubles
Kaichi Uchida and Takeru Yuzuki were the defending champions but chose to defend their title with different partners. Uchida partnered Yusuke Kusuhara but lost in the quarterfinals to Luca Castelnuovo and Akira Santillan. Yuzuki partnered Nam Ji-sung but lost in the semifinals to Castelnuovo and Santillan.

Castelnuovo and Santillan won the title after defeating Petr Bar Biryukov and Alexandr Binda 6–3, 6–7(8–10), [10–3] in the final.

Luca Castelnuovo
Luca Castelnuovo (born 29 January 1997) is a Swiss tennis player. Castelnuovo has a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 400 achieved on 3 November 2025 and a career high doubles ranking of No. 267 achieved on 11 July 2022.

Castelnuovo has won 3 ATP Challenger doubles titles.
1878 Oxfordshire by-election
The 1878 Oxfordshire by-election was fought on 5 February 1878.  The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Joseph Warner Henley.  It was won by the unopposed Conservative candidate Edward William Harcourt.

J. W. Henley
Joseph Warner Henley, PC, DL, JP (3 March 1793 – 8 December 1884), often known as J. W. Henley, was a British Conservative politician, best known for serving in the protectionist governments of Lord Derby in the 1850s.
Enderle
Enderle is a German surname.

Notable people with this surname include:

August Enderle (1887–1959), German politician

Dick Enderle (1947–2008), American football player

Irmgard Enderle (1895–1985), German politician

Nathan Enderle (born 1988), American football player

Rob Enderle (born 1954), American technology analyst

Sebastian Enderle (born 1989), German footballer

Nathan Enderle
Nathan William Enderle (born January 12, 1988) is an American former professional football quarterback. He played college football at Idaho, where he was a four-year starter. Enderle was selected in the fifth round of the 2011 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears.  He was a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Tennessee Titans, San Diego Chargers, Montreal Alouettes and Portland Thunder.