hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maoist involvement in the Nandigram violence
The 2007–2008 Nandigram violence was one of the major incidents which saw an alleged involvement of Maoists or more precisely the cadres, armed activists and guerrillas of Communist Party of India (Maoist). Trouble started after the Government of West Bengal led by Left front tried to acquire the agricultural land in Nandigram to allow Indonesia's Salem group to set up a hub for chemical industries. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, the then chief minister of West Bengal, accused the Maoists for the violence during the Nandigram. Afterwards, they made a report that was submitted to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Afterwards in 2014, CPI (Maoists) confirmed that they were active during the Nandigram protests and termed it as "revolutionary people’s agitation".

Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee
Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee (1 March 1944 – 8 August 2024) was an Indian communist politician, statesman and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), who served as the 7th Chief Minister of West Bengal from 2000 to 2011. In a political career over five decades, he became one of the senior leaders of Communist Party of India (Marxist) during his regime.

Bhattacharjee described himself as a "communist compromising with capitalism" for promoting industrialization in West Bengal, but his efforts were undermined by controversies. He was known for his relatively open policies regarding business, in contrast with the previous financial policies of the CPI(M), which were  primarily anti-capitalist. However, he faced strong land acquisition protests and allegations about violence against the protesters. This led Bhattacharjee to lose the 2011 elections, resulting in the fall of Left Front's 34 years of rule in West Bengal.
Zachełmie, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Zachełmie [zaˈxɛwmʲɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łobez, within Łobez County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) west of Łobez and 68 km (42 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 70.

Łobez
Łobez [ˈwɔbɛs] ⓘ (Kashubian: Łobéz; German: Labes) is a town on the river Rega in northwestern Poland, within the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is the capital of Łobez County, and has a population of 10,066 (2019).
Antigua, My Life
Antigua, My Life (Spanish: Antigua vida mía) is a 2001 drama film directed by Héctor Olivera and written by Ángeles González Sinde and Alberto Macías, from the novel by the Chilean writer Marcela Serrano. An Argentine and Spanish co-production, it stars Ana Belén and Cecilia Roth.

Cinema of Argentina
Cinema of Argentina refers to the film industry based in Argentina. The Argentine cinema comprises the art of film and creative movies made within the nation of Argentina or by Argentine filmmakers abroad.

The Argentine film industry has historically been one of the three most developed in Latin American cinema, along with those produced in Mexico and Brazil. Throughout the 20th century, film production in Argentina, supported by the State and by the work of a long list of directors and actors, became one of the major film industries in the Spanish-speaking world. The Golden Age of Argentine cinema took place between the 1930s and 1950s.

Argentina has won eighteen Goya Awards for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film, which makes it the most awarded country. It is also the first Latin American country that has won Academy Awards, in recognition of the films The Official Story (1985) and The Secret in Their Eyes (2009).
Mala Dolga Noga
Mala Dolga Noga (Slovene pronunciation: [ˈmaːla ˈdoːu̯ɡa ˈnoːɡa]) is a former settlement in the Municipality of Litija in central Slovenia. It is now part of the village of Zgornja Jevnica. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

Municipality of Litija
The Municipality of Litija (pronounced [liˈtiːja] ⓘ; Slovene: Občina Litija) is a municipality in central Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Litija. The area is part of the traditional Upper and Lower Carniola regions. The entire municipality is now included in the Central Sava Statistical Region; until 2015 it was part of the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. The population of the municipality is just over 15,000.
Karuna Ratna Tuladhar
Karuna Ratna Tuladhar (Nepali: करुणारत्न तुलाधर) (23 October 1920 – 19 July 2008) was a pioneer of Nepalese public transport. He was proprietor of Nepal Transport Service which he and his brother Lupau Ratna Tuladhar founded in 1959. This was Nepal's first public bus service which linked the capital Kathmandu with the railhead of Amlekhganj, 190 kilometers to the south near the Indian border.

The same year, Nepal Transport Service also started the first local shuttle between Kathmandu and Patan (Lalitpur), one of the three cities in the Kathmandu Valley.

Lalitpur, Nepal
Lalitpur (Nepali: ललितपुर)  is a metropolitan city and  fourth most populous city of Nepal with 299,843 inhabitants living in 77,159 households per the 2021 census. It is located in the south-central part of Kathmandu Valley, a large valley in the high plateaus in central Nepal, at an altitude of 1,350 metres (4,430 feet).

Its cultural heritage includes a tradition of arts and crafts. It has a multi-ethnic population with a Hindu and Buddhist majority. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Tourism is an important part of the city's economy and it stages festivals and feasts,  Lalitpur is home to Patan Durbar Square, which has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Sol Malkoff
Sol Malkoff (1918- January 17, 2001) was a calligrapher and designer known for his work with Rand McNally, Gould Typographers, and Typography Shop. He influenced the development of modern calligraphy through his teaching and writing on the subject.

Newberry Library
The Newberry Library is an independent research library specializing in the humanities, located in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It has been free and open to the public since 1887.
USS PC-815
USS PC-815 was a PC-461-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War II. Its first commander, for about eighty days in 1943, was L. Ron Hubbard, who later became the founder of Scientology. After Hubbard was removed from command for conducting unauthorized gunnery practice in Mexican territorial waters, the PC-815 served as a shore patrol vessel off San Diego, California.

In September 1945, the ship was lost along with one of her crew after colliding with the destroyer USS Laffey. PC-815's short career led to the vessel being dubbed the "jinxed sub-chaser".

Japanese submarine I-176
The Japanese submarine I-176 (I-76, until 20 May 1942) was a "Kaidai" type of cruiser submarine active in World War II. A KD7 sub-class boat, I-176 was built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the early 1940s.

The most successful submarine of her class, she severely damaged the heavy cruiser USS Chester in October 1942 and sank the submarine USS Corvina in November 1943, the only Japanese submarine to sink one of her American counterparts. I-176 was sunk in May 1944 in the western Pacific by the American destroyers Franks, Haggard and Johnston.
Martin Óg Morrissey
Martin Óg Morrissey (1934 – 19 December 2024) was an Irish hurler, Gaelic footballer and selector. At club level he played as a dual player with Mount Sion, and also lined out at inter-county level with various Waterford teams.

1959 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Refereed by Jeremiah Fitzgerald (Rathkeale, Limerick)
The 1959 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 73rd staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county hurling tournament. The championship began on 12 April 1959 and ended on 4 October 1959.

The championship was won by Waterford who secured the title following a 3–12 to 1–10 defeat of Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final. This was their second All-Ireland title, their first in eleven championship seasons. It remains their last All-Ireland triumph.

Tipperary were the defending champions but were defeated by Waterford in the Munster semi-final.
Vidovdan (album)
Vidovdan is a cassette and album by Ensemble Renaissance, released in 1989 on the PGP RTB label. It is their second album with early music of Serbia and their 6th album overall. It is a collaborative album with another ensemble called "Rukovet". The music represented on the release is a traditional Serbian music in the period of 18th and 19th century.

Vidovdan is actually anniversary of the religious holiday of the same name, the date of special importance to ethnic Serbs: on June 28, 1389, according to the Serbian Orthodox religious tradition, and according to the Serbian romantic (19th century) national identity founding tradition, the Ottoman Empire fought against Serbia in the Battle of Kosovo, and duke Lazar of Serbia was slain in battle. Ottoman Sultan Murad I was killed by the Serbian knight Miloš Obilić.

Murad I
Murad I (Ottoman Turkish: مراد اول; Turkish: I. Murad), nicknamed Hüdavendigâr , (from Persian: خداوندگار, romanized: Khodāvandgār, lit. 'the devotee of God' – meaning "sovereign" in this context; 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan Gazi and Nilüfer Hatun. Murad I came to the throne after his elder half-brother Süleyman Pasha's death.

Murad I conquered Adrianople in 1360s and made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate. Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in Southern Europe by bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule, and forced the princes of Serbia, the emperor of Bulgaria as well as the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos to pay him tribute. Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Rumelia (the Balkans).
Lucy and Geminian
Lucy and Geminian were venerated on 16 September as saints who died as martyrs in Rome during the persecution of Diocletian in about 290 or 300 or, more precisely, in 304. Veneration for them was ancient but their story is "only known from fabulous acts." Lucy appears to be in reality the same as the Lucy of Syracuse whose feast is on 13 December, but the Geminian who was venerated on 16 September seems to be a fictitious character, not to be confused with Geminianus, Bishop of Modena.

Geminianus
Saint Geminianus (also known as Saint Geminian, or Saint Gimignano) was a fourth-century deacon who became Bishop of Modena. He is mentioned in the year 390, when he participated in a council called by Saint Ambrose in Milan. From his name, it has been deduced that Geminianus probably belonged to the caste of Roman senators.

Nothing more is directly known about him, and all information regarding his life comes from much later biographies. It is said that when Saint Athanasius was entering exile in France, he passed through Modena and was received kindly by Geminianus. Saint John Chrysostom later received the same hospitality. Saint Geminianus opposed Arianism and Jovinianism. He probably died on 31 January 397.
Merryton railway station
Merryton railway station is a railway station in Larkhall, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Argyle Line.

The station was officially opened on 9 December 2005, as part of the Larkhall branch re-opened at the same time.

The station is located on the CR Mid Lanark Lines just south of the site of the previous Merryton Junction where the Caledonian Railway Coalburn Branch diverged from the CR Mid Lanark Lines.

ScotRail
ScotRail Trains Limited, trading as ScotRail (Scottish Gaelic: Rèile na h-Alba), is a Scottish train operating company that is publicly owned by Scottish Rail Holdings on behalf of the Scottish Government. It has been operating the ScotRail franchise as an operator of last resort since 1 April 2022.
Hashim ibn Utba
Hashim ibn Utba ibn Abi Waqqas (Arabic: هاشم بن عتبة بن أبي وقاص, romanized: Hāshim ibn ʿUtba ibn Abī Waqqāṣ), was a Muslim army commander. He was Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas's nephew through his father, and was a companion of Muhammad. Hāshim participated in the Ridda wars to force rebellious Arab tribes to return to Islam after the death of Muhammad. He fought the Byzantines in the Battle of Yarmouk under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid. He played a vital role in the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah that led to the conquest of Al-Mada'in by Muslims. He died in the Battle of Siffin fighting on the side of Ali.

Al-Mada'in
33°06′N 44°35′E﻿ / ﻿33.100°N 44.583°E﻿ / 33.100; 44.583

Al-Mada'in (Arabic: المدائن, al-Madāʾin; Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מחוזא Māḥozā; lit. 'the cities') was an ancient metropolis situated on the Tigris in what is now Iraq. It was located between the ancient royal centers of Ctesiphon and Seleucia, and was founded by the Sasanian Empire. The city's name was used by Arabs as a synonym for the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon, in a tradition that continued after the Arab conquest of Iran.
Chemistry of photolithography
Photolithography is a process in removing select portions of thin films used in microfabrication. Microfabrication is the production of parts on the micro- and nano- scale, typically on the surface of silicon wafers, for the production of integrated circuits, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), solar cells, and other devices. Photolithography makes this process possible through the combined use of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), photoresist (positive or negative), spin coating, photomask, an exposure system and other various chemicals. By carefully manipulating these factors it is possible to create nearly any geometry microstructure on the surface of a silicon wafer. The chemical interaction between all the different components and the surface of the silicon wafer makes photolithography an interesting chemistry problem. Current engineering has been able to create features on the surface of silicon wafers between 1 and 100 μm.

Wafer (electronics)
In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si, silicium), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells.

The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and upon the wafer. It undergoes many microfabrication processes, such as doping, ion implantation, etching, thin-film deposition of various materials, and photolithographic patterning. Finally, the individual microcircuits are separated by wafer dicing and packaged as an integrated circuit.
Guaram II
Guaram II (Georgian: გუარამ II), of the Guaramid dynasty, was a presiding prince of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from 684/85 to c. 693.

He was a hereditary duke (eristavi) of Klarjeti and Javakheti, and acquired the office of presiding prince of Iberia when his predecessor, Adarnase II of the Chosroid dynasty died in the struggle with the Khazars in 684/85. Around the year 689, after a successful Byzantine campaign against the Umayyad Caliphate, Guaram transferred his allegiance from the Umayyads to the emperor Justinian II and was conferred with the title of curopalates. He must have been succeeded by his son or grandson Guaram III shortly before 693, the year when the Arabs succeeded in retaking the Caucasus with the help of their Khazar allies and introduced direct rule through their viceroy (wali) at Dvin.

Justinian II
Justinian II (Greek: Ἰουστινιανός, romanized: Ioustinianós; Latin: Iustinianus; 668/69 – 4 November 711), nicknamed "the Slit-Nosed" (Greek: ὁ Ῥινότμητος, romanized: ho Rhīnótmētos), was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711. Like his namesake, Justinian I, Justinian II was an ambitious and passionate ruler who was keen to restore the Roman Empire to its former glories. However, he responded brutally to any opposition to his will and lacked the finesse of his father, Constantine IV.  Consequently, he generated enormous opposition to his reign, resulting in his deposition in 695 in a popular uprising. He only returned to the throne in 705 with the help of a Bulgarian army. His second reign was even more despotic than the first, and in 711 he was killed by mutinous soldiers.
Rock sandpiper
The rock sandpiper (Calidris ptilocnemis) is a small shorebird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. This is a hardy sandpiper that breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of Alaska and the Chukotka and Kamchatka Peninsulas. It is closely related to the purple sandpiper that breeds in arctic regions of northeast Canada and the northwest Palearctic, and in the past was often considered conspecific with it.

Pribilof Islands
The Pribilof Islands (formerly the Northern Fur Seal Islands; Aleut: Amix̂, Russian: Острова Прибылова, romanized: Ostrova Pribylova) are a group of four volcanic islands off the coast of mainland Alaska, in the Bering Sea, about 200 miles (320 km) north of Unalaska and 200 miles (320 km) southwest of Cape Newenham. The islands are part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. The Siberian coast is roughly 500 miles (800 km) northwest. About 77 square miles (200 km2) in total area, they are mostly rocky and are covered with tundra, with a population of 572 as of the 2010 census.
Siegfried Mureșan
Siegfried Mureșan (born 20 September 1981) is a Romanian economist and politician, vice-president of the European People's Party (EPP) since November 2019, vice-president of the European People's Party Group (EPP Group) in the European Parliament and member of the National Liberal Party (PNL). He was elected as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Romania in 2014 and 2019. Previously, he was a member of the People's Movement Party (PMP) between 2014 and 2018 and the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) before 2014.

Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)
The Democratic Liberal Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat-Liberal, PDL) was a liberal-conservative political party in Romania. The party was formed on 15 December 2007, when the Democratic Party (PD) merged with the Liberal Democratic Party (PLD). On 17 November 2014 the PDL officially merged into the National Liberal Party (PNL), ceasing to exist. The PDL was associated with Traian Băsescu, who was previously leader of the PD and President of Romania from 2004 to 2014.
Nesryne El Chad
Nesryne El Chad (Arabic: نسرين الشاد; born 13 March 2003) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Seconde Ligue club Lille. Born in France, she represents Morocco at international level.

Seconde Ligue
The Seconde Ligue (French pronunciation: [səɡɔ̃d liɡ]) is a professional women's association football league at the second level of the French football league system, and is run by the Ligue féminine de football professionnel (LFFP). Its annual competition features twelve teams playing two series of round-robin matches from September to June. At the end of each season, the top two teams are promoted to the top-level Première Ligue, while the bottom two teams are relegated to the third-tier, semi-professional Division 3 Féminine.
History of the Marshall Islands
Austronesian settlers arrived in the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC, but there are no historical or oral records of that period. Over time, the Marshallese people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by walap canoe using traditional stick charts.

Ebon Atoll
Ebon Atoll (Marshallese: Epoon, [ɛbʲɔːnʲ]) is a coral atoll of 22 islands in the Pacific Ocean, forming a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands.  Its land area is 5.75 square kilometers (2.22 sq mi), and it encloses a deep lagoon with an area of 104 square kilometers (40 sq mi). A winding passage, the Ebon Channel, leads to the lagoon from the southwest edge of the atoll.  Ebon Atoll is approximately 155 kilometers (96 mi) south of Jaluit, and it is the southernmost land mass of the Marshall Islands, on the southern extremity of the Ralik Chain.  In documents and accounts from the 1800s, it was also known as Boston, Covell's Group, Fourteen Islands, and Linnez.
Marcin Cieślak
Marcin Cieślak is a Polish competitive swimmer who specializes in butterfly. He currently represents the Cali Condors which is part of the International Swimming League. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, he competed in the men's 200 metre butterfly, finishing in 19th place overall in the heats, but failing to qualify for the semifinals.

Cali Condors
The Cali Condors was a professional swimming club and one of the original eight clubs of the International Swimming League. The team was based in San Francisco led by general manager Jason Lezak and head coach Gregg Troy.  Assistant Coaches for the 2019 Season were Dean Boxall, Jeff Julian, and Linda Kiefer.

During the inaugural season in 2019 they earned their spot in the final as one of the top two teams in their division. They finished the season as the top American team in the league ahead of their rival LA Current.

The Condors won their first International Swimming League Championship during the 2020 Season in Budapest, Hungary.   They were led by Head Coach Jonty Skinner, and assistant coaches Allison Beebe, Sean Schimmel, and Brian Schrader.
Winithar
Winithar was a medieval scribe, the earliest known scribe from the scriptorium of the Abbey of Saint Gall in present-day Switzerland.

The birth and death dates of Winithar are not known. He is mentioned for the first time in written sources in 760, and for the following three years he apparently worked as a scribe in the scriptorium of the abbey, and appears to have been the head of the scriptorium. Nine illuminated manuscripts are attributed to Winithar. He wrote excerpts from the Bible, texts by the Church Fathers and two homilies for the abbey library of Saint Gall. Between 765 and 768 he held the position of dean at the abbey.

Abbey library of Saint Gall
The Abbey library of St Gall (German: Stiftsbibliothek) is a significant medieval monastic library located in St. Gallen, Switzerland. In 1983, the library, as well as the Abbey of St Gall, were designated a World Heritage Site, as "an outstanding example of a large Carolingian monastery and was, since the 8th century until its secularisation in 1805, one of the most important cultural centres in Europe". It is one of the oldest monastic libraries in the world.
James L. McCusker
James L. McCusker (b. abt. 1869) was an American swimmer known for his high-profile swims against top competitors in the 1890s and early 1900s.

McCusker was born in Ireland and emigrated to the United States, living in Everett, Massachusetts.   After winning a three-man September 1891 swimming race at Lake Quinsigamond against John Leavitt and Robert Magree for a prize of $750, he was declared the American champion.  He then proceeded to travel to challenge other top swimmers to matches, including James Finney, Joseph Nuttall in England in 1893 and Boston in 1904 and Australian Percy Cavill.

After failing in an attempt to cross the English Channel in 1907, by 1908 McCusker fell on hard times, and was sent to the Massachusetts state mental hospital for two years related to theft charges.

James Finney (swimmer)
James Finney (21 June 1862 - February 1924) was a top English swimmer in the 1880s. In 1882, he swam underwater for 340 feet, and also held an English record for staying underwater for 4 min 29.25 sec in 1886. Finney toured England and America doing swimming exhibitions through at least 1911, sometimes with his sister Marie, and eventually including his daughters in his performances. He appeared many times at the London Pavilion and elsewhere with his daughters in a tank act. He was the holder of many swimming records. Mr Finney was a popular member of the old Grand
Order of Water Rats, and held office in that society. He died in 1924, and his funeral tool place on 9 February 1924. James was 61 years of age.