hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Empathy-altruism
Empathy-altruism is a form of altruism based on moral emotions or feelings for others.

Social exchange theory represents a seemingly altruistic behavior which benefits the altruist and outweighs the cost the altruist bears. Thus such behavior is self-interested. In contrast, Daniel Batson holds that people help others in need out of genuine concern for the well-being of the other person. The key ingredient to such helping is empathic concern. According to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis, if someone feels empathy towards another person, they will help them, regardless of what they can gain from it. An alternative hypothesis is empathy-joy, which states a person helps because they find pleasure at seeing another person experience relief. When a person does not feel empathy, the standards of social exchange theory apply.

Self-interest
Self-interest generally refers to a focus on the needs or desires (interests) of one's self. Most times, actions that display self-interest are often performed without conscious knowing. A number of philosophical, psychological, and economic theories examine the role of self-interest in motivating human action. Individuals may have a self-serving bias towards their self-interest.
Ramón Hicks
Ramón Angel María Hicks Cáceres (born 30 May 1959) is a Paraguayan former football winger. A well travelled player at club level he played for teams in his homeland (Club Libertad), Uruguay (Nacional), Spain (CE Sabadell FC, Real Oviedo and Elche CF), Argentina (Independiente) and Bolivia (Club San José). He appeared as an international for Paraguay and was a part of the squad for the 1986 FIFA World Cup. Altogether, he made 37 appearances for the national team, scoring six goals.

Real Oviedo
Real Oviedo (Spanish: [reˈal oˈβjeðo]; Asturian: Real Uviéu [reˈal uˈβjew]) is a Spanish professional football club based in Oviedo, Asturias. Founded on 26 March 1926, the club plays in LaLiga, the highest level of the Spanish football league system. The club plays at the Estadio Carlos Tartiere, opened on 30 September 2000, and is the largest sports stadium in Asturias. In the all-time league table for the Spanish top division (La Liga), Real Oviedo ranks 18th, as it has played 38 seasons.

The club's local rivals are Real Sporting Gijón on the sea coast to its north, with whom the club contests the Asturian derby.
Henry Hastings (MP)
Sir Henry Hastings (died 1629) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1601 and 1626.

There were two contemporaneous individuals called Henry Hastings in Leicestershire that could have been this MP. The more likely is considered to be the son of Sir Edward Hastings of Leicester Abbey. The alternative is the son of  Walter Hastings of Braunston. One of these (probably the subject of the article) attended Emmanuel College, Cambridge and the other Lincoln College, Oxford. Both individuals were knighted in 1603 and lived near Leicester.

In 1601, Hastings was elected Member of Parliament for Leicestershire and was re-elected MP for Leicestershire in 1621, 1624 and 1626. He was a J.P. by 1606 and was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1607–08.

Hastings married Mabel Faunt, daughter of Anthony Faunt of Foston, Leicestershire and had four sons and three daughters.

Leicestershire (UK Parliament constituency)
Leicestershire was a county constituency in Leicestershire, represented in the House of Commons. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs), traditionally called Knights of the Shire, by the bloc vote system of election, to the Parliament of England until 1707, to the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 until 1800, and then to the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1832.
Student
A student is a person enrolled in a school or other educational institution, or more generally, a person who takes a special interest in a subject.

In the United Kingdom and most commonwealth countries, a "student" attends a secondary school or higher (e.g., college or university); those in primary or elementary schools are "pupils".

Educational institution
An educational institution is a place where people of different ages gain an education, including preschools, childcare, primary-elementary schools, secondary-high schools, and universities.  They provide a large variety of learning environments and learning spaces.
Parmelia squarrosa
Parmelia squarrosa, commonly known as the bottlebrush shield lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.  It occurs in east Asia, Europe, and eastern North America, where it typically grows on tree bark, much less frequently on rocks, and rarely on moss. Because of its abundance, widespread distribution, and stable populations, it has been assessed as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Parmelia saxatilis is quite similar in appearance Parmelia squarrosa  and the latter was quite often confused with the former, especially in herbarium collections. Molecular phylogenetic analysis proved the genetic distinctness between the two species, which are morphologically distinguished by difference in rhizine structure.

Bryophilous lichen
A bryophilous lichen is one that grows on a bryophyte – that is, on a moss or liverwort. Those that grow on mosses are muscicolous lichens, while those that grow on liverworts are hepaticolous lichens. Muscicolous derives from the Latin muscus meaning moss, while the suffix colous means "living or growing in or on". Lichens are slow-growing organisms, and so are far more likely to be overgrown by a bryophyte than to overgrow one. However, they are better able to compete if the bryophyte is sickly or decaying and they can be parasitic upon them. Some, rather than overgrowing the bryophyte, instead live among its branches. Bryophilous lichens are particularly common in heathland and arctic or alpine tundra. Because many are small and inconspicuous, they are easy to overlook.
.tr
.tr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkey. It is administered by trABİS (under the Information and Communication Technologies Authority of Turkey) and managed by the Computer Center DNS Group of the ICT Authority. The domain was formerly administered by NIC.tr and managed by the Turkey Internet Society (the local chapter of ISOC) until September 2022.

Top-level domain
A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last non-empty label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the ICANN, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.
Sør-Gudbrandsdal District Court
Sør-Gudbrandsdal District Court (Norwegian: Sør-Gudbrandsdal tingrett) was a district court in Innlandet county, Norway. The court was based in Lillehammer. The court existed from 1731 until 2021. It served the municipalities of Gausdal, Lillehammer, Øyer, Ringebu and Sør-Fron. Cases from this court could be appealed to Eidsivating Court of Appeal.

The court was a court of first instance. Its judicial duties were mainly to settle criminal cases and to resolve civil litigation as well as bankruptcy. The administration and registration tasks of the court included death registration, issuing certain certificates, performing duties of a notary public, and officiating civil wedding ceremonies. Cases from this court were heard by a combination of professional judges and lay judges.

Sør-Fron Municipality
Sør-Fron is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Hundorp. Other villages in the municipality include Gålå, Harpefoss, and Lia.

The 742-square-kilometre (286 sq mi) municipality is the 153rd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Sør-Fron Municipality is the 225th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,128. The municipality's population density is 4.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (11/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 2.3% over the previous 10-year period.
Airy function
In the physical sciences, the Airy function (or Airy function of the first kind) Ai(x) is a special function named after the British astronomer George Biddell Airy (1801–1892). The function Ai(x) and the related function Bi(x), are linearly independent solutions to the differential equation

known as the Airy equation or the Stokes equation.

Because the solution of the linear differential equation
is oscillatory for k<0 and exponential for k>0, the Airy functions are oscillatory for x<0 and exponential for x>0.  In fact, the Airy equation is the simplest second-order linear differential equation with a turning point (a point where the character of the solutions changes from oscillatory to exponential).

Linear differential equation
In mathematics, a linear differential equation is a differential equation that is linear in the unknown function and its derivatives, so it can be written in the form 

where a0(x), ..., an(x) and b(x) are arbitrary differentiable functions that do not need to be linear, and y′, ..., y(n)  are the successive derivatives of an unknown function y of the variable x.

Such an equation is an ordinary differential equation (ODE). A linear differential equation may also be a linear partial differential equation (PDE), if the unknown function depends on several variables, and the derivatives that appear in the equation are partial derivatives.
Maverik Lacrosse
Maverik Lacrosse manufactures lacrosse equipment and apparel, based in New York City. The company was founded by professional lacrosse players John Gagliardi and Jay Jalbert.

Maverik Lacrosse was acquired on June 3, 2010, by Private Equity group Kohlberg & Co. for an undisclosed sum.

Kohlberg & Company
Kohlberg, formerly known as Kohlberg & Company, L.L.C, is an American private equity firm that focuses on leveraged buyout transactions. Founded by investor Jerome Kohlberg, Jr., the firm invests in a variety of transactions including leveraged carveout, take-private transactions, and acquisitions of privately held companies.

Kohlberg & Company is headquartered in Mount Kisco, New York.
Multi-booting
Multi-booting is the act of installing multiple operating systems on a single computer, and being able to choose which one to boot. The term dual-booting refers to the common configuration of specifically two operating systems. Multi-booting may require a custom boot loader.

LILO (bootloader)
LILO (Linux Loader) is a bootloader for Linux and was the default boot loader for most Linux distributions prior to the widespread adoption of GRUB in the early 2000s.  Unlike loadlin, LILO allowed booting Linux without having DOS on the computer. As of 2009, most distributions have switched to GRUB as the default boot loader. Further development of LILO was discontinued in December 2015 along with a request by Joachim Wiedorn for potential developers.
2016 Tennis Championships of Maui – Men's doubles
Jared Donaldson and Stefan Kozlov are the defending champions but only Kozlov defending his title partnering Taylor Fritz, losing in the first round to Toshihide Matsui and Dean O'Brien.

Jason Jung and Dennis Novikov won the title, defeating Alex Bolt and Frank Moser in the final 6–3, 4–6, [10–8].

Dennis Novikov
Dennis Novikov (born November 6, 1993) is an American professional tennis player born in Russia.

He won both the singles and doubles titles at the USTA Boys 18s National Championships in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 2012. As a result, he was awarded wild cards into the main draw of the US Open in both singles and doubles. He did not join the UCLA tennis team until March 2012, first competing on March 27.
Barbie Super Sports
Barbie: Super Sports is a sports video game developed by Runecraft and published by Mattel Media for the PlayStation and Microsoft Windows. Players can choose to play as either Barbie, Teresa, Christie or Kira. Two sports are available: snowboarding and roller skating.

Runic magic
There is some evidence that, in addition to being a writing system, runes historically served purposes of magic. This is the case from the earliest epigraphic evidence of the Roman to the Germanic Iron Age, with non-linguistic inscriptions and the alu word. An erilaz appears to have been a person versed in runes, including their magic applications.

In medieval sources, notably the Poetic Edda, the Sigrdrífumál mentions "victory runes" to be carved on a sword, "some on the grasp and some on the inlay, and name Tyr twice."

In the early modern period and modern history, related folklore and superstition is recorded in the form of the Icelandic magical staves. In the early 20th century, Germanic mysticism coined new forms of "runic magic", some of which were continued or developed further by contemporary adherents of Germanic Neopaganism. Modern systems of runic divination are based on Hermeticism, classical occultism, and the I Ching.
Tedo Sakhokia
Tedo Sakhokia (Georgian: თედო სახოკია; March 15, 1868 – February 17, 1956) was a Georgian ethnographer, lexicologist, folklore scientist, translator, opinion journalist and educator, Correspondent Member of the Académie de Reims (1902) and Foreign Correspondent Member of the Society of Anthropology of Paris (1904).

Guy de Maupassant
Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (UK: /ˈmoʊpæsɒ̃/, US: /ˈmoʊpəsɒnt, ˌmoʊpəˈsɒ̃/; French: [ɡi d(ə) mopasɑ̃]; 5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a 19th-century French author, celebrated as a master of the short story, as well as a representative of the naturalist school, depicting human lives, destinies and social forces in disillusioned and often pessimistic terms.

Maupassant was a protégé of Gustave Flaubert and his stories are characterized by economy of style and efficient, seemingly effortless dénouements. Many are set during the Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s, describing the futility of war and the innocent civilians who, caught up in events beyond their control, are permanently changed by their experiences. He wrote 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and one volume of verse. His first published story, "Boule de Suif" ("The Dumpling", 1880), is often considered his most famous work.
Humberto Álvarez Suárez
Humberto Nicolás Álvarez Suárez (10 May 1895 – 24 January 1982) was a Chilean lawyer, academic and politician of the Radical Party of Chile. He served as Minister of Justice (1936), Minister of the Interior (1940), Deputy (1933–1940) and Senator (1941–1965). He briefly presided over the Senate of Chile from 31 May to 15 June 1949.

Senate of Chile
33°02′52″S 71°36′21″W﻿ / ﻿33.04778°S 71.60583°W﻿ / -33.04778; -71.60583

The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile.
Moving Windows
Moving Windows is the second and final studio album by American synth-pop trio Our Daughter's Wedding (ODW), released in 1982 by EMI Records. The album was recorded at Intergalactic Studio, except for "Moving Windows" which was recorded at Electric Lady Studios, both studios were located in New York.

EMI Records
EMI Records (formerly EMI Records Ltd.) is a British multinational record label owned by Universal Music Group. It was originally founded as a British flagship label by the music company EMI in 1972, and launched in January 1973 as the successor to its Columbia and Parlophone record labels. The label was later launched worldwide. It has a branch in India called EMI Records India, run by director Mohit Suri. In 2014, Universal Music Japan revived the label in Japan as the successor to EMI Records Japan. In June 2020, Universal revived the label as the successor to Virgin EMI, with Virgin Records now operating as an imprint of EMI Records. In February 2024, UMG Philippines relaunched EMI as a successor to the former EMI Philippines label after 22 years.
Manazuru (novel)
Manazuru (真鶴) is a 2006 novel by Hiromi Kawakami, published by Bungeishunjū. In Japan, it won the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Prize. Later, in 2010, an English translation by Michael Emmerich was published by Counterpoint, marking Kawakami's first English novel translation.

Hiromi Kawakami
Hiromi Kawakami (川上 弘美, Kawakami Hiromi; born April 1958) is a Japanese writer, known for her off-beat fiction, poetry, and literary criticism. She has won numerous Japanese literary awards, including the Akutagawa Prize, the Tanizaki Prize, the Yomiuri Prize, and the Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature. Her work has been adapted for film and has been translated into more than 15 languages.
Dora Meeson
Dora Meeson (7 August 1869 – 24 March 1955) was an Australian artist, suffragist, and an elected member of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters in London, England. She was a member of the British Artists' Suffrage League.

Royal Institute of Oil Painters
The Royal Institute of Oil Painters, also known as ROI, is an association of painters in London, England, and is the only major art society which features work done only in oil. It is a member society of the Federation of British Artists.
Japanese ship Wakaba
At least three warships of Japan have borne the name Wakaba:

Japanese destroyer Wakaba (1905), a Kamikaze-class destroyer launched in 1905 and scrapped in 1929

Japanese destroyer Wakaba (1934), a Hatsuharu-class destroyer launched in 1934 and sunk in 1944

JDS Wakaba (DE-261), the former Tachibana-class destroyer Nashi that was both launched and sunk in 1945. She was salvaged and renamed in 1955 serving until  stricken in 1971

Japanese destroyer Wakaba (1934)
Wakaba (若葉, ”Young Leaves”)  was the third of six Hatsuharu-class destroyers, built for the Imperial Japanese Navy under the Circle One Program (Maru Ichi Keikaku). Three were laid down in JFY 1931 and the next three in JFY 1933. The remaining six ships in the plan were built as the Shiratsuyu class.
Logan County, Illinois
Logan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 27,987. Its county seat is Lincoln.

Logan County comprises the Lincoln, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Springfield-Jacksonville-Lincoln, IL Combined Statistical Area.

Jacksonville, Illinois
Jacksonville is a city and the county seat of Morgan County, Illinois, United States. The population was 17,616 at the 2020 census, down from 19,446 in 2010. It is home to Illinois College, Illinois School for the Deaf, and the Illinois School for the Visually Impaired, and was formerly home to MacMurray College. Jacksonville is the principal city of the Jacksonville Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Morgan and Scott counties.
The AI Con
The AI Con: How to Fight Big Tech's Hype and Create the Future We Want is a 2025 non-fiction book by linguist Emily M. Bender and sociologist Alex Hanna. It argues that much of what is labeled "artificial intelligence" is a misleading term that obscures ordinary automation while concentrating power in a small number of technology firms. The book was published in May 2025 by Harper in the United States and Bodley Head in the United Kingdom. It was developed alongside the authors' long-running podcast Mystery AI Hype Theater 3000, which critiques exaggerated claims about AI.

Alex Hanna (research scientist)
Alex Hanna is a sociologist and director of research at the Distributed AI Research Institute (DAIR). She co-hosts the Mystery AI Hype Theater 3000 podcast with linguist Emily M. Bender, and is the co-author of The AI Con: How to Fight Big Tech's Hype and Create the Future We Want. She also serves as a Senior Fellow at the Center for Applied Transgender Studies, and sits on the advisory board for the Human Rights Data Analysis Group. Hanna's work focuses on the data used in new computational technologies and how this data impairs racial biases in social class, race, and gender. She also works in the field of social movements in both the United States and Canada.
Sheldon Lee (politician)
Sheldon Albert Lee (March 24, 1933 – October 21, 2025) was a Canadian politician. He was the Liberal member of Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick for the riding of Charlotte Centre from 1978 to 1995 and then for the new district of Charlotte from 1995 New Brunswick general election until his retirement at the calling of the 2003 election. Lee died in Quispamsis, New Brunswick on October 21, 2025, at the age of 92.

Quispamsis
Quispamsis (/kwɪs.pæm.sɪs/, sometimes shortened to Quispam /kwɪsˈpæm/) is a suburban town located in Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada. Located within Saint John's metropolitan area, it borders the town of Rothesay to form the Kennebecasis Valley and is located along the lower Kennebecasis River. As of 2021, the population of Quispamsis was 18,768.
Vernostonos
Verostonos (or Vernostonus) was a god in ancient Celtic polytheism, worshipped in Roman Britain.
His name links him to alder-trees. Altar-stones raised to him have been recovered in the United Kingdom, such as that at Ebchester in County Durham (RIB 1102, DEO VERNOSTONO COCIDIO VIRILIS GER V S L).
His association with Cocidius in that inscription suggests that he may have been linked with, or an epithet of, that more widely attested war god.

Alder
Alders are trees of the genus Alnus in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus includes about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few species extending into Central America, as well as the northern and southern Andes.
Ivan Kuznetsov (architect)
Ivan Sergeyevich Kuznetsov (Russian: Иван Серге́евич Кузнецов) (May 27, 1867 – June 3, 1942) was a Russian architect primarily known for his pre-1917 works in Moscow and Vichuga. Born into a working-class family, Kuznetsov independently broke into the elite architecture society of Moscow. He worked in many different styles but was most successful in Neoclassical architecture and Russian Revival. He excelled in industrial architecture and designed more than 600 buildings through the commissions of Nikolay Vtorov. Kuznetsov remained in high demand during the Soviet period.

Metochion
A metochion or metochi (Greek: μετόχιον, romanized: metóchion or μετόχι, metóchi; Russian: подворье, romanized: podvorie or метох, metoh) is an ecclesiastical embassy church within Eastern Orthodox tradition. It is usually from one autocephalous or autonomous church to another. The term is also used to refer to a parish representation (or dependency) of a monastery or a primate.