hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Napier Rock
Napier Rock (62°10′S 58°26′W﻿ / ﻿62.167°S 58.433°W﻿ / -62.167; -58.433) is a rock lying 1.75 nautical miles (3.2 km) east-southeast of Point Thomas in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands. Charted by the French Antarctic Expedition under Charcot, 1908–10. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for Ronald G. Napier (1925–1956) of Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), general assistant and handyman at the Signy Island station in 1955, and then leader at Admiralty Bay until he was drowned on March 24, 1956.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Napier Rock". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition
The Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) was an aerial survey of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and the Antarctic Peninsula which took place in the 1955–56 and 1956–57 southern summers.

Funded by the Colonial Office and organized by Peter Mott, the survey was carried out by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd.  The expedition was based at Deception Island and utilized the Oluf Sven, two Canso flying-boats, and several helicopters.

The photographic collection, held by the British Antarctic Survey as the United Kingdom Antarctic Mapping Centre, comprises about 12,800 frames taken on 26,700 kilometers of ground track.
Ramalina litorea
Ramalina litorea is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. This small, maritime lichen forms minute, rigid tufts on wave-exposed coastal cliffs and is distinguished from similar species by its unique chemistry, containing evernic acid rather than the divaricatic acid found in related species. It has a disjunct distribution, being known from tropical Queensland in Australia and also from islands in the Indian Ocean including Mauritius and Rodrigues.

Fruticose lichen
A fruticose lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is formed from a symbiotic relationship of a photobiont such as green algae or less commonly cyanobacteria and one, two or more mycobionts.  Fruticose lichens are not a monophyletic and holophyletic lineage, but are a form encountered in many classes.  Fruticose lichens have a complex vegetation structure, and are characterized by an ascending, bushy or pendulous appearance. As with other lichens, many fruticose lichens can endure high degrees of desiccation. They grow slowly and often occur in habitats such as on tree barks, on rock surfaces and on soils in the Arctic and mountain regions.
Feijó (Almada)
Feijó is a former civil parish in the municipality of Almada, Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Laranjeiro e Feijó. The population in 2011 was 18,884, in an area of 3.94 km2.

Lisbon metropolitan area
The Lisbon metropolitan area (Portuguese: Área metropolitana de Lisboa; abbreviated as AML) is a metropolitan area in Portugal centered on Lisbon, the capital and largest city of the country. The metropolitan area, covering 17 cities in 18 municipalities, is the largest urban area in the country and the 11th largest in the European Union, with a population in 2024 of 3,005,119 in an area of 3,015.24 km².

The Lisbon Metropolitan Area has the largest GDP (€106 billion) of any metropolitan area in Portugal. The region is home to the largest tech hub in the country and a majority of Portugal's major multinational corporations by revenue are based there.
Louis Schaub
Louis Schaub (German pronunciation: [ˈluːi ˈʃaʊ̯p]; born 29 December 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Austrian Bundesliga club Rapid Wien.

Schaub was selected by influential football website IBWM in their list of the 100 most exciting players in world football for 2014.

Born in Fulda, Germany, Schaub represented Austria at various youth levels, and was a full international for the senior side, having played for the latter from 2016 to 2022, winning 31 caps and scoring 8 goals across six years, with his last appearance for Austria being in November 2021.

Fulda
Fulda (German pronunciation: [ˈfʊlda] ⓘ; historically in English called Fuld) is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district (Kreis). In 1990 the city hosted the 30th Hessentag state festival.
Scythris fuscopterella
Scythris fuscopterella is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 1997. It is found in Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, eastern Siberia, France, Finland and Sweden.

The wingspan is 13–14 mm.

The larvae possibly feed on Ericaceae species.

Ericaceae
The Ericaceae (/ˌɛrɪˈkeɪsi.aɪ, -iː/) are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it the 14th most speciose family of flowering plants. The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the cranberry, blueberry, huckleberry, rhododendron (including azaleas), and various common heaths and heathers (Erica, Cassiope, Daboecia, and Calluna for example).
Sampson Strong
Sampson Strong (c.1550–1611) was a Dutch portrait painter. He was a resident portrait painter at Oxford University and painted founder's portraits for All Souls, New and Christ Church colleges. He was followed by Richard Greenway. He was employed by the governors of Christ's Hospital, Abingdon to decorate the hall with portraits of founders, benefactors and former governors.

All Souls College, Oxford
All Souls College (official name: The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed, of Oxford) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become fellows (i.e., full members of the college's governing body). It has no student members, but each year, recent graduates are eligible to apply for a small number of examination fellowships through a competitive examination (once described as "the hardest exam in the world") and, for those shortlisted after the examinations, an interview.

The college entrance is on the north side of High Street, whilst it has a long frontage onto Radcliffe Square. To its east is The Queen's College, whilst Hertford College is to the north of All Souls.

The current warden (head of the college) is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford.
RTB House
RTB House is a Polish advertising-technology company that develops a demand-side platform (DSP) based on proprietary deep learning algorithms. The company provides targeted marketing solutions for brands, supporting conversion optimization, customer acquisition, and user engagement across the purchase funnel.

Founded in 2012 and headquartered in Warsaw, Poland, RTB House operates in over 90 markets, with more than 1,500 employees in 30+ offices worldwide. The company is private-by-design and deploys first-party data advertising solutions.

Since 2018, the company has been featured in seven consecutive editions of the “FT1000”, Financial Times and Statista's list of the fastest growing companies in Europe.

FTSE 100 Index
The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index, also called the FTSE 100 Index, FTSE 100, FTSE or, informally, the "Footsie" /ˈfʊtsi/, is one of the United Kingdom's best-known stock market indices and represents the 100 most highly capitalised blue chips listed on the London Stock Exchange.
Kim Nasmyth
Kim Ashley Nasmyth (born 18 October 1952) is an English geneticist, the Whitley Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford, a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, former scientific director of the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), and former head of the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford. He is best known for his work on the segregation of chromosomes during cell division.

Trinity College, Oxford
Trinity College (full name: The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity in the University of Oxford, of the foundation of Sir Thomas Pope (Knight)) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas Pope, on land previously occupied by Durham College, home to Benedictine monks from Durham Cathedral.

Despite its large physical size, the college is relatively small in terms of student numbers at approximately 400. It was founded as a men's college and has been coeducational since 1979. As of 2023, the total funds of Trinity amounted to more than £224 million, including a financial endowment of £191 million.

Trinity has produced three British prime ministers, placing it third after Christ Church and Balliol in terms of former students who have held that office.
Jacob HaLevi of Marvège
Jacob HaLevi of Marvège (Hebrew: יעקב הלוי ממרויש) was a French rabbi and kabbalist who lived at Marvège in the thirteenth century.

It was said that by prayers and invocations he was able to obtain decisions from heaven in religious matters, which were communicated to him in dreams. His decisions are collected in his "She'elot UTeshubot min haShamayim" (Responsa from Heaven), published by Judah Zerahiah Azulai in part five of David ibn Zimra's responsa (Livorno, 1818). Some of his responsa are found also in Zedekiah ben Abraham Anaw's "Shibbole ha-Leḳeṭ" and in Jehiel ben Jekuthiel Anav's "Tanya Rabbati," an epitome of the latter.

Tanya Rabbati
Note: Tanya, an important work of Hasidic Judaism, is an unrelated book with a similar name. For other uses, see Tanya (disambiguation).

Tanya Rabbati is an anonymous work on Jewish law first published in Italy, in 1514.

Tanya Rabbati discusses Shabbat and the Jewish Holidays. The work is named for its first word, "Tanya", which is Aramaic for "it is stated in a baraita." It is believed to have been authored by Jehiel ben Jekutheil Anav (full name: Jehiel ben Jekutheil ben Benjamin Ha-Rofe Anav), a 13th-century Rabbinic author, manuscript copyist, and liturgical poet. The work was first published in Mantua, and was re-printed in Cremona, 1565, and later in two other editions.
Arrondissement of Rethel
The arrondissement of Rethel is an arrondissement of France in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region. It has 101 communes. Its population is 37,339 (2021), and its area is 1,199.7 km2 (463.2 sq mi).

Arrondissements of France
An arrondissement (English: /əˈrɒndɪsmənt/, French: [aʁɔ̃dismɑ̃] ⓘ) is the third level of administrative division in France generally corresponding to the territory overseen by a subprefect. As of 2023, the 101 French departments are divided into 333 arrondissements (including 13 overseas).

The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. When an arrondissement contains the prefecture (capital) of the department, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The term arrondissement can be roughly translated into English as district.

Some municipalities in Quebec are divided into arrondissements, reflecting the province’s historical link to New France.
Marcus Arrecinus Clemens (praetorian prefect under Caligula)
Marcus Arrecinus Clemens (fl. 1st century AD) was a prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard, known as the Praetorian Guard.

Clemens was born in Pisaurum, Italy, to Arrecinus and Tertulla, members of an obscure family which, according to the historian Suetonius, was of equestrian rank. His sister Arrecina Clementina, also born in Pisaurum, c. 12, became the wife of Titus Flavius Sabinus.

Clemens' wife is usually identified as Julia, the sister of Julius Lupus. They had a son, Marcus Arrecinus Clemens, and a daughter, Arrecina Tertulla, who became the first wife of the future Emperor Titus.

Clemens served as prefect from 38 to 41, during the reign of Emperor Caligula. Suetonius says that Caligula bullied Clemens, often in front of the guards. On 24 January 41, Clemens participated in the murder of Caligula, the Empress Caesonia, and their daughter, as well as in the proclamation of the next emperor Claudius.

Bodyguard
A bodyguard (or close protection officer/operative) is a type of security guard, government law enforcement officer, or servicemember who protects an important person or group of people, such as high-ranking public officials, wealthy businesspeople, and celebrities, from harm. The personnel team that protects a VIP is often referred to as the VIP's security detail.

Most important public figures, such as heads of state, heads of government, and governors are protected by a team of bodyguards from a government agency, security forces, or police forces. Less-important public figures, or those with lower risk profiles, may be accompanied by a single bodyguard who doubles as a driver.
Bodyguards have existed since ancient civilizations, with notable examples including the Roman Praetorian Guard, Persian Immortals, and the Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire. These roles have evolved into modern executive protection professionals, equipped with advanced technologies and training.
Bradley Beaulieu
Bradley P. Beaulieu is an American author of epic fantasy. He is best known for his series The Lays of Anuskaya, which he finished in 2013 with the publication of The Flames of Shadam Khoreh. In 2015 Beaulieu published Twelve Kings in Sharakhai, the first novel in his series The Song of the Shattered Sands.

Beaulieu started writing in college and has since been nominated for several awards, including the Gemmell Morningstar Award for The Winds of Khalakovo. He dedicated himself to the craft, learning under the guidance of writers like Nancy Kress, Joe Haldeman, Tim Powers, Holly Black, Michael Swanwick, Kij Johnson, and many more.

Nancy Kress
Nancy Anne Kress (born January 20, 1948) is an American science fiction writer. She began writing in 1976 but has achieved her greatest notice since the publication of her Hugo- and Nebula-winning novella Beggars in Spain (1991), which became a novel in 1993. She also won the Nebula Award for Best Novella in 2013 for After the Fall, Before the Fall, During the Fall, and in 2015 for Yesterday's Kin. In addition to her novels, Kress has written numerous short stories and is a regular columnist for Writer's Digest.  She is a regular at Clarion Workshops. During the winter of 2008/09, Nancy Kress was the Picador Guest Professor for Literature at the University of Leipzig's Institute for American Studies in Leipzig, Germany.
Emil Otto Grundmann
Professor Emil Otto Grundmann (1844 – 27 August 1890) was a German painter. He was born in Meissen and studied in Antwerp under Baron Hendrik Leys, and in Düsseldorf before moving to America where he became a noted painter. He was the first Director of the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, in Boston, an appointment in which Francis Davis Millet, an old Antwerp friend, was instrumental. One of his colleagues at the School was Joseph DeCamp. He died in Dresden.

Many notable American artists attended his classes and were influenced by his European ideas. Some students who later became prominent were Edmund C. Tarbell, Edward Clark Potter, Robert Reid, Ernest Fenollosa, Frank Weston Benson and Charles Henry Turner.

Meissen
Meissen (German: Meißen [ˈmaɪsn̩] ⓘ; Upper Sorbian: Mišno; Latin: Misnia, Misenacode: lat promoted to code: la ) is a town of approximately 30,000 inhabitants, situated about 25 km (16 mi) north‑west of Dresden and 75 km (47 mi) west of Bautzen, on both banks of the River Elbe in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Meissen is renowned as the home of Meissen porcelain, the Albrechtsburg castle, the Gothic Meissen Cathedral, and the Meissen Church of Our Lady. The town of Meissen, designated as a Große Kreisstadt, serves as the administrative seat of the Meissen district.

In Germany, the name Meissen is the legally registered trademark of the State Porcelain Manufactory (Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen GmbH), while Meißen refers specifically to the city and municipality.
Death by burning
Death by burning, also called immolation, is an execution, murder, or suicide method involving combustion or exposure to extreme heat. It has a long history as a form of public capital punishment, and many societies have employed it as a punishment for and warning against crimes such as treason, heresy, and witchcraft. The best-known execution of this type is burning at the stake, where the condemned is bound to a large wooden stake and a fire lit beneath. A holocaust is a religious animal sacrifice that is completely consumed by fire, also known as a burnt offering. The word derives from the ancient Greek holokaustos, the form of sacrifice in which the victim was reduced to ash, as distinguished from an animal sacrifice that resulted in a communal meal.

There are documented executions by burning as early as the 18th century BC and as recently as 2016.

Hurufism
Hurufism (Arabic: حُرُوفِيَّة ḥurūfiyyah, Persian: حُروفیان horūfiyān) is a form of islamic numerology based on the mysticism of letters (ḥurūf), essentially being the islamic equivalent of gematria. It originated in the Sufi circles of Astrabad and spread to areas of western Iran (Persia), Anatolia, and the Balkans in the late 14th and early 15th centuries.
Aulus Furius Antias
Furius Antias was an ancient Roman poet, born in Antium.

Following William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, (1870), art. Bibaculus, his full name was Aulus Furius Antias and he was the poet Furius whose friendship with Quintus Lutatius Catulus, consul in 102 BC, is attested by Cicero (Brutus, ch. 35).
Smith, Dictionary

Gellius, Noctes Atticae, 18, 11, defends his neologisms against the critic Caesellius Vindex.

Macrobius, Saturnalia, 6, 1, quotes several lines of Furius's Annales which would be copied by Virgil.

Antium
Antium was an ancient coastal town in Latium, south of Rome. An oppidum was founded by people of Latial culture (11th century BC or the beginning of the 1st millennium BC), then it was the main stronghold of the Volsci people until it was conquered by the Romans.

In some versions of Rome's foundation myth, Antium was founded by Anteias, son of Odysseus.

The territory of Roman Antium almost entirely corresponded to modern Anzio and Nettuno.
William Gordon Ernst
William Gordon Ernst, PC (Can) MC* (October 18, 1897 – July 12, 1939) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, he first ran for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 federal election in the Nova Scotia riding of Queens—Lunenburg. A Conservative, he was defeated but he was elected in the 1926 federal election. He was re-elected in 1930 and defeated in 1935. In 1935, he was the Minister of Fisheries.

He served as a captain in the 85th Canadian Infantry Battalion during World War I and was awarded the Military Cross and Bar.

King's Privy Council for Canada
The King's Privy Council for Canada (French: Conseil privé du Roi pour le Canada), sometimes called His Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or simply the Privy Council (PC), is the full group of personal advisors to the monarch of Canada on state and constitutional affairs. Practically, the tenets of responsible government require the sovereign or his viceroy, the governor general, almost always to follow only that advice tendered by the Cabinet: a committee within the Privy Council composed usually of elected members of Parliament. Those summoned to the Privy Council are appointed for life by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister. The group is composed predominantly of former Cabinet ministers, with some others having been inducted as an honorary gesture. Privy counsellors are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters, as well as various signifiers of precedence.
Pirmin Stierli
Pirmin Stierli (born 9 October 1947) is a former Swiss football player. During his career he played for FC Zug, FC Zürich, RSC Anderlecht and  Neuchâtel Xamax.

He made 16 appearances for the Switzerland national team between 1968 and 1974.

Zug 94
Zug 94 is a Swiss football team based in Zug, in the Canton of Zug. The team competes in the 1. Liga Classic from 2025–26, the fourth tier of Swiss football after promotion from 2. Liga Interregional in 2024–25. It was formed in 1994 after a merger between SC Zug and FC Zug.

During the summer of 1983, Ottmar Hitzfeld signed his first coaching contract with the former SC Zug, at that time in the second tier of Swiss football. The team ended the 1983–84 season as Nationalliga B champions. Thus Hitzfeld and his team achieved immediate promotion to the Nationalliga A, for the first and only time in the clubs history.
White South African refugee program
The South African refugee program, officially known as Mission South Africa, is a United States initiative launched in February 2025 by President Donald Trump to grant asylum to white South Africans, and other minorities in South Africa, primarily Afrikaners, under claims of systemic violence and racial discrimination linked to South Africa's post-apartheid land reform policies. The Trump administration justified the program by alleging that White South African farmers were victims of what it described as a "genocide" and state-backed persecution. Claims of white genocide in South Africa have been entirely discredited.

The initiative was met with strong opposition from the South African government. South African president Cyril Ramaphosa rejected the premise of the program, arguing that the white minority was not facing persecution that would meet the threshold for refugee status under international law.

Christopher Landau
Christopher Thomas Landau (born November 13, 1963) is an American lawyer and diplomat serving as the United States deputy secretary of state since 2025. He previously served as the United States ambassador to Mexico from 2019 to 2021.

Landau studied law at Harvard University. After graduation, he clerked for several justices of the Supreme Court. After being confirmed as United States ambassador to Mexico, he was sworn in by a justice he clerked for.

In December 2024, President-elect Trump nominated Landau to serve as the United States deputy secretary of state in his second administration.
Angelo Del Boca
Angelo Del Boca (23 May 1925 – 6 July 2021) was an Italian journalist and historian. He specialised in the study of the Italian Colonial Empire, and the involvement in Libya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia during the first part of 20th century. Del Boca was the first post-WWII Italian scholar to devote himself extensively to the study of Fascist Italy's expansion in Africa, and to publish information on the crimes committed by the Italian army in Ethiopia and Libya during its period of Fascism and World War II.

During his youth he took part in the Italian resistance movement. After the war he was editor for the newspaper Il Giorno, and later a professor of Contemporary History at the University of Turin. In 2002 Del Boca received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Lucerne. Del Boca is widely regarded to have been one of the first historians to denounce Italy's use of poison gas.

University of Lucerne
The University of Lucerne (UNILU; German: Universität Luzern) is a public university with a campus in Lucerne, Switzerland. 1,460 undergraduates and 1,258  postgraduate students attend the university, which makes it Switzerland's smallest university.

Despite its size, it holds an international reputation in several areas. For instance, the Institute for Jewish-Christian Research has acquired renown despite its ban on hiring non-Catholic faculty. The university evolved over time: Since the early 17th century, courses in philosophy and theology have been taught in the city. The faculty of Theology was established in 1938, whereas the department of history was founded on 1 August 1989. In 1993, the faculty of humanities was established. After a popular vote, the University of Lucerne was established in 2000.