hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quantum well infrared photodetector
A Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) is an infrared photodetector, which uses electronic intersubband transitions in quantum wells to absorb photons. In order to be used for infrared detection, the parameters of the quantum wells in the quantum well infrared photodetector are adjusted so that the energy difference between its first and second quantized states match the incoming infrared photon energy. QWIPs are typically made of gallium arsenide, a material commonly found in smartphones and high-speed communications equipment. Depending on the material and the design of the quantum wells, the energy levels of the QWIP can be tailored to absorb radiation in the infrared region from 3 to 20 μm.

QWIPs are one of the simplest quantum mechanical device structures that can detect mid-wavelength and long-wavelength infrared radiation. They are known for their stability, high pixel-to-pixel uniformity, and high-pixel operability.

Quantum efficiency
The quantum efficiency (QE) of a photodetector is a measure of its electrical response to light. Another name for it is incident photon to converted electron (IPCE) ratio.

In a charge-coupled device (CCD) or other photodetector, quantum efficiency is the ratio between the number of charge carriers collected at either terminal and the number of photons hitting the device's photoreactive surface. As a ratio, QE is dimensionless, but it is closely related to the responsivity, which is expressed in amps per watt. Since the energy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength, QE is often measured over a range of different wavelengths to characterize a device's efficiency at each photon energy level. For typical semiconductor photodetectors, QE drops to zero for photons whose energy is below the band gap. A photographic film typically has a QE of much less than 10%, while CCDs can have a QE of well over 90% at some wavelengths.
.si
.si is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Slovenia. It is administered by the ARNES, the Academic and Research Network of Slovenia. In 2010, the registry hosted 80,000 domain names. In 2012, that number increased to 100,000. In 2022 this number crossed 150,000.

ARNES
The Academic and Research Network of Slovenia (Slovene: Akademska in raziskovalna mreža Slovenije) is a public institute in Slovenia, established in May 1992. Its main task is development, operation and management of the communication and information network for education and research. ARNES also operates the Slovenian Internet Exchange.

The members of its management board are appointed by the Government of Slovenia.

Also a part of ARNES, is SI-CERT, the Slovenian Computer Emergency Response Team. It was established in 1994 and has been led by Gorazd Božič. SI-CERT was involved in the take-down of the recordings of the Government of Slovenia's closed session recordings leaked in December 2011 on YouTube. The recordings were taken down by YouTube after the copyright-related lawsuit threat by SI-CERT. It has not been involved in the investigation of the leak.
Oberkirn
Oberkirn is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Herrstein-Rhaunen, whose seat is in Herrstein.

Birkenfeld (district)
Birkenfeld (German pronunciation: [ˈbɪʁkŋ̍fɛlt]) is a district (Landkreis) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Its seat is the town of Birkenfeld. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Sankt Wendel (Saarland), Trier-Saarburg, Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhein-Hunsrück, Bad Kreuznach and Kusel.
Big Society
The Big Society was a sociopolitical concept of the first 15 years of the 21st century, developed by the populist Steve Hilton, that sought to integrate free market economics with a conservative paternalist conception of the social contract that was influenced by the 1990s civic conservatism of David Willetts. The Big Society influenced the 2010 UK Conservative Party general election manifesto and the legislative programme of the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement. The relevant policy areas were devolved in Northern Ireland, in Scotland and in Wales, to, respectively, the Northern Ireland Executive, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government.

British PM David Cameron, and subsequent British Governments, declined to publicly use the term "Big Society" after 2013. The Big Society Network was dissolved in 2014 and the unfavourable conclusive Big Society audit, by Civil Exchange, was published in January 2015.

Cameron–Clegg coalition
The Cameron–Clegg coalition was formed by David Cameron and Nick Clegg when Cameron was invited by Queen Elizabeth II to form a new government, following the resignation of Prime Minister Gordon Brown on 11 May 2010, after the general election on 6 May. It was the UK's first coalition government since the Churchill war ministry ended in 1945.

The coalition was led by Cameron as prime minister with Clegg as deputy prime minister and composed of members of both Cameron's centre-right Conservative Party and Clegg's centrist Liberal Democrats. The Cabinet was made up of sixteen Conservatives and five Liberal Democrats, with eight other Conservatives and one other Liberal Democrat attending cabinet but not members. The coalition was succeeded by the single-party, second Cameron ministry following the 2015 election.
Sexual abuse cases in Brooklyn's Haredi community
The response of the Haredi Jewish community in Brooklyn, New York City, to allegations of sexual abuse against its spiritual leaders has drawn scrutiny from inside and outside the Jewish community. When teachers, rabbis, and other leaders have been accused of sexual abuse, authorities in the Haredi community have often failed to report offenses to the police, intimidated witnesses, and encouraged shunning against victims and those members of the community who speak out against cases of abuse, although work has been done within Jewish communities to begin to address the issue of sexual abuse. Additionally, the existence of sexual abuse has also been used to promote stereotypes or fuel Antisemitic conspiracy theories.

Mikveh
A mikveh (pronounced [/ˈmik.ve/]; Hebrew: מִקְוֶא, romanized: miqveʾ, lit. 'a gathering [of water]'; pl. mikve'ot or mikvot) or mikvah (IPA: [/miqˈwaː/]) is a bath used during ritual immersion in Judaism to achieve ritual purity.

In Orthodox Judaism, these regulations are steadfastly adhered to; consequently, the mikveh is central to an Orthodox Jewish community. Conservative Judaism also formally holds to the regulations. The existence of a mikveh is considered so important that, according to Halakha, a Jewish community is required to construct a kosher mikveh even before building a synagogue, and must go to the extreme of selling Torah scrolls, or even a synagogue if necessary, to provide funding for its construction.
Gene Gutowski
Witold Bardach (July 26, 1925 – May 10, 2016), better known as Gene Gutowski, was a Polish-American film producer who produced many of Roman Polanski's films, including  Repulsion (1965), Cul-de-Sac (1966), The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967), and The Pianist (2002).

Station Six-Sahara
Station Six-Sahara is a 1963 British-West German drama film directed by Seth Holt and starring Carroll Baker, Peter van Eyck and Ian Bannen. It is a remake of the 1938 film S.O.S. Sahara, which had been based on a play by Jean Martet.
Kamaloohua
Kamaloʻohua (also called Kamalu-Ohua) (ca. 1416) was a High Chief in ancient Hawaii, according to Hawaiian mythology, and is mentioned in old legends and chants. He was Moʻi - King of the island of Maui. He was the king of Maui island.

It is said that he was a descendant of mythical chief Paumakua of Maui.

There is no any archaeological record for him.

Aliʻi nui of Maui
The Aliʻi nui of Maui was the supreme ruler of the islands of Maui, one of the four main Hawaiian Islands as well as the smaller island of Lanai. The title is the same as that of the Aliʻi nui of the other islands. The title or phrase Mōʻī is sometimes used for the title of the monarchs of Maui; however, it is not an ancient word in the Hawaiian language and has origins in the mid 19th century. The only monarchs to officially hold the title of Mōʻī are Kalākaua and his sister Liliʻuokalani.
Lai On Estate
Lai On Estate (Chinese: 麗安邨) is a public housing estate in Sham Shui Po, New Kowloon, Hong Kong located near Lai Kok Estate, Dragon Centre, and Sham Shui Po station. It consists of 5 residential blocks completed in 1993.

Yee Ching Court (Chinese: 怡靖苑) is a Home Ownership Scheme court in Sham Shui Po, near Lai Kok Estate, Lai On Estate and Dragon Centre. It has 3 blocks built in 1993.

Sham Shui Po station
Sham Shui Po (Chinese: 深水埗; Cantonese Yale: Sāmséuibóu) is an MTR station located in Sham Shui Po, New Kowloon, Hong Kong. The station is located under Cheung Sha Wan Road between Cheung Sha Wan and Prince Edward stations on the Tsuen Wan line. Sham Shui Po's colour is dark green. The station has an island platform arrangement which serves two tracks.
Marcus Munatius Sulla Urbanus
Marcus Munatius Sulla Urbanus was a Roman senator of the 3rd century. He was consul for the year 234 as the colleague of the future emperor Pupienus. Sulla Urbanus is known entirely from inscriptions, which only attest to his consulate.

While he was always known as the colleague of the later emperor, his name was only known incompletely from a fragment of a fasti or list of magistrates recovered at Ostia Antica as [Su]lla Urbanus. More recently, two military diplomas have been published which provide his full name as Marcus Munatius Urbanus.

Based on the names, and the time between the consulates, Andreas Krieckhaus raises the possibility that Sulla Urbanus is the son of Marcus Munatius Sulla Cerialis, consul in 215. Krieckhaus admits that his cognomen "Sulla" indicates Sulla Urbanus claimed descent from the Republican dictator Sulla, but has no suggestion how he or his possible father are related to him.

Pupienus
Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus (c. 164 – July/August 238) was Roman emperor with Balbinus for 99 days in 238, during the Year of the Six Emperors. The sources for this period are scant, and thus knowledge of the emperor is limited. In most contemporary texts he is referred to by his cognomen "Maximus" rather than by his second nomen (family name) Pupienus (Classical Latin: [pupiˈenʊs]).
2022 World Jigsaw Puzzle Championship
The 2022 World Jigsaw Puzzle Championship is the second edition of the World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships competition organized by the World Jigsaw Puzzle Federation (WJPF).  It was held between 23 and 26 June in Valladolid, Spain.

This event returns after two years of cancelation due the global COVID-19 pandemic.

World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships
The World Jigsaw Puzzle Championship is an annual event organized by the World Jigsaw Puzzle Federation, supported by multiple national associations such as the United States Jigsaw Puzzle Association and Australian Jigsaw Puzzle Association. The World Championship was started in 2019, and all editions have been held in Valladolid, Spain. The Championship include three events: team, pairs and individual.

The 2019 championships were the first time a world ranking is available for jigsaw puzzle competitors.
Theory of indispensable attributes
The theory of indispensable attributes (TIA) is a theory in the context of perceptual organisation which asks for the functional units and elementary features that are relevant for a perceptual system in the constitution of perceptual objects. Earlier versions of the theory emerged in the context of an application of research on vision to audition, and analogies between vision and audition were emphasised,
whereas in more recent writings the necessity of a modality-general theory of perceptual organisation and objecthood is stressed.

The subject of perceptual organisation, and with it TIA, constitute a prime example of how theories of Gestalt psychology  have been taken up and kept alive in cognitive psychology.

TIA has been drawn on in the context of music research, in the areas of music philosophy,
and systematic music theory.

Gestalt psychology
Gestalt psychology, gestaltism, or configurationism  is a school of psychology and a theory of perception that emphasizes the processing of entire patterns and configurations, and not merely individual components. It emerged in the early twentieth century in Germany and Austria as a rejection of basic principles of Wilhelm Wundt's and Edward Titchener's elementalist and structuralist psychology.

Gestalt psychology is often associated with the adage, "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts". In Gestalt theory, information is perceived as wholes rather than disparate parts which are then processed summatively. As used in Gestalt psychology, the German word Gestalt (/ɡəˈʃtælt, -ˈʃtɑːlt/ gə-SHTA(H)LT, German: [ɡəˈʃtalt] ⓘ; meaning "form") is interpreted as "pattern" or "configuration".

It differs from Gestalt therapy, which is only peripherally linked to Gestalt psychology.
Computers are social actors
Computers are social actors (CASA) is a paradigm which states that humans unthinkingly apply the same social heuristics used for human interactions to computers, because they call to mind similar social attributes as humans.

Interface (computing)
In computing, an interface is a shared boundary across which two or more separate components of a computer system exchange information. The exchange can be between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, humans, and combinations of these. Some computer hardware devices, such as a touchscreen, can both send and receive data through the interface, while others such as a mouse or microphone may only provide an interface to send data to a given system.
2015 FIBA COCABA Championship for Women
The 2015 FIBA COCABA Championship for Women was the regional basketball championship of FIBA Americas for the Central American and Caribbean subzone. First and second national teams qualified to 2016 Centrobasket Women. The tournament was held in the city of Cartago, Costa Rica, from 23 to 27 September 2015.

Cartago, Costa Rica
Cartago (Spanish pronunciation: [kaɾˈtaɣo]) is the head city of Cartago canton of the Cartago Province, and is composed of the Oriental and Occidental districts as stated in the administrative divisions of Costa Rica. It was the capital of Costa Rica from 1574 to 1824.
Sometimes Things Just Disappear
Sometimes Things Just Disappear is the debut studio album by American rock band Polar Bear Club. It is the follow-up to their critically acclaimed EP, The Redder, the Better, and received mostly favorable reviews.

The Redder, the Better
The Redder, the Better, released on May 21, 2006 through Triple Attack Records in conjunction with Luchador Records, is the debut EP and first official release from the upstate New York-based post-hardcore/indie rock band Polar Bear Club. It gained the band an unexpected growth of fanbase and received mostly very favorable reviews.
Calvin Miller
Calvin Miller (born 9 January 1998) is a Scottish footballer who can play as a left-back or winger for Scottish Premiership club Falkirk. Miller has previously played for Celtic, Dundee, Ayr United, Harrogate Town, Notts County, Chesterfield and Greenock Morton.

PFA Scotland Team of the Year
The Professional Footballers' Association Scotland Team of the Year (often called the PFA Scotland Team of the Year, or simply the Team of the Year) is an annual award given to a set of 44 footballers in the four national tiers of the Scottish football league system, who are seen to be deserving of being named in a "Team of the Year". The award is compiled by the members of the players' trade union, Professional Footballers' Association Scotland (PFA Scotland), with the winners then being voted for by the other players in their respective divisions. The award was instituted in the 2006–07 season. In that first season, the award was voted for by the managers in each division.

The award was expanded to include the Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) in 2021–22.
Cycling at the 2011 Pan American Games – Men's road time trial
The men's road time trial competition of the cycling events at the 2011 Pan American Games was held on October 16 at the Guadalajara Circuit in Guadalajara. The defending Pan American Games champion is Santiago Botero of Colombia.

Cycling at the 2011 Pan American Games
Cycling competitions at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara was held from October 15 to October 22 at the Pan American Velodrome (Track), Guadalajara Circuit (Road), Pan American Mountain Bike Circuit in Tapalpa and CODE San Nicolás (BMX).
Vasily Dyakonov
Vasily Nikolayevich Dyakonov (Russian: Васи́лий Никола́евич Дья́конов; July 25, 1946 – September 5, 2012) was a Governor of Krasnodar Krai who held this post in 1991–1992. He was succeeded by Nikolai Yegorov.

Nikolai Yegorov
Nikolay Dmitriyevich Yegorov (Russian: Николай Дмитриевич Егоров; 3 May 1951 – 25 April 1997) was a Russian politician. He was the Governor of Krasnodar Kray in 1992-1994 and in 1996–1997, Minister for the Ethnic Affairs of the Russian Federation in 1994–1995 and the representative of the President of Russian Federation in Chechnya, the chief of the Russian presidential administration, 1995–1996. He had the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.

Yegorov also played an important role in the leadership of Yeltsin's reelection campaign.
Olena Parkhomchuk
Olena Parkhomchuk (Ukrainian: Пархомчук Олена Станіславівна, also written as Yelena Parkhomchuk or Elena Parkhomchuk) is a Ukrainian political scientist. She is a professor in the Department of International Relations and Foreign Policy within the Institute of International Relations at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Olena Parkhomchuk studies foreign policy and the historical development of international systems, process of disarmament and conversion. She is a laureate of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology.

State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology
The State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology is an annual award given by the President of Ukraine for accomplishments in science and technology. It is given for one of four categories: outstanding scientific research in the humanities, social, or natural sciences; development of new equipment, technologies, or methods of disease prevention; the solution of environment problems or invention of new environmental conservation techniques; or textbooks or new vocational techniques. It is the highest award given by The Government of Ukraine for accomplishments in science and technology. Recipients are called Laureates of the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology.
God's algorithm
God's algorithm is a notion originating in discussions of ways to solve the Rubik's Cube puzzle, but which can also be applied to other combinatorial puzzles and mathematical games. It refers to any algorithm which produces a solution having the fewest possible moves (i.e., the solver should not require any more than this number). The allusion to the deity is based on the notion that an omniscient being would know an optimal step from any given configuration.

Tower of Hanoi
The Tower of Hanoi (also called The problem of Benares Temple, Tower of Brahma or Lucas's Tower, and sometimes pluralized as Towers, or simply the pyramid puzzle) is a mathematical game or puzzle consisting of three rods and a number of disks of various diameters, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle begins with the disks stacked on one rod in order of decreasing size, the smallest at the top, thus approximating a conical shape. The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to one of the other rods, obeying the following rules:

Only one disk may be moved at a time.

Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the stacks and placing it on top of another stack or on an empty rod.

No disk may be placed on top of a disk that is smaller than it.

With three disks, the puzzle can be solved in seven moves. The minimum number of moves required to solve a Tower of Hanoi puzzle is 2n − 1, where n is the number of disks.
Pelota (boat)
A pelota was an improvised rawhide boat used in South and Central America for crossing rivers. It was similar in some respects to the coracle of the British Isles or the bull boat of North America, but it had little or no wooden framework or internal supporting structure, often relying entirely on the stiffness of the hide and the packing of the cargo to keep it open and afloat. Thus, the hide could be carried about on horseback and set up quickly in an emergency, a commonplace rural skill. The vessel was towed by an animal, or by a human swimmer gripping a cord with the teeth, who had to be careful not to swamp it, women being considered particularly dexterous. Pelotas could convey substantial loads—around a quarter of a ton was common—and even small artillery pieces. They continued to be used well into the 20th century.

Augustin Saint-Hilaire
Augustin François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire (4 October 1779 – 3 September 1853) was a French botanist and traveller who was born and died in Orléans, France. A keen observer, he is credited with important discoveries in botany, notably the direction of the radicle in the embryo sac and the double point of attachment of certain ovules. He also described two families, the Paronychiae and the Tamariscinae, as well as many genera and species.
Haig Park
Haig Park is a park in the suburbs of Braddon and Turner in Canberra, Australia. It lies on either side of Northbourne Avenue.

The park is named to honour Earl Haig, the Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Forces during the First World War, spans the distance between Mount Ainslie and Black Mountain. The park comprises fourteen rows of trees planted to form a windbreak and shelterbelt. The majority of planting was in 1921, when Canberra's first Superintendent, Parks and Gardens, Charles Weston, planted over 7000 trees, predominantly exotic.

According to the ACT Territory and Municipal Services Directorate, the park was designated a public park in 1987 and it has been classified by the National Trust. The park is also listed on the ACT Heritage register.

In 2012 the ACT Government prepared a master plan for Haig Park.

Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)
Black Mountain is a small mountain with an elevation of 812 metres (2,664 ft) AHD that is situated to the west of the Canberra central business district on the northern shore of Lake Burley Griffin, in the Australian Capital Territory of Australia. Black Mountain is protected from development by the Canberra Nature Park and is predominantly covered in native bushland and is a haven to native wildlife.