hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Conductor-discriminant formula
In mathematics, the conductor-discriminant formula or Führerdiskriminantenproduktformel, introduced by Hasse (1926, 1930) for abelian extensions and by  Artin (1931) for Galois extensions,  is a formula calculating the relative discriminant of a finite Galois extension  of local or global fields from the Artin conductors of the irreducible characters  of the Galois group .

Galois group
In mathematics, in the area of abstract algebra known as Galois theory, the Galois group of a certain type of field extension is a specific group associated with the field extension. The study of field extensions and their relationship to the polynomials that give rise to them via Galois groups is called Galois theory, so named in honor of Évariste Galois who first discovered them.

For a more elementary discussion of Galois groups in terms of permutation groups, see the article on Galois theory.
Rescuer City
The Rescuer City distinction is an honorary award established by the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy to celebrate the humanitarianism, charity, and solidarity that different foreign cities shared with the Ukrainian people to defend the ideals of freedom, peace, and democracy. The award also represents the support given the city's residents to Ukraine's defense of its national independence and sovereignty while resisting against Russia's armed aggression during its invasion of Ukraine.

The distinction is given to cities of foreign states whose residents provided substantial humanitarian protection and other kinds of assistance to citizens of Ukraine forced to leave the nation during the invasion, as well as for those who gave significant support to the nation of Ukraine in its defense of its national identity, culture, and self-determination.

Humanitarian protection
Humanitarian protection is the act of promoting and ensuring the legal rights of people affected by humanitarian crises.

The concept of humanitarian protection was established by the 1949 Geneva Conventions and responsibility to ensure protection was mandated to the International Committee of the Red Cross. Outside of times of crises, national governments tend to have responsibility to ensure that people's rights are protected, but during humanitarian emergencies aid agencies often perform the task. Humanitarian protection by non-governmental agencies is coordinated by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

A growing unmet need for humanitarian protection was identified in 2015, exacerbated by a major gap in donor-funding of humanitarian protection activities.
Pool operation
A pool operation is a form of market manipulation that artificially and temporarily changes the price of a security’s shares in order to secure the pool's participants with a profit.

Pool operations may deploy overlapping, but not the same exact, tactics as other forms of market manipulation, such as boiler room operations.

Pool operations contributed to the Wall Street crash of 1929 and were the subject of multiple congressional hearings and investigations, including the Pujo Committee and the Pecora Commission. The existence of pool operations led to securities-related legislative and regulatory changes that arose in the 1930s, including the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Traditional and newer versions of pool operations continue to exist to this day in North America and Asia.

Pujo Committee
The Pujo Committee was a United States congressional subcommittee in 1912–1913 that was formed to investigate the so-called "money trust", a community of Wall Street bankers and financiers that exerted powerful control over the nation's finances.  After a resolution introduced by congressman Charles Lindbergh Sr. for a probe on Wall Street power, congressman Arsène Pujo of Louisiana was authorized to form a subcommittee of the House Committee on Banking and Currency. In 1913–1914, the findings inspired public support for ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment that authorized a federal income tax, passage of the Federal Reserve Act, and passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act.
KY postcode area
The KY postcode area, also known as the Kirkcaldy postcode area, is a group of sixteen postcode districts in eastern Scotland, within thirteen post towns. These cover most of Fife (including Kirkcaldy, Dunfermline, Glenrothes, St Andrews, Anstruther, Burntisland, Cowdenbeath, Cupar, Inverkeithing, Kelty, Leven and Lochgelly), plus the far south of Perth and Kinross (including Kinross itself).

Mail for the KY postcode area is processed at Edinburgh Mail Centre, along with mail for the EH, PH, DD, FK and TD postcode areas.

Lochgelly
Lochgelly (/lɒxˈɡɛli/ listenⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: Loch Gheallaidh, IPA:[ˈɫ̪ɔxˈʝaɫ̪ai]) is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is located between Lochs Ore and Gelly to the north-west and south-east respectively. It is separated from Cowdenbeath by the village of Lumphinnans. According to the 2007 population estimate, the town has a population of 6,834.
Happy Memories
Happy Memories (French: Les Beaux Souvenirs) is a Canadian drama film, directed by Francis Mankiewicz and released in 1981. Identified by film critics as a spiritual if not literal sequel to his previous film Good Riddance (Les Bons débarras), the film stars Julie Vincent as Viviane, a young woman returning home for the first time since running away several years earlier.

The film also stars Monique Spaziani as Viviane's sister Marie, who has an incestuous relationship with their father (Paul Hébert); Andrée Lachapelle as their mother, who also abandoned the family years earlier; and Rémy Girard as their mother's new partner.

The film received three Genie Award nominations at the 3rd Genie Awards: Best Actress (Spaziani), Best Screenplay (Réjean Ducharme) and Best Original Score (Jean Cousineau).

Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
An annual award for Best Achievement in Music - Original Score is presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to the best Canadian original score for the previous year. Prior to 2012, the award was presented as part of the Genie Awards; since 2012 it has been presented as part of the expanded Canadian Screen Awards.
Murder of Mido Macia
On 26 February 2013, Mido Macia, a 27-year old Mozambican immigrant, was murdered by eight police officers in the custody of the South African Police Service. He was dragged by a police vehicle in the township of Daveyton in Gauteng, South Africa, a few hours earlier. A crowd witnessed the dragging incident, one of whom filmed it. Police said Macia had caused a traffic jam and then resisted arrest. On 25 August 2015, eight former police officers were found guilty of Macia's murder in the North Gauteng High Court.

Daveyton
Daveyton is a township in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality of Gauteng in South Africa. It borders Etwatwa to the north-east, Springs to the south and Benoni to the south-west. It is approximately 18 kilometres north-east of Benoni and 45 kilometers east of Johannesburg.
Business history
Business history is a historiographical field which examines the history of firms, business methods, government regulation and the effects of business on society. It also includes biographies of individual firms, executives, and entrepreneurs. It is related to economic history. It is distinct from "company history" which refers to official histories, usually funded by the company itself.

Business executive
A business executive is a person responsible for running an organization, although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization.

Executives run companies or government agencies. They create plans to help their organizations grow. Becoming an executive usually takes years of promotions and hard work since the qualifications of this role needs hard working individuals with years of experience in multiple facets of the business.
Pike County Courthouse (Arkansas)
The Pike County Courthouse is located at Courthouse Square in the center of Murfreesboro, Arkansas, United States.  The two-story Art Deco structure was designed by the Texarkana firm of Witt, Seibert & Halsey, and built in 1931–32.  It is the county's fourth courthouse, all of which were built at or near the location of this one.  A near duplicate of the Sevier County Courthouse in DeQueen, it is the only major Art Deco structure in the county.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Witt, Seibert & Halsey
Witt, Seibert & Halsey was an American architectural firm based in the twin cities of Texarkana, Arkansas and Texarkana, Texas, with a practice extending into Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. It was founded by architect Sidney Stewart, but achieved prominence under Bayard Witt and Eugene C. Seibert.
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (M)
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbreviated: KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam. Founded in 1808, members are appointed for life by co-optation.

Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbr. KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam.

In addition to various advisory and administrative functions it operates a number of research institutes and awards many prizes, including the Lorentz Medal in theoretical physics, the Dr Hendrik Muller Prize for Behavioural and Social Science and the Heineken Prizes.
Heshmatiyeh Prison
Heshmatiyeh Prison (Persian: زندان حشمتیه Zendān Heshmatiyeh) is a prison in Iran, located on a Revolutionary Guards (IRGC) base, in the North-East of Tehran. It is noted for its political prisoners' wing.

In 2011 it was suggested that Iranian opposition leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi, Mehdi Karroubi and their wives Zahra Rahnavard and Fatemeh Karroubi were being detained in the prison after abduction by security forces.

Zahra Rahnavard
Zahra Rahnavard (Persian: زهرا رهنورد; born Zohreh Kazemi; 19 August 1945) is an Iranian academic, artist and politician. Rahnavard is a university professor, artist, and intellectual who was under house arrest from February 2011 to May 2018. In 2009, Foreign Policy magazine named her one of the world's most distinguished thinkers. She is the wife of former Iran Prime Minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi. In part of her work, she has underlined the need for men to respect the laws of the hijab in the same way as women, as well as a general activist for women's rights in the Middle East.
Wood Norton, Norfolk
Wood Norton is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is located 6 mi (9.7 km) east of Fakenham and 19 mi (31 km) north-west of Norwich.

The village's name means "North farm/settlement". "Wood" distinguishes it from Pudding Norton.

The civil parish has an area of 6.99 km2 (2.70 sq mi) and in the 2001 census had a population of 221 in 94 households, reducing slightly to 217 at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. For Westminster elections to the House of Commons, Wood Norton lies within the Broadland constituency.

House of Commons
The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the upper house of parliament, which is nominally superior. The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons by convention becomes the prime minister. Other parliaments have also had a lower house called the "House of Commons".
David Wall (actor)
David Wall is an American actor who wrote, produced, and directed the 2007 dramedy film Noëlle. His wife, Kerry Wall, and three of their children also had roles in the film. Noëlle won the Best Director Award at the Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival.

Wall wrote, co-produced and directed Joe & Joe, shot by Kramer Morgenthau on Cape Cod in Massachusetts, which was selected for the 1996 Sundance Film Festival. He played the lead role of David in Shades of Truth (2015), a film directed by Liana Marabini and produced by Condor Pictures.

Kramer Morgenthau
Kramer Morgenthau, A.S.C. (born June 6, 1966), is an American cinematographer and a member of both the Morgenthau and the Lehman family.

He's known for Emmy-nominated television projects like HBO's Game of Thrones, Boardwalk Empire, and Fahrenheit 451.
Ajay Yadav
Ajay Yadav (born 18 December 1986) is an Indian cricket player who as of 2 January 2017 plays for Jharkhand in the Ranji Trophy, the domestic first-class cricket competition in India. He is right-hand batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler.

Yadav has played two Twenty20 matches for Jharkhand.

Jharkhand cricket team
The Jharkhand cricket team is a first-class cricket team based in the Indian state of Jharkhand. When the old state of Bihar was split into Jharkhand state and Bihar state, the Jharkhand team took the place of the Bihar cricket team,  as much of the former's state's cricketing infrastructure was in Jharkhand.
Bożydar
Bożydar refers to the following places in Poland:

Bożydar, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Bożydar, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Bożydar-Kałęczyn, a former town, now incorporated into Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship

Polish language name variant of Božidar, Bogdan, Theodore (given name)

Bożydar-Kałęczyn
Bożydar-Kałęczyn, also known as Bożydar, was a suburban town (jurydyka) near the town of Old Warsaw, and a part of Warsaw agglomeration. It was established in 1702, in an area around modern Książęca Street, Smolna Street, and Jerusalem Avenue. It was incorporated into the city of Warsaw in 1794. Currently, its area is divided between districts of Śródmieście (Śródmieście Południowe) and Ochota (Filtry, Old Ochota).

From 1774 to 1776, in the town was located the neighbourhood of Nowa Jerozolima (lit. from Polish: New Jerusalem), inhabited by the Jewish population. It was destroyed in 1776 in accordance to antisemitic laws, with its population being displaced.
Regional language
A regional language is a language spoken in a region of a sovereign state, whether it be a small area, a federated state or province or some wider area.

Internationally, for the purposes of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, "regional or minority languages" means languages that are:

traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population and

different from the official language(s) of that State

Recognition of regional or minority languages must not be confused with recognition as an official language.

Lhasa Tibetan
Lhasa Tibetan or Standard Tibetan is a standardized dialect of Tibetan spoken by the people of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

In the traditional "three-branched" classification of the Tibetic languages, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the Central Tibetan branch (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan). In terms of mutual intelligibility, speakers of Khams Tibetan are able to communicate at a basic level with Lhasa Tibetan, while Amdo speakers cannot. Both Lhasa Tibetan and Khams Tibetan evolved to become tonal and do not preserve the word-initial consonant clusters, which makes them very far from Classical Tibetan, especially when compared to the more conservative Amdo Tibetan.
Como Alí
"Como Alí" is an unreleased song by Spanish singer and songwriter Rosalía. Written by the performer alongside English singer-songwriter James Blake, Brittany Hazzard and habitual collaborators Frank Dukes and El Guincho. The track was scheduled be released as a promotional single for the singer's MAC Cosmetics benefic campaign on September 24, 2020, though Sony Music, but never premiered on streaming platforms nor was available for digital download. The track references the 1968 Esquire Magazine cover where Muhammad Ali is portrayed, as the martyr Saint Sebastian.

MAC Cosmetics
MAC Cosmetics is a Canadian cosmetics manufacturer founded in Toronto in 1984 by Frank Toskan and Frank Angelo. The company has been headquartered in New York City since becoming a subsidiary of Estée Lauder Companies in 1998. MAC is an acronym for Make-Up Art Cosmetics.

It is named one of the top three global makeup brands, with an annual turnover of over $1 billion, and 500 independent stores, with over thirty stores in France. All stores are run by professional makeup artists. MAC is an official makeup brand, used to create makeup for movie actors. The most popular products by the brand are Studio Fix Fluid and Ruby Woo Lipstick.
Barossa Reservoir
Barossa Reservoir is a reservoir in the Australian state of South Australia, built between 1899 and 1902 to supply water to Gawler and other northern country areas. Built at a cost of almost A£170,000 the reservoir was hailed on completion as an engineering marvel, and with the reservoir wall rising to a height of 36 metres (118 ft), it was, at the time of its completion, the highest dam wall in Australia.

Gawler
Gawler, established in 1839,  is the oldest country town in the state of South Australia. It was named after the second Governor (British Vice-Regal representative) of the colony of South Australia, George Gawler. It is about  40–44 km (25–27 mi) north of the state capital, Adelaide, and is close to the major wine producing district of the Barossa Valley. Topographically, Gawler lies at the confluence of two tributaries of the Gawler River, the North and South Para rivers, where they emerge from a range of low hills.

Historically a semi-rural area, Gawler has been swept up in Adelaide's growth in recent years, and is now counted as a suburb in the Outer Metro region of the Greater Adelaide Planning Region. The town had a population of 28,562 in the 2021 Census.
Seiffert's spiral
Seiffert's spherical spiral is a curve on a sphere made by moving on the sphere with constant speed and angular velocity with respect to a fixed diameter.  If the selected diameter is the line from the north pole to the south pole, then the requirement of constant angular velocity means that the longitude of the moving point changes at a constant rate. The cylindrical coordinates of the varying point on this curve are given by the Jacobian elliptic functions.

Jacobi elliptic functions
In mathematics, the Jacobi elliptic functions are a set of basic elliptic functions.  They are found in the description of the motion of a pendulum, as well as in the design of electronic elliptic filters. While trigonometric functions are defined with reference to a circle, the Jacobi elliptic functions are a generalization which refer to other conic sections, the ellipse in particular. The relation to trigonometric functions is contained in the notation, for example, by the matching notation  for . The Jacobi elliptic functions are used more often in practical problems than the Weierstrass elliptic functions as they do not require notions of complex analysis to be defined and/or understood. They were introduced by Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi (1829). Carl Friedrich Gauss had already studied special Jacobi elliptic functions in 1797, the lemniscate elliptic functions in particular, but his work was published much later.
Finland men's national goalball team
Finland men's national goalball team is the men's national team of Finland.  Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment.  The team takes part in international competitions.

Team sport
A team sport is a type of sport where the fundamental nature of the game or sport requires the participation of multiple individuals working together as a team, and it is inherently impossible or highly impractical to execute the sport as a single-player endeavour. In team sports, the cooperative effort of team members is essential for the sport to function and achieve its objectives. The objective often involves teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar bob in accordance with a set of rules in order to score points. Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby league, rugby union, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey. These sports emphasize teamwork, strategy, and coordination among team members while competing against opposing teams to achieve a common goal. Team sports do not include individual or individual-to-team events within a sport.
Research in Phenomenology
Research in Phenomenology is an international peer-reviewed journal for publishing contributions in phenomenology and contemporary continental philosophy. It is edited by John Sallis and James C. Risser.

James C. Risser
James Conrad Risser (born 1946) is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Seattle University where he was Pigott-McCone Endowed Chair of Humanities between 1991 and 1994. He is a former president of the North American Society of Philosophical Hermeneutics (2012–2015).
Risser is known for his works on Heideggerian philosophy and hermeneutics.
New Hampshire Air National Guard
The New Hampshire Air National Guard (NH ANG) is the aerial militia of the U.S. state of New Hampshire. It is a reserve of the United States Air Force and along with the New Hampshire Army National Guard, an element of the New Hampshire National Guard of the much larger United States National Guard Bureau.

As state militia units, the units in the NH ANG are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of New Hampshire through the office of the Adjutant General of New Hampshire, unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. The NH ANG is headquartered in Newington, with a postal address of Portsmouth.

Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. It had a population of 21,956 at the 2020 census. A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on the Piscataqua River bordering the state of Maine, Portsmouth was formerly the home of the Pease Air Force Base, since converted to Portsmouth International Airport at Pease.
Air gap (plumbing)
An air gap, as related to the plumbing trade, is the unobstructed vertical space between the water outlet and the flood level of a fixture. Air gaps of appropriate design are legally required by water health and safety regulations in many countries. An air gap is the simplest form of a backflow prevention device.

Water level
Water level, also known as gauge height or stage, is the elevation of the free surface of a sea, stream, lake or reservoir relative to a specified vertical datum.
Over long distances, neglecting external forcings (such as wind), water level tends to conform to an equigeopotential surface.