hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pattern language
A pattern language is an organized and coherent set of patterns, each of which describes a problem and the core of a solution that can be used in many ways within a specific field of expertise. The term was coined by architect Christopher Alexander and popularized by his 1977 book A Pattern Language.

A pattern language can also be an attempt to express the deeper wisdom of what brings aliveness within a particular field of human endeavor, through a set of interconnected patterns. Aliveness is one placeholder term for "the quality that has no name": a sense of wholeness, spirit, or grace, that while of varying form, is precise and empirically verifiable. Alexander claims that ordinary people can use this design approach to successfully solve very large, complex design problems.

Design Patterns
Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software (1994) is a software engineering book describing software design patterns. The book was written by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides, with a foreword by Grady Booch. The book is divided into two parts, with the first two chapters exploring the capabilities and pitfalls of object-oriented programming, and the remaining chapters describing 23 classic software design patterns. The book includes examples in C++ and Smalltalk.

It has been influential to the field of software engineering and is regarded as an important source for object-oriented design theory and practice. More than 500,000 copies have been sold in English and in 13 other languages. The authors are often referred to as the Gang of Four (GoF).
Magdy Ahmed Ali
Magdy Ahmed Ali (born August 26, 1952) is an Egyptian director, actor, and screenwriter. He studied directing at the Cairo Higher Institute of Cinema after completing his studies at the Faculty of Pharmacy. He began his artistic career working as an assistant director with many directors, including Mohamed Khan, Khairy Beshara, and Youssef Chahine.

He worked as an assistant director for the 1988 film The Wife of an Important Man. He directed his first film Ya Donia Ya Gharami in 1996. His film A Girl's Secret was selected as the Egyptian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 75th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. He wrote and directed the 2016 film Mawlana.

He has three children, including Egyptian actor Ahmed Magdy.

Mohamed Khan
Mohamed Hamed Hassan Khan (Arabic: محمد حامد حسن خان pronounced [mæˈħæmmæd ˈħæːmed ˈħæsæn xæːn]; 26 October 1942 – 26 July 2016) was an Egyptian film director, screenwriter, and actor. His main aesthetic credo, in line with directors from his generation, was a reinvigorated realism seeking direct documentation of everyday life in Cairo, beyond the walls of the studio. Khan has 4 films in the Top 100 Egyptian films list.

He was a pivotal member of the "1980s generation" in Egyptian cinema, along with directors such as Khairy Beshara, Daoud Abd El-Sayed, Atef El-Tayeb, and Yousry Nasrallah.
Sphincter of Oddi
The sphincter of Oddi (SO)  (also hepatopancreatic sphincter or Glisson's sphincter), is a sphincter, a muscular valve that, in humans and some animals, controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice out of the gallbladder and pancreas respectively through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. It is named after Ruggero Oddi.

Bile
Bile (from Latin bilis), also known as gall, is a yellow-green fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is primarily composed of water, is produced continuously by the liver, and is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. After a human eats, this stored bile is discharged into the first section of the small intestine, known as the duodenum through the ampulla of vater in the duodenal wall .
Brusturoasa
Brusturoasa is a commune in Bacău County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Brusturoasa, Buruieniș, Buruienișu de Sus, Camenca, Cuchiniș, and Hângănești.

The commune is situated in the southern foothills of the Tarcău Mountains. It lies at altitude of 605 m (1,985 ft), on the banks of the river Trotuș and its left tributary, the Șugura.

Brusturoasa is located in the northwestern part of Bacău County, 76 km (47 mi) from the county seat, Bacău, on the border with Neamț County. It is traversed by national road DN12A, which starts in Onești, 63 km (39 mi) to the southeast, continues over the Ghimeș-Palanca Pass, and ends in Miercurea Ciuc. The Brusturoasa halt serves the CFR railway line 501, which runs parallel with the road and connects Adjud to Siculeni.

Onești
Onești (Romanian pronunciation: [oˈneʃtʲ]; Hungarian: Ónfalva), formerly known as Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, is a city in Bacău County, Romania, with a population of 34,005 inhabitants as of 2021. It is situated in the historical region of Moldavia.

Administratively, the villages of Slobozia and Borzești form part of Onești.
Benjamin Franklin Morris II
Benjamin Franklin Morris II (June 19, 1876 - December 6, 1947) was an American coal miner, labor leader, activist, and mayor. From 1906 until 1913, Morris represented coal miners across the United States, and was the principal representative for miners in Paint Creek during the West Virginia coal wars. Morris was secretary of the United Mine Workers of America and on the UMWA's International Executive Board. During his time at UMWA he worked alongside labor rights activists Mother Jones, John Phillip White, John Mitchell, and Thomas Lewis. Morris was appointed in 1911 by West Virginia Governor William E. Glasscock to be a delegate to the American Mining Congress; served as a delegate to the West Virginia Democratic State Convention in 1932–33; and served 22 years as mayor of the town of Marmet, West Virginia.

Mother Jones
Mary G. Harris Jones (baptized August 1, 1837 – November 30, 1930), known as Mother Jones from 1897 onward, was an American labor organizer, schoolteacher, and dressmaker who became a prominent union organizer, community organizer, and activist. She helped coordinate major strikes, secure bans on child labor, and co-founded the trade union Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

After Jones's husband and four children all died of yellow fever in 1867 and her dress shop was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, she became an organizer for the Knights of Labor and the United Mine Workers of America union. In 1902, she was called "the most dangerous woman in America" for her success in organizing miners and their families against the mine owners. In 1903, to protest the lax enforcement of the child labor laws in the Pennsylvania mines and silk mills, she organized a children's march from Philadelphia to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt in New York.
Bryan Horrigan
Bryan Horrigan (born 1962) is an Australian legal academic and a past Dean of the Faculty of Law at Monash University in Australia. He previously held positions at Monash University as the Louis Waller Chair in Law and Associate Dean (Research). Formerly a senior associate and long-standing consultant with an international law firm, he holds a doctorate in law from Oxford University under a Rhodes Scholarship.

Edward Elgar Publishing
Edward Elgar Publishing is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the social sciences and law. The company also publishes a social science and law blog with regular contributions from leading scholars.
2008 Hazfi Cup final
The 2008 Hazfi Cup final was a two-legged football tie in order to determine the 2007–08 Hazfi Cup champion of Iranian football clubs. Esteghlal Tehran faced Pegah Gilan in this final game. The first leg took place on Jun 09, 2008 at 17:30 local time (UTC+3:30) at Sardar Jangal Stadium in Rasht and the second leg took place on Jun 16, 2008 at 17:00 local time (UTC+3:30) at Azadi Stadium, Tehran.

UTC+03:30
UTC+03:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +03:30. In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as 2026-01-26T15:55:58+03:30. This time is used only in Iran, so it is also called Iran Standard Time.
Mamoru Matsunaga
Mamoru Matsunaga (松永護, Matsunaga Mamoru, 30 September 1936 – 20 December 2016) was a ninth degree (kudan) judo sensei. Introducing the sport to the Dominican Republic after emigrating there in 1957, he was called "the father of Dominican judo". He was inducted into the Dominican Sports Hall of Fame in 2009.

Some notable Dominican judoka who trained with him include Juan Chalas, John Adams, and Desiderio Lebron. He is also well-known as a landscape designer, creating the Japanese garden in the Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso National Botanical Garden in Santo Domingo and redesigning the landscaping around the famous Monumento de Santiago.

Desiderio Lebron
Desiderio Lebron (born 19 December 1949) is a Dominican Republic judoka. He competed in the men's heavyweight event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Earlier he competed in athletics specialising in the discus throw.
Isabelle Vasseur
Isabelle Vasseur (born 10 April 1959) is a former member of the National Assembly of France.  She represented Aisne's 5th constituency from 2007 to 2012, as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).

She was elected on 17 June  2007 to the thirteenth legislature (2007–2012) in the 5th district of l'Aisne by beating, in the second round, Dominique Jordain with 53.96% of the votes. She succeeded Daniel Gard the previous deputy (UMP), who was the substitute candidate for Renaud Dutreil in the 2002 election.

She was vice president of the UMP in the National Assembly.

Renaud Dutreil
Renaud Dutreil (born 12 June 1960) is a French government official. He was Lauréat du Concours Général de Philosophie in 1978.

Dutreil served in the highest offices of French government for over fifteen years prior to his joining LVMH. His ministerial appointments included Minister of Small & Medium-Sized Businesses, Commerce, Crafts and Liberal Professions (2005–2007), Minister of the Civil Service and State Reform (2004–2005) and Secretary of State for Small & Medium-Sized Businesses, Commerce, Crafts and Liberal Professions (2002–2004). He was a Member of Parliament from 1994–2008 and of the French Council of State (Supreme Court for Public Law) from 1989 to 1992. He is currently non serving Maître des Requêtes au Conseil d'Etat, where he was admitted in 1989 with rank 1st.
Acaulospora taiwania
Acaulospora taiwania is a species of fungus in the family Acaulosporaceae. It forms arbuscular mycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. Found in Taiwan growing in association with Taiwania cryptomerioides, it was described as new to science in 1998.

Acaulosporaceae
The Acaulosporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Diversisporales. Species in this family are widespread in distribution, and form arbuscular mycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. The family contains two genera and 31 species.
Afon Llynfi (Wye)
The Afon Llynfi is a short river in the county of Powys, south Wales. A tributary of the River Wye, it runs approximately south to north just to the west of the Black Mountains and partly within the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Black Mountains, United Kingdom
The Black Mountains (Welsh: Y Mynydd Du or Y Mynyddoedd Duon) is a group of hills on the England–Wales border. The larger Welsh part is located in south-east Powys and north-west Monmouthshire, and the smaller English part in western Herefordshire. The range lies approximately within a triangle defined by Abergavenny in the south-east, Hay-on-Wye in the north, and Llangors in the west; Talgarth and Crickhowell are also nearby.

The Welsh part of the Black Mountains is the easternmost of the four ranges of hills that comprise the Brecon Beacons National Park; it should not be confused with the westernmost, the similarly-named Black Mountain. The Black Mountains contain a peak called the Black Mountain, which is the highest point in southern England. The Gospel Pass road is the highest public road in Wales.
J. Willis Sayre
James Willis Sayre (December 31, 1877 – January 11, 1963) was an American theatre critic, journalist, arts promoter, and historian.  A longtime resident of Seattle, Washington, Sayre was an influential figure in writing and conserving the history of theatre in the city.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer
The Seattle Post-Intelligencer (popularly known as the Seattle P-I, the Post-Intelligencer, or simply the P-I) is an online newspaper and former print newspaper based in Seattle, Washington, United States.

The newspaper was founded in 1863 as the weekly Seattle Gazette, and was later published daily in broadsheet format. It was long one of the city's two daily newspapers, along with The Seattle Times, until it became an online-only publication on March 18, 2009.
Kozakowice
Kozakowice is a village in Gmina Goleszów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, close to the border with the Czech Republic. It lies in the Silesian Foothills and in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Traditionally as well as currently they form two sołectwos: Kozakowice Dolne and Kozakowice Górne.

Silesian Foothills
Silesian Foothills (Polish: Pogórze Śląskie, Czech: Slezské podhůří, Silesian: Pogōrze Ślōnske) are foothills located in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

It has an area of 545 km2. Its western border is Olza river, eastern Skawa. Other main rivers that cut the foothills are from west to east: Vistula, Biała and Soła. To the south are Silesian Beskids and Little Beskids, in north it converts into Ostrava Basin and Oświęcim Basin. The towns located on the foothills are: Cieszyn, Skoczów, Bielsko-Biała, Kęty, Andrychów and Wadowice.
Bluetooth mesh networking
Bluetooth Mesh is a computer mesh networking standard based on Bluetooth Low Energy that allows for many-to-many communication over Bluetooth radio. The Bluetooth Mesh specifications were defined in the Mesh Profile and Mesh Model specifications by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG). Bluetooth Mesh was conceived in 2014 and adopted on July 13, 2017 (2017-07-13).

Bluetooth Special Interest Group
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG) is the standards organization that oversees the development of Bluetooth standards and the licensing of the Bluetooth technologies and trademarks to manufacturers. The SIG is a not-for-profit, non-stock corporation founded in September 1998.  The SIG is headquartered in Kirkland, Washington, US.

The SIG does not make, manufacture or sell Bluetooth-enabled products.
U-invariant
In mathematics, the universal invariant or u-invariant of a field describes the structure of quadratic forms over the field.

The universal invariant u(F) of a field F is the largest dimension of an anisotropic quadratic space over F, or ∞ if this does not exist.  Since formally real fields have anisotropic quadratic forms (sums of squares) in every dimension, the invariant is only of interest for other fields.  An equivalent formulation is that u is the smallest number such that every form of dimension greater than u is isotropic, or that every form of dimension at least u is universal.

Null vector
In mathematics, given a vector space X with an associated quadratic form q, written (X, q), a null vector or isotropic vector is a non-zero element x of X for which q(x) = 0.

In the theory of real bilinear forms, definite quadratic forms and isotropic quadratic forms are distinct. They are distinguished in that only for the latter does there exist a nonzero null vector.

A quadratic space (X, q) which has a null vector is called a pseudo-Euclidean space. The term isotropic vector v when q(v) = 0 has been used in quadratic spaces, and anisotropic space for a quadratic space without null vectors.

A pseudo-Euclidean vector space may be decomposed (non-uniquely) into orthogonal subspaces A and B, X = A + B, where q is positive-definite on A and negative-definite on B. The null cone, or isotropic cone, of X consists of the union of balanced spheres:

The null cone is also the union of the isotropic lines through the origin.
Pitamber Das
Pitamber Das (30 January 1905 – 23 July 1985) was an Indian politician. From 1960 to 1961, Das served as the president of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the political arm of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a far-right Hindutva paramilitary organisation.  He was a Member of Parliament, representing Uttar Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Bharatiya Jana Sangh
The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (abbreviated as BJS or JS, short name: Jan Sangh; lit. 'All-India People's Union') was a Hindutva political party active in India. It was established on 21 October 1951 in Delhi by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. Jan Sangh was the political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindutva paramilitary organisation. In 1977, it merged with several other left, centre, and right parties opposed to the Indian National Congress and formed the Janata Party. In 1980, the members of the erstwhile Jan Sangh quit Janata Party after its defeat in the 1980 general election and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party, which is the direct political successor to the Jan Sangh. In Bihar, Ramdeo Mahto considered as founding leader of Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar, because he brought BJP Into the power in Bihar, he elected as a candidate of Bhartiya Jana Sangh to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1969 Assembly elections from Patna East Assembly constituency.
Television channel frequencies
The following tables show the frequencies assigned to analog broadcast television channels in various regions of the world, along with the ITU letter designator for the transmission system used. The frequencies shown are for the channel limits and for the analog video and audio carriers. The channel itself usually occupies 6, 7 or 8 megahertz of bandwidth depending on the television transmission system in use. For example, North American channel 1 occupies the spectrum from 44 to 50 MHz. See Broadcast television systems for a table of signal characteristics, including bandwidth, by ITU letter designator. Analog television broadcasts have been phased out in most regions, having been replaced by digital television broadcasts.

Sporadic E propagation
Sporadic E (abbreviated Es or SpE) is an uncommon form of radio propagation using a low level of the Earth's ionosphere that normally does not refract radio waves above about 15 MHz.

Sporadic E propagation reflects signals off relatively small ionization patches in the lower E region located at altitudes of about 95–120 km (59–75 mi). The more conventional forms of skywave propagation in the ionosphere's higher F region refract off layers of electrons that are knocked off gas atoms and molecules by intense UV light, which are renewed on a regular repeating daily cycle. In both cases, the electrons, when present, refract (or "bend") radio signals back toward the Earth's surface creating a "bent pipe" path for radio signals.

The Es propagation often supports occasional long-distance communication during the approximately 6 weeks centered on summer solstice at very high frequencies (VHF), which under normal conditions propagate mostly by line-of-sight.
Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story
Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story is an American documentary television series that premiered on July 30, 2018 on Paramount Network. The six-episode series documents the killing of Trayvon Martin and explores the racial tension in the United States that was brought about in its wake. The series is executive produced by Sybrina Fulton, Tracy Martin, Jay-Z, Chachi Senior, Michael Gasparro, Jenner Furst, Julia Willoughby Nason, and Nick Sandow. Furst and Nason also directed the series as well.

Killing of Trayvon Martin
On the evening of February 26, 2012, in Sanford, Florida, United States, George Zimmerman fatally shot Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old African-American teenager.

Zimmerman, a 28-year-old multiracial man who identifies as Hispanic, was a neighborhood watch coordinator for the gated community where Martin was visiting relatives at the time of the shooting. Zimmerman became suspicious of Martin and called police. During an altercation, Zimmerman shot and killed Martin with a pistol.

In a widely reported trial, Zimmerman was charged with second-degree murder for Martin's death. He was later acquitted by a jury after saying he acted in self-defense. Martin was unarmed during the encounter. The incident was reviewed by the Department of Justice for potential civil rights violations, but no additional charges were filed.
Avers (Kreis)
The Kreis Avers forms, together with the Kreise of Domleschg, Rheinwald, Schams and Thusis the Bezirk ("district") of Hinterrhein of the Canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.  The seat of the sub-district office is in Avers.

Hinterrhein District
Hinterrhein District is a former administrative district in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It had an area of 617.67 km2 (238.48 sq mi) and had a population of 13,179 in 2015.  Much of the district became part of the Viamala Region on 1 January 2017 as part of a reorganization of the Canton.

Hinterrhein District consisted of five Kreise (sub-districts) and twenty-four municipalities.  This number decreased from thirty-two when the municipalities of Portein, Präz, Sarn, and Tartar merged on 1 January 2010 into Cazis.  It decreased further in 2015 when Almens, Paspels, Pratval, Rodels and Tomils merged to form the new municipality of Domleschg.

^a  Includes the area of Portein, Präz, Sarn and Tartar which merged into Cazis on 1 January 2010.
Somalis in Denmark
Somalis in Denmark (Danish: Dansk-somaliere) are citizens and residents of Denmark who are of Somali descent.

By December 2018, nearly 1000 Somalis in Denmark lost their residence permits after the Danish Immigration Service started a review of the permits in 2017. The permits were revoked as parts of Somalia are safe enough for refugees to return.

Danish Immigration Service
The Danish Immigration Service (Danish: Udlændingestyrelsen or Udlændingeservice)  is a directorate within the Danish Ministry of Refugees, Immigration and Integration Affairs.
The service administrates the Danish Aliens Act (Danish: Udlændingeloven), in other words, it handles applications for asylum, family reunification, visas, work permits, etc. In addition, the service is engaged in a wide range of other duties relating to the asylum and immigration area, including the task of accommodating asylum seekers.

There have been disagreements between the Danish Immigration Service and Minister for Integration Søren Pind over the requirements for family reunification for immigrants.

In October 2017 the Danish migration agency Udlændingestyrelsen rejected over 600 asylum applications because the applicants had lied about their national identity in order to achieve preferential treatment.