hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Andricus hispanicus
Andricus hispanicus is a parthenogenetic species of wasp which causes the formation of marble galls on oak trees. The galls caused by the agamous generation are similar to the closely related Andricus kollari.

Gall
Galls (from the Latin galla, 'oak-apple') or cecidia (from the Greek kēkidion, anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites. Plant galls can be such highly organized structures that their cause can be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology.
John J. Ray III
John J. Ray III (born January 1959) is an American attorney and CEO who specializes in recovering funds from failed corporations. He was appointed CEO of cryptocurrency exchange FTX in the aftermath of its November 2022 collapse. He previously served as chairman of Enron Creditors Recovery Corp., a company tasked with recovering creditor funds from Enron in the wake of its accounting scandal and subsequent collapse.

GMAC ResCap
GMAC ResCap, Inc., earlier Residential Funding Company LLC and Residential Capital Corporation, was a residential mortgage loan originator and servicer based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was a subsidiary of GMAC (now Ally Financial). As a result of its exposure to subprime lending during the subprime mortgage crisis, the company filed for bankruptcy protection in 2012 and underwent liquidation in December 2013.
Denormalization
Denormalization is a strategy used on a previously-normalized database to increase performance. In computing, denormalization is the process of trying to improve the read performance of a database, at the expense of losing some write performance, by adding redundant copies of data or by grouping data. It is often motivated by performance or scalability in relational database software needing to carry out very large numbers of read operations. Denormalization differs from the unnormalized form in that denormalization benefits can only be fully realized on a data model that is otherwise normalized.

Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or creates computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both hardware and software. Computing encompasses scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering.

The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers.
Brauer's height zero conjecture
The Brauer Height Zero Conjecture is a conjecture in modular representation theory of finite groups relating the degrees of the complex irreducible characters in a Brauer block and the structure of its defect groups. It was formulated by Richard Brauer in 1955. The proof was completed in 2024.

Finite group
In abstract algebra, a finite group is a group whose underlying set is finite.  Finite groups often arise when considering symmetry of mathematical or physical objects, when those objects admit just a finite number of structure-preserving transformations.  Important examples of finite groups include cyclic groups and permutation groups.

The study of finite groups has been an integral part of group theory since it arose in the 19th century.  One major area of study has been classification: the classification of finite simple groups (those with no nontrivial normal subgroup) was completed in 2004.
Green sulfur bacteria
The green sulfur bacteria are a phylum, Chlorobiota, of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria that metabolize sulfur.

Green sulfur bacteria are nonmotile (except Chloroherpeton thalassium, which may glide) and capable of anoxygenic photosynthesis. They live in anaerobic aquatic environments. In contrast to plants, green sulfur bacteria mainly use sulfide ions as electron donors. They are autotrophs that utilize the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle to perform carbon fixation.  They are also mixotrophs and reduce nitrogen.

Sulfide
Sulfide (also sulphide in British English) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.  Solutions of sulfide salts are corrosive. Sulfide also refers to large families of inorganic and organic compounds, e.g. lead sulfide and dimethyl sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and bisulfide (HS−) are the conjugate acids of sulfide.
President of Abkhazia
The president of Abkhazia is the de facto head of state and head of government of the partially recognized Republic of Abkhazia, that is de jure part of Georgia. The position was created in 1994. Before the office of president was created the head of state position was known as the chairman of Parliament between 1992 and the creation of the 1994 constitution. Before the position of Chairman of Parliament, the highest office in Abkhazia was the chairman of the Supreme Soviet. The post would last from the declaration of sovereignty from the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on 25 August 1990 until the outright declaration of independence on 23 July 1992.

De jure
In law and government, de jure (/deɪ ˈdʒʊəri, di -, - ˈjʊər-/; Latin: [deː ˈjuːre]; lit. 'from law') describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with de facto ('from fact'), which describes situations that exist in reality, even if not formally recognized.
Bornean leafbird
The Bornean leafbird (Chloropsis kinabaluensis), also known as the Kinabalu leafbird, is a species of bird in the family Chloropseidae. It is found in humid forest in Borneo, to which it is endemic (elevated areas, including the Meratus Mountains). It has traditionally been considered a subspecies of the blue-winged leafbird (C. cochinchinensis), but differ in measurements and morphology, the female Bornean leafbird having a distinctive male-like plumage. The distribution of the two are known to approach each other, but there is no evidence of intergradation.

Intergradation
In zoology, intergradation is the way in which two distinct subspecies are connected via areas where populations are found that have the characteristics of both. There are two types of intergradation: primary and secondary.
Thomas Becker (canoeist, born 1990)
Thomas Becker (born 3 March 1990) is a German slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 2006.

He won four medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with two silvers (C2 team: 2009, 2015) and two bronzes (C2: 2017, C2 team: 2010). He also won five medals at the European Championships (2 golds, 1 silver and 2 bronzes).

He won the overall World Cup title in the C2 class in 2017.

His partner in the C2 boat is Robert Behling.

2009 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 2009 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held on 9–13 September 2009 at Parc Olímpic del Segre in La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia, Spain under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 32nd edition. La Seu d'Urgell hosted the event previously in 1999. A demonstration event for women's single canoe (C1W) took place that was swept by Australia. Slovakia was the top medal winner with six, including three golds. Germany and Great Britain each won four medals with a gold medal each. Host nation Spain won their first medals ever at the championships with four (none gold).
Danguolė Bublienė
Dr. Danguolė Bublienė is a Lithuanian lawyer and judge who is currently serving as the President of the Supreme Court of Lithuania. She is the first woman to hold this position in the history of the Lithuanian judiciary. Her career spans various legal roles, where she has earned recognition for her expertise in civil law and her commitment to ensuring justice.

On the 28th of October, the first meeting of the new Judicial Council took place, during which the new leadership of the Judicial Council was elected. Bublienė, President of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, was unanimously elected President of the Judicial Council by secret ballot.

Judiciary
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.
Srikanth (actor, born 1968)
Meka Srikanth (born 23 March 1968) is an Indian actor who is known for works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He has appeared in more than 120 films. The actor has received one state Nandi Award, and one Filmfare Award South. He has starred in films like Swarabhishekam, which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu for 2004. Srikanth's another film Virodhi premiered at the Indian panorama section, at the 2011 International Film Festival of India. Sri Rama Rajyam also had a special screening at International Film Festival of India on 28 November 2011. He has also appeared in some other language films including Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil films.

National Film Awards
The National Film Awards are awards for artistic and technical merit given for excellence within the Indian film industry. Established in 1954, it has been administered, along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals from 1973 until 2020, and by the NFDC since 2021.

Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in New Delhi, where the President of India presents the awards. This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival, where award-winning films are screened for the public. Declared for films produced in the previous year across the country, they hold the distinction of awarding merit to the best of Indian cinema overall, as well as presenting awards for the best films in each region and language of the country.
Herbert Finnigan
Herbert Finnigan (birth registered fourth ¼ 1889 – c. Christmas 1915) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1910s. He played at club level for Outwood Church ARLFC (in Outwood, Wakefield) and Wakefield Trinity, as a wing or centre.

Outwood, Wakefield
Outwood is a district to the north of Wakefield, in West Yorkshire, England. The district is centred on the A61 Leeds Road south of Lofthouse. It grew up as a pit village and was only a small settlement until the 1970s, when construction of new houses caused it to grow and merge with neighbouring settlements such as Wrenthorpe and Stanley. In 2001, it had a population of 7,623.
Solnan
The Solnan (French pronunciation: [sɔlnɑ̃]) is a 61.6-kilometre (38.3 mi) long river in the Ain and Saône-et-Loire departments in eastern France. Its source is at Verjon, in the Jura Mountains. It flows generally north-northwest. It is a left tributary of the Seille, into which it flows at Louhans.

Its main tributaries are the Sevron and the Vallière.

Saône-et-Loire
Saône-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [sonelwaʁ]; Arpitan: Sona-et-Lêre) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in France. It is named after the rivers Saône and Loire, between which it lies, in the country's central-eastern part.

Saône-et-Loire is Bourgogne-Franche-Comté's most populous department with a population of 551,493 as of 2019. It is also its southernmost department, as it is situated on the regional border with Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Saône-et-Loire's prefecture is Mâcon, with subprefectures in Autun, Chalon-sur-Saône, Charolles and Louhans. Its INSEE and postcode number is 71.
Timez Are Weird These Days
Timez Are Weird These Days is the debut studio album by the American rapper Theophilus London. It was released on July 19, 2011, via Reprise Records. Produced by Joakim Åhlund, Ariel Rechtshaid, Dave Sitek and John Hill, it features guest appearances from Holly Miranda and Sara Quin. The album peaked at number 168 on the Top Current Album Sales, number 30 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number 21 on the Top Rap Albums charts in the United States. The album's cover artwork is a reference to Leon Ware's eponymous 1982 album.

Joakim Åhlund
Frans Joakim Åhlund (born 9 August 1970) is a Swedish musician, producer and music video director. He was the lead guitarist and lead singer of the band Caesars, and a member of the bands Teddybears, Smile and Les Big Byrd.

Åhlund is older brother to musician and Teddybears member Klas Åhlund, film producer Johannes Åhlund and illustrator Anna Åhlund. He was raised in Bagarmossen in Stockholm.
Salam, Mali
Salam  is a rural commune of the Cercle of Timbuktu in the Tombouctou Region of Mali. The commune contains 26 villages and in the 2009 census had a population of 17,139. The commune is administered from Agouni. The commune includes the oasis village of Araouane.

Araouane
Araouane or Arawan is a small village in the Malian part of the Sahara Desert, lying 243 km (151 mi) north of Timbuktu on the caravan route to the salt-mining centre of Taoudenni. The village once served as an entrepôt in the trans-Saharan trade.
Samuel Gauntlett
Samuel Gauntlett, DD (1745–1822) was Warden of New College, Oxford, from 1792 until his death.

Gauntlett matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1762. He then migrated to New College, where he graduated BA in 1767, MA in 1771 and BD in 1794.

Trinity College, Oxford
Trinity College (full name: The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity in the University of Oxford, of the foundation of Sir Thomas Pope (Knight)) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas Pope, on land previously occupied by Durham College, home to Benedictine monks from Durham Cathedral.

Despite its large physical size, the college is relatively small in terms of student numbers at approximately 400. It was founded as a men's college and has been coeducational since 1979. As of 2023, the total funds of Trinity amounted to more than £224 million, including a financial endowment of £191 million.

Trinity has produced three British prime ministers, placing it third after Christ Church and Balliol in terms of former students who have held that office.
42nd New Zealand Parliament
The 42nd New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. Its composition was determined by the 1987 election, and it sat until the 1990 election.

The 42nd Parliament was the second (and final) term of the controversial fourth Labour Party government. Initially, the only other party in the 42nd Parliament was the National Party, with the Democratic Party having lost the two seats it held in the 41st Parliament. Later, a dissident Labour MP, Jim Anderton, would found the NewLabour Party in 1989. Due to internal disputes within the Labour Party, there were three Prime Ministers during the 42nd Parliament: David Lange, Geoffrey Palmer, and Mike Moore.

The 42nd Parliament consisted of ninety-seven representatives. At the time, this was the highest number of representatives that Parliament had had, although it would later be exceeded. All of these representatives were chosen by single-member geographical electorates, including four Māori electorates.

Geoffrey Palmer (New Zealand politician)
Sir Geoffrey Winston Russell Palmer KCMG AC KC PC (born 21 April 1942) is a New Zealand lawyer and former politician who was a member of Parliament from 1979 to 1990. He served as the 33rd prime minister of New Zealand for a little over a year, from August 1989 until September 1990, leading the Fourth Labour Government. As minister of justice from 1984 to 1989, Palmer was responsible for considerable reforms of the country's legal and constitutional framework, such as the creation of the Constitution Act 1986, New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, Imperial Laws Application Act 1988, and the State Sector Act 1988. He served as president of the New Zealand Law Commission, from 2005 to 2010.
Ann A. Mullen
Ann A. Mullen (October 24, 1935 – April 17, 1994) was an American politician who served as mayor of Gloucester Township, New Jersey and represented New Jersey's 4th legislative district in the New Jersey General Assembly.

Born in Philadelphia, Mullen was a graduate of John Bartram High School.

From Erial, Camden County, New Jersey, Mullen was a Democrat who served as mayor of Gloucester Township, New Jersey from 1979 until her death in 1994. From 1990 to 1992, Mullen also served in the New Jersey General Assembly. Mullen died at West Jersey Hospital in Marlton, New Jersey.

Marlton, New Jersey
Marlton is a census-designated place (CDP) located within Evesham Township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the CDP had a population of 10,594 residents, reflecting a 4.5% increase from the 10,133 enumerated at the 2010 U.S. census, in turn a 1.2% decrease from the 10,260 counted in the 2000 census.

While Marlton comprises only a small part of Evesham Township, many people colloquially refer to the entire township as Marlton.
Oxford Handbooks of Political Science
The Oxford Handbooks of Political Science is a ten-volume set of reference books which provide critical overviews of the state of political science. Each volume focuses on a particular political science topic, with volumes on political methodology, public policy, political theory, political economy, comparative politics, contextual political analysis, international relations, law and politics, political behavior, and political institutions. The general editor of the series is Robert E. Goodin.

Robert E. Goodin
Robert E. "Bob" Goodin (born 30 November 1950) is a former Professor of Government at the University of Essex and is now Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Social and Political Theory at the Australian National University.
Nairobi Metropolitan Command
The Nairobi Metropolitan Command is a Kenya Army military formation tasked with acting as a military police type unit for the capital of Nairobi. It was created in 2013 to deal with urban crimes such as domestic terrorism and drug trafficking in Nairobi County and the surrounding area. Criticisms of the unit included the fact that President Uhuru Kenyatta should have ensured no possible conflict with the civilian National Police Service (NPS) and the new unit. There were also expressed concerns of a similar operation like the Black Mamba squad in the Uganda People's Defense Force.

Uganda People's Defence Force
The Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), previously known as the National Resistance Army (NRA), is the armed forces of Uganda. From 2007 to 2011, the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated the UPDF had a total strength of 40,000–45,000, consisting of land forces and an air wing. Recruitment to the forces is done annually.

After Uganda achieved independence in October 1962, British officers retained most high-level military commands. Ugandans in the rank and file claimed this policy blocked promotions and kept their salaries disproportionately low. These complaints eventually destabilized the armed forces, already weakened by ethnic divisions. Each post-independence regime expanded the size of the army, usually by recruiting from among people of one region or ethnic group, and each government employed military force to subdue political unrest.
Surrey Hills National Landscape
The Surrey Hills National Landscape is a 422 km2 (163 sq mi)  National Landscape in Surrey, England. It comprises around one quarter of the land area of the county and principally covers parts of the North Downs and Greensand Ridge. It was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in May 1958 and was redesignated as a National Landscape in 2023. The Surrey Hills National Landscape borders the Kent Downs AONB to the east and the South Downs National Park to the south west.

South Downs National Park
The South Downs National Park is England's newest national park, designated on 31 March 2010. The park, covering an area of 1,627 square kilometres (628 sq mi) in southern England, stretches for 140 kilometres (87 mi) from Winchester in the west to Eastbourne in the east, through the counties of Hampshire, West Sussex and East Sussex. The national park covers the chalk hills of the South Downs (which on the English Channel coast form the white cliffs of the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head) and a substantial part of a separate physiographic region, the western Weald, with its heavily wooded sandstone and clay hills and vales. The South Downs Way spans the entire length of the park and is the only National Trail that lies wholly within a national park.
International Plowing Match
The International Plowing Match (IPM), held annually in Ontario, is North America's largest outdoor agricultural and rural expo. It is usually held in late September, and usually attracts more than 80,000 visitors over the 5-day event. Each International Plowing Match takes years of planning and months of labour to prepare. It has several attractions, including the plow fields, Tent City, and the RV park. A transportation network of tractors and wagons carries visitors to and from different areas of the site. The IPM is organized and run by the Ontario Plowmen's Association (OPA).

The 2016 IPM in Minto occupied over 1,200 acres, and had 500 exhibitors.

Perth County, Ontario
Perth County is a county and census division in the Canadian province of Ontario in Southwestern Ontario, 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Toronto. Its population centres are Listowel, Mitchell and Milverton. The City of Stratford and the Town of St. Marys are within the Perth census division, but are administered separately from Perth County. The 2021 population of Perth County was 38,066.
Radhika Kulkarni
Radhika Vidyadhar Kulkarni (born 1956) is a retired Indian and American operations researcher, and the 2022 president of INFORMS.

The Bechhofer–Kulkarni selection procedure or Bechhofer–Kulkarni stopping rule, a stopping rule for maximization in Bernoulli processes, is named after her work with her doctoral advisor, Robert E. Bechhofer.

Stopping time
In probability theory, in particular in the study of stochastic processes, a stopping time (also Markov time, Markov moment, optional stopping time or optional time) is a specific type of "random time": a random variable whose value is interpreted as the time at which a given stochastic process exhibits a certain behavior of interest. A stopping time is often defined by a stopping rule, a mechanism for deciding whether to continue or stop a process on the basis of the present position and past events, and which will almost always lead to a decision to stop at some finite time.

Stopping times occur in decision theory, and the optional stopping theorem is an important result in this context. Stopping times are also frequently applied in mathematical proofs to "tame the continuum of time", as Chung put it in his book (1982).