hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Blaise reaction
The Blaise reaction is an organic reaction that forms a β-ketoester from the reaction of zinc metal with an α-bromoester and a nitrile. The reaction was first reported by Edmond Blaise (1872–1939) in 1901. The final intermediate is a metaloimine, which is then hydrolyzed to give the desired β-ketoester.

Bulky aliphatic esters tend to give higher yields. Steven Hannick and Yoshito Kishi have developed an improved procedure.

It has been noted that free hydroxyl groups can be tolerated in the course of this reaction, which is surprising for reactions of organometallic halides.

Aliphatic compound
In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (/ˌælɪˈfætɪk/; G. aleiphar, fat, oil). Aliphatic compounds can be saturated (in which all the C-C bonds are single, requiring the structure to be completed, or 'saturated', by hydrogen) like hexane, or unsaturated, like hexene and hexyne. Open-chain compounds, whether straight or branched, and which contain no rings of any type, are always aliphatic. Cyclic compounds can be aliphatic if they are not aromatic.
Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine
Nicholas Francis (French: Nicolas François; 6 December 1609 – 25 January 1670), also known as Nicholas II, was briefly Duke of Lorraine and Duke of Bar for a few months in 1634, spanning the time between the abdication of his older brother and his own resignation. He was therefore duke during the invasion of Lorraine by the French in the Thirty Years War.

He is the direct male ancestor of all rulers of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, including all Emperors of Austria.

Pope Urban VIII
Pope Urban VIII (Latin: Urbanus VIII; Italian: Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death, in July 1644. As pope, he expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts, commissioning works from artists like Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and a reformer of Church missions. His papacy also covered 21 years of the Thirty Years' War.

The massive debts incurred during his pontificate greatly weakened his successors, who were unable to maintain the papacy's longstanding political and military influence in Europe. He was also an opponent of Copernicanism and was involved in the Galileo affair, which saw the astronomer tried for heresy. He is the last pope to date to take the papal name Urban.
HMS Goldcrest
A number of shore establishments of the Royal Navy, used by the Fleet Air Arm, have borne the name HMS Goldcrest.

RAF Angle was an airbase of the Fleet Air Arm, located near the village of Angle, Pembrokeshire, in Wales, between May and September in 1943. Either side of those dates it was RAF Angle, a Royal Air Force station.

RNAS Dale was a Fleet Air Arm airbase situated next to the village of Dale, Pembrokeshire, in Wales, between 1943 and 1948.

RNAS Brawdy was a Royal Naval Air Station between 1946 and 1971, situated next to the village and community of Brawdy in Pembrokeshire, Wales.

RAF Angle
Royal Air Force Angle or more commonly RAF Angle, is a former Royal Air Force station located on the Angle Peninsula Coast, 8 miles (13 km) west of Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, Wales. It was operational from 1 June 1941 to 11 July 1946, having been used by both the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy.

The village of Angle is 0.5 miles (0.80 km) north of the airfield, which is located along the coast. Notable landmarks are, Freshwater West beach to the south of the airfield, and the St. Gowans lightship, 8 miles (13 km) south of Linney Head.

The airfield opened as a RAF Fighter Command forward airfield, within No. 10 Group RAF as part of the Fairwood Common Sector. During the previous year the Luftwaffe had attacked Pembroke Docks and Milford Haven with the freedom from any consequences of air defences, causing a furore at high levels of state, and highlighting the need for anti-aircraft operations for the whole of the area.
Meriadoc
Meriadoc is a name of Brittonic origin, corresponding to Meiriadog in medieval and modern Welsh, Meryasek (or similar spellings) in Cornish, and Meriadek in modern Breton. It was Latinized as either Meridiadocus or Meriadocus.

Among the persons, real or otherwise, carrying the name "Meriadoc" or its variants, are:

Conan Meriadoc, semi-mythical king of Brittany in Gaul

Meriasek, Breton saint, patron of Camborne

Beunans Meriasek, a Middle Cornish miracle play that relates the legends of the life of Saint Meriasek

Meriadoc Brandybuck, character in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings

Conan Meriadoc
Conan Meriadoc (/ˈkoʊnən/; Welsh: Cynan Meiriadog; Breton: Konan Meriadeg) is a legendary British  Celtic leader credited with founding Brittany. Versions of his story circulated in both Brittany and Great Britain from at least the early 12th century, and supplanted earlier legends of Brittany's foundation. His story is known in two major versions, which appear in the Welsh text known as The Dream of Macsen Wledig, and in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Both texts associate him with Magnus Maximus (Macsen Wledic, reigned 383–388), a Roman usurper against the Valentinianic dynasty who was widely regarded as having deprived Britain of its defences when he took its legions to claim the imperial throne. Conan's cousin or sister, Saint Elen, is said to have been Macsen Wledic's wife.
Weihnachtsmärchen
Weihnachtsmärchen (Christmas fairy tale) are plays for children, which are an inherent part of the theatre season in the German-speaking parts of Europe.

The theatres show fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, adaptations of The Wizard of Oz and further adventures of Pippi Longstocking or Alice in Wonderland during the Adventszeit to placate the children until Christmas. Operas or ballets like Hänsel and Gretel and Der Nussknacker are performed concurrently for the same audience.

This tradition is comparable with pantomime in the English-speaking world, having much less cross-dressing and slapstick.

Cross-dressing
Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothes traditionally or stereotypically associated with a different gender. From as early as pre-modern history people have cross-dressed in order to disguise, comfort, entertain, and express themselves.

Socialization establishes social norms among the people of a particular society. With regard to the social aspects of clothing, such standards may reflect guidelines relating to the style, color, or type of clothing that individuals are expected to wear. Such expectations may be delineated according to gender roles. Cross-dressing involves dressing contrary to the prevailing standards (or in some cases, laws) for a person of their gender in their own society.
San Marcos Seven
The San Marcos Seven (or San Marcos 7) were seven demonstrators—Angela Atkins, Jody Dodd, Daniel Rodrigues Scales, Bill O’Rourke, Joe Gaddy, Jeffrey Stefanoff, and Joe Ptak—convicted of misdemeanor possession of cannabis following protests at the San Marcos, Texas, police station in March, 1991.

Three of the protesters (Gaddy, Stefanoff, and Ptak) pleaded not guilty and were convicted by juries; two received prison sentences and one received probation. The four who pleaded guilty were given deferred adjudication and were sentenced to do community service work.

While incarcerated, Gaddy and Stefanoff went on hunger strikes. A protest camp supporting the San Marcos Seven grew outside the Hays County Law Enforcement Center in June, 1993, while Stefanoff was incarcerated.

Hunger strike
A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance where participants fast as an act of political protest, usually with the objective of achieving a specific goal, such as a policy change. Hunger strikers that do not take fluids are named dry hunger strikers.

In cases where an entity (usually the state) has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker (such as a prisoner), the hunger strike is often terminated by the custodial entity through the use of force-feeding.
David S. Ebert
David S. Ebert is a computer scientist, holding the position of Silicon Valley Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Purdue University.

Ebert's research focuses on computer graphics and visualization. Currently, he is the director of U.S. DHS Center of Excellence (COE) in Visual Analytics (VACCINE). and Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS)

CERIAS
The Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS) of Purdue University, United States, is a center for research and education in areas of information security for computing and communication infrastructures.

Its research is focused on the following areas:

Risk management, policies, and laws

Trusted social and human interactions

Security awareness, education, and training

Assurable software and architectures

Enclave and network security

Incident detection, response, and investigation

Identification, authentication, and privacy

Cryptology and rights

CERIAS is one of the world’s leading academic institutions in this area. It is one of the NSF's "Original Seven" Centers for Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education.
Vladislav the Grammarian
Vladislav the Grammarian (Bulgarian and Serbian: Владислав Граматик; fl. 1456–79) was a Bulgarian Orthodox Christian monk, scribe, historian and theologian active in medieval Bulgaria and Serbia, regarded as part of both the Bulgarian and Serbian literary corpus. His collections of manuscripts constitute a compendium of translations and original Bulgarian and Serbian texts produced between the 13th and 15th centuries.

His texts have been ordered chronologically, starting with the 1465 Collection followed by the Zagreb Collection (1469), the Adrianti Collection (1473), the Rila Panegyric (1479) and two other collections of texts compiled in the 1470s and 1480s.

John of Rila
Saint John of Rila, also known as Ivan Rilski (Bulgarian: Свети преподобни Иван Рилски Чудотворец, romanized: Sveti prepodobni Ivan Rilski Chudotvorets, lit. 'Saint John of Rila the Wondermaker'; c. 876 – 18 August 946), was the first Bulgarian hermit. He was revered as a saint while he was still alive. The legend surrounding him tells of wild animals that freely came up to him and birds that landed in his hands.  His followers founded many churches in his honor, including the famous Rila Monastery. One of these churches, Saint John of Rila was only discovered in 2008 in the town of Veliko Tarnovo. Today, he is honored as the patron saint of the Bulgarians and as one of the most important saints in the Bulgarian Orthodox Church.
Tver constituency
The Tver constituency (No.179) is a Russian legislative constituency in Tver Oblast. The constituency covers part of Tver on the right bank of the Volga river and eastern Tver Oblast, including the towns Bezhetsk, Kimry, Konakovo and Udomlya.

The constituency has been represented since 2021 by United Russia deputy Yulia Saranova, a non-profit executive, who won the open seat, succeeding two-term United Russia incumbent Svetlana Maksimova after the latter unsuccessfully sought re-election only through party-list representation.

Konakovo
Konakovo (Russian: Конако́во, IPA: [kənɐˈkovə]pronunciationⓘ) is a town and the administrative center of Konakovsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of Ivankovo Reservoir (Volga River). Population:  41,291 (2010 Census); 42,335 (2002 Census); 42,522 (1989 Soviet census).
Zaki Biam massacre
The Zaki-Biam massacre (also known as The Zaki-Biam Invasion or Operation No Living Thing) was a mass execution of hundreds of unarmed Tiv civilians by the Nigerian Army between 20 and 24 October 2001. The massacre was a surreptitious operation of the Nigerian army to avenge the killing of 19 soldiers, whose mutilated bodies were found on 12 October 2001, near some Tiv villages in Benue State. The massacre took place in villages including Gbeji, Vaase, Anyiin, Iorja, Ugba, Tse-Adoor, Sankera, Kyado and Zaki-Biam.

At the time, the Nigerian Army and the federal government denied that soldiers killed any villagers. However, on 6 November 2007, the Chief of Army Staff, Lt. General Luka Yusuf, publicly offered an apology to the people of Benue State for the killings. President Umaru Yar'Adua also visited Benue State to personally apologize on behalf of the federal government of Nigeria. No soldier was ever punished, and nobody went to jail for the offences committed.

Luka Yusuf
Luka Nyeh Yusuf CFR GSS GPP DSO psc(+) fwc Msc (22 September 1952 – 2 June 2009) was a Nigerian army lieutenant general who served as Chief of Army Staff (COAS) from 2007 to 2008. He succeeded Owoye Andrew Azazi as Chief of Army Staff.
Manoj Kumar Mukherjee
Manoj Kumar Mukherjee (1 December 1933 – 17 April 2021) was an Indian jurist. He served as the Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court and Allahabad High Court and former judge of the Supreme Court of India. He was the head of Mukherjee Commission, formed to probe the death of Subash Chandra Bose.

Allahabad High Court
Allahabad High Court, officially known as High Court of Judicature at Allahabad, is the high court based in the city of Prayagraj, formerly and colloquially known as Allahabad, that has jurisdiction over the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was established on 17 March 1866, making it one of the oldest high courts to be established in India.
Justin Martin (lacrosse)
Justin Martin (born April 4, 1995) is a Canadian former professional box lacrosse player. He played for the Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League and the Oakville Rock of Major Series Lacrosse. Hailing from Oakville, Ontario, Martin began his junior lacrosse career in 2013 with the Junior B Oakville Buzz. In 2015, he moved up to Junior A with the Burlington Chiefs. He played collegiality at the University of Guelph, where he was named to the 2015 Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association All-Canadian team.

Martin was drafted in the second round (13th overall) by the Buffalo Bandits in the 2016 NLL Entry Draft. After his rookie season, he signed a two-year extension with the club.

On November 20, 2025, Martin announced his retirement from lacrosse, appearing in 122 regular season games for the Bandits over his eight seasons with the club. He won three NLL championships during his professional career.

Major Series Lacrosse
Major Series Lacrosse (MSL) is a Senior A box lacrosse league with 7 teams based in Ontario, Canada, sanctioned by the Ontario Lacrosse Association. The league championship team each year goes on to play against the champions of the Western Lacrosse Association for the Mann Cup in September. The championship is hosted alternately between Ontario and British Columbia.
Badia (surname)
Badia or Badía is the surname of:

Antoni Maria Badia i Margarit (1920–2014), Spanish/Catalan linguist and philologist

Carlo Agostino Badia (1672–1738), Italian court composer

Conchita Badía, stage name of Spanish soprano and pianist Concepció Badia Millàs (1897–1975)

Domingo Badía y Leblich (1767–1818), Spanish traveller better known as Ali Bey el Abbassi

Edgar Badia (born 1998), Spanish footballer

Francesc Badia Batalla (1923–2020), Andorran public servant, judge and historian

Gerard Badía (born 1989), Spanish footballer

José Badia (born 1945), Monegasque politician

Lola Badia (born 1951), Spanish philologist, medievalist

Maria Badia i Cutchet (born 1947), Spanish politician

Miquel Badia (1906–1936), radical Catalan separatist

Pedro Franco Badía (1935–2016), Secretary of Interior and Police of the Dominican Republic

Pedro Llosas Badía (1870–1955), Spanish politician

Rosa Badia (born 1966), Spanish computer scientist

Tommaso Badia (1483–1547), Italian cardinal

Gerard Badía
Gerard Badía Cortés (born 18 October 1989) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a midfielder.

He spent his professional career with Guadalajara and Piast Gliwice, winning the Ekstraklasa with the latter club.
Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines
The British Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines was established in the United Kingdom on 31 July 1912, and its remit was "[t]o report on the means of supply and storage of Liquid Fuel in peace and war, and its application to warship engines, whether indirectly or by internal combustion." Established by Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty from 1911 to 1915, its commissioners were John Fisher, George Lambert, Thomas Boverton Redwood, Philip Watts, Henry John Oram, John Jellicoe, William Matthews, Thomas Henry Holland, Thomas Edward Thorpe, Alexander Gracie, Humphrey Owen Jones and Alfred Yarrow.

First Lord of the Admiralty
First Lord of the Admiralty, or formally the Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty, was the title of the political head of the English and later British Royal Navy. He was the government's senior adviser on all naval affairs, responsible for the direction and control of the Admiralty, and also of general administration of the Naval Service of the Kingdom of England, Great Britain in the 18th century, and then the United Kingdom, including the Royal Navy, the Royal Marines, and other services. It was one of the earliest known permanent government posts. Apart from being the political head of the Naval Service the post holder was simultaneously the pre-eminent member of the Board of Admiralty. The office of First Lord of the Admiralty existed from 1628 until it was abolished when the Admiralty, Air Ministry, Ministry of Defence and War Office were all merged to form the new Ministry of Defence in 1964. Its modern-day equivalent is the Secretary of State for Defence.
Gandharan Buddhism
Gandhāran Buddhism was the Buddhist culture of ancient Gandhāra, which was a major center of Buddhism in the northwestern Indian subcontinent from the 3rd century BCE to approximately 1200 CE. Ancient Gandhāra corresponds to modern day north Pakistan, mainly the Peshawar Valley and Potohar Plateau as well as Afghanistan's Jalalabad. The region has yielded the Gandhāran Buddhist texts written in Gāndhārī Prakrit the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered (1st century CE). Gandhāra was also home to a unique Buddhist artistic and architectural culture which blended elements from Indian, Hellenistic, Roman and Parthian art. Buddhist Gandhāra was also influential as the gateway through which Buddhism spread to Central Asia and China.

Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
Lokakṣema (लोकक्षेम, Chinese: 支婁迦讖; pinyin: Zhī Lóujiāchèn) (flourished 147–189) was a Kushan Buddhist monk who travelled to China during the Han dynasty and is  one of the first known translators of Mahayana religious texts into any language.
1985 US Open – Mixed doubles
Manuela Maleeva and Tom Gullikson were the defending champions but lost in the second round to Kathleen Horvath and Leif Shiras.

Martina Navratilova and Heinz Günthardt won in the final 6–3, 6–4 against Elizabeth Smylie and John Fitzgerald.

Elizabeth Smylie
Elizabeth Smylie (née Sayers, born 11 April 1963), sometimes known as Liz Smylie, is an Australian sports broadcaster and retired professional tennis player. During her career, she won four Grand Slam titles, one in women's doubles and three in mixed doubles. She also won three singles titles and 36 doubles titles on the tour. Liz also taught junior tennis players at Smith's Tennis Center, North Curl Curl. Sydney in the early 1990s.

Smylie transitioned into television commentary after 1997 following her playing career, working for the Nine Network on Wimbledon and the US Open and the Seven Network. For Seven she was notably the lead commentator for the famous 2003 Australian Open Women's Final between sisters Serena Williams and Venus Williams where Serena was trying to complete the career Grand Slam, which was specially held at night and watched by more than 2 million viewers in the five main capital cities in Australia.
George Balfour Johnson
George Balfour Johnson (March 21, 1865 – 1940) was a Scottish-born general merchant and political figure in Saskatchewan. His surname also appears as Johnston in some sources. He represented Kinistino from 1908 to 1912 and Melfort from 1912 to 1925 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Provincial Rights Party member.

He was born in Romano Bridge, Peebleshire, the son of John Johnson, and educated in Aberdeen. He came to Canada in 1884. In 1892, Johnson married Frances May Hayward. Johnson was mayor of Melfort from 1907 to 1908.

Peeblesshire
Peeblesshire (Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd nam Pùballan), alternately the County of Peebles or Tweeddale, is a historic county of Scotland. Its county town is Peebles, and it borders Midlothian to the north, Selkirkshire to the east, Dumfriesshire to the south, and Lanarkshire to the west.
HMS Bacchus
Four ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Bacchus, after the Greco-Roman deity Bacchus:

HMS Bacchus (1806) was a 10-gun Adonis-class schooner built in Bermuda in 1806 and captured in 1807.

HMS Bacchus (1808) was a Dutch 10-gun schooner launched c.1806, that the Royal Navy captured in 1807, took into service in 1808, and broke up in 1812.

HMS Bacchus (1813) was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1813 and expended as a breakwater in 1829.

HMS Arethusa was a 46-gun fifth rate launched in 1817, and renamed HMS Bacchus in 1844 upon her conversion into a hulk; she was broken up in 1883.

HMS Arethusa (1817)
HMS Arethusa was a 46-gun Leda-class fifth-rate frigate built for the Royal Navy during the 1810s. The ship was never commissioned and was converted into a lazarette (quarantine ship) in 1836. She was renamed HMS Bacchus in 1844 and was further converted into a coal hulk in 1851–52. The ship was sold for scrap in 1883.
Panama at the 2019 Pan American Games
Panama competed at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru from July 26 to August 11, 2019.

A total of 84 athletes (46 men and 38 women) were named to the Panamanian team, marking the largest delegation the country has ever sent to the Pan American Games.

On July 5, 2019, athlete Alonso Edward was named as the country's flag bearer during the opening ceremony. However, it was later announced taekwondo athlete Carolena Carstens would carry the flag, as Edward would not be in Lima for the opening ceremony.

Panama won four medals at these edition of the games, ranking 28th overall. The four medals marked the most won at a single edition of the games for the country since 1987.

Alonso Edward
Alonso Reno Edward Henry (born 8 December 1989), commonly known as  Alonso Edward,[nb] is a Panamanian sprinter who specialises in the 100 and 200 metres.

He set a South American junior record in the 100 m in 2007. Edward competed in his first World Junior Championships in 2008, finishing in sixth place. He made significant improvements in the 2009 season, setting national records in the 100 m and 200 m in May and winning both events at the 2009 South American Championships in Athletics. Prior to the 2009 World Championships, he again beat the 200 m national record, becoming the fourth fastest runner of the season. At his first ever World Championships, he set a South American record to win the silver medal in the 200 metres final, becoming the youngest ever medallist in that event.