hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hofstadter points
In plane geometry, a Hofstadter point is a special point associated with every  plane triangle. In fact there are several Hofstadter points associated with a triangle. All of them are  triangle centers. Two of them, the Hofstadter zero-point and Hofstadter one-point, are particularly interesting.  They are two transcendental triangle centers. Hofstadter zero-point is the center designated as X(360) and the Hofstadter one-point is the center denoted as X(359) in Clark Kimberling's Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers. The Hofstadter zero-point was discovered  by Douglas Hofstadter in 1992.

Douglas Hofstadter
Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born 15 February 1945) is an American cognitive and computer scientist whose research includes concepts such as the sense of self in relation to the external world, consciousness, analogy-making, strange loops, ambigrams, artificial intelligence, and discovery in mathematics and physics. His 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid won the Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction, and a National Book Award (at that time called The American Book Award) for Science. His 2007 book I Am a Strange Loop won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Science and Technology.
Qamus
In traditional Islamic history, the Qamūṣ (Arabic: القموص) was one of the fortresses of the poet al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq and his tribe, who were Jews, the Banu Nadir.  The fortress was situated near Khaybar in what is now Saudi Arabia. The fortress was attacked by Muslim forces and defeated circa 629/30 CE. It was after this event that Muhammad married Safiyya bint Huyayy. The Jewish presence in the region has been attested to the late seventh century who pioneered the cultivation in the area.

It has traditionally been identified with the remains of the Husn al-Qamus (Qamus Fortress) in the old Khaybar oasis, though there is no direct archaeological evidence for this.

Historiography of early Islam
The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, 
and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century.

Muslims developed methodologies such as the "science of biography" and the "science of hadith" to evaluate the reliability of these narratives, while prominent figures like Ibn Khaldun introduced critical historiographical methods, emphasizing the importance of context and the systematic evaluation of historical data.
Diego García de Paredes
Diego García de Paredes (1468–1533) was a Spanish soldier, mercenary and duelist. He played a distinguished role in the Spanish armies during the Italian Wars, the Mediterranean conflicts against the Ottoman Empire, and the early wars of Emperor Charles V. Known as the "Extremaduran Samson" and the "Spanish Hercules", he was celebrated by his great strength, battle feats and long history of duels, eventually becoming a figure of legend in the Spanish and Italian armies.

Trujillo, Cáceres
Trujillo (Spanish: [tɾuˈxiʎo] ⓘ) is a municipality located in Extremadura, an autonomous community of Spain in the Province of Cáceres. In 2013 the municipality had 9,086 inhabitants (INE Census, 2013).

Originally settled on a granite knoll, which was readily fortified, Trujillo now extends to the southeast of its original site. Likewise, it lies on the A-5 road route connecting central Spain with the Portuguese border. The old town contains many medieval and renaissance buildings.

It hosts the national cheese festival in early May.
Dover's Hill
Dover's Hill is a 754 feet (230 metres) hill in the Cotswolds area of central England. The hill is 1 mile (1.6 km) north-west of Chipping Campden in Gloucestershire. Dover's Hill and the surrounding land is the property of The National Trust.

On the top of the hill is a trig point, and also a toposcope illustrating many of the landmarks that are visible from it. These include the Black Mountains in South Wales and the Long Mynd in Shropshire (nearly 60 miles (97 km) away).

A monument of 1934 commemorates Robert Dover, founder of the Cotswold Olimpick Games, precursor of the
modern Olympic Games.

Black Mountains, United Kingdom
The Black Mountains (Welsh: Y Mynydd Du or Y Mynyddoedd Duon) is a group of hills on the England–Wales border. The larger Welsh part is located in south-east Powys and north-west Monmouthshire, and the smaller English part in western Herefordshire. The range lies approximately within a triangle defined by Abergavenny in the south-east, Hay-on-Wye in the north, and Llangors in the west; Talgarth and Crickhowell are also nearby.

The Welsh part of the Black Mountains is the easternmost of the four ranges of hills that comprise the Brecon Beacons National Park; it should not be confused with the westernmost, the similarly-named Black Mountain. The Black Mountains contain a peak called the Black Mountain, which is the highest point in southern England. The Gospel Pass road is the highest public road in Wales.
Unbelievable Adventures of Italians in Russia
Unbelievable Adventures of Italians in Russia (Russian: Невероятные приключения итальянцев в России, translit. Neveroyatnye Priklyucheniya Italyantsev v Rossii) or A Crazy, Crazy, Crazy Race in Russia (Italian: Una matta, matta, matta corsa in Russia) is a 1974 Soviet-Italian comedy film directed by Eldar Ryazanov and Franco Prosperi. The plot is about a group of Italian treasure hunters who set on a journey to find long-forgotten treasure in Leningrad.

Andrei Mironov (actor)
Andrei Aleksandrovich Mironov (Russian: Андре́й Алекса́ндрович Миро́нов; 7 March 1941 – 16 August 1987) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor who played lead roles in some of the most popular Soviet films, such as The Diamond Arm, Beware of the Car and Twelve Chairs. Mironov was also a popular singer.
Ísjaki
"Ísjaki" (Icelandic for "Iceberg", pronounced [ˈiːsjacɪ]) is a song written and recorded by Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós for their seventh studio album Kveikur. It appears as the third track on the album. "Ísjaki" was released to Icelandic contemporary hit radio as a promotional single from Kveikur on April 24, 2013. It was later released early on the Kveikur album listing on iTunes on April 25, 2013.

A lyric video for the song was also released on April 24, 2013.

Sigur Rós
Sigur Rós (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈsɪːɣʏrous] ⓘ) is an Icelandic post-rock band that formed in 1994 in Reykjavík. It comprises lead vocalist and guitarist Jón Þór "Jónsi" Birgisson, bassist Georg Hólm, and keyboardist Kjartan Sveinsson. Known for their ethereal sound, frontman Jónsi's falsetto vocals, and their use of bowed guitar, Sigur Rós incorporate classical and minimal aesthetic elements. Jónsi's vocals are sung in Icelandic and non-linguistic vocalisations the band terms Vonlenska. They have released eight studio albums, and attracted critical and commercial attention with their second album Ágætis byrjun.
Biguá
Moacyr Cordeiro, simply known as Biguá (22 March 1921 – 9 January 1989), was a Brazilian footballer.

Born in Irati, Paraná, the defensive midfielder started his career in 1939 at FC Água Verde. In 1941 he signed with Flamengo, in which he stayed until the end of his career in 1953. Bigua died on January 9, 1989, in Rio de Janeiro.

Irati, Paraná
Irati is a municipality in the state of Paraná in Brazil, located in the southeastern region of the state. Its population at the 2022 census was 59,250. The main ethnicities are especially Poles and Ukrainians, who seek to maintain customs and traditions of their ancestors.

Irati sprang up in the 1890s as a railroad town along the São Paulo – Rio Grande do Sul railroad line. The name, Irati, comes from the Tupi language and reportedly means "river of honey"  (apparently there were many bees in the region).

A distinguishing feature of many small towns in southern Brazil is the municipal anthem.
Hume (programming language)
Hume is a functionally based programming language developed at the University of St Andrews and Heriot-Watt University in Scotland since the year 2000. The language name is both an acronym meaning 'Higher-order Unified Meta-Environment' and an honorific to the 18th-century philosopher David Hume. It targets real-time computing embedded systems, aiming to produce a design that is both highly abstract, and yet allows precise extraction of time and space execution costs. This allows guaranteeing the bounded time and space demands of executing programs.

Hume combines functional programming ideas with ideas from finite-state automata. Automata are used to structure communicating programs into a series of "boxes", where each box maps inputs to outputs in a purely functional way using high-level pattern-matching. It is  structured as a series of levels, each of which exposes different machine properties.

Heriot-Watt University
Heriot-Watt University (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Heriot-Watt) is a public research university based in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was established in 1821 as the School of Arts of Edinburgh, the world's first mechanics' institute, and was subsequently granted university status by royal charter in 1966. It is the eighth-oldest higher education institution in the United Kingdom. The name Heriot-Watt was taken from Scottish inventor James Watt and Scottish philanthropist and goldsmith George Heriot.

The annual income of the institution for 2024–25 was £293.9 million of which £52.3 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £301.1 million. Known for its focus on science as well as engineering, it is one of the 23 colleges that were granted university status in the 1960s, and it is sometimes considered a plate glass university, like Lancaster and York.

The university has three campuses in Scotland and one each in the UAE and Malaysia.
Lincoln Park Performing Arts Charter School
The Lincoln Park Performing Arts Charter School is a tuition-free, American public charter school that is located in Midland, Pennsylvania, roughly thirty-five miles (56 km) northwest of Pittsburgh. It enrolls students in grades seven through twelve from home districts in Beaver, Allegheny, Washington, Butler, and Lawrence counties.

Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
Lawrence County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 86,070. The county seat and largest city is New Castle.

The county was created on March 20, 1849, from parts of Beaver and Mercer counties. The county is part of the Greater Pittsburgh region of the commonwealth.
Heiner Stumpf
Heiner Stumpf is a former West German slalom canoeist who competed in the 1950s and the 1960s. He won three medals in the C-1 team event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold (1957) and two silvers (1963, 1965).

1965 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 1965 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Spittal an der Drau, Austria under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for the second time in a row after hosting the event previously in 1963. It was the 9th edition. It also marked some changes in which the folding kayak events were replaced by standard kayaks for the men's and women's events. Additionally, the mixed C2 team event returned for the first time since 1957.
Sydney Derby (A-Leagues)
The Sydney Derby is a local derby contested between two of the Australian A-League Men's Sydney-based clubs, Sydney FC and Western Sydney Wanderers. Contested for the first time on 20 October 2012, historical, cultural and sporting factors have resulted in the derby being considered one of Australian sport's biggest club games, and one of the biggest rivalries in the A-League Men. Crowd sentiment at derby matches has been said by Alessandro Del Piero to produce atmosphere and emotions similar to those in Europe, while Wanderers player Mateo Poljak stated that the sixth Sydney Derby had an atmosphere that was the best he had experienced as a player.

Terry Antonis
Lefteris "Terry" Antonis (Greek: Λευτέρης "Τέρι" Αντώνης; born 26 November 1993) is an Australian soccer player who plays as a midfielder.

Born in Sydney, Antonis played youth football at the Australian Institute of Sport before making his professional debut for Sydney FC at sixteen years of age.

Antonis has played for Australia on three occasions and was a member of the squad which won the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. He previously represented Australia frequently at youth level, including at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

A versatile player, Antonis can play as a box-to-box, holding or attacking midfielder, though he is best deployed in deeper roles, where he can create play with his extensive passing range.
Gefiontinde
Gefiontinde (Gefion Peak) is the highest mountain in Queen Louise Land (Danish: Dronning Louise Land), NE Greenland. The peak is located in the King Frederick VIII Land area of northeastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.

This peak was named after Gefion, the virgin sister of Danish deities who is said to have ploughed the whole Danish island of Zealand (Sjælland) in one night.

Northeast Greenland National Park
Northeast Greenland National Park (Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaanni nuna eqqissisimatitaq, Danish: Grønlands Nationalpark) is the world's largest national park and the 10th largest protected area (the only larger protected areas consist mostly of sea). Established in 1974, the Northeast Greenland national park expanded to its present size in 1988. It protects 972,000 km2 (375,000 mi2) of the interior and northeastern coast of Greenland and is larger than the area of Tanzania, but smaller than that of Egypt. This means that the national park is bigger than 166 of the world's 195 countries. It was the first national park to be created in the Kingdom of Denmark and remains Greenland's only national park. It is the northernmost national park in the world and the second-largest by area of any second-level subdivision of any country in the world, trailing only the Qikiqtaaluk Region in Nunavut, Canada.
Vineyard Sound
Vineyard Sound is the stretch of the Atlantic Ocean which separates the Elizabeth Islands and the southwestern part of Cape Cod from the island of Martha's Vineyard, located offshore from the state of Massachusetts in the United States. To the west, it joins Rhode Island Sound, and on its eastern end it connects to Nantucket Sound.

Vineyard Sound holds some of the largest summer flounder in Massachusetts.

Summer flounder
The summer flounder or fluke (Paralichthys dentatus) is a marine flatfish that is found in the Atlantic Ocean off the East Coast of the United States and Canada. It is especially abundant in waters from North Carolina to Massachusetts.
Harristown House, County Kildare
Harristown House is an Irish country house, constructed in either 1662, 1740 or the 1780s, and is named after the townland in which it sits near the village of Brannockstown, County Kildare, Ireland, on the banks of the River Liffey. Following a fire in 1891, the house was rebuilt to a smaller design by architect James Franklin Fuller, with the original third storey removed.

As of 2026, the house acts as a language school/summer camp and occasional filming location and venue for hire.

Language school
A language school is a school where one studies a foreign language. Classes at a language school are usually geared towards, for example, communicative competence in a foreign language. Language learning in such schools typically supplements formal education or existing knowledge of a foreign language.

Students vary widely by age, educational background, work experience. They usually have the possibility of selecting a specific course according to their language proficiency. According to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), there are six language levels that define student language proficiency based on their speaking, writing and reading skills.
Upper Eddington
Upper Eddington is a hamlet in Berkshire, England, and part of the civil parish of Hungerford .

The settlement lies near to the A4 road, and is located approximately 1⁄4 mile (0.40 km) north of Hungerford.

A4 road (England)
The A4 is a major road in England from Central London to Avonmouth via Heathrow Airport, Reading, Bath and Bristol. It is historically known as the Bath Road with newer sections including the Great West Road and Portway. The road was once the main route from London to Bath, Bristol and the west of England and formed, after the A40, the second main western artery from London.

Although most traffic is carried by the M4 motorway today, the A4 still acts as the main route from Bristol to London for non-motorway traffic.
2009 Milan–San Remo
The 2009 Milan–San Remo cycling race took place on 21 March 2009. It was the 100th edition of the Milan–San Remo monument classic, and followed the same route as the previous year. Manx sprint specialist Mark Cavendish won by a narrow margin. Heinrich Haussler made a late attack with 250 metres to the finish and rode away but Cavendish made up Haussler's 10m lead with 100m to go. The race was the fourth event in the inaugural UCI World Ranking.

Heinrich Haussler
Heinrich Haussler (born 25 February 1984) is an Australian former road racing cyclist of German heritage, who competed as a professional from 2004 to April 2023. He won 2 stages in Grand Tours during his career, one at the 2005 Vuelta a España and another at the 2009 Tour de France. He was also a good Classics specialist, registering top results in notable classic races, and was the 2015 Australian national road race champion. He was the winner of the 2022 UAE Al Salam championship.
Jumana El Husseini
Jumana El-Husseini (Arabic: جمانة الحُسيني; 2 April 1932 – 11 April 2018) was a Palestinian painter and sculptor born in Jerusalem, who later lived in Paris. She won many medals and has an extensive international exhibition record. Jumana El-Husseini died in her home in Paris on 11 April 2018 at the age of 86.

She studied painting, sculpture and ceramics in Beirut and Paris. Noted for figurative paintings of Palestinian women and geometric houses in Jerusalem and Jericho, her style evolved from realistic to geometric and, since 1987, to abstract, with wavelike overpainted drawings evoking Arabic calligraphy.

Lebanese American University
The Lebanese American University (LAU; Arabic: الجامعة اللبنانية الأميركية) is a secular private American university with campuses in Beirut, Byblos, and New York. It is chartered by the board of regents of the University of the State of New York and is recognized by the Lebanese Ministry of Education and Higher Education. It is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE). It offers 34 bachelor's degree programs and 26 master's degree programs in addition to Pharm.D. and M.D. degrees.
Avon River (Gippsland, Victoria)
The Avon River is a perennial river of the West Gippsland catchment, located in the West Gippsland region, of the Australian state of Victoria. The Avon, forms an important part of the Latrobe sub-catchment, draining the south eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, to form the Gippsland Lakes.

West Gippsland
West Gippsland is a region of Gippsland in Victoria, Australia. It covers an area of 19,639 km2 (7,583 sq mi) around the eastern shores of the Western Port Bay, extending from San Remo in the west to the Strzelecki Ranges in the east, up to Mount Howitt in the north.

The Shire of Cardinia and the Phillip Island both are parts of West Gippsland geographically, although administratively those are assigned to the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area (due to urban sprawl) and South Gippsland, respectively.
Philenoptera violacea
Philenoptera violacea known also as apple leaf or rain tree, Afrikaans: Appelblaar, Sotho: Mphata, Tsonga: Mohata, Zulu: Isihomohomo, IsiNdebele: Ichithamuzi, Idungamuzi, Iphanda) is a plant species in the legume family (Fabaceae).

Zulu language
Zulu (/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), or isiZulu as an endonym, is a Southern Bantu language of the Nguni branch spoken in, and indigenous to, Southern Africa with about 13.56 million native speakers, who primarily inhabit the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The word "KwaZulu-Natal" translates into English as "Home of the Zulu Nation is Natal". Zulu is the most widely spoken home language in South Africa (24% of the population), and it is understood by over 50% of its population. It became one of South Africa's 12 official languages in 1994.

According to Ethnologue, it is the second-most widely spoken of the Bantu languages, after Swahili. Like many other Bantu languages, it is written with the Latin alphabet.

In South African English, the language is often referred to in its native form, isiZulu.
Madame Boudray
Madame Boudray (fl. 1796), was a French militant Jacobin active during the French Revolution.

She was appointed secretary of the Société fraternelle des patriotes de l'un et l'autre sexe in 1791.

She was the owner and manager of the popular café Bains-Chinois in Paris, which was a gathering place for the Jacobins. The Babeuvists used her café as a base, and she was likely the only female member of the Babeuf Conspiracy of the Equals, which resulted in her arrest in 1796.

Conspiracy of the Equals
The Conspiracy of the Equals (French: Conjuration des Égaux) of May 1796 was a failed coup d'etat during the French Revolution. It was led by François-Noël Babeuf, who wanted to overthrow the Directory and replace it with an egalitarian and proto-socialist republic, inspired by Jacobin ideals.
Assertion (software development)
In computer programming, specifically when using the imperative programming paradigm, an assertion is a predicate (a Boolean-valued function over the state space, usually expressed as a logical proposition using the variables of a program) connected to a point in the program, that always should evaluate to true at that point in code execution. Assertions can help a programmer read the code, help a compiler compile it, or help the program detect its own defects.

For the latter, some programs check assertions by actually evaluating the predicate as they run. Then, if it is not in fact true – an assertion failure – the program considers itself to be broken and typically deliberately crashes or throws an assertion failure exception.

D (programming language)
D, also known as dlang, is a multi-paradigm system programming language created by Walter Bright at Digital Mars and released in 2001. Andrei Alexandrescu joined the design and development effort in 2007. Though it originated as a re-engineering of C++, D is now a very different language. As it has developed, it has drawn inspiration from other high-level programming languages. Notably, it has been influenced by Java, Python, Ruby, C#, and Eiffel.

The D language reference describes it as follows:

D is a general-purpose systems programming language with a C-like syntax that compiles to native code. It is statically typed and supports both automatic (garbage collected) and manual memory management. D programs are structured as modules that can be compiled separately and linked with external libraries to create native libraries or executables.
2010 ATP Challenger Trophy – Doubles
Grigor Dimitrov and Teymuraz Gabashvili were the defending champions, but decided not to participate.
Karol Beck and Lukáš Rosol won in the final 4–6, 7–6(3), [10–8], against Alexander Peya and Martin Slanar.

Karol Beck
Karol Beck (born 3 April 1982) is a male former tennis player from Slovakia, who turned professional in 2001. His career-high singles ranking is World No. 36, achieved in August 2005. Beck reached the fourth round of the 2004 US Open and the quarterfinals of the 2005 Montreal Masters, defeating Nikolay Davydenko en route to both runs.