hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Iron law of prohibition
The iron law of prohibition is a term coined by Richard Cowan in 1986 which posits that as law enforcement becomes more intense, the potency of prohibited substances increases. Cowan put it this way: "the harder the enforcement, the harder the drugs."

This law is an application of the Alchian–Allen effect; Libertarian judge
Jim Gray calls the law the "cardinal rule of prohibition", and notes that is a powerful argument for the legalization of drugs. It is based on the premise that when drugs or alcohol are prohibited, they will be produced in black markets in more concentrated and powerful forms, because these more potent forms offer better efficiency in the business model—they take up less space in storage, less weight in transportation, and they sell for more money. Economist Mark Thornton writes that the iron law of prohibition undermines the argument in favor of prohibition, because the higher potency forms are less safe for the consumer.

Mark Thornton
Mark Thornton (born June 7, 1960) is an American economist of the Austrian School.  He has written on the topic of prohibition of drugs, the economics of the American Civil War, and the "Skyscraper Index". He is a Senior Fellow with the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Alabama and a Research Fellow with the Independent Institute.
Lealamanua
Lealamanua is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kas Lealamanua (born 1976), Samoan rugby union player

Ruta Lealamanua (born 1974), New Zealand softball player

Tolotear Lealamanua (born 1983), Australian volleyball player

Tolotear Lealamanua
Tolotear Lealamanua  (born (1983 -03-21)21 March 1983) is a retired Australian female volleyball player, who played as a middle blocker.

She was part of the Australia women's national volleyball team at the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Germany. On club level she played with University of Technology, Sydney.
Mark Stoneking
Mark Stoneking (born 1 August 1956) is a geneticist currently working as the Group Leader of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, of Max Planck Gesellschaft at the University of Leipzig, Germany. He is also Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology. He works in the field of human evolution, especially the genetic evolution, origin and dispersal of modern humans. He, along with his doctoral advisor Allan Wilson and a fellow researcher Rebecca L. Cann, contributed to the "Out of Africa" theory in 1987 by introducing the concept of Mitochondrial Eve, a hypothetical common mother of all living humans based on mitochondrial DNA.

Max Planck Society
The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes. Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany.
Communist League (UK, 1988)
The Communist League is a British political party that was formed by a group of members expelled in 1988 from Socialist Action. Those members had joined the U.S. Socialist Workers Party's Pathfinder tendency. It maintained a bookshop in London, originally in The Cut, then Bethnal Green Road. It now operates a web/mail order service from Seven Sisters for Pathfinder publications. The League's members distribute The Militant, the paper of the U.S. Socialist Workers Party. In 2007, an article in The Militant claimed that the group had members who work in the meat-packing industry.

The Cut, London
The Cut (formerly New Cut) is a street in London which runs between Waterloo Road in Lambeth and Blackfriars Road in Southwark, approximately parallel to the South Eastern Railway. The Old Vic theatre is at the western (Lambeth) end, and the more experimental Young Vic theatre halfway along on the other side. Lewisham Southwark College is sited on the south side of the Cut and at the eastern (Southwark) end is Southwark Underground station. Waterloo and Waterloo East stations are also nearby.
Hildoara
Hildoara (6th-century – fl. 610) was a Visigoth queen consort by marriage to king Gundemar (610–612).

She is described as a pious follower of the Nicene Christianity, a role model in her protection of the Nicene Priesthood and her mercy toward the poor, and as a beloved spouse by Gundemar, who took her advice not only in family issues but also in state affairs.

After her death, the letter-writer Count Bulgar sent condolences to Gundemar.

Nicene Christianity
Nicene Christianity includes those Christian denominations that adhere to the teaching of the Nicene Creed, which was formulated at the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325 and amended at the First Council of Constantinople in AD 381. It encompasses the vast majority of today's Christian churches.
Enterprise file synchronization and sharing
Enterprise file synchronization and sharing (also known as EFSS and enterprise file sync and share) refers to software services that enable organizations to securely synchronize and share documents, photos, videos and files from multiple devices with employees, and external customers and partners. Organizations often adopt these technologies to prevent employees from using consumer-based file sharing apps to store, access and manage corporate data that is outside of the IT department's control and visibility.

Dropbox
Dropbox is a file hosting service operated by the American company Dropbox, Inc., headquartered in San Francisco, California, that offers cloud storage, file synchronization, personal cloud, and client software. Dropbox was founded in 2007 by MIT students Drew Houston and Arash Ferdowsi as a startup company, with initial funding from seed accelerator Y Combinator.

Dropbox has experienced criticism and generated controversy for issues including security breaches and privacy concerns.
Handball Federation of India
Handball Federation of India (HFI) is the governing body for handball in India. HFI is registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 at Rohtak. It is a member of the Asian Handball Federation (AHF) and the International Handball Federation (IHF) since 1974. It is also a member of Commonwealth Handball Association and South Asian Handball Federation. HFI was founded by Jagat Singh Chauhan from Rohtak (Haryana) who was an alumnus of YMCA College of Physical Education of Madras Chennai. He was also the first secretary general of HFI.

Rohtak
Rohtak (Hindustani pronunciation: [roɦ.t̪ək] ⓘ) is a city and the administrative headquarters of the Rohtak district in the Indian state of Haryana. It lies 70 kilometres (43 mi) north-west of New Delhi and 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of the state capital Chandigarh on NH 9 (old NH 10). Rohtak forms a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) which helps the city in obtaining cheap loans for infrastructure development from the NCR Planning Board.

Rohtak is the third most populous city in Haryana as per the 2011 census with a population of 373,133.
Sensible Soccers
Sensible Soccers are a Portuguese electronic band who formed in the Porto region of Northern Portugal in 2010. The band are named after Sensible Soccer, a football video game that was popular in the early 1990s. As of 2026, the band is composed of three members, and has released four full-length albums.

As of 2018, the band were recording and practicing their music in the rural village of Fornelo, situated in the municipality of Vila do Conde, north of Porto city. They have been referred to by some sources as a 'cult band'.

Sports video game
A sports video game is a video game that simulates the practice of sports. Most sports have been recreated with video games, including team sports, track and field, extreme sports, and combat sports. Some games emphasize playing the sport (such as EA Sports FC, eFootball, EA Sports F1, EA Sports WRC, NBA 2K and TopSpin 2K25), whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management (such as Football Manager and Out of the Park Baseball). Some, such as Need for Speed, Arch Rivals and Punch-Out!!, satirize the sport for comic effect. This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive, just like real-world sports. A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players, and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes. The sports genre is one of the oldest genres in gaming history.
Jean-Jacques Askenasy
Jean-Jacques Askenasy (Hebrew: ז'אן-ז'אק אשכנזי) (born 13 November 1929 in Sofia) is a Bulgarian-born Israeli neurologist.and sleep medicine specialist renowned for his pioneering research on sleep disorders in neurological conditions, particularly in patients with Parkinson's disease. He is a Member of Honor of the Romanian Academy and a Member of Honor of the Real Academy of Barcelona.

Romanian Academy
The Romanian Academy (Romanian: Academia Română [akadeˈmi.a roˈmɨnə]) is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866. It covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains. The academy has 181 active members who are elected for life.

According to its bylaws, the academy's main goals are the cultivation of Romanian language and Romanian literature, the study of the national history of Romania and research into major scientific domains. Some of the academy's fundamental projects are the Romanian language dictionary (Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române), the dictionary of Romanian literature, and the treatise on the history of the Romanian people.
McDonald's legal cases
McDonald's has been involved in a number of lawsuits and other legal cases in the course of the fast food chain's 70-year history. Many of these have involved trademark issues, most of which involving the "Mc" prefix, but McDonald's has also launched a defamation suit which has been described as "the biggest corporate PR disaster in history".

Tort reform
Tort reform consists of changes in the civil justice system in common law countries that aim to reduce the ability of plaintiffs to bring tort litigation (particularly actions for negligence) or to reduce damages they can receive. Such changes are generally justified under the grounds that litigation is an inefficient means to compensate plaintiffs; that tort law permits frivolous or otherwise undesirable litigation to crowd the court system; or that the fear of litigation can serve to curtail innovation, raise the cost of consumer goods or insurance premiums for suppliers of services (e.g. medical malpractice insurance), and increase legal costs for businesses. Tort reform has primarily been prominent in common law jurisdictions, where criticism of judge-made rules regarding tort actions manifests in calls for statutory reform by the legislature.
Ogorodtakh
Ogorodtakh (Russian: Огородтах; Yakut: Оҕуруоттаах, Oğuruottaax) is a rural locality (a selo), the administrative centre of and one of three settlements, in addition to Sasylykan and Khonogor, in Suottunsky Rural Okrug of Ust-Aldansky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located 72 kilometers (45 mi) from Borogontsy, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 1,212.

Ust-Aldansky District
Ust-Aldansky District (Russian: Усть-Алда́нский улу́с; Yakut: Уус-Алдан улууһа, Uus-Aldan uluuha, Yakut pronunciation: [uːs-aldan uluːha]) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders with Kobyaysky District in the north, Tomponsky District in the northeast, Tattinsky District in the east, Churapchinsky District in the southeast, Megino-Kangalassky District in the south, and with Namsky District in the west. The area of the district is 18,300 square kilometers (7,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Borogontsy. Population: 22,155 (2010 Census); 22,372 (2002 Census); 21,389 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Borogontsy accounts for 23.6% of the district's total population.
Taikoo Place
Taikoo Place (Chinese: 太古坊; Jyutping: taai3 gu2 fong1; pinyin: Tàigǔfāng) is a commercial building complex located in Quarry Bay, east Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It comprises grade A office towers, car parking, clubs, office apartment, parks, and shops. It is reachable by MTR Island line (MTR). These three complexes are all managed by Swire Properties since the beginning from Taikoo Sugar Refinery, the subsequent Taikoo Dockyard and the recent demolitions of the industrial buildings.

Island line (MTR)
The Island line (Chinese: 港島綫) is one of ten lines of the MTR, the mass transit system in Hong Kong. It runs from Kennedy Town in the Western district to Chai Wan in the Eastern District on Hong Kong Island, passing through the territory's major business districts of Central, Wan Chai and Causeway Bay, and connecting them with built-up areas on the north shore of the island.

The line first opened on 31 May 1985. As of 2022 it travels 16.3 kilometres (10.1 mi) in 25 minutes along its route, serving 17 stations.
This too shall pass
"This too shall pass" (Persian: این نیز بگذرد, romanized: īn nīz bogzarad; Turkish: Bu da geçer Ya Hu) is an adage of Persian origin about impermanence. It reflects the temporary nature, or ephemerality, of the human condition — that neither the negative nor the positive moments in life ever indefinitely last. The general sentiment of the adage is found in wisdom literature throughout history and across cultures, but the specific phrase seems to have originated in the writings of the medieval Persian Sufi poets.

Human condition
The human condition can be defined as the characteristics and key events of human life, including birth, learning, emotion, aspiration, reason, morality, conflict, and death. This is a very broad topic that has been and continues to be pondered and analyzed from many perspectives, including those of art, biology, literature, philosophy, psychology, and religion.

As a literary term, "human condition" is typically used in the context of ambiguous subjects, such as the meaning of life or moral concerns.
Peter Steinberger
Peter James Steinberger is a professor of political philosophy at Reed College. He was the thirteenth president of Reed College, preceding Colin Diver.
Steinberger has served on the Reed College faculty since 1977. While at Reed College, Steinberger has taught his classes primarily in the same room for 35 years. He has also authored editorial columns in both the local and national press, including The Oregonian, The Wall Street Journal, The Christian Science Monitor, and The New York Times.  Aside from his books, he has also published numerous articles in political philosophy, with a special emphasis on the work and impact of Hegel in the leading journals of Political Science, including the American Political Science Review.

Reed College
Reed College is a private liberal arts college in Portland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1908, Reed is a residential college with a campus in the Eastmoreland neighborhood, Tudor-Gothic style architecture, and a forested canyon nature preserve at its center. Reed alumni include 123 Fulbright Scholars, 73 Watson Fellows, and three Churchill Scholars.
Wegelin & Co.
Acquired by Swiss Crown AG. UBS Bank Underwriter.
Wegelin & Co. was a private bank that was located in St. Gallen in the Canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland, and specialized in private banking and asset management.

Founded by Caspar Zyli in 1741, the company was renamed Wegelin & Co. in 1893. The bank's legal name changed multiple times by incorporating the names of the senior personally liable partners. As of 2013, the bank's name was Wegelin & Co. Privatbankiers, Gesellschafter Bruderer, Hummler, Tolle & Co. At the time of its closing, it was the oldest bank in Switzerland and the 13th oldest in the world.

Private banking
Private banking is a general description for banking, investment and other financial services provided by banks and financial institutions primarily serving high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) – those with very high income or substantial assets. Private banking is presented by those who provide such services as an exclusive subset of wealth management services, provided to particularly affluent clients. The term "private" refers to customer service rendered on a more personal basis than in mass-market retail banking, usually provided via dedicated bank advisers. It has typically consisted of banking services (deposit taking and payments), discretionary asset management, brokerage, limited tax advisory services and some basic concierge services, typically offered through a gateway provided by a single designated relationship manager.
Vallenato Legend Festival 1968
The Vallenato Legend Festival 1968 (Spanish: Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata 1968) was the first edition of the Vallenato Legend Festival, and was held from 27 to 30 April 1968 at the Plaza Alfonso López in Valledupar, Colombia. The main event of the festival was the accordionist competition, which was won by Alejo Durán.

A 2013 report by the Colombian Ministry of Culture wrote that "an important factor in the dissemination and consolidation of vallenato music as a cultural emblem of Colombia was the creation, in 1968, of the Vallenato Legend Festival" and that "the promotional success of the Vallenato Legend Festival led to the creation of more than fifty festivals celebrating vallenato culture nationwide."

Ministry of Culture (Colombia)
The Ministry of Cultures, Arts, and Knowledges (Ministerio de las Culturas, las Artes y los Saberes; shortened to MinCulturas) is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia charged with preserving, promoting, and encouraging the growth, free expression and understanding of the culture of Colombia in all its multi-ethnic forms.
Mustang (military officer)
Mustang is a military slang term used in the United States Armed Forces to refer to a commissioned officer who began their career as an enlisted service member. A mustang officer is not a temporary or brevet promotion but is a commissioned officer who receives more pay according to their rank of O1-E, O2-E, etc., but has no more command responsibilities than those of any commissioned officer of the same grade.

Mustang officers are generally older than their peers-in-grade who have been commissioned from one of the service academies (such as the United States Merchant Marine Academy, United States Military Academy, United States Air Force Academy, United States Naval Academy, or United States Coast Guard Academy), Officer Candidate School, or the Reserve Officer Training Corps.

United States Merchant Marine Academy
The United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA or Kings Point) is a United States service academy in Kings Point, New York. It trains its midshipmen (as students at the academy are called) to serve as officers in the United States Merchant Marine, branches of the United States Armed Forces, and the transportation industry. Midshipmen are trained in marine engineering, navigation, ship's administration, maritime law, personnel management, international law, customs, and other subjects important to the task of running a large ship.
A. Baluchamy
Alagumalai Baluchamy (25 September 1941 – 8 February 2012) was an Indian politician and Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Nilakottai constituency in 1977, and 1984 elections and from Samayanallur constituency in 1980 election.

Nilakottai Assembly constituency
Nilakottai or Nilakkottai is a state assembly constituency in Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 130. It comes under Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency. It is reserved for members of the Scheduled Castes. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.
Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau
Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau (French pronunciation: [ɛlzeaʁ alɛksɑ̃dʁ taʃʁo]; February 17, 1820 – April 12, 1898) was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Quebec from 1871 until his death in 1898. The first Canadian cardinal, he was elevated to the College of Cardinals by Pope Leo XIII in 1886.

College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals (Latin: Collegium Cardinalium), also called the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. As of 19 February 2026, there are 244 cardinals, of whom 121 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Appointed by the pope, cardinals serve for life, but become ineligible to participate in a papal conclave if they turn 80 before a papal vacancy occurs.

Since the emergence of the College of Cardinals in the Early Middle Ages, the size of the body has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils ratified by the pope, and the college itself. The total number of cardinals from 1099 to 1986 has been about 2,900, nearly half of whom were created after 1655. This number excludes possible undocumented 12th-century cardinals and pseudocardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty.
Naughty by Nature (album)
Naughty by Nature is the second album from Naughty by Nature, released on September 3, 1991, by Tommy Boy Records. It was a critical and commercial success, having been certified Platinum on February 6, 1992, thanks in large part to the hit single, "O.P.P.," which reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1991.

Additional singles released from the album were "Everything's Gonna Be All Right" and "Uptown Anthem," both of which were minor hits on the Billboard charts.

Lafayette Afro Rock Band
Lafayette Afro Rock Band was an American funk band formed in Roosevelt, Long Island, New York in 1970. Shortly after their formation, they relocated to France. Though little-known in their native United States during their recording period, they have since become celebrated as one of the standout funk bands of the 1970s and are particularly noted for their use of break beats. The band also recorded under the names Ice, Crispy & Co. (Krispie & Co. in Europe), Captain Dax, and others.

Upon their relocation to Paris, the local music scene influenced the group's work, inspiring the addition of rock and African elements. They recorded their debut album as Ice and then adopted the name Lafayette Afro Rock Band. The band's next two albums, Soul Makossa and Malik, included the songs "Hihache" and "Darkest Light" which would be sampled in numerous culturally significant hip-hop compositions. They broke up in 1978.
Acarospora bullata
Acarospora bullata, commonly known as cracked lichen, is a species of lichen in the Acarosporaceae family. The British Lichen Society wrote in 2010 that Acarospora bullata, when seen in North America, has been described as conspecific to Acarospora rugulosa. This species is also known to be conspecific with Acarospora subcastenae and Acarospora mendozana.

Acarosporaceae
The Acarosporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Acarosporales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution, and are mostly lichenized with green algae. According to a 2021 estimate, the family contains 11 genera and about 260 species. The family is characterised by a hamathecium formed of paraphysoids (hyphal structures similar in function to true paraphyses, but often branched and forming a network).