hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Snow removal
Snow removal or snow clearing is the job of removing snow after a snowfall to make travel easier and safer.  This is done both by individual households and by governments institutions, and commercial businesses.

Sidewalk
A sidewalk (North American English), pavement (British English, South African English), or footpath (Irish English, Indian English, Australian English, New Zealand English) is a path along the side of a road. Usually constructed of concrete, pavers, brick, stone, or asphalt, it is designed for pedestrians. A sidewalk is normally higher than the roadway, and separated from it by a curb. There may also be a planted strip between the sidewalk and the roadway and between the roadway and the adjacent land.
Differential ideal
In the theory of differential forms, a differential ideal I is an algebraic ideal in the ring of smooth differential forms on a smooth manifold, in other words a graded ideal in the sense of ring theory, that is further closed under exterior differentiation d, meaning that for any form α in I, the exterior derivative dα is also in I.

In the theory of differential algebra, a differential ideal I in a differential ring R is an ideal which is mapped to itself by each differential operator.

Exterior derivative
On a differentiable manifold, the exterior derivative extends the concept of the differential of a function to differential forms of higher degree. The exterior derivative was first described in its current form by Élie Cartan in 1899. The resulting calculus, known as exterior calculus, allows for a natural, metric-independent generalization of Stokes' theorem, Gauss's theorem, and Green's theorem from vector calculus.

If a differential k-form is thought of as measuring the flux through an infinitesimal k-parallelotope at each point of the manifold, then its exterior derivative can be thought of as measuring the net flux through the boundary of a (k + 1)-parallelotope at each point.
Nadin, Croatia
Nadin is a Croatian village in the Zadar County, located between Benkovac and Škabrnja. The population is 406 (census 2011).

The village was inhabited since the time of the Liburnians when it was named Nedainium. It was conquered by Ottoman Empire in 1527 and was part of Sanjak of Krka till 1683 except brief occupation of Republic of Venice in 1647. It was also ruled by Venice between 1683 and 1797. Nadin was included in Republic of Serbian Krajina between 1991 and 1995. The Nadin massacre was a Serbian war crime carried out by the JNA on November 19, 1991. Five Croatian soldiers and 14 civilians were killed, while three civilians are still missing.

Škabrnja
Škabrnja is a village and a municipality in northern Dalmatia, Croatia, located halfway between Zadar and Benkovac, in the lowland region of Ravni Kotari. The municipality includes the village of Škabrnja with a population of 1,413, as well as the smaller village of Prkos, population 363, with a total of 1,776 residents (2011 census). The total area of the municipality is 22.7 km2.
Melanocortin 4 receptor
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in regulating energy homeostasis, appetite, and sexual function. It plays a key role in metabolic processes and is predisposes to certain forms of obesity in humans. MC4R is a receptor that is activated by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), influencing energy homeostasis and feeding behavior in the central nervous system. In mouse models, MC4R has been shown to regulate feeding behavior, metabolism, reproductive function, and erectile response.

Body mass index
Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person. The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms (kg) and height in metres (m).

The BMI is a convenient rule of thumb used to broadly categorize a person as based on tissue mass (muscle, fat, and bone) and height. Major adult BMI classifications are underweight (under 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 to 24.9), overweight (25 to 29.9), and obese (30 or more). When used to predict an individual's health, rather than as a statistical measurement for groups, the BMI has limitations that can make it less useful than some of the alternatives, especially when applied to individuals with abdominal obesity, short stature, or high muscle mass.

BMIs under 20 and over 25 have been associated with higher all-cause mortality, with the risk increasing with distance from the 20–25 range.
Blockhouse No. 1
Blockhouse No. 1, colloquially known as The Blockhouse, is a small fort in the North Woods section of Central Park, Manhattan, New York City. Finished in 1814, the Blockhouse is the second-oldest structure in the park, after Cleopatra's Needle, and the oldest surviving structure originally built within the park site. It is located on an overlook of Manhattan schist, with a clear view of the flat surrounding areas north of Central Park.

The fort was part of a series of fortifications in northern Manhattan, which originally also included three fortifications in Harlem Heights (now Morningside Heights). It was accompanied by Blockhouses No. 2, 3, and 4 in Morningside Park. The fort is the last remaining fortification from these defenses. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, the designers of Central Park, treated Blockhouse No. 1 as a picturesque ruin, romantically overrun with vines and Alpine shrubbery.

Cleopatra's Needle (New York City)
40°46′47″N 73°57′55″W﻿ / ﻿40.779612°N 73.965414°W﻿ / 40.779612; -73.965414

Cleopatra's Needle in New York City is one of a pair of obelisks, together named Cleopatra's Needles, that were moved from the ruins of the Caesareum of Alexandria, Egypt, in the 19th century. The stele, dating from the 15th century B.C.,  was installed in Central Park, west of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's main building in Manhattan, on February 22, 1881. It was secured in May 1877 by judge Elbert E. Farman, the United States Consul General at Cairo, as a gift from the Khedive for the United States remaining a friendly neutral as two European powers, France and Britain, maneuvered for political control of the Egyptian government. The transportation costs were largely paid by a railroad magnate, William Henry Vanderbilt, the eldest son of Cornelius Vanderbilt.
Azraqi
Abul-Mahāsin Abu Bakr Zaynuddin Azraqi (Persian: ابوالمحاسن ابو بكر زين الدين ازرقی) was an 11th-century poet who lived in Herat.

Ferdowsi is said to have taken refuge in Azraqi's father's house (Ismail Varrāq, 'the book seller') on his flight from Ghazneh to Tus.

Born in Herat, Azraqi was an eminent panegyrist. He turned Alfiyya va Shalfiyya into poetry, and is said to have presented himself to Shamsudowleh Abolfavāris Tughan-Shah, son of Alp Arslan. He also wrote a version of the Sandbad nama. Except for his qasidahs, none of the aforementioned works remain.

He died in 1072 CE.

Ferdowsi
Ferdowsi (940-1025) was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is one of the world's longest epic poems created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries. Ferdowsi is celebrated as one of the most influential figures of Persian literature and one of the greatest in the history of literature.
Auguste Förster
Auguste Förster (7 December 1848, Warburg – 3 October 1926, Brunswick) was a German educationalist and activist in the bourgeois women's movement. She was founder of the Kassel Organization of Women's Groups (Gründerin des Verbandes Kassler Frauenvereine).

In 1893 she attended the founding of the World's Congress of Representative Women meeting on the occasion of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. She was accompanied by Anna Simson, Hanna Bieber-Böhm and Käthe Schirmacher. They took the example of the American  National Council of Women as inspiration for founding the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (Federation of German Women's Associations), of which Auguste became one of the founding board members.

Käthe Schirmacher
Käthe Schirmacher (Danzig, 6 August 1865 – Meran, 18 November, 1930) was a German writer, journalist, and political activist who was considered to be one of the leading advocates for women's rights and the international women's movement in the 1890s.
Kotlas constituency
The Kotlas constituency (No.73) is a Russian legislative constituency in Arkhangelsk Oblast. The constituency covers southern half of Arkhangelsk and eastern and northern Arkhangelsk Oblast.

The constituency has been represented since 2021 by United Russia deputy Elena Vtorygina, a four-term State Duma member, who won the open seat, succeeding one-term United Russian incumbent Andrey Palkin in the primary.

Vinogradovsky District
Vinogradovsky District (Russian: Виногра́довский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Vinogradovsky Municipal District. It is located in the center of the oblast and borders with Pinezhsky District in the northeast, Verkhnetoyemsky District in the southeast, Shenkursky District in the south, Plesetsky District in the southwest, the town of oblast significance of Mirny in the west, and with Kholmogorsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 12,600 square kilometers (4,900 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Bereznik. Population:  16,753 (2010 Census); 20,862 (2002 Census); 24,834 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Bereznik accounts for 35.9% of the district's total population.
Vladimir Golovin
Vladimir Golovin (Hungarian: Golovin Vlagyimir; born 21 March 1970) is a former handball player and the current head coach of the Hungarian women's national team.

Born in Odessa, Soviet Union, Golovin moved to Hungary in 1992 and since then obtained the Hungarian citizenship. In Hungary he played for Szolnoki KC, Kiskőrös KSK, Százhalombattai KE, Hargita KC and in his final years for Dabasi KC.

2018 Women's Junior World Handball Championship
The 2018 IHF Women's Junior World Championship was the 21st edition of the IHF Women's Junior World Championship that took place in Debrecen, Hungary from 1 to 14 July 2018.

Hungary won their first ever title by defeating Norway 28–22 in the final.
Ultra Games
Ultra Software Corporation was a shell corporation and publishing label created in 1988 as a subsidiary of Konami of America, in an effort to get around Nintendo of America's strict licensing rules in place at the time for the North American market. One of these rules was that a third-party company could only publish up to five games per year for the Nintendo Entertainment System in the US.

This was hardly convenient for Konami, which had begun releasing more than ten games a year for both the Famicom and its Disk System add-on in Japan. With a greater library than it was allowed to localize, Konami formed the Ultra Games brand to extend its annual library to ten games a year.

Operation C (video game)
Operation C (released as Contra (コントラ, Kontora) in Japan and as Probotector in the PAL region) is a 1991 run and gun video game by Konami released for the Game Boy. It is a sequel to Super Contra, and the first portable installment in the Contra series. Operation C features gameplay and graphics similar to the Nintendo Entertainment System versions of Contra and Super Contra.
Brucella ovis
Brucella ovis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus from the Brucellaceae family.  Along with Brucella melitensis, it is responsible for causing ovine brucellosis, which is a notifiable disease. B. ovis can be transmitted by the stable fly. Infection causes severe inflammation of the epididymis, particularly the tail.

Brucellaceae
The Brucellaceae are a family of the Gram-negative Hyphomicrobiales. They are named after Sir David Bruce, a Scottish microbiologist. They are aerobic chemoorganotrophes. The family comprises pathogen and soil bacteria
Glastonbury Festival 2024
The 2024 Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts took place between 26 and 30 June at Worthy Farm in Pilton, Somerset and followed the 2023 edition of the festival. The three headlining acts were Dua Lipa, Coldplay, and SZA, with Shania Twain performing in the traditional Sunday Legends slot.

Kiwanuka (album)
Kiwanuka is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Michael Kiwanuka. It was released on 1 November 2019 through Polydor and Interscope Records. The album won the 2020 Mercury Prize, and was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 63rd Grammy Awards.
Carmen de Carupa
Carmen de Carupa is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Ubaté Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. The municipality, located in the Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense borders San Cayetano in the west, Tausa and Sutatausa in the south, Ubaté and Susa in the east and Simijaca and Buenavista and Coper (Boyacá) in the north.

Susa, Cundinamarca
Susa is a town and municipality in the Ubaté Province, part of the Cundinamarca Department, Colombia. The town centre is located at an altitude of 2,655 metres (8,711 ft) on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the capital Bogotá. Susa borders Simijaca, Fúquene, San Miguel de Sema and Lake Fúquene.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8), also known as apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRP8 gene.  ApoER2 is a cell surface receptor that is part of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. These receptors function in signal transduction and endocytosis of specific ligands.  Through interactions with one of its ligands, reelin, ApoER2 plays an important role in embryonic neuronal migration and postnatal long-term potentiation. Another LDL family receptor, VLDLR, also interacts with reelin, and together these two receptors influence brain development and function. Decreased expression of ApoER2 is associated with certain neurological diseases.

Amyloid-beta precursor protein
Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. It functions as a cell surface receptor and has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural plasticity, antimicrobial activity, and iron export. It is coded for by the gene APP and regulated by substrate presentation. APP is best known as the precursor molecule whose proteolysis generates amyloid beta (Aβ), a polypeptide containing 37 to 49 amino acid residues, whose amyloid fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients.
Bow Valley College
Bow Valley College is a comprehensive community college based primarily in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The institution also operates regional campuses in Airdrie, Cochrane, and Okotoks as of 2025. As of 2024, the college serves a total enrolment of 9,550 full-load equivalents, and employs almost 1,400 full-, part-time, and casual employees.

Alberta Advanced Education
Alberta Advanced Education (also known as the Ministry of Advanced Education) is a ministry in the Executive Council of Alberta. Alberta Advanced Education is responsible for the public funding of post-secondary institutions in the province, in addition to loans and grants for post-secondary students.

The ministry has existed in its current form since 2004.  However, two other ministries with the same title existed from 1971–1975 and 1983–1992.  On April 30, 2019, Demetrios Nicolaides was appointed Minister of Advanced Education following the 2019 Alberta general election, replacing Marlin Schmidt.
Gimenez stain
The Gimenez staining technique uses biological stains to detect and identify bacterial infections in tissue samples.  Although largely superseded by techniques like Giemsa staining, the Gimenez technique may be valuable for detecting certain slow-growing or fastidious bacteria.

Basic fuchsin stain  in aqueous solution with phenol and ethanol colours many bacteria (both gram positive and Gram negative) red, magenta, or pink.  A malachite green counterstain gives a blue-green background cast to the surrounding tissue.

Giemsa stain
Giemsa stain (/ˈɡiːmzə/), named after German chemist and bacteriologist Gustav Giemsa, is a nucleic acid stain used in cytogenetics and for the histopathological diagnosis of malaria and other parasites.
Madhabananda Temple
Madhabananda Temple or Madhabananda Math is a temple  in Cuttack district of Odisha. This temple is famous for specially curing of cow's, dedicated to Mahapurush Madhabananda and located at Paga-Gopinathpur village (near Bahugram) of Salipur area in Cuttack district.

Cuttack district
Cuttack district is one of the 30 districts of Odisha state in India. It is located in the coastal part of the state and its administrative headquarters are located in the city of Cuttack. As of 2011 Census, after Ganjam, it is the second most populous district of Odisha, with a population of 2,624,470. The name is an anglicized form of Kataka or Katak meaning Fort – referring to the Barabati Fort. The district is bisected by the river Mahanadi and its numerous distributaries and occupies a large portion of the river's delta. It is bounded by the Angul, Dhenkanal, Nayagarh and Khurda districts to the west while its southern and eastern boundaries touch Puri, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara and Jajpur districts.
Mademoiselle V. in the Costume of an Espada
Mademoiselle V. in the Costume of an Espada is an 1862 oil-on-canvas painting by French artist Édouard Manet. The painting is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, having been acquired in 1929. Manet exhibited the painting at the 1863 Salon des Refusés alongside Jeune Homme en costume de majo and Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe. It is often cited as an example of Manet's work being influenced by Spanish art.

Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe
Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (French: [lə deʒœne syʁ lɛʁb, -ʒøn-]; The Luncheon on the Grass) – originally titled Le Bain (The Bath) – is a large  oil on canvas  painting by  Édouard Manet  created in 1862 and 1863.

It depicts a nude woman and a scantily dressed bathing woman on a picnic with two fully dressed men in a rural setting. Rejected by the Salon jury of 1863, Manet seized the opportunity to exhibit this and two other paintings in the 1863 Salon des Refusés, where the painting sparked public notoriety and controversy. The work increased Manet's fame; in spite of this it failed to sell at its debut.

The work is in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. A smaller, earlier version can be seen at the Courtauld Gallery, London.
Okemo State Forest
Okemo State Forest covers 7,466 acres (30.21 km2) in Andover, Ludlow, Mount Holly and Weston, Vermont, United States, in Windsor and Rutland Counties. Okemo Mountain Resort is located in the forest. The forest is managed by the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation.

Activities in the forest include hiking, biking, cross country skiing, snowmobiling and hunting. Portions of the forest are open to primitive camping. Access is both by state and town road as well as state forest highways (4WD gravel roads).

Okemo State Forest is home to the 798-acre Terrible Mountain Natural Area.

Ludlow (town), Vermont
Ludlow is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. The population was 2,172 at the 2020 census. Ludlow is the home of Okemo Mountain, a popular ski resort. Before becoming a ski destination, Ludlow was originally a mill town, and was the home of a General Electric plant until 1977. It was arguably the most impacted by the flooding and natural disaster which ravaged Vermont in July 2023. The town of Ludlow was named after Ludlow, Massachusetts which is less than 100 miles away. There is also, where the town started, a village of Ludlow located in the town.
Fifth inauguration of Paul Kagame
The inauguration of Paul Kagame as the president of Rwanda took place on August 11, 2024, at Amahoro National Stadium in Kigali, Rwanda. This marked the beginning of Kagame's new term of a five-year term following his overwhelming victory in the 2024 presidential election where he received 99.18% of the vote. 
The ceremony was attended by numerous dignitaries, including at least 22 heads of state, as well as thousands of Rwandans and international guests.

2024 Rwandan general election
General elections were held in Rwanda on 15 July 2024 to elect the president and members of the Chamber of Deputies.

In an election that was criticised as unfair for its barring of serious opposition candidates, incumbent President Paul Kagame, in office since 2000, was elected to a fourth term (allegedly with over 99% of the vote and a 98.2% turnout) and was inaugurated on 11 August.
FC Chiatura
FC Magaroeli is a Georgian football club based from the city Chiatura. Since the 2023 season they have been competing in Regionuli Liga, the fifth tier of Georgian football.

The team has twice participated in the top tier.

Liga 3 (Georgia)
Liga 3 (Georgian: ლიგა 3), organized by the Georgian Football Federation, is the third division of professional football in Georgia. Introduced for the 2017 season with the launch of the Erovnuli Liga, it is a rebrand of the former Meore Liga (the Second League).

The current holders are Shturmi.
South Saskatchewan Regiment (1920–1924)
The South Saskatchewan Regiment was a short-lived infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia of the Canadian Militia (now the Canadian Army). In 1924, the regiment was reorganized and split up into 5 separate regiments.

North Saskatchewan Regiment
The North Saskatchewan Regiment (N Sask R) is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army, headquartered in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, with companies in Saskatoon and Prince Albert. Its current commanding officer is Lieutenant-Colonel Mike Graver, and the Regimental Sergeant-Major is Chief Warrant Officer Rick Cumbers. The N Sask R is part of the 3rd Canadian Division's 38 Canadian Brigade Group, with the regiment's mission task as of 2024 being to provide direct fire support.
Miss Universe Vietnam 2024
Miss Universe Vietnam 2024 was the seventh Miss Universe Vietnam pageant, held at the Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, on September 14, 2024.

Bùi Quỳnh Hoa of Hanoi crowned Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên of Nam Định as her successor at the end of the event. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên represented Vietnam at the Miss Universe 2024 pageant, held in Mexico on November 16, 2024, and ended in the Top 30.

Miss Universe 2024
Miss Universe 2024 was the 73rd Miss Universe pageant, held at the Arena CDMX in Mexico City, Mexico, on 16 November 2024.

Sheynnis Palacios of Nicaragua crowned Victoria Theilvig of Denmark as her successor at the conclusion of the event. This was Denmark's first win in the pageant's history.

Contestants from a record 125 countries and territories competed in the pageant, surpassing the previous record of 94 entrants set in 2018.
Stir-fried water spinach
Stir-fried water spinach is a common Asian vegetable dish, known by various names in Asian languages. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) is stir-fried with a variety of vegetables and spices. It is commonly found throughout East, South and Southeast Asia: from Sichuan and Cantonese cuisine in China, to Indonesian, Burmese, Cambodian, Filipino, Malaysian, Singaporean, Taiwanese, and Vietnamese cuisine; to Sri Lankan cuisine and Bengali cuisine in South Asia.

Bagoong
Bagoóng (Tagalog pronunciation: [bɐɡuˈʔoŋ]; buh-goo-ONG) is a Philippine condiment partially or completely made of either fermented fish (bagoóng isdâ) or krill or shrimp paste (bagoóng alamáng) with salt. The fermentation process also produces fish sauce known as patís.

The preparation of bagoóng can vary regionally in the Philippines.