hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Turija, Srbobran
Turija (Serbian Cyrillic: Турија) is a village located in the Srbobran municipality, in the South Bačka District of Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and its population numbering 2,562 people (2002 census). The village is famous because of the annual sausage festival known as Kobasicijada that is organized in Turija every year.

South Bačka District
The South Bačka District (Serbian: Јужнобачки округ, romanized: Južnobački okrug, pronounced [jûʒnobâːtʃkiː ôkruːɡ]) is one of administrative districts of Serbia. It lies in the southern part of Bačka and northern part of Syrmia. According to the 2022 census, the South Bačka District has a population of 607,178 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Novi Sad, which is also the administrative center and the largest city of the Vojvodina.
Rhyd, Ceredigion
Rhyd is a hamlet in the  community of Beulah, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 71.1 miles (114.4 km) from Cardiff and 192.9 miles (310.4 km) from London. Rhyd is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru) and is part of the Ceredigion Preseli constituency in the House of Commons.

Beulah, Ceredigion
Beulah is a small village, wider community and electoral ward located halfway between the market town of Newcastle Emlyn and the seaside resort of Aberporth in Ceredigion, Wales.

The wider community area of Beulah also covers the villages of Llandygwydd, Betws Ifan, Brongwyn, Tŷ-llwyd, Cwm-cou and the larger part of Cenarth, which it shares with Carmarthenshire across the River Teifi.
Tamir Kuperman
Tamir Kuperman (born September 13, 2007) is an Israeli competitive figure skater. Kuperman is the 2026 Israeli national champion and a four-time Israeli national junior champion (2022–2025). Internationally, he is the 2025 Bavarian Open junior champion and the 2025 Denkova-Staviski Cup champion.

ISU Junior Grand Prix in Poland
The ISU Junior Grand Prix in Poland is an international figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU), organized and hosted by the Polish Figure Skating Association (Polish: Polski Związek Łyżwiarstwa Figurowego). It is held periodically as an event of the ISU Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating (JGP), a series of international competitions exclusively for junior-level skaters. It has been held under several names during its history, including the Gdańsk Cup (2005), the Toruń Cup (2009, 2015), the Baltic Cup (2011, 2013, 2019, 2021, 2022), and the Solidarity Cup (2022, 2023, 2024). Medals may be awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Skaters earn points based on their results at the qualifying competitions each season, and the top skaters or teams in each discipline are invited to then compete at the Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final.
Briton Nikora
Briton Nikora (born 7 December 1997) is a New Zealand professional rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the National Rugby League and New Zealand and the New Zealand Māori at international level. Regarded as one of the best back-rowers in the game, he is known for his power, speed, and ability to break up opposition defence.

Newcastle Knights
The Newcastle Knights are an Australian professional rugby league team based in Newcastle, the largest city in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The club competes in the National Rugby League (NRL) premiership. Playing in red and blue, the Knights joined the top-tier competition in 1988, 79 years after the previous Newcastle based team, the Newcastle Rebels had departed the Sydney competition with the formation of a separate league competition based in the Newcastle region.

The club has won the premiership twice (1997 and 2001) and is one of only two clubs (the other being the Wests Tigers) that has never lost a grand final in which it has participated. Notable players include: Paul Harragon, Robbie O'Davis, Danny Buderus and rugby league Immortal Andrew Johns. The team's home ground is McDonald Jones Stadium.
Zarafshon, Tojikobod District
Zarafshon (formerly Munavvarsho Shogadoev; Tajik: Зарафшон) is a jamoat in Tajikistan. It is located in Tojikobod District, one of the Districts of Republican Subordination. The jamoat has a total population of 5,162 (2015). Villages: Shing, Zafarobod (the seat), Guliston, Safedoron, Shahriston.

Jamoats of Tajikistan
The jamoats of Tajikistan (Russian: джамоаты, romanized: dzhamoaty; Tajik: ҷамоати деҳот, romanized: jamoati dehot, "village communes") are the third-level administrative divisions, similar to communes or municipalities, in the Central Asian country of Tajikistan. As of January 2020, there are 368 rural jamoats, 65 towns and 18 cities in Tajikistan. Each jamoat is further subdivided into villages (or deha or qyshqol)

The jamoats and towns, and their population figures (as of January 2015) by district of each region are listed below:
Fleece Glacier
Fleece Glacier (65°54′S 63°10′W﻿ / ﻿65.900°S 63.167°W﻿ / -65.900; -63.167) is a tributary glacier that enters Leppard Glacier on its north side about 1.5 nautical miles (3 km) east of Moider Peak, on the east side of Graham Land, Antarctica. The toponym is one in a group applied in the vicinity by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee that reflects a whaling theme, Fleece being the cook aboard the Pequod in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick.

Leppard Glacier
Leppard Glacier (65°58′S 62°30′W﻿ / ﻿65.967°S 62.500°W﻿ / -65.967; -62.500) is a large valley glacier draining east between the Aristotle Mountains and Voden Heights, and flowing into Scar Inlet north of Ishmael Peak, on the east coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. The glacier was first seen from the air and photographed in part by Hubert Wilkins on December 20, 1928, and was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1955. It is now clear that, on the photographic evidence of his outward flight, Wilkins gave the name "Crane Channel" to this glacier, and that on his return flight he photographed what is now accepted as Crane Glacier, perhaps thinking that it was the same feature. Since Crane Glacier has been retained for the northern of these glaciers photographed by Wilkins, the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee has named this feature for Norman A.G. Leppard, assistant surveyor with the FIDS, who surveyed this area in 1955.
Palm Valley Bridge
The Palm Valley Bridge spans the Intracoastal Waterway in the Palm Valley area near Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. It is located on County Road 210 in St. Johns County. In 2002, the old two-lane drawbridge was replaced with a fixed, clear span, four-lane bridge. Ground-breaking was in December 2000 and the official ribbon cutting ceremony was held in July 2002. The Palm Valley Bridge was built due to increasing traffic on the bridge and population growth in the area.

Intracoastal Waterway
The Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) is a 3,000-mile (4,800 km) inland waterway along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States, running from Massachusetts southward along the Atlantic Seaboard and around the southern tip of Florida, then following the Gulf Coast to Brownsville, Texas. Some sections of the waterway consist of natural inlets, saltwater rivers, bays, and sounds, while others are artificial canals. Maintained, improved, and extensively dredged where necessary by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, it provides a navigable route along its length without many of the hazards of travel on the open sea.
2021 Arctic Race of Norway
The 2021 Arctic Race of Norway was a road cycling stage race that took place between 5 and 8 August 2021. Though the race took place mostly in Troms county, Norway. The race also made a brief appearance in Finland, marking the first time that the race ventured outside of Norway. It was the eighth edition of the Arctic Race of Norway, which was rated as a 2.Pro event on the 2021 UCI Europe Tour and the 2021 UCI ProSeries calendars. This edition was the race's first in the UCI ProSeries; the 2020 edition was expected to feature in the inaugural UCI ProSeries but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021 UCI Europe Tour
The 2021 UCI Europe Tour was the 17th season of the UCI Europe Tour. The season began on 24 January 2021 with the Clàssica Comunitat Valenciana 1969 – Gran Premio Valencia and ended on 24 October 2021 with the Ronde van Drenthe.

Throughout the season, points were awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determined how many points are awarded to the top finishers; the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points were awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.Pro, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.Pro, 1.1 and 1.2
Solmaz Sharif
Solmaz Sharif (Persian: سولماز شریف; born 1983) is an Iranian-American poet. Her debut poetry collection, Look, was a finalist for the 2016 National Book Award for Poetry. She is an Associate Professor (Shirley Shenker Chair) in the Department of English at the University of California, Berkeley.

Stegner Fellowship
The Stegner Fellowship program is a two-year creative writing fellowship at Stanford University. The award is named after American Wallace Stegner (1909–1993), a historian, novelist, short story writer, environmentalist, and Stanford faculty member who founded the university's creative writing program.

Ten fellowships are awarded every year, five in fiction and five in poetry. The recipients do not need a degree to receive the fellowships, though many fellows already hold the terminal M.F.A. degree in creative writing. A workshop-based program, no degree is awarded after the two-year fellowship. Prior to 1990, many fellows also enrolled in Stanford's now-defunct M.A. program in creative writing.

Stegner fellows receive a stipend of $75,000 per year, as well as health insurance and their tuition fee for Stanford. Fellows are required to live close enough to Stanford to be able to attend all workshops, as well as other department-related readings and events.
Alexium International
Alexium International Group Limited is an advanced materials company headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria with operations in Greer, South Carolina.

Alexium has a presence in the United States and Australia, and is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX:AJX).

Australian Securities Exchange
Australian Securities Exchange Ltd (ASX) is an Australian public company that operates Australia's primary securities exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange (sometimes referred to outside of Australia, or confused within Australia, as the Sydney Stock Exchange, which is a separate entity). The ASX was formed on 1 April 1987, through incorporation under legislation by the Parliament of Australia as an amalgamation of the six state securities exchanges. It merged with the Sydney Futures Exchange in 2006.

Today, ASX has an average daily turnover of A$4.685 billion and a market capitalisation of around A$1.6 trillion, making it one of the world's top 20 listed exchange groups and the largest in the southern hemisphere.

ASX Clear is the clearing house for all shares, structured products, warrants and ASX Equity Derivatives.
Cipher device
A cipher device was a term used by the US military in the first half of the 20th century to describe a manually operated cipher equipment that converted the plaintext into ciphertext or vice versa. A similar term, cipher machine, was used to describe the cipher equipment that required external power for operation. Cipher box or crypto box is a physical cryptographic device used to encrypt and decrypt messages between plaintext (unencrypted) and ciphertext (encrypted or secret) forms. The ciphertext is suitable for transmission over a channel, such as radio, that might be observed by an adversary the communicating parties wish to conceal the plaintext from.

Ciphertext
In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it. This process prevents the loss of sensitive information via hacking. Decryption, the inverse of encryption, is the process of turning ciphertext into readable plaintext. Ciphertext is not to be confused with codetext, because the latter is a result of a code, not a cipher.
Felicitas Pauss
Felicitas Pauss (born 26 March 1951 in Vorau, Austria) is an Austrian physicist. She was elected Professor for Experimental Particle physics at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, in 1993. Her research activities concentrated on two main research fields: particle physics at the high-energy frontier and astroparticle physics, addressing fundamental open questions about the structure of the Universe and the underlying mechanisms that govern its evolution.

INSPIRE-HEP
INSPIRE-HEP is an open access digital library for the field of high energy physics (HEP). It is the successor of the Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System (SPIRES) database, the main literature database for high energy physics since the 1970s.
Hermann Georg Fiedler
Hermann Georg Fiedler (28 April 1862 – 10 April 1945) was a German scholar, who became Taylor Professor of the German Language and Literature at the University of Oxford (1907–37). He was previously lecturer in German at Mason College (which later became Birmingham University).

German studies
German studies is an academic field that researches, documents and disseminates German language, literature, and culture in its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies therefore often focus on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Approaches to the discipline vary by country. Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics alongside Germanophone literature and cultural studies.

Common names for "German Studies" for the field within German-speaking countries are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft. In English, the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as German studies, German language and literature, or German philology. Academics who specialize in German studies are referred to as Germanists.
Gmina Pieńsk
Gmina Pieńsk is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Zgorzelec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, on the German border. Its seat is the town of Pieńsk, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Zgorzelec, and 140 kilometres (87 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 110.33 square kilometres (42.6 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 9,068.

Zgorzelec County
Zgorzelec County (Polish: powiat zgorzelecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. It is situated in the extreme south-west of Poland, bordering both Germany and the Czech Republic. The county covers an area of 838.1 square kilometres (323.6 sq mi). Its administrative seat is Zgorzelec, on the German border; the other towns in the county are Bogatynia, Pieńsk, Zawidów and Węgliniec.

As of 2019 the total population of the county is 89,612. The most populated towns are Zgorzelec with 30,374 inhabitants and Bogatynia with 17,436 inhabitants.
Niagara International Transportation Technology Coalition
Niagara International Transportation Technology Coalition (NITTEC) is a road management system used in the Niagara Falls-Buffalo metropolitan area and Niagara Region of Ontario, involving the co-operation from both Canada and the United States.

Members include:

Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority

City of Buffalo

City of Niagara Falls, New York

City of Niagara Falls, Ontario

Erie County

Ministry of Transportation (Ontario)

New York State Department of Transportation

New York State Thruway Authority

Niagara County

Niagara Falls Bridge Commission

Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority

Niagara Parks Commission

Niagara Region

Town of Fort Erie

Niagara Falls Bridge Commission
The Niagara Falls Bridge Commission is an international public agency which administers three international bridges across the Niagara River connecting the province of Ontario, Canada, and the state of New York, United States: the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge, Whirlpool Rapids Bridge and Rainbow Bridge. The NFBC is incorporated as a class D New York State public benefit corporation and is licensed to operate in Ontario under the Extra-Provincial Corporations Act. The commission is based in Lewiston, New York, and maintains a post office box address in Niagara Falls, Ontario. It is mostly self-supporting from tolls, leases, and commercial concessions.
William Capps
William Moss Capps, Sr. (occasionally spelled Caps, Capp, or Cappes) was born in Norfolk, England in or around 1575. William married Catherine Jernagin (also spelt Katheryn Jermingham) in Norwich, Norfolk, England, December 11, 1596 at St. Michael at Plea. He and his wife had five children together: Henry, Frances, Willoughby, Anne, and William.

Kecoughtan, Virginia
In the seventeenth century, Kecoughtan was the name of the settlement now known as Hampton, Virginia. In the early twentieth century, it was also the name of a town nearby in Elizabeth City County. It was annexed into the City of Newport News in 1927.
Urologic disease
Urologic diseases or conditions include urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder control problems, and prostate problems, among others. Some urologic conditions do not affect a person for that long and some are lifetime conditions. Kidney diseases are normally investigated and treated by nephrologists, while the specialty of urology deals with problems in the other organs. Gynecologists may deal with problems of incontinence in women.

Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function. For instance, it has been shown that protein released by the kidneys in diabetes mellitus sensitizes the kidney to the damaging effects of hypertension. Diabetes also can have a direct effect on urination due to peripheral neuropathies, which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetics.

Bladder
The bladder (from Old English  blædre 'bladder, blister, pimple') is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys. In placental mammals, urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra during urination. In humans, the bladder is a distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor. The typical adult human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 ml (10 and 17 fl oz) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more.

The Latin phrase for "urinary bladder" is vesica urinaria, and the term vesical or prefix vesico- appear in connection with associated structures such as vesical veins. The modern Latin word for "bladder" – cystis – appears in associated terms such as cystitis (inflammation of the bladder).
Ancistrus maculatus
Ancistrus maculatus is a tropical fish belonging to the armored catfish family (Loricariidae). The name Ancistrus is derived from the Greek word meaning "hook", akgistron, which refers to the interopercular odontodes found in members of the genus. This fish has the characteristic armored plates of its family and can reach 11.8 cm (4.6 inches) in standard length when fully grown.

Ancistrus
Ancistrus is a genus of nocturnal freshwater fish in the family Loricariidae of order Siluriformes, native to freshwater habitats in South America and Panama. Fish of this genus are common in the aquarium trade where they are known as bushynose or bristlenose catfish. In the aquarium hobby they are often referred to as bushynose or bristlenose plecos instead, but this may lead to confusion as "pleco" usually is used for Hypostomus plecostomus and its allies and is often used as a catchall term for any loricariids remotely resembling that species.
Raya Malla
Raya Malla (Nepali: राय मल्ल) was a Malla Dynasty king and the first King of Bhadgaon after the division of Kathmandu Valley into Kantipur, Patan, and Bhadgaon following the death of his father Jayayakshya Malla. He reigned from 1482 until his death in 1505. His younger brother, Ratna Malla, ruled over Kantipur.

Kingdom of Kantipur
Kantipur (Nepali: कान्तिपुर देय्; lit. 'Kingdom of the City of Light') was a medieval kingdom in the Malla confederacy of Nepal, centered in the Kathmandu Valley. The name of the kingdom was derived from a Sanskrit name of its capital city, now known as Kathmandu.
Priest–penitent privilege in England
The doctrine of priest–penitent privilege does not appear to apply in English law. The orthodox view is that under the law of England and Wales privileged communication exists only in the context of legal advice obtained from a professional adviser. A statement of the law on priest–penitent privilege is contained in the nineteenth century case of Wheeler v. Le Marchant:

In the first place, the principle protecting confidential communications is of a very limited character. [...] There are many communications, which, though absolutely necessary because without them the ordinary business of life cannot be carried on, still are not privileged. [...] Communications made to a priest in the confessional on matters perhaps considered by the penitent to be more important than his life or his fortune, are not protected. — Sir George Jessel MR, Wheeler v Le Marchant (1881) 17 Ch.D 681

Public interest immunity
Public interest immunity (PII), previously known as Crown privilege, is a principle of English common law under which the English courts can grant a court order allowing one litigant to refrain from disclosing evidence to the other litigants where disclosure would be damaging to the public interest.  This is an exception to the usual rule that all parties in litigation must disclose any evidence that is relevant to the proceedings.  In making a PII order, the court has to balance the public interest in the administration of justice (which demands that relevant material is available to the parties to litigation) and the public interest in maintaining the confidentiality of certain documents whose disclosure would be damaging. PII orders have been used in criminal law against large organised criminal outfits and drug dealers where the identity of paid police informants could be at risk.
Terrorism in Europe
Terrorism in Europe has a long and bloody history. This has often been linked to nationalist and separatist movements (separating countries), while other acts have been related to politics (including anarchism, far-right and far-left extremism), religious extremism, or organized crime. Terrorism in the European sections of the Eurasian countries of Turkey and Russia is not included in this list.

Left-wing terrorism
Left-wing terrorism is a form of terrorist political violence motivated by far-left ideologies, committed with the aim of overthrowing current capitalist systems and replacing them with communist, Marxist, anarchist or socialist societies. Left-wing terrorism can also occur within already socialist states as criminal action against the current ruling government.

The majority of left-wing terrorist groups originated in the aftermath of World War II and they were predominantly active during the Cold War. Most left-wing terrorist groups that had operated in the 1970s and 1980s disappeared by the mid-1990s.