hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rung languages
The Rung languages are a proposed branch of Sino-Tibetan languages. The branch was proposed by Randy LaPolla on the basis of morphological evidence such as pronominal paradigms. However, Guillaume Jacques and Thomas Pellard (2021) argues that these languages do not constitute a monophyly based on recent phylogenetic studies and on a thorough investigation of shared lexical innovations.

LaPolla (2003) lists the following languages as part of his provisional "Rung" group.

Kham, Magar, and Chepangic have also been proposed to form part of a Greater Magaric group.

Magar language
Magar Dhut (Nepali: मगर ढुट, Nepali: [ɖʱuʈ]) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken mainly in Nepal, southern Bhutan, and in Darjeeling, Assam and Sikkim, India, by the Magar people. It is divided into two groups (Eastern and Western) and further dialect divisions give distinct tribal identity. In Nepal 810,000 people speak the language.

While the government of Nepal developed Magar language curricula, as provisioned by the constitution, the teaching materials have never successfully reached Magar schools, where most school instruction is in the Nepali language. It is not unusual for groups with their own language to feel that the "mother-tongue" is an essential part of their identity.

The Dhut Magar language is sometimes lumped with the Magar Kham language spoken further west in Bheri, Dhaulagiri, and Rapti zones. Although the two languages share many common words, they have major structural differences and are not mutually intelligible.
Mike Adenuga
Chief Michael Adeniyi Agbolade Ishola Adenuga Jr ListenⓘCSG GCON (born 29 April 1953) is a Nigerian billionaire businessman, and the fifth richest person in Africa according to Forbes. His company Globacom is Nigeria's second-largest telecom operator and also has a presence in Ghana and Benin. He owns stakes in the Equitorial Trust Bank and the oil exploration firm Conoil (formerly Consolidated Oil Company).

Forbes estimated his net worth at $6.7 billion as of May 2024.

Equitorial Trust Bank
Equitorial Trust Bank Plc. (ETB), commonly referred to as Equitorial Bank, was a commercial bank in Nigeria. It was one of the twenty-six (26) commercial banks licensed by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the country's banking regulator, in early 2011 before a merger with Sterling Bank.
The Ancient Ship
The Ancient Ship (Chinese: 古船) is a Chinese novel by Zhang Wei, first published in 1986. The novel spans four decades of Chinese history beginning with the creation of the People's Republic in 1949, then difficult periods of land reform, as well as famine, the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward. It is the story of three generations, the Sui, Zhao and Li families who live through these difficult times. The novel is set in the fictional northern town of Wali which once had a thriving river and docks, but whose river shrank to the point of being unnavigable. The title refers to an ancient ship that is discovered buried in the floodplain adjacent to the city. An English translation by Howard Goldblatt was published by HarperCollins in 2008.

Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to: war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality. Every inhabited continent in the world has experienced a period of famine throughout history. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Southeast and South Asia, as well as Eastern and Central Europe, suffered the greatest number of fatalities due to famine. Deaths caused by famine declined sharply beginning in the 1970s, with numbers falling further since 2000. Since 2010, Africa has been the most affected continent in the world by famine. As of 2025,  Haiti and Afghanistan are the two countries with the most catastrophic and widespread states of famine, followed by Sudan.
Dizan, Qazvin
Dizan (Persian: ديزان) is a village in Dashtabi-ye Gharbi Rural District of Dashtabi District in Buin Zahra County, Qazvin province, Iran. The majority of the villagers' income is from raisin production.

Qazvin province
Qazvin province (Persian: استان قزوین; IPA: [ɢæzˈviːn] ⓘ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the northwest of the country, with the city of Qazvin as its capital.

The province was carved out of Tehran and Zanjan provinces in 1997. The province was made a part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.
Volunteer Cross for War
The Volunteer Cross for War and the Volunteer Medal for War (Krzyż i Medal Ochotniczy za Wojnę) were Polish military decorations introduced just before the start of World War II and later awarded by the Polish government in exile.
The Cross and the Volunteer Medal for War were introduced by an act of the Sejm on 15 June 1939. It was to be awarded to people who volunteered for duty in the years 1918 to 1921 and helped to strengthen the independence of the Polish Republic. (Covering mainly the Polish-Ukrainian War and Polish-Soviet war).
Because of the German invasion of Poland in 1939 and the outbreak of World War II no decorations were awarded at the time. It was only after 1945 that the Polish government in exile was able to award the decorations. The communists authorities of the People's Republic of Poland refused to recognize the decoration. After the fall of communism a very similar decoration, Krzyż za udział w Wojnie 1918-1921, was introduced.

Polish–Ukrainian War
The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic).

The conflict had its roots in ethnic, cultural, and political differences between the Polish and Ukrainian populations living in the region, as Poland and both Ukrainian republics emerged from the collapse of the Russian and Austrian empires.

The war started in Eastern Galicia after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and spilled over into the Chełm and Volhynia regions formerly belonging to the Russian Empire.

Poland won the disputed territory on 18 July 1919.
Muttereralmbahn
The Muttereralmbahn is an aerial tramway in Mutters, Tyrol, Austria.

In 1954, the first cable car leading from Mutters to the popular Mutterer Alm ski resort was opened.  This facility, known for its characteristic egg-shaped cabins, was shut down in 2000.

A new aerial tramway with 8-person cabins was opened on January 5, 2006.

Aerial tramway
An aerial tramway, aerial tram, sky tram, cable car or aerial cablecar, aerial cableway or ropeway is a type of aerial lift that uses one or two stationary cables for support, with a third moving cable providing propulsion. With this form of lift, the grip of an aerial tramway cabin is fixed onto the propulsion cable and cannot be decoupled from it during operation. Aerial tramways usually provide lower line capacities and longer wait times than gondola lifts.
Giddarbaha
Giddarbaha is a town and a municipal council in Muktsar district, in the Indian state of Punjab. It is 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the city of Malout, 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the city of Bathinda and 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the city of Muktsar. It lies on NH-7, which connects Fazilka (Punjab) to Mana (Uttarakhand) in India.

Mana, Chamoli
Mana is a village in the district of Chamoli in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, located at an altitude of 3,200 meters (10,500 feet). It is located on the northern  terminus of National Highway 7. Mana is the first village before the Mana Pass and is 26 kilometres from the border of India and Tibet. The village is at a distance of about 3 km from the Hindu Pilgrimage Badrinath and the two places are culturally connected with each other.
Group 9 Rugby League
Group 9 is a rugby league competition based in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia, and surrounding areas. The competition is played in five grades, with these being Under 18s, Women's Tackle, Women's League-Tag, Reserve-Grade and First-Grade.

Currently a home and away season consisting of sixteen rounds is played. The best four teams then play-off according to the Page–McIntyre system, culminating in the Group 9 Grand final, which is traditionally held at McDonald's Park in Wagga Wagga.

Peter Spring
Peter Spring nicknamed "Cockie" is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played for Illawarra and St. George in the NSWRL competition. He also played for Hull FC in England.
1956 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
The 1956 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, was the 12th annual running of the "blue water classic" Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.

Hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney, New South Wales, the 1956 edition began on Sydney Harbour, at noon on Boxing Day (26 December 1955), before heading south for 630 nautical miles (1,170 km) through the Tasman Sea, past Bass Strait, into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent, to cross the finish line in Hobart, Tasmania.

The 1956 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race comprised a fleet of 28 competitors, an increase of 11 yachts compared to the number in the 1955 race. Line-honours were awarded to Kurrewa IV, which raced out of New South Wales and was owned and skippered by brother's J. & F. Livingston.

Tasman Sea
The Tasman Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) across and about 2,800 km (1,700 mi) from north to south. The sea was named after the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman, who in 1642 was the first known European to cross it. British explorer Lieutenant James Cook later extensively navigated the Tasman Sea in the 1770s during his three voyages of exploration.

The Māori people of New Zealand call this sea Te Moana-a-Rehua meaning 'the sea of Rehua' which clashes with the Pacific waters named Te Tai-o-Whitirea ('the sea of Whitirea') – after Whitirea, Rehua's lover – at Cape Reinga, the northernmost tip of North Island.
Albion Aberdonian
The Albion Aberdonian was an underfloor-engined bus designed and manufactured by Albion Motors between 1957 and 1960, it was introduced as a longer derivative of the Albion Nimbus.

The Aberdonian, development code "Nimbus-Six", was designed to be the lightest full-size underfloor-engined bus available. Bodied examples would weigh half a ton less than the similarly powered Leyland Tiger Cub. Launch was at the 1957 Scottish Motor Show at the Kelvin Hall where an Alexander bodied coach demonstrator in Edinburgh Corporation livery weighing less than five tons unladen was shown. It was the fourth Albion bus designed with an underfloor engine, the third type manufactured, the second after the Leyland takeover and the second named Albion bus chassis not to have a name beginning with V.

An Aberdonian is a native of Aberdeen and within Scotland Aberdonians are traditionally considered miserly. As the current editor of Buses put it this was a bus designed to sip rather than gulp fuel.

North Western Road Car Company (1923)
The North Western Road Car Company was a bus company based in Stockport, England that operated services in Cheshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Staffordshire and West Riding of Yorkshire from 1923 until 1974.
St Pancras Basin
The St Pancras Basin, also known as St Pancras Yacht Basin, is part of the Regent's Canal in the London Borough of Camden, England, slightly to the west of St Pancras Lock. Formerly known as the Midland Railway Basin,

The Basin was built by the Midland Railway in 1869 to load canal barges with coal brought by the railway, mainly from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. It fell into disuse after the coal drops were dismantled. The canal basin is owned by Canal & River Trust, and since 1958 has been home to the St Pancras Cruising Club.

London Borough of Camden
The London Borough of Camden (/ˈkæmdən/ ⓘ) is a borough in Inner London, England. Camden Town Hall, on Euston Road, lies 1.4 mi (2.3 km) north of Charing Cross. The borough was established on 1 April 1965 from the former metropolitan boroughs of Holborn,  St Pancras and Hampstead.

To the south it shares with the City of Westminster parts of the West End, where it also borders the City of London. The cultural and commercial land uses in the south contrast with the bustling mixed-use districts such as Camden Town and Kentish Town in the centre and leafy residential areas around Hampstead Heath in the north. Well known attractions include The British Museum, The British Library, the famous views from Parliament Hill, the London Zoo, the BT Tower, the converted Roundhouse entertainment venue, and Camden Market. As of 2021 it has a population of 210,136. Politically, its local authority is Camden London Borough Council.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1963) is a play based on Ken Kesey's 1962 novel. The play had its Broadway debut in 1963 with an adaptation by Dale Wasserman starring Kirk Douglas as Randle McMurphy, a mental patient and Joan Tetzel as Nurse Ratched. The play had a Broadway revival in 2002 earning the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play as well as a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play starring Gary Sinise.

Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play
The Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play has only been awarded since 1994. Prior to that, plays and musicals were considered together for the Tony Award for Best Revival. The award is given to the best non-musical play that has appeared on Broadway in a previous production, or which is determined to be a "classic" or in the historical or popular repertoire despite not having been produced on Broadway. The award goes to the producers of the play. In addition, as of 2026, authors (if living) are also eligible for the award for shows that are considered revivals but that have not previously appeared on Broadway.
Rudolf Baier
Rudolf Baier (22 March 1892 – 21 October 1945) was a German road racing cyclist who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

In 1912, he was a member of the German cycling team, which finished sixth in the team time trial event. In the individual time trial competition he finished 27th.

Cycling at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's team time trial
The men's team time trial was a road bicycle racing event held as part of the cycling at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of the event. The competition was held on Sunday July 7, 1912.

Each nation that sent at least four cyclists to the individual time trial was also considered to have competed as a team. The times of the top four cyclists for each nation were summed to give a total team time, with the best total times winning. Great Britain had three teams, as the English, Irish, and Scottish cyclists were considered separate.

Belgium, Canada, and South Africa did not send enough cyclists to make a team.

Three teams did not have enough cyclists finish to earn a valid team score. Only three of Bohemia's five cyclists finished, as did three of Norway's six. Only one of Russia's ten cyclists finished.
Nancy C. Unger
Nancy C. Unger is an American history professor and author. She chairs the history department at Santa Clara University. She has written books on American progressives in the environmental movement, Bob La Follette, and Belle La Follette.

She was born in Seattle and graduated from Gonzaga University in 1978. She received her masters and Ph.D. from the University of Southern California.

She has appeared on C-Span several times. She discussed Bob La Follette on PBS North Carolina.

Unger suggested that Belle La Follette should appear on a newly designed $10 bill. She supports a California law requiring the teaching of LGBT history in public schools.

Belle Case La Follette
Isabelle Case La Follette (April 21, 1859 – August 18, 1931) was a women's suffrage, peace, and civil rights activist in Wisconsin, United States. She worked with the Woman's Peace Party during World War I.  At the time of her death in 1931, The New York Times called her "probably the least known yet most influential of all American women who have had to do with public affairs in this country." She was the wife and helpmate of Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette—a prominent Progressive Republican politician both in Wisconsin and on the national scene—and as co-editor with her husband of La Follette's Weekly Magazine.
Lucie Aubrac (film)
Lucie Aubrac is a 1997 French biopic of the World War II French Resistance member Lucie Aubrac. The film starred Carole Bouquet in the title role and was directed by Claude Berri. The story loosely follows the role of Lucie Aubrac and her husband during the Second World War and their parts in the resistance in Lyon. The film was entered into the 47th Berlin International Film Festival.

47th Berlin International Film Festival
The 47th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 13 to 24 February 1997.

The Golden Bear was awarded to Canadian-American film The People vs. Larry Flynt directed by Miloš Forman.

The retrospective dedicated to Austrian film director G. W. Pabst was shown at the festival.
International relations (1648–1814)
International relations from 1648 to 1814 covers the major interactions of the nations of Europe, as well as the other continents, with emphasis on diplomacy, warfare, migration, and cultural interactions, from the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna.

Dzungar people
The Dzungar people (also written as Zunghar or Junggar; from the Mongolian words züün gar, meaning 'left hand') are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically, they were one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation. They were also known as the Eleuths or Ööled, from the Qing dynasty euphemism for the hated word "Dzungar", and as the "Kalmyks". In 2010, 15,520 people claimed "Ööled" ancestry in Mongolia. An unknown number also live in China, Russia and Kazakhstan.
The Farmlink Project
The Farmlink Project is a United States–based non-profit organization that combats food waste by collecting excess produce from farms and other food donors across America and delivering it to organizations that serve food insecure communities. Since its founding in 2020, the organization has rescued over 130 million pounds of food, distributed to over 400 communities, and grown to a network of over 600 volunteers nationwide.

The Farmlink Project has raised over $15 million in fundraising efforts, and has partnered with organizations such as Chipotle, Kroger, and Uber Freight.

Volunteering
Volunteering is an optional and freely chosen act of an individual or group giving their time and labor, often for community service. Many volunteers have specialized training in the fields that they work in, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others provide their services as needed, such as in response to a natural disaster.
Simone Bodmer-Turner
Simone Bodmer-Turner is an artist and designer working in sculptures, lighting, and furniture. Her signature designs encompass one-tone organic materials and minimalism, inspired by artists like Valentine Schlegel and Savin Couelle. The designer typically works in ceramic and plaster.

Organic matter
Organic matter, organic material or natural organic matter (NOM) is the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the feces and remains of organisms such as plants and animals. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that do not involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet.
Girls' Dormitory (1936 Austrian film)
Girls' Dormitory (German: Mädchenpensionat) is a 1936 Austrian drama film directed by Géza von Bolváry and starring Raoul Aslan, Angela Salloker and Erika von Thellmann. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze.

Géza von Bolváry
Géza von Bolváry (born Géza Gyula Mária Bolváry Zahn, German: Géza Maria von Bolváry-Zahn; 26 December 1897 – 10 August 1961) was a Hungarian actor, screenwriter, and film director, who worked principally in Germany and Austria.
Legislative districts of Davao del Norte
The legislative districts of Davao del Norte are the representation of the province of Davao del Norte in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province is currently represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through its first and second congressional districts.

Kapalong
Kapalong, officially the Municipality of Kapalong (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Kapalong; Tagalog: Bayan ng Kapalong), is a municipality in the province of Davao del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 81,068 people.
Judith Babirye
Judith Babirye (born 23 September 1977) is a Ugandan gospel musician and politician. She is a senior pastor at New Life Deliverance Church, located in Makindye Division, in the southeastern part of Kampala, Uganda's capital city.

She also served as the elected Member of Parliament representing  Buikwe District Women Constituency in the 10th Parliament (2016–2021).

Pearl of Africa Music Awards
The Pearl of Africa Music Awards (also known as the PAM Awards) was an annual national music award event held in Uganda. The inaugural event was held in 2003. In 2006, categories for musicians from other East African countries were introduced.

Winners were selected by a combination of a panel of judges and a public vote.
Godzilla: Monster of Monsters!
Godzilla: Monster of Monsters! (ゴジラ) is a Nintendo Entertainment System video game released in Japan in 1988 and in 1989 in the US by Toho Co., Ltd. The North American version removes all references to Toho Cenfile-Soft Library and Compile, crediting the game to Toho Eizo on the title screen instead.

Matango
Matango (マタンゴ) is a 1963 Japanese horror film directed by Ishirō Honda. The film stars Akira Kubo, Kumi Mizuno and Kenji Sahara. Partially based on William Hope Hodgson's short story "The Voice in the Night", it centers on a group of castaways on an island who are unwittingly altered by a local species of mutagenic mushrooms.

Matango was different from Honda's other films of the period as it explored darker themes and featured a more desolate look. Upon the film's release in Japan, it was nearly banned due to scenes that depicted characters resembling victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Retrospective reviews generally commented on how the film varied from Honda's other work, with its darker tone.

The film was released directly to video in the United Kingdom as Fungus of Terror and an abridged version aired on television in the United States with the title Attack of the Mushroom People.
Purrimakhi
Purrimakhi (Russian: Пурримахи; Dargwa: Пуррамахьи) is a rural locality (a selo) in Ayalakabsky Selsoviet, Levashinsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 76 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

Levashinsky District
Levashinsky District (Russian: Левашинский райо́н; Dargwa: Лавашала къатI; Avar: Лаваша мухъ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic. The area of the district is 830 square kilometers (320 sq mi).  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Levashi. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 70,704, with the population of Levashi accounting for 14.2% of that number.