hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Affine focal set
In mathematics, and especially affine differential geometry, the affine focal set of a smooth submanifold M embedded in a smooth manifold N is the caustic generated by the affine normal lines. It can be realised as the bifurcation set of a certain family of functions. The bifurcation set is the set of parameter values of the family which yield functions with degenerate singularities. This is not the same as the bifurcation diagram in dynamical systems.

Assume that M is an n-dimensional smooth hypersurface in real (n+1)-space. Assume that M has no points where the second fundamental form is degenerate. From the article affine differential geometry, there exists a unique transverse vector field over M. This is the affine normal vector field, or the Blaschke normal field. A special (i.e. det = 1) affine transformation of real (n + 1)-space will carry the affine normal vector field of M onto the affine normal vector field of the image of M under the transformation.

Hypersurface
In geometry, a hypersurface is a generalization of the concepts of hyperplane, plane curve, and surface. A hypersurface is a manifold or an algebraic variety of dimension n − 1, which is embedded in an ambient space of dimension n, generally a Euclidean space, an affine space or a projective space.
Hypersurfaces share, with surfaces in a three-dimensional space, the property of being defined by a single implicit equation, at least locally (near every point), and sometimes globally.

A hypersurface in a (Euclidean, affine, or projective) space of dimension two is a plane curve. In a space of dimension three, it is a surface.

For example, the equation

defines an algebraic hypersurface of dimension n − 1 in the Euclidean space of dimension n. This hypersurface is also a smooth manifold, and is  called a hypersphere or an (n – 1)-sphere.
Acres Farm Meadow
Acres Farm Meadow (grid reference SU024927) is a 4.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Wiltshire, notified in 1989. It lies between the villages of Somerford Keynes and Minety. The SSSI is the former site of a mediaeval ridge and furrow system which lies on the Upper Jurassic Oxford Clay. The site is home to grasses, sedges and herbs. Trees such as oak, maple, English elm (when notified, prior to Dutch elm disease) and hawthorn can be found in the hedgerows on the site, which provide nesting sites for lesser whitethroat, willow warbler, yellowhammer and bullfinch.

Crataegus
Crataegus (/krəˈtiːɡəs/), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn, Mayflower or hawberry, is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.
Zanja Madre
The Zanja Madre (Spanish: [ˈsaŋxa ˈmaðɾe], "Mother Trench") is the original aqueduct that brought water to the Pueblo de Los Angeles from the Río Porciúncula (Los Angeles River). The original open, earthen ditch, or zanja was completed by community laborers within a month of founding the pueblo. This water system was used for both domestic uses and irrigation to fields west of town. The main zanja ultimately fed eight branch zanjas. This availability of water was essential to the survival and growth of the community founded here. Brick conduits 3 to 3.5 feet (0.91 to 1.07 m)  in diameter were built to improve the system after 1884. Eventually the system did not supply enough water to keep pace with population growth and irrigation demand. The system was abandoned by 1904 though portions were still used for storm water purposes. It was maintained by the Zanjero of Los Angeles.

Aqueduct (water supply)
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution point far away. In modern engineering, the term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. The term aqueduct also often refers specifically to a bridge carrying an artificial watercourse.

Aqueducts were used in ancient Greece, the ancient Near East, ancient Rome, ancient Aztec, and ancient Inca. The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth. Much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts. Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground. Modern aqueducts may also use pipelines. Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops and supply large cities with drinking water.
2019 Michelin Pilot Challenge
The 2019 Michelin Pilot Challenge is the twentieth season of the IMSA SportsCar Challenge and the sixth season organized by the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA). Michelin is set to become the new official tire supplier of the series, following the departure of Continental Tire at the end of 2018.

IMSA
The International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) is a North American sports car racing sanctioning body based in Daytona Beach, Florida, under the jurisdiction of the ACCUS arm of the FIA. It was started by John Bishop, a former executive director of SCCA (Sports Car Club of America), and his wife Peggy in 1969 with help from Bill France Sr. of NASCAR. Beginning in 2014, IMSA is the sanctioning body of the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, the premier series resulting from the merger of Grand-Am Road Racing and the American Le Mans Series.  IMSA is owned by NASCAR Holdings, as a subsidiary company with a designated board of directors.
Diadochus
Diodochus is the Latinized form of diadochos (Greek: διάδοχος, “heir, successor”). It can refer to:

Personal name

Marcus Diadochus, 4th-century Christian writer

Diadochos of Photiki, 5th-century Christian saint

Proclus Diadochus, 5th-century Neoplatonic philosopher

Scientific names

Marginella diadochus, a species of Marginellid sea snail

Diadochite, a mineral

Diadochokinesia, the ability to make antagonistic movements in quick succession

Dysdiadokokinesia and adiadokokinesia, the medical terms for impaired or absent ability to make rapid alternating movements

Other

Diadochi, successors of Alexander the Great
Wars of the Diadochi

Diadochoupolis, a city in Mesopotamia

Diadochos, the title of the Crown Prince of Greece

Diadochoupolis
Diadochoupolis (Greek: Διαδοχούπολις, "city of the Diadochi") was a city in ancient Mesopotamia. The only source referring to it is a short mention by Stephanus Byzantius, who records that it was "οὺ πόρρω Κτησιφῶντος" ("not far from Ctesiphon"). It was located probably in the region of Sittacene in Mesopotamia on the bank of the river Tornadottos. Its inhabitants were known as Diadochenoi.
Tom and Jerry in Fists of Furry
Tom and Jerry in Fists of Furry is a fighting video game for the Nintendo 64 and Microsoft Windows. It was developed by VIS Interactive and published by NewKidCo on November 12, 2000 (Ubi Soft in PAL region). It is based on the animated short film series of Tom and Jerry.

PAL
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B, D, G, H, I and K. The articles on analogue broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation.

PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Hanover, West Germany, with important input from Gerhard Mahler. The format was patented by Telefunken in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch", the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage").
Wake of the Red Witch
Wake of the Red Witch is a 1948 American adventure film directed by Edward Ludwig, produced by Edmund Grainger and starring John Wayne, Gail Russell, Gig Young, Adele Mara and Luther Adler. It is based upon the 1946 novel of the same name written by Garland Roark. The film is one of the few A-level features produced by Republic Pictures, as it had a relatively high production budget. It became one of Republic's most successful releases.

John Wayne stars as a sea captain in the early 1860s East Indies seeking revenge against a wealthy shipping magnate.

Double feature
The double feature is a motion picture industry practice in which movie theaters would exhibit two films for the price of one, supplanting an earlier format in which the presentation of one feature film would be followed by various short subject reels.
Rock n' Bowl
Rock'n'Bowl is a live music venue located on S. Carrollton Avenue in New Orleans. It is a unique venue that combines a bowling alley and a music club together in one place. The club features various live music of local musicians, and is also famous for booking many zydeco acts. The past performers include Beau Jocque, Boozoo Chavis, Geno Delafose, Chris Ardoin, Snooks Eaglin, Wild Magnolias, and Anders Osborne.

Geno Delafose
Geno Delafose (born February 6, 1971) is an American zydeco accordionist and singer. He is one of the younger generations of the genre who has created the sound known as the nouveau zydeco. His sound is deeply rooted in traditional Creole music with strong influences from Cajun music and also country and western. His father was the fellow zydeco accordion player, John Delafose.
2018 Webby Awards
The 23rd annual Webby Awards were held at Cipriani Wall Street in New York City on May 14, 2018, which was hosted by comedian and writer Amber Ruffin. The Webby Awards have been dubbed the "internet's highest honor" and, in 2018, received over 13,000 entries from 70 countries, with 10% receiving nominations.

Amber Ruffin
Amber Mildred Ruffin (born January 9, 1979) is an American comedian, writer and actress. She hosted her own late-night talk show titled The Amber Ruffin Show on Peacock from 2020 to 2022. She has been a writer for Late Night with Seth Meyers since 2014. When she joined Meyers' show, she became the first Black woman to write for a late-night network talk show in the United States.

In January 2021, she co-authored a book with her sister Lacey Lamar titled You'll Never Believe What Happened to Lacey: Crazy Stories about Racism, which made the New York Times Best Seller list. They released a second book, The World Record Book of Racist Stories, in 2022. In 2022, Ruffin and her writing partner Jenny Hagel co-founded their production company Straight to Cards under their overall deal with Universal Television.
Billy Bunter's Christmas Party
Billy Bunter's Christmas Party is a school story by Charles Hamilton writing as Frank Richards, using the characters and settings of the Greyfriars School stories published from 1908 to 1940 in The Magnet. The book's retail price was 7s 6d.

First published in October 1949 by Charles Skilton Ltd, London, the fifth in a series of post-WWII hardback novels, it was subsequently reprinted by them in 1952 and 1957. It was reprinted in hardback in 1993 by Hawk Books.

A Greyfriars School holiday story, the novel has a colour dust jacket, frontispiece and black and white illustrations by R. J. Macdonald.

Book frontispiece
A frontispiece in books is a decorative or informative illustration facing a book's title page, usually on the left-hand, or verso, page opposite the right-hand, or recto page of a book. In some ancient editions or in modern luxury editions the frontispiece features thematic or allegorical elements, in others is the author's portrait that appears as the frontispiece. In medieval illuminated manuscripts, a presentation miniature showing the book or text being presented (by whom and to whom varies) was often used as a frontispiece.
Skyway Park
Skyway Park is a 32-acre (13 ha) park being developed in Jersey City, New Jersey on the Hackensack River, partly under the Pulaski Skyway, from which it takes its name. The brownfield land was the site of the PJP Landfill. It is a component of the Hackensack River Greenway, a linear park along the banks of the river and Newark Bay.

Newark Bay
Newark Bay is a tidal bay at the confluence of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers in northeastern New Jersey. It is home to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest container shipping facility in Port of New York and New Jersey, the second busiest in the United States. An estuary, it is periodically dredged to accommodate seafaring ships.
Świerzowa Ruska
Świerzowa Ruska (Polish: [ɕfjɛˈʐɔva ˈruska]) is an abandoned village in the administrative district of Gmina Krempna, within Jasło County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia.

Currently all that's left from the village is cemetery and some wayside crosses. Since 1995 Świerzowa's nature is protected by the Magura National Park.

Jasło County
Jasło County (Polish: powiat jasielski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland, on the Slovak border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is Jasło, which lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów. The only other town in the county is Kołaczyce, which is 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Jasło.

The county covers an area of 830.41 square kilometres (320.6 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population was 113,730, out of which the population of Jasło was 35,063,  that of Jasło was 1,409, and the rural population was 77,258.
Sunomata-juku
Sunomata-juku (墨俣宿, Sunomata-juku) was the seventh of nine post stations along the Minoji. It is located in the present-day city of Ōgaki, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. In addition to serving as a post station, it was also a castle town for Sunomata Castle. Sandwiched between the Nagara and Ibi rivers, it was an active post station.

Ibi River
The Ibi River (揖斐川, Ibi-gawa) is a tributary of the Kiso River located in Gifu and Mie Prefectures in Japan. Along with the Nagara and Kiso rivers, the Ibi is the third of the Kiso Three Rivers of the Nōbi Plain. It is one of Japan's first-class rivers. The former Tōkaidō post station of Kuwana-juku was located on the western banks of this river during the Edo period.
Herreshoff (automobile)
The Herreshoff was an American automobile built in both Detroit, Michigan, and Troy, New York, by the Herreshoff Motor Company from 1909 to 1914. The Herreshoff started as a small car with a 24 hp (18 kW) four-cylinder engine, and was made with three different models. Later models were upgraded to six-cylinder engines up to 3.8 liter capacity. For 1911, Herreshoff had a roadster with a rudimentary rumble seat at US$950 (equivalent to $32,059 in 2024); by contrast, the high-volume Oldsmobile Runabout went for $650 (equivalent to $21,935 in 2024). In 1909, 500 vehicles were produced by Herreshoff.

A light car with a 16 hp (12 kW) engine was introduced in 1914. Fisher produced bodies for the company.

The Herreshoff Motor Company was founded by Charles F. Herreshoff. In addition to the aforementioned roadster (the Model 25), in 1911 the company offered a touring car, tourabout and runabout, each $1500 (equivalent to $50,620 in 2024).

Rumble seat
A rumble seat (American English), dicky (dickie/dickey) seat (British English), also called a mother-in-law seat, is an upholstered exterior front-facing seat which is folded into the rear of a coach, carriage, or early motorcar.  Depending on its configuration, it provided exposed seating for one or two passengers.
Teppen—!!!
Teppen—!!! (てっぺんっ!!!; "Summit!!!") is a Japanese manga series written by Inujun and illustrated by Namamugi, based on the Seiyū San-Shimai Team Y unit formed by voice actresses Mikoi Sasaki, Aimi, and Ayasa Itō. It has been serialized in Bushiroad's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Bushiroad since January 2021 and has been collected in five tankōbon volumes. An anime television series adaptation by Drive titled Teppen!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Laughing 'til You Cry aired from July to September 2022.

Manzai
Manzai (漫才) is a traditional style of comedy in Japanese culture comparable to double act comedy.

Manzai usually involves two performers (manzaishi)—a straight man (tsukkomi) and a funny man (boke)—trading jokes at great speed. Most of the jokes revolve around mutual misunderstandings, double-talk, puns and other verbal gags.

In 1933, Yoshimoto Kogyo, a large entertainment conglomerate based in Osaka, introduced Osaka-style manzai to Tokyo audiences and coined the term "漫才" (one of several ways of writing the word manzai in Japanese; see § Etymology below). In recent times, manzai has often been associated with the Osaka region, and manzai comedians often speak in the Kansai dialect during their acts.
Best Laid Plans (Sandra McCracken album)
Best Laid Plans is a studio album from Sandra McCracken, recorded in late 2003 with engineer, Ray Kennedy (Twang Trust) and Peter Collins.

In the summer of 2004, Sandra signed the album to Shell Records in London. Shell released the album in the UK, followed by two radio singles, Last Goodbye and No More Tears, which received significant airplay and attention across England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.

Peter Collins (music producer)
Peter Julian Alexander Collins (14 January 1951 – 28 June 2024) was an English record producer, arranger, and audio engineer. He produced records by Gary Moore, Bon Jovi, Billy Squier, Rush, Air Supply, Alice Cooper, Nik Kershaw, Blancmange, Suicidal Tendencies, Queensrÿche, Indigo Girls, Nanci Griffith, Jermaine Stewart, Jane Wiedlin, October Project, The Cardigans, Rosetta Stone, Save Ferris, Josh Joplin, Tracey Ullman, Drake Bell, Ultraspank and The Brian Setzer Orchestra.
Patrick Boyle (footballer)
Patrick Joseph Gerard Boyle (born 20 March 1987) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a left-back. He is player/assistant manager at Gartcairn in the West of Scotland football league after rejecting a new contract at Dumbarton.

Boyle represented Scotland at under-19 level and has previously played for Everton, Norwich City, Crewe Alexandra, Dumbarton, Partick Thistle Clyde, Dunfermline Athletic, Gateshead, Airdrieonians, Ayr United, Peterhead and Kelty Hearts.

West of Scotland Football League
The West of Scotland Football League (WoSFL) is a senior football league based in the west of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–10 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Lowland Football League.

Founded in 2020, it is currently composed of 80 member clubs competing in five divisions. Geographically, the league covers Argyll & Bute, Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire, Glasgow, Inverclyde, Lanarkshire, East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire. Two clubs are also based in Dumfries and Galloway.

Since its formation, it has featured in the senior pyramid system. The winners take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the East of Scotland Football League and South of Scotland Football League champions, subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria.
International Book Project
The International Book Project (IBP) is a registered 501 (c)(3) not-for-profit organization, founded by Harriet Van Meter in 1966, which has sent more than 7 million books abroad. Its mission is to promote education and literacy while broadening Americans' understanding of their neighbors, which it achieves by annually sending more than 300,000 books to schools, libraries, churches, and Peace Corps volunteers throughout the developing world and in the United States.  The project is based in Lexington, Kentucky, in a warehouse it has owned since 1983.

501(c) organization
A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)). Such organizations are exempt from some federal income taxes. Sections 503 through 505 set out the requirements for obtaining such exemptions. Many states refer to Section 501(c) for definitions of organizations exempt from state taxation as well. 501(c) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions.

For example, a nonprofit organization may be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) if its primary activities are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, or preventing cruelty to children or animals.
Craig Balme
Craig Balme (born 5 March 1961) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and Norwood in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

Balme, who started out at Richmond in the under 19s, made three senior appearances for Richmond, from rounds three to five in the 1983 VFL season. He then joined Norwood, coached by his brother Neil. From 1984 to 1995, Balme played 254 SANFL games for Norwood. He was a full-back in the club's 1984 premiership team and memorably clashed with opposition full-forward Tim Evans in the grand final win over Port Adelaide, before the first bounce.

Tim Evans (footballer)
Tim Evans (born 13 August 1953) is a former Australian rules football player who played for Port Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) and Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Chelsea Opera Group
Chelsea Opera Group is an organisation based in London which arranges concert productions of operas and other works.  It was founded in 1950 when David Cairns and Stephen Gray invited Colin Davis, who was at the time a 22-year-old clarinetist, to conduct a concert performance of Mozart's Don Giovanni in the Holywell Music Room, Oxford.

The Group has continued this practice since, mainly with the purpose of reviving neglected operas and lesser known versions of more familiar operas.  Colin Davis was the president until his death in April 2013. The Group continues to perform operas and other works in London and in Salisbury.

Holywell Music Room
The Holywell Music Room is the city of Oxford's chamber music hall, situated on Holywell Street in the city centre, and is part of Wadham College. Built in 1748, it is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence Britain's first concert hall.
Brunello Cucinelli
Brunello Cucinelli (Italian pronunciation: [bruˈnɛllo kutʃiˈnɛlli]; born 3 September 1953 in Castel Rigone) is an Italian luxury creative director and the executive chairman of his eponymous made in Italy brand, Brunello Cucinelli. He has been described as a "philosopher-designer".

Made in Italy
Made in Italy is a merchandise mark indicating that a product is all planned, manufactured and packed in Italy, especially concerning the design, fashion, food, manufacturing, craftsmanship, and engineering industries.