hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Devdas Apte
Devdas Apte (born 15 June 1934 in Vadodara, Gujarat) is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party and a former member of the Parliament of India representing Jharkhand in the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Parliament. He sat in Parliament from 2 July 2002 to 9 April 2008, when he retired. The son of Shri Kashi Nath and Shrimati Girija Apte, he received a B.A. from Nagpur University, Nagpur, and served as a social worker before going into politics.

Vadodara
Vadodara (Gujarati: [ˌʋəˈɖo.d̪ɾɐ̯] ⓘ), also known as Baroda, is a city on the banks of the Vishwamitri River in the Indian state of Gujarat. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Vadodara district. The city is named for its abundance of banyan (vad) trees. Vadodara is also locally referred to as the Sanskrutik Nagari (transl. 'Cultural City') and Kala Nagari (transl. 'City of Art') of India.

The city is prominent for landmarks such as the Laxmi Vilas Palace, which served as the residence of the Maratha royal Gaekwad dynasty that ruled over Baroda State. It is also the home of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.
Heather McPherson (poet)
Heather Avis McPherson (28 May 1942 – 10 January 2017) was a feminist poet, publisher and editor who played a key role in supporting women artists and writers in New Zealand. In 1976, she founded the Spiral Collective group and Spiral, a women's arts and literary journal that later published monographs. Her poetry book A Figurehead: A Face (1982) was the first book of poetry published in New Zealand by an openly lesbian woman. She published three further collections during her lifetime, and an additional two collections were published posthumously by fellow Spiral members.

Imprint (trade name)
An imprint of a publisher is a trade name under which it publishes a work. A single publishing company may have multiple imprints, often using the different names as brands to market works to various demographic consumer segments.
Mansfield, South Dakota
Mansfield is an unincorporated community and census-designated place on the border between Brown and Spink counties, South Dakota, United States. The population was 86 according to the 2020 census.

Located 2 miles (3 km) west of Highway 281, it is approximately 18 miles (29 km) south of Aberdeen, the third largest city in South Dakota. The James River flows 7 miles (11 km) east of Mansfield, and the surrounding James River Valley is some of the richest farmland in the state.  Additionally, this area is widely known for its large variety of game and is a popular pheasant hunting venue.

Aberdeen, South Dakota
Aberdeen (Lakota: Ablíla) is a city in and the county seat of Brown County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 28,495 at the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 27,919 in 2024, making it the third-most populous city in the state.  Aberdeen is home of Northern State University.
Joe Simmons (coach)
Joseph F. Simmons (June 5, 1895 – March 4, 1973) was an American football, basketball, and baseball coach.  He served as the head football coach at Central Michigan University for one season in 1920, compiling a record of 4–3–1.  He was also the head basketball and head baseball coach at Central Michigan during the same academic year.  Simmons graduated from Carthage College, where played football, basketball, and baseball, and ran track.  He coached high school football at South Milwaukee High School in the late 1920s and at Milwaukee Country Day School from 1928 to 1936.  He was an assistant football coach at Yale University from 1937 to 1939.

Carthage College
Carthage College is a private college in Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1847, it is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Carthage awards bachelor's degrees with majors in more than 40 subject areas and master's degrees in three areas. Carthage has 150 faculty and enrolls approximately 2,600 students. It is an affiliate of the Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium.
Moreau Lake (New York)
Moreau Lake is located west of Fortsville, New York. Fish species present in the lake are rainbow trout, pickerel, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, yellow perch, pumpkinseed sunfish, and brown bullhead. There is a boat rental place on the lake. There is a state owned boat launch and carry down in Moreau Lake State Park. No motors are allowed on this lake.

Smallmouth bass
The smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of the order Centrarchiformes. It is the type species of its genus Micropterus (black basses), and is a popular game fish sought by anglers throughout the temperate zones of North America, and has been spread by stocking —as well as illegal introductions—to many cool-water tributaries and lakes in Canada and more so introduced in the United States. The maximum recorded size is approximately 27 inches (69 cm) and 12 pounds (5.4 kg).

The smallmouth bass is native to the upper and middle Mississippi River basin, the Saint Lawrence River–Great Lakes system, the Champlain Valley, and the Hudson Bay basin. Its common names include smallmouth, bronzeback, brown bass, brownie, smallie, bronze bass, and bareback bass.
Vasyl Yurchenko
Vasyl Yurchenko (Russian: Василий Юрченко)(alternate spellings: Vasily Yurchenko, Vasiliy Jurtzhenko; born 26 May 1950) is a Soviet-born Ukrainian sprint canoeist who competed from the early 1970s to the early 1980s. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he won two medals. This included one silver (C-1 1000 m: 1976) and one bronze (C-2 1000 m: 1980).

Yurchenko had better success at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, winning 12 medals. This included seven golds (C-1 1000 m: 1974, 1975; C-1 10000 m: 1973, 1975; C-2 1000 m: 1977, 1979; C-2 10000 m: 1979), four silvers (C-1 10000 m: 1971, 1974, 1977, 1978), and one bronze (C-2 500 m: 1977).

His daughter Kateryna competed for Ukraine in canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.

1977 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1977 Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Sofia, Bulgaria.

The men's competition consisted of six Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Three events were held for the women, all in kayak. The men's K-1 4 x 500 m relay was discontinued at these championships and replaced by the men's K-4 500 m event.

This was the thirteenth championships in canoe sprint.
Al Stewart (government official)
Milton Al Stewart (born 1955) is an American attorney. He served as acting United States secretary of labor from January 20, 2021 to March 23, 2021. While serving in an acting position, Stewart remains the deputy assistant secretary of labor in charge of managing departmental day-to-day operations in the national office and six regional offices.

United States Secretary of Labor
The United States secretary of labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and as the head of the United States Department of Labor, controls the department, and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.

Formerly, there was a Department of Commerce and Labor. That department split into two in 1913. The Department of Commerce is headed by the secretary of commerce.

Secretary of labor is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule, thus earning a salary of $221,400 as of January 2021.

Lori Chavez-DeRemer has been appointed as secretary since March 11, 2025 by President Donald Trump.
Homeomorphism group
In mathematics, particularly topology, the homeomorphism group of a topological space is the group consisting of all homeomorphisms from the space to itself with function composition as the group operation. They are important to the theory of topological spaces, generally exemplary of automorphism groups and topologically invariant in the group isomorphism sense.

Function composition
In mathematics, the composition operator  takes two functions,  and , and returns a new function .  When the composite function  (pronounced " of ") is evaluated at an input , the result is . That is, the function  is applied after applying  to .

The composition of functions is a special case of the composition of relations, sometimes also denoted by . As a result, all properties of composition of relations are true of composition of functions, such as associativity.
Eglinton Avenue
Eglinton Avenue is a major east–west arterial thoroughfare in Toronto and Mississauga in the Canadian province of Ontario. The street begins at Highway 407 (but does not interchange with the tollway) at the western limits of Mississauga, as a continuation of Lower Baseline in Milton. It traverses the midsection of both cities and ends at Kingston Road. Eglinton Avenue is the only street to cross all six former cities and boroughs of Metropolitan Toronto.

The Toronto section was surveyed in the 19th century as the Fourth Concession Road (with the first being Queen Street). It was historically known as Richview Sideroad in Etobicoke and Lower Baseline in Mississauga. It was also designated Highway 5A (and later Highway 109) in Scarborough.

Arterial road
An arterial road or arterial thoroughfare is a high-capacity urban road that sits below highways on the road hierarchy in terms of traffic flow and speed. The primary function of an arterial road is to deliver traffic from collector roads to highways or expressways, and between urban hubs at a relatively high level of service. Therefore, many arteries are limited-access roads or feature restrictions on private access. Because of their relatively high accessibility, many major roads face large amounts of land use and urban development, making them significant urban places.

In traffic engineering hierarchy, an arterial road delivers traffic between collector roads and highways. For new arterial roads, intersections are often reduced to increase traffic flow. In California, arterial roads are usually spaced every half mile, and have intersecting collector(s) and streets.
Sant State
The Kingdom of Santrampur or later Sant State was a kingdom and later a princely state in subsidiary alliance with British India. It was ruled by Mahipavat branch of the Paramara dynasty.

The capital of the state was Santrampur. It covered an area of approximately 1,367 km2 and was bounded on the north by the dominions of Dungarpur and Banswara in Rajputana. On the east was the sub division of Jhalod in the Panch Mahals. On the south it touched the small state of Sanjeli while on the west it was bounded by the State of Lunavada.

The State enjoyed a hereditary salute of 9 gun and 11 gun local salute. The ruler of Sant State signed the accession to the Indian Union after Indian independence.

Instrument of Accession
The Instrument of Accession was a legal document first introduced by the Government of India Act 1935 and used in 1947 to enable each of the rulers of the princely states under British paramountcy to join one of the new dominions of India or Pakistan created by the Partition of British India.

The instruments of accession executed by the rulers, provided for the accession of states to the Dominion of India (or Pakistan) on three subjects, namely, defence, external affairs and communications.
Brenda Chawner
Brenda Chawner is a Canadian-New Zealand library academic specialising in the intersection between librarianship and information technology.

After a BA and MLS at the University of Alberta in Canada, she did a PhD at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand on the use of free and open source software in libraries. The thesis was an early example of the release of academic outputs under a Creative Commons license.

Chawner worked at the National Library of New Zealand as a systems analyst and later as a lecturer at Victoria University of Wellington.

Between 2011 and 2017, Chawner was the editor of The New Zealand Library and Information Management Journal. In 2012, she won a LIANZA Fellowship. In 2012 and 2014 she was a judge at the New Zealand Open Source Awards. Chawner is credited with bringing Richard Stallman to New Zealand in 2009.

Chawner retired from Victoria in 2019.

National Library of New Zealand
The National Library of New Zealand (Māori: Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa) is charged with the obligation to "enrich the cultural and economic life of New Zealand and its interchanges with other nations" (National Library of New Zealand (Te Puna Mātauranga) Act 2003). Under the Act, the library's duties include collecting, preserving and protecting New Zealand's documentary heritage, supporting other libraries in New Zealand, and collaborating with peer institutions abroad. The library headquarters is on the corner of Aitken and Molesworth Streets in Wellington, close to the New Zealand Parliament Buildings and the Court of Appeal.

The National Library is New Zealand's legal deposit library, and the Legal Deposit Office is the country's agency for ISBN and ISSN. The library supports schools through its Services to Schools business unit, which has curriculum and advisory branches around New Zealand.
Vizha
Vizha (transl. Festival) is a 2013 Tamil-language film directed by Barathi Balakumaran. It stars Mahendran and Malavika Menon. The film, based on the award-winning short film Uthiri, portrays the love story of Sundaram (Mahendran), who plays the thappu instrument at death functions, and Rakkamma (Malavika), an oppari singer. Extensively shot in Madurai and several scenes were shots on Ayyanputhur (A small village near Ordnance Estate, Trichy), Tiruchirappalli district, it has music composed by James Vasanthan, while U. K. Senthilkumar worked as the cinematographer and Praveen K. L.-N. B. Srikanth edited the film. Vizha was produced by Rama Narayanan and Sunir Kheterpal for Sri Thenandal Films, Azure Entertainment and JV Media Dreams. It released on 27 December 2013.

Oppari
An oppari is an ancient form of lamenting in southern India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, and North-Eastern Sri Lanka. Oppari is a folk song tradition and is often an admixture of eulogy and lament. The oppari is typically sung by a group of women relatives who came to pay respects to the departed in a death ceremony. It is a means to express one's own grief and also to share and assuage one's grief for the deceased. Many communities use the oppari to express their grief at a funeral. Sometimes professional oppari singers are recruited, but it is a dying practice.
European Tour 2015/2016 – Event 2
The European Tour 2015/2016 – Event 2 (also known as the 2015 Paul Hunter Classic) was a professional minor-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 26 and 30 August 2015 in Fürth, Germany.

Mark Allen was the defending champion, but he lost 3–4 to Sanderson Lam in the round of 128.

Ali Carter won his seventh professional title, beating Shaun Murphy 4–3 in the final.

Fürth
Fürth (German: [fʏʁt] ⓘ; East Franconian: Färdd; ) is a city in northern Bavaria, Germany, in the administrative division (Regierungsbezirk) of Middle Franconia.

It is the second-largest city in Franconia and now contiguous with the larger city of Nuremberg, the centres of the two cities being only seven km (4.3 mi) apart.

The city forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Nuremberg, Erlangen and Schwabach, which is the heart of an urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants, while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has a population of approximately 3.6 million.

Fürth celebrated its thousand-year anniversary in 2007, its first mention being on 1 November 1007.
Dobrosławiec
Dobrosławiec [dɔbrɔˈswavjɛt͡s] (German: Friederikenhof) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Maszewo, within Goleniów County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) northwest of Maszewo, 12 km (7 mi) east of Goleniów, and 29 km (18 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

As of 2011, the village had 109 inhabitants.

Goleniów County
Goleniów County (Polish: powiat goleniowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Goleniów, which lies 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county also contains the towns of Nowogard, lying 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Goleniów, and Maszewo, 19 km (12 mi) south-east of Goleniów.

The county covers an area of 1,616.99 square kilometres (624.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 78,738, out of which the population of Goleniów is 22,448, that of Nowogard is 16,745, that of Maszewo is 3,073, and the rural population is 36,472.
1946 New Hampshire Wildcats football team
The 1946 New Hampshire Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Hampshire as a member of the New England Conference during the 1946 college football season. In its first year under head coach Bill Glassford, the team compiled a 6–1–1 record, outscoring their opponents 161–45. The team played its home games at Lewis Field (also known as Lewis Stadium) in Durham, New Hampshire.

Due to World War II, the Wildcats had not fielded a team in 1945. With the exception of a four-game limited schedule played in 1944, this was the first football season for the Wildcats since 1942, and their first eight-game season since 1941.

1944 New Hampshire Wildcats football team
The 1944 New Hampshire Wildcats football team represented the University of New Hampshire in the 1944 college football season. The Wildcats were led by first-year head coach Herbert Snow and completed the season with a record of 1–3. The team played its home games at Lewis Field (also known as Lewis Stadium) in Durham, New Hampshire.
Procyanidin B2
Procyanidin B2 is a B type proanthocyanidin. Its structure is (−)-Epicatechin-(4β→8)-(−)-epicatechin.

Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona: in the rind, bark, and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon: in the rind, bark, and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn: in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw: in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine: in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi: in the pericarp), in the apple, and in Ecdysanthera utilis.

Procyanidin B2 can be converted into procyanidin A2 by radical oxidation using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals under neutral conditions.

Procyanidin B2 has been shown to inhibit the formation of the advanced glycation end-products pentosidine, carboxymethyllysine (CML), and methylglyoxal (MGO).

Methylglyoxal
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO.  It is a reduced derivative of pyruvic acid.  It is a reactive compound that is implicated in the biology of diabetes.  Methylglyoxal is produced industrially by degradation of carbohydrates using overexpressed methylglyoxal synthase.
Chicago real estate bubble of the 1830s
The Chicago real estate bubble of the 1830s was a real estate bubble, during which time the per acre prices (in 2012 dollars) in the future Chicago Loop increased from $800 in 1830 to $327,000 in 1836, before falling to $38,000 per acre by 1841. The Bank of Illinois began foreclosing on large amounts of real estate in the aftermath of the bust before it declared bankruptcy in 1842.

Illinois and Michigan Canal
The Illinois and Michigan Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River. In Illinois, it ran 96 miles (154 km) from the Chicago River in Bridgeport, Chicago to the Illinois River at LaSalle-Peru. The canal crossed the Chicago Portage, and helped establish Chicago as the transportation hub of the United States, before the railroad era. It was opened in 1848.  Its function was partially replaced by the wider and deeper Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1900, and it ceased transportation operations with the completion of the Illinois Waterway in 1933.

Illinois and Michigan Canal Locks and Towpath, a collection of eight engineering structures and segments of the canal between Lockport and LaSalle-Peru, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

Portions of the canal have been filled in.  Much of the former canal, near the Heritage Corridor transit line, has been preserved as part of the Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor.
New Mexico State Road 538
State Road 538 (NM 538) is a 1.5-mile-long (2.4 km) state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 538's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 87 (US 87) in Clayton, and the northern terminus is at US 56/US 64/US 412 in Clayton.

U.S. Route 87
U.S. Highway 87 (US 87) is a north–south United States highway (though it is signed east–west in New Mexico) that runs for 2,005 miles (3,227 km) from northern Montana to southern Texas, making it the longest north–south road to not have a "1" in its number and the third longest north–south road in the country, behind U.S. 41 and U.S. 1. Most of the portion from Billings, Montana to Raton, New Mexico is co-signed along Interstates 90 and 25. It is also co-signed along the majority of I-27 in Texas and future plans call for the interstate to be extended along the US 87 corridor. As of 2004, the highway's northern terminus is in Havre, Montana, at US 2 and its southern terminus is in Port Lavaca, Texas, at SH 238.
108th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 108th Division (第108師団, Dai-hyakuhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Help/Divine Protection Division (祐兵団, Yū Heidan). It was formed on 24 August 1937 in Hirosaki as a square division. The nucleus for the formation was the 8th Division headquarters. It was subordinated from the beginning to the 1st Army in North China. Part of the personnel served a second tour in 1942 with the 69th Division.

North China
North China (Chinese: 华北) is a geographical region of the People's Republic of China, consisting of five provincial-level administrative divisions, namely the direct-administered municipalities Beijing and Tianjin, the provinces Hebei and Shanxi, and the autonomous region Inner Mongolia (although the four prefectures east of the Greater Khingan Range are sometimes regarded as parts of Northeast China).

Part of the larger region of Northern China (Beifang), it lies north of the Qinling–Huaihe Line, with its heartland in the North China Plain. Most inhabitants here speak variants of Northern Chinese languages such as Mandarin, which includes the  Beijing dialect and its cousin variants. The Beijing dialect is largely the basis of Standard Chinese (or Standard Mandarin), the official language of the People's Republic of China. Jin Chinese and Mongolian are also widely spoken due to the political and cultural history of the area.
Parity learning
Parity learning is a problem in machine learning. An algorithm that solves this problem must find a function ƒ, given some samples (x, ƒ(x)) and the assurance that ƒ computes the parity of bits at some fixed locations. The samples are generated using some distribution over the input. The problem is easy to solve using Gaussian elimination provided that a sufficient number of samples (from a distribution which is not too skewed) are provided to the algorithm.

Parity function
In Boolean algebra,  a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is one if and only if the input vector has an odd number of ones. The parity function of two inputs is also known as the XOR function.

The parity function is notable for its role in theoretical investigation of circuit complexity of Boolean functions.

The output of the parity function is the parity bit.