hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mark Blasdel
Mark Blasdel (born June 21, 1976) was a Republican member of the Montana Legislature from 2007 to 2023. For eight years he served in the Montana House of Representatives, where he served as the speaker of the House from 2013 to 2015. Following his term in the Montana House, Blasdel was elected to the Montana Senate for eight years. He served as president pro tempore of the Montana Senate from 2019 to 2021 and president of the Montana Senate from 2021 to 2023.

During his legislative career, he represented the Somers area.

Montana Senate
The Montana State Senate is, along with the Montana House of Representatives, one of the two houses that composes the Montana Legislature, the state legislative branch of the U.S. state of Montana. The body is composed of 50 senators elected for four years. Half of the Senate is up for election every two years.
C0299 RNA
The C0299 RNA family consists of a group of Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli RNA genes which are 78 bases in length and are found between the hlyE and umuD genes. The function of this RNA is unknown.

Shigella flexneri
Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Shigella that can cause diarrhea in humans. Several different serogroups of Shigella are described; S. flexneri belongs to group B. S. flexneri infections which can usually be treated with antibiotics, although some strains have become resistant. Less severe cases are not usually treated because they become more resistant in the future. Shigella are closely related to Escherichia coli, but can be differentiated from E.coli based on pathogenicity, physiology (failure to ferment lactose or decarboxylate lysine) and serology.
Aalto University Sports Club
Aalto University Sports Club, AaltoUS, (Finnish Aalto-yliopiston urheiluseura), formerly known as Polyteknikkojen urheiluseura (‘Polytechnics Sports Club’) or PUS, is a Finnish sports club founded in Helsinki in 1903.

The club was the sports club of the Helsinki University of Technology, but as of 29 March 2010, the name has been Aalto-yliopiston urheiluseura, reflecting the merger of the Helsinki University of Technology, the Helsinki School of Economics, and the University of Art and Design Helsinki into what is now the Aalto University.

Helsinki University of Technology
Helsinki University of Technology (Finnish: Teknillinen korkeakoulu, TKK; Swedish: Tekniska högskolan, HUT in international usage) was a technical university in Finland. It was located in Otaniemi, Espoo in the Helsinki metropolitan area, and it was one of the three universities from which the modern day Aalto University was founded. The university was founded in 1849 by Grand Duke of Finland, Emperor Nicholas I and received university status in 1908. It moved from Helsinki to Otaniemi campus area in 1966. The merger of HUT with two other schools created the Aalto University in 2010, and HUT briefly held the name Aalto University School of Science and Technology before being split into four schools in 2011.

Much of the university's Otaniemi campus was designed by Alvar Aalto.
Arbitrary code execution
In computer security, arbitrary code execution (ACE) is an attacker's ability to run any commands or code of the attacker's choice on a target machine or in a target process. An arbitrary code execution vulnerability is a security flaw in software or hardware allowing arbitrary code execution. A program that is designed to exploit such a vulnerability is called an arbitrary code execution exploit. The ability to trigger arbitrary code execution over a network (especially via a wide-area network such as the Internet) is often referred to as remote code execution (RCE or RCX).

Arbitrary code execution signifies that if someone sends a specially designed set of data to a computer, they can make it do whatever they want. Even though this particular weakness may not cause actual problems in the real world, researchers have discussed whether it suggests a natural tendency for computers to have vulnerabilities that allow unauthorized code execution.

Exploit (computer security)
An exploit is a method or piece of code that takes advantage of vulnerabilities in software, applications, networks, operating systems, or hardware, typically for malicious purposes.
The term "exploit" derives from the English verb "to exploit," meaning "to use something to one’s own advantage."
Exploits are designed to identify flaws, bypass security measures, gain unauthorized access to systems, take control of systems, install malware, or steal sensitive data.
While an exploit by itself may not be a malware, it serves as a vehicle for delivering malicious software by breaching security controls.

Researchers estimate that malicious exploits cost the global economy over US$450 billion annually.
In response to this threat, organizations are increasingly utilizing cyber threat intelligence to identify vulnerabilities and prevent hacks before they occur.
Wretched of the Earth
Wretched of the Earth is a coalition of climate justice groups led by Indigenous people and people of colour based in the United Kingdom, representing the interests of the Global South and people of color in response to climate change. The organisation's name is based on Frantz Fanon's book on anti-colonial theory, The Wretched of the Earth. The group seeks to challenge environmental organisations by asking groups like Extinction Rebellion to think critically about class, capitalism, and use of activist tactics that draw risk to people of color.

The Wretched of the Earth
The Wretched of the Earth (French: Les Damnés de la Terre) is a 1961 book by the philosopher Frantz Fanon, in which the author provides a psychoanalysis of the dehumanizing effects of colonization upon the individual and the nation, and discusses the broader social, cultural, and political implications of establishing a social movement for the decolonisation of a person and of a people. Some believe the French-language title derives from the opening lyrics of "The Internationale", which is reflected in the English title as well. However, Fanon biographer Adam Shatz has asserted that it originates from Jacques Roumain's poem "Sales nègres" (Dirty Negroes).
Matilija Creek
Matilija Creek (/məˈtɪlɪhɑː/ mə-TIL-i-hah) is a major stream in Ventura County in the U.S. state of California. It joins with North Fork Matilija Creek to form the Ventura River. Many tributaries feed the mostly free flowing, 17.3-mile (27.8 km) creek, which is largely contained in the Matilija Wilderness. Matilija was one of the Chumash rancherias under the jurisdiction of Mission San Buenaventura. The meaning of the Chumash name is unknown.

Chumash people
The Chumash are a Native American people of the central and southern coastal regions of California, in portions of what is now Kern, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles counties, extending from Morro Bay in the north to Malibu in the south to Mount Pinos in the east. Their territory includes three of the Channel Islands: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel; the smaller island of Anacapa was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source.

Modern place names with Chumash origins include Malibu, Nipomo, Lompoc, Ojai, Pismo Beach, Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, Piru, Lake Castaic, Saticoy, Simi Valley, and Somis. Archaeological research shows that the Chumash people have deep roots in the Santa Barbara Channel area and have lived along the southern California coast for millennia.
Kevin Barnett (comedian)
Kevin Barnett (August 7, 1986 – January 22, 2019) was an American stand-up comedian and actor. Barnett was the co-creator of Rel, a sitcom starring Lil Rel Howery that debuted on Fox in September 2018. Barnett was also a writer on Comedy Central's Broad City and The Carmichael Show. Barnett started his career on MTV's Guy Code before becoming a co-creator of the sketch comedy show Friends of the People. He was also featured in the Mike Birbiglia film Sleepwalk with Me. Barnett was also an original member of the Round Table of Gentlemen, a comedy podcast featuring the founders of the Last Podcast Network. Barnett died unexpectedly of non-traumatic pancreatitis at the age of 32 while on a vacation. Tributes poured out in his memory across the comedy world.

Sleepwalk with Me
Sleepwalk with Me is a 2012 American independent comedy film co-written by, directed by, and starring Mike Birbiglia. It also stars Lauren Ambrose, James Rebhorn, Carol Kane, and Cristin Milioti. Before making the film, Birbiglia had already told the autobiographical story of his struggles to become a stand-up comedian while dealing with REM behavior disorder and a failing relationship in a one-man show and a book.

The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2012, where it won the Best of NEXT Audience Award, and was released theatrically in the United States by IFC Films on August 24, 2012.
Vasilios Tzalakostas
Vasilios Tzalakostas (Greek: Βασίλειος Τζαλακώστας; born 10 July 1959) is a Greek former football striker and later manager. He played for Athinaikos F.C. for many seasons, including in 1991 when the club played against Manchester United F.C. in the Cup Winners' Cup. He has served as the Greek national youth coach.

Athinaikos F.C.
Athinaikos, officially known as Athinaikos AS FC (Greek: Αθηναϊκός Αθλητικός Σύλλογος - Athinaikos Athlitikos Syllogos), the Athenaic Athletic Association, is a Greek football club based in the suburban town of Vyronas, located in the Athens agglomeration. The club is also referred to, unofficially, as Athinaikos Vyronas.
Vostok Gas
Vostok Gas Ltd (named Vostok Nafta Investment Ltd prior to 24 May 2007) was an investment company mainly focused on oil and gas from the former Soviet Union. The company was founded in 1996 and had its headquarters in Bermuda. Almost all Vostok Gas's holdings were American depositary receipts (ADRs) in Russia's Gazprom, which made the company owner of approximately 1.5% of Gazprom. The company was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange and was a member of the OMX Stockholm 30 index between July 2006 and January 2009.

At a December 2008 extraordinary general meeting, shareholders approved the liquidation of the company as proposed by the company's board. The board had stated that the market volatility caused by the 2008 financial crisis had removed the attractiveness of a holding company for Gazprom ADRs. During liquidation, shareholders received Gazprom ADRs in exchange for their Swedish depositary receipts in Vostok Gas.

Volatility (finance)
In finance, volatility (usually denoted by "σ") is the degree of variation of a trading price series over time, usually measured by the standard deviation of logarithmic returns.

Historic volatility measures a time series of past market prices.  Implied volatility looks forward in time, being derived from the market price of a market-traded derivative (in particular, an option).
Alaric Alfred Watts
Alaric Alfred Watts (18 February 1825 – 22 January 1901), best known as A. A. Watts, was a British government clerk, spiritualist and writer.

He was educated at University College School and worked as a clerk at the Inland Revenue Office. He was the son of Alaric Alexander Watts. In 1859 he married Anna Mary Howitt. Watts was a convinced spiritualist. In 1882 with his friend William Stainton Moses, he formed The Ghost Club. He was a member of the London Spiritualist Alliance.

Watts was member of the Society for Psychical Research. He resigned after some of its members such as Eleanor Sidgwick dismissed the medium William Eglinton as fraudulent.

Watts was also a poet, publishing, jointly with his wife, a volume entitled Aurora: a volume of verse.

Society for Psychical Research
The Society for Psychical Research (SPR) is a nonprofit organisation in the United Kingdom. Its stated purpose is to understand events and abilities commonly described as psychic or paranormal. It describes itself as the "first society to conduct organised scholarly research into human experiences that challenge contemporary scientific models." It does not, however, since its inception in 1882, hold any corporate opinions: SPR members assert a variety of beliefs with regard to the nature of the phenomena studied.
2022 Bellinzona Ladies Open – Doubles
Anna Danilina and Ekaterine Gorgodze were the defending champions but chose not to participate.

Alicia Barnett and Olivia Nicholls won the title, defeating Xenia Knoll and Oksana Selekhmeteva in the final, 6–7(7–9), 6–4, [10–7].

Olivia Nicholls
Olivia Ann Nicholls (born 26 October 1994) is a British tennis player who specializes in doubles. On 23 June 2025, she peaked at world No. 23 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Nicholls has won three doubles titles on the WTA Tour, one doubles title on the WTA Challenger Tour and 19 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.
Sherburn Hill (SSSI)
Sherburn Hill is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham, England. It lies just south of the road between the villages of Sherburn and Sherburn Hill, some  5.5 km east of Durham city. A disused quarry occupies part of the site.

The site supports an area of semi-natural magnesian limestone grassland, in which blue moor-grass, Sesleria albicans, is the dominant species. Glaucous sedge, Carex flacca, quaking grass, Briza media, meadow oat-grass, Avenula pratensis, rock-rose, Helianthemum nummularium, and fragrant orchid, Gymnadenia conopsea, are common, while sea plantain, Plantago maritima, is locally abundant in the grassland at the edge of limestone spoil heaps.

The site has one of the largest populations of the scarce Durham Argus butterfly, Aricia artaxerxes salmacis, and the rare cistus forester moth, Adscita geryon, has also been recorded.

Helictochloa pratensis
Helictochloa pratensis, known as meadow oat-grass, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, found in temperate parts of Europe and Asia. Its culms are erect and 30–85 cm long; leaves are mostly basal. It is restricted to shallow, calcareous soils such as those formed on chalk and limestone substrates.
Coulomb scattering
Coulomb scattering is the elastic scattering of charged particles by the Coulomb interaction.  
The physical phenomenon was used by Ernest Rutherford in a classic 1911 paper that eventually led to the widespread use of scattering in particle physics to study subatomic matter. The details of Coulomb scattering vary with the mass and properties of the target particles, leading to special subtypes and a variety of applications. 
Rutherford scattering refers to two nuclear particles and is exploited by the materials science community in an analytical technique called Rutherford backscattering. Electron on nuclei are employed in electron polarimeters and, for coherent electron sources, in many different kinds of electron diffraction.

Born approximation
Generally in scattering theory and in particular in quantum mechanics, the Born approximation consists of taking the incident field in place of the total field as the driving field at each point in the scatterer. The Born approximation is named after Max Born who proposed this approximation in the early days of quantum theory development.

It is the perturbation method applied to scattering by an extended body.  It is accurate if the scattered field is small compared to the incident field on the scatterer.

For example, the scattering of radio waves by a light styrofoam column can be approximated by assuming that each part of the plastic is polarized by the same electric field that would be present at that point without the column, and then calculating the scattering as a radiation integral over that polarization distribution.
Berning
Berning is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bud Berning, member of Sole and the Skyrider Band

Karl Berning (1911–2005), American politician, actor, and writer

Michael Berning (1941–2006), South African librarian, author, and bell ringer

Robert Berning (1935–2008), American grocer and wine buyer

Susie Berning (1941–2024), American golfer

Tina Berning, German artist and illustrator

Wilhelm Berning (1877–1955), German Catholic bishop

Robert Berning
Robert Berning (January 25, 1935 – July 19, 2008) was an American grocer and principal wine buyer for Trader Joe's specialty grocery store chain beginning in the 1970s. He was credited with introducing American consumers to low-cost, bargain imported wines while working with Trader Joe's.
HMS Holly
Two vessels of the Royal Navy have borne the name Holly:

HMS Holly (1809) was a Shamrock-class schooner launched in Bermuda. She participated in the capture of San Sebastián in 1813, a campaign that resulted in the Admiralty awarding her crew the Naval General Service Medal. She was wrecked in January 1814.

HMT Holly (T–19) was the trawler Kingston Coral that Cook, Welton & Gemmill, Beverley launched on 17 April 1930. The Royal Navy purchased her in November 1935 for use as a minesweeper and renamed her Holly. She was sold in 1947 and became the Norwegian trawler Dragaberg, which was wrecked off Faeringehavn, Greenland on 28 July 1961.

HMS Holly (1809)
HMS Holly was launched in Bermuda in 1809. She participated in the capture of San Sebastián in 1813, a campaign that resulted in the Admiralty awarding her crew the Naval General Service Medal. She was wrecked in January 1814.
Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
The Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (Institute for Radio Astronomy of Bologna) is one of research facilities of the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (National Institute for Astrophysics). Staff conduct research in astronomy, physics, engineering and information science. It was previously part of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR; National Research Council).

The institute manages three instruments: two parabolic aerials built by CNR and the radio telescope Croce del Nord (Northern Cross) built by the University of Bologna and inaugurated in 1964.

The institute also operates on:

the Medicina Radio Observatory and the VLBI aerial in Medicina, Emilia-Romagna.

the Noto Radio Observatory in Noto, Sicily

The Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) in Sardinia.

National Research Council (Italy)
The National Research Council (Italian: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR) is the largest research council in Italy. As a public organisation, its remit is to support scientific and technological research. Its headquarters are in Rome.
State Research Agency
The State Research Agency (Spanish: Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI) is the Spanish research funding agency responsible for the promotion of scientific and technical research in all areas of knowledge through the competitive and efficient allocation of public resources, the monitoring of actions financed and their impact, and advice on action planning or initiatives through which the R&D policies of the General State Administration are implemented.

The AEI was created in November 2015, although it came into operation on 20 June 2016 with the first meeting of the Governing Council. The Agency is chaired by the Secretary of State for Science, currently Juan Cruz Cigudosa, and the CEO is José Manuel Fernández Labastida.

Juan Cruz Cigudosa
Juan Cruz Cigudosa García (born 1964) is a Spanish politician serving as Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Universities since 2023. Previously, he was Minister of University, Innovation and Digital Transformation of Navarre since August 2019.
Alternative stable state
In ecology, the theory of alternative stable states (sometimes termed alternate stable states or alternative stable equilibria) predicts that ecosystems can exist under multiple "states" (sets of unique biotic and abiotic conditions). These alternative states are non-transitory and therefore considered stable over ecologically-relevant timescales. Ecosystems may transition from one stable state to another, in what is known as a state shift (sometimes termed a phase shift or regime shift), when perturbed. Due to ecological feedbacks, ecosystems display resistance to state shifts and therefore tend to remain in one state unless perturbations are large enough. Multiple states may persist under equal environmental conditions, a phenomenon known as hysteresis. Alternative stable state theory suggests that discrete states are separated by ecological thresholds, in contrast to ecosystems which change smoothly and continuously along an environmental gradient.

State variable
A state variable is one of the set of variables that are used to describe the mathematical "state" of a dynamical system.  Intuitively, the state of a system describes enough about the system to determine its future behaviour in the absence of any external forces affecting the system. Models that consist of coupled first-order differential equations are said to be in state-variable form.

In thermodynamics, state variables are defined as large-scale characteristics or aggregate properties of a system which provide a macroscopic description of it. In general, state variables have the following properties in common:

They don't involve any special assumptions concerning the structure of matter, fields or radiation.

They are few in number needed to describe the system.

They are fundamental, as suggested by our sensory perceptions.

They can be, in general, directly measured.
Bughea de Jos
Bughea de Jos is a commune in Argeș County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Bughea de Jos.

The commune is situated on the banks of the river Bughea. The hamlet Valea Măcelarului is situated on the left bank of the river Bratia.

Muntenia
Muntenia (Romanian pronunciation: [munˈteni.a], also known in English as Greater Wallachia) is a historical region of Romania, part of Wallachia (also, sometimes considered Wallachia proper, as Muntenia, Țara Românească, and the rarely used Valahia are synonyms in Romanian). It is situated between the Danube (south and east), the Carpathian Mountains (the Transylvanian Alps branch) and Moldavia (both north), and the Olt River to the west. The latter river is the border between Muntenia and Oltenia (or Lesser Wallachia). Part of the traditional border between Wallachia/Muntenia and Moldavia was formed by the rivers Milcov and Siret.
26th Battalion (New Zealand)
The 26th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the New Zealand Military Forces, which served during the Second World War as part of the New Zealand 2nd Division. Raised in May 1940, it fought in the Battle of Greece, the North African Campaign and the Italian Campaign. It finished the war in Trieste and was disbanded in December 1945.

Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
The Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, codenamed Operation Grapeshot, was the final Allied attack during the Italian Campaign in the final stages of the Second World War. The attack in the Lombard Plain by the 15th Allied Army Group started on 6 April 1945 and ended on 2 May with the surrender of all Axis forces in Italy.
Grobiņa Municipality
Grobiņa Municipality (Latvian: Grobiņas novads) was a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Bārta Parish, Gavieze Parish, Grobiņa Parish, Medze Parish and the town of Grobiņa with the administrative centre being Grobiņa. The population in 2020 was 8,347.

Grobiņa Municipality ceased to exist on 1 July 2021, when it was merged into the newly formed South Kurzeme Municipality.

Gavieze Parish
Gavieze Parish (Latvian: Gaviezes pagasts) is an administrative unit of South Kurzeme Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 925 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 128.9 km2.