hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Expected value
In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average.

The expected value of a random variable with a finite number of outcomes is a weighted average of all possible outcomes. In the case of a continuum of possible outcomes, the expectation is defined by integration. In the axiomatic foundation for probability provided by measure theory, the expectation is given by Lebesgue integration.

The expected value of a random variable X is often denoted by , , or , with E also often stylized as ,  or E.

Absolute convergence
In mathematics, an infinite series of numbers is said to converge absolutely (or to be absolutely convergent) if the sum of the absolute values of the summands is finite.  More precisely, a real or complex series  is said to converge absolutely if  for some real number  Similarly, an improper integral of a function,  is said to converge absolutely if the integral of the absolute value of the integrand is finite—that is, if   A convergent series that is not absolutely convergent is called conditionally convergent.

Absolute convergence is important for the study of infinite series, because its definition guarantees that a series will have some "nice" behaviors of finite sums that not all convergent series possess. For instance, rearrangements do not change the value of the sum, which is not necessarily true for conditionally convergent series.
Amphibious Combat Vehicle
The Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) is a program initiated by Marine Corps Systems Command to procure an amphibious assault vehicle for the United States Marine Corps to supplement and ultimately replace the aging Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV). The program replaces the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) program canceled in 2011. Originally a plan to develop a high-water-speed vehicle, the program has expanded into a multi-phased approach to procure and develop several types of amphibious-capable vehicles to address near and long-term requirements.

The competition for the project ended in 2018 with the birth of an eight-wheel drive armored fighting vehicle, based on the Italian Iveco SuperAV. Production by BAE Systems and Iveco started in 2020 with 36 units, and 80 vehicles per year from 2021, for five years.

Eight-wheel drive
Eight-wheel drive, often notated as 8WD or 8×8, is a drivetrain configuration that allows all eight wheels of an eight-wheeled vehicle to be drive wheels simultaneously. Unlike four-wheel drive drivetrains, the configuration is largely confined to heavy-duty off-road and military vehicles, such as armored vehicles, tractor units or all-terrain vehicles such as the Argo Avenger.
Once a Thief (1965 film)
Once a Thief is a 1965 crime film directed by Ralph Nelson and starring Alain Delon, Ann-Margret, Van Heflin, Jack Palance, and Tony Musante in his film debut. It was written by Zekial Marko, based on his 1961 novel Scratch a Thief. The movie was known in France as Les tueurs de San Francisco.

Nelson won the OCIC award at the 1965 San Sebastián International Film Festival for the film. The film was adapted in Telugu as Adrushtavanthulu.

San Sebastián International Film Festival
The San Sebastián International Film Festival (abbr. SSIFF; Spanish: Festival Internacional de San Sebastián, Basque: Donostia Zinemaldia) is an annual FIAPF A-category film festival held in the Spanish city of San Sebastián in September, in the Basque Country.

José Luis Rebordinos has served as the director of the festival since 2011.
Craig Bingham
Craig Bingham (born 22 December 1979 in Irvine), is a Scottish footballer. He was a midfielder.

Bingham joined Clyde in the summer of 2000, signing from his hometown junior side Irvine Meadow. Bingham spent two seasons at Broadwood Stadium, but never really established himself in the first team. He made 38 appearances in total, before dropping back down to the junior ranks to sign for Glenafton Athletic in May 2002.

Broadwood Stadium
Broadwood Stadium is a multi-use community stadium and sports complex in the Westfield area of Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire. The stadium is currently the home of Scottish League One side Hamilton Academical, as well as Cumbernauld Colts of the Scottish Lowland Football League, and Rangers W.F.C of the Scottish Women's Premier League.

It was the home stadium of Clyde from 1994 to 2022 and Broomhill for the 2022-23 season, during which the club was rebranded as Open Goal Broomhill. Glasgow City of the Scottish Women's Premier League shared the stadium for the 2020–21 season. The Scottish Rugby Academy for the Glasgow & The West region is based at Broadwood, and it is also home to the Cumbernauld Centurions BMX Club on the National Level BMX track.

Broadwood has staged the final of football's Scottish Challenge Cup on four occasions and Scottish rugby's Finals Day. The stadium has also held international Rugby league.
749 Galilee earthquake
A devastating earthquake known in scientific literature as the Earthquake of 749 struck on January 18, 749, in areas of the Umayyad Caliphate, with the epicenter in Galilee. The most severely affected areas were west and east of the Jordan River. The cities of Tiberias, Beit She'an, Pella, Gadara, and Hippos were largely destroyed, while many other cities across the Levant were heavily damaged. The casualties numbered in the tens of thousands.

There are firm reasons to believe that there were either two, or a series of, earthquakes between 747 and 749, later conflated for different reasons into one, not least due to the use of different calendars in different sources. It seems probable that the second quake, centered more to the north, which created massive damage mainly in modern-day northern Israel and Jordan, did so not so much due to its catastrophic magnitude, but rather as a result of buildings being weakened by the previous, more southerly earthquake.

Marwan II
Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan (Arabic: مروان بن محمد بن مروان, romanized: Marwān ibn Muḥammad ibn Marwān; c. 691– 6 August 750), commonly known as Marwan II and surnamed al-Himar (Arabic: الحمار), was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 744 until his death. His reign was dominated by a civil war, and he was the last Umayyad ruler to rule the united Caliphate before the Abbasid Revolution toppled the Umayyad dynasty.
Yehawmilk Stele
The Yehawmilk stele, de Clercq stele, or Byblos stele, also known as KAI 10 and CIS I 1, is a Phoenician inscription from c.450 BC found in Byblos at the end of Ernest Renan's Mission de Phénicie. Yehawmilk (Phoenician 𐤉𐤇𐤅𐤌𐤋𐤊‎ ), king of Byblos, dedicated the stele to the city’s protective goddess Ba'alat Gebal.

It was first published in full by Melchior de Vogüé in 1875. In the early 1930s, the bottom right corner of the stele was discovered by Maurice Dunand. The main part of the stele is in the Louvre, whilst the bottom right part is in the storerooms of the National Museum of Beirut and has never been on public display.

Ernest Renan
Joseph Ernest Renan (/rəˈnɑːn/; French: [ʒozɛf ɛʁnɛst ʁənɑ̃]; 27 February 1823 – 2 October 1892) was a French Orientalist and Semitic scholar, writing on Semitic languages and civilizations, historian of religion, philologist, philosopher, biblical scholar, and critic. He wrote works on the origins of early Christianity, and espoused popular political theories especially concerning nationalism, national identity, and the superiority of white people over other human races.  Renan is among the first scholars to advance the debunked Khazar theory, which held that Ashkenazi Jews were descendants of the Khazars, Turkic peoples who had adopted the Jewish religion and allegedly migrated to central and eastern Europe following the collapse of their khanate. On this basis he alleged that the Jews were "an incomplete race."
Politics of Ivory Coast
The politics of Ivory Coast takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Ivory Coast is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.

The capital since 1983 is Yamoussoukro; however, Abidjan remains the commercial center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan. A civil war was fought in Ivory Coast between 2002–2004 and a second civil war broke out in March 2011 following contested elections that saw president-elect Alassane Ouattara come into power in 2011 and reelected in 2015.

Alassane Ouattara
Alassane Dramane Ouattara (USⓘ; French pronunciation: [alasan wataʁa]; born 1 January 1942) is an Ivorian politician and economist who has been President of Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) since 2010. An economist by profession, he worked for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Central Bank of West African States (French: Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, BCEAO), and was the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from November 1990 to December 1993, appointed to that post by then-President Félix Houphouët-Boigny. Ouattara became the president of the Rally of the Republicans (RDR), an Ivorian political party, in 1999.
1930 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles
Bill Tilden defeated Wilmer Allison in the final, 6–3, 9–7, 6–4 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1930 Wimbledon Championships. It was his third Wimbledon title and his tenth and last Grand Slam singles title overall. Henri Cochet was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Allison.

Wilmer Allison
Wilmer Lawson Allison Jr. (December 8, 1904 – April 20, 1977) was an American amateur World No 4-ranked tennis champion of the 1930s.  Allison was both a fine singles player and, along with his frequent partner, John Van Ryn, a great doubles player. He won the 1935 U.S. Championship in singles and was also ranked the US No. 1 in 1934 and 1935.

At the University of Texas at Austin, Allison was the Intercollegiate tennis champion in 1927. One of Allison's earliest tournament wins was the 1928 Canadian Championship, where he won the final over doubles partner Van Ryn.
DynaVenture
DynaVenture Corp. was formed in 2000 by second generation family members Brian and Earl Eidem and Jo-Ann Thompson. Founding father Harold Eidem started the 60 year dynasty in 1948 in his Vancouver home with his first business Bearing and Transmission Supply (B&T). In 1973 Harold Eidem set up B&T Holdings Ltd to provide centralized services and act as the parent company to all of their business’ locations. In 1976, Harold Eidem died and the ownership of the company was transferred to his sons Brian and Earl Eidem and daughter Jo-Ann Thompson. In 1981, B&T Holdings changed its name to DynaVest Corp. to better indicate the new direction of the companies. In 2000, the Eidem family sold three major components of their holdings to Applied Industrial Technologies. 
 That same year the company would again change names, DynaVest became DynaVenture and the Eidem family have since increased their holdings in technology and engineering companies.

Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
Prince Albert is a small city in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is the third-largest in the province, after Saskatoon and Regina. It is situated near the geographic centre of the province on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River. Often simply referred to as P. A., the city is also known as the "Gateway to the North" since it is the northernmost major urban centre in the province and serves as somewhat of a hub between Saskatchewan's northern communities and larger communities in the south. Prince Albert National Park is located 51 kilometres (32 mi) north of the city and contains a wealth of lakes, forest, and wildlife. The city itself is located in a transition zone between the aspen parkland and boreal forest biomes. Prince Albert is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Prince Albert No. 461, of which it is the seat, but is politically separate.
Justin Castellaro
Justin Castellaro (born 7 September 1990) is an Australian rugby league footballer who represented Italy at the 2017 World Cup. He played for the Northern Pride in the Intrust Super Cup. He primarily played on the wing or centre.

2017 Rugby League World Cup qualification – Europe
The 2017 Rugby League World Cup European qualification tournament was a rugby league tournament held in October and November 2016 to decide the three European qualifiers for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.

It consisted of a round-robin tournament which saw Wales and Ireland qualify by winning their respective tables. Italy claimed the final qualifying spot in the World Cup after winning a second place play-off against Russia on 4 November 2016.
Sterilant gas monitoring
Sterilant gas monitoring is the detection of hazardous gases used by health care and other facilities to sterilize medical supplies that cannot be sterilized by heat or steam methods. The current FDA approved sterilant gases are ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide and ozone. Other liquid sterilants, such as peracetic acid, may also be used for sterilization and may raise similar occupational health issues. Sterilization means the complete destruction of all biological life (including viruses and sporoidal forms of bacteria), and sterilization efficacy is typically considered adequate if less than one in a million microbes remain viable.

Peracetic acid
Peracetic acid (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or Percidine) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H. This peroxy acid is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid. It can be highly corrosive.

Peracetic acid is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.
Tom Serviss
Thomas Hugh Serviss (born May 25, 1948) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 286 games in the World Hockey Association.  He played for the Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, Baltimore Blades, Quebec Nordiques, and Calgary Cowboys.

Los Angeles Sharks
The Los Angeles Sharks were an ice hockey team that played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) from 1972 to 1974.  Their primary home arena was the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena but they sometimes played at the Long Beach Sports Arena when the Sports Arena had other contractual obligations.  After the 1973–74 season, the franchise moved to Detroit to become the Michigan Stags and again mid-season to Baltimore to become the Baltimore Blades.

The franchise was originally meant to be called the Los Angeles Aces, but took the "Sharks" name after the proposed San Francisco Sharks franchise (not to be confused with the current NHL San Jose Sharks) was transferred to Quebec and became the Nordiques before the WHA began play. They kept the original colors from the name Aces; red and black being the colors of the suits in a deck of cards.
Zavišinė
Zavišinė (formerly Russian: Завишино, Polish: Zawiszyn) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 8 people. It is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Šventybrastis, on the bank of the Nevėžis river. There is a former manor park.

Zavišinė formerly was a manor of the Zavišos family. Later it was transferred to the Jankauskai family, there was a distillery.

Nevėžis
The Nevėžis (/nɪˈvɛʒɪs, nɛ-/; Lithuanian: [nʲɛˈvʲěːʑɪs] ⓘ) is the sixth longest river in Lithuania and one of the main tributaries of the Nemunas. The 209 km (130 mi) long Nevėžis flows entirely within Lithuania. Among the rivers that flow exclusively within Lithuania's borders, the Nevėžis is the second longest, after the Šventoji. Its source is in the Anykščiai District Municipality. The river first flows in a northwesterly direction, but at Panevėžys it turns southwest, and passing Kėdainiai, flows into the Neman just west of Kaunas near Raudondvaris.
2024 Swedish government reshuffle
Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson carried out the first cabinet reshuffle of his premiership on 10 September 2024, announcing it during his Declaration of Government speech at the Opening of the Riksdag. The cause for the reshuffle was that Minister for European Union Affairs and Nordic Cooperation Jessika Roswall had earlier in the year, following the 2024 European Parliament election, been nominated by the government to become Sweden's European commissioner for the 2024–2029 term, forcing her to leave her ministerial role. Later, on 4 September, Foreign Minister Tobias Billström announced his surprise resignation, creating another hole to fill in Kristersson's cabinet.

Opening of the Riksdag
The Opening of the Riksdag Session (Swedish: Riksmötets Öppnande) is an annual ceremony in the Kingdom of Sweden to mark the start of a new parliamentary year for the Swedish Riksdag. The current ceremony was first held in 1975, replacing an older ceremony known as the Solemn Opening of the Riksdag (Swedish: Riksdagens högtidliga öppnande) that had been held since the 17th century. It is held every year in September. During the ceremony the monarch declares the new session open and the Prime Minister makes a speech outlining the government’s priorities for the upcoming year.
John Girgenti
John A. Girgenti (born August 8, 1947) is an American Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1990 to 2012, representing the 35th Legislative District. Girgenti was the Senate Majority Whip from 2004 to 2007. He is currently the Assistant Majority Leader in the Senate and serves as the Chair of the Law and Public Safety Committee, Vice-Chair of the Judiciary Committee, and on the Transportation Committee.

New Jersey Legislature
The New Jersey Legislature is the legislative branch of the government of the U.S. state of New Jersey. In its current form, as defined by the New Jersey Constitution of 1947, the Legislature consists of two houses: the General Assembly and the Senate. The Legislature meets in the New Jersey State House, in the state capital of Trenton.
Kinney Point State Park
Kinney Point State Park is a 67-acre (27 ha) Washington marine state park in Jefferson County. The park sits on 683 feet (208 m) of shoreline at the south end of Marrowstone Island and has no upland access. The park is part of the Cascadia Marine Trail with campsites restricted to boaters arriving by other than motorized means. Park activities include fishing, clam digging, and crabbing.

Cascadia Marine Trail
The Cascadia Marine Trail is a 150-mile (240 km) water trail on Puget Sound.

Created in 1993, it is designated as one of the 16 National Millennium Trails and suitable for day or multi-day trips. It has over 50 campsites to visit. People can boat to the campsites from many public and private launch sites or shoreline trailheads. In 1994, it was designated a National Recreation Trail.
Aberdalgie
Aberdalgie (Gaelic: Obar Dheilgidh, 'Confluence of the Thorn-Stream') is a small village in the Scottish council area of Perth and Kinross. It is 3 miles (5 kilometres) southwest of Perth, and lies between the B9112 road, to the north, and the River Earn, to the south. Milltown Burn and Cotton Burn streams meet in the village centre, The village contains Aberdalgie Parish Church, the present building of which dates to 1773. The historic Dupplin Castle is 1+1⁄2 miles (2.5 kilometres) east of the village.

The parish of Aberdalgie takes its name from the village, which had a population of 402 at the 2011 Census.

Civil parishes in Scotland
Civil parishes are small divisions used for statistical purposes and formerly for local government in Scotland.

Civil parishes gained legal functions in 1845 when parochial boards were established to administer the poor law. Their local government functions were abolished in 1930 with their powers transferred to county or burgh councils. Since 1975, they have been superseded as the smallest unit of local administration in Scotland by community councils.
The State We're In (radio program)
The State We're In, or TSWI, was a podcast produced every other week by WBEZ, hosted and edited by Jonathan Groubert.  The program airs documentary features and reports on "human rights, human wrongs and how we treat each other".

The program was formerly a Dutch-American radio program, produced by Radio Netherlands Worldwide in conjunction with WAMU-FM in Washington, DC. It was syndicated through National Public Radio, and was the first radio program produced in a non-anglophone country ever to gain network distribution on English-language radio in the United States. It was also carried on CBC Radio One in Canada and ABC Radio National in Australia.

The radio version of the show ended on Radio Netherlands Worldwide on 28 September 2012, due to cutbacks in public expenditure. The show was relaunched as a podcast format in November 2013 but subsequently stopped being carried by WBEZ.

Radio Netherlands Worldwide
Radio Netherlands (RNW; Dutch: Radio Nederland Wereldomroep) was a public radio and television network based in Hilversum, producing and transmitting programmes for international audiences outside the Netherlands from 1947 to 2012.

Its services in Dutch ended on 11 May 2012. English and Indonesian language services ceased on 29 June 2012 due to steep budget cuts imposed by the Dutch government and a concomitant change in focus. The last programme broadcast on shortwave was a daily half-hour show in Spanish for Cuba named El Toque (The Touch) on 1 August 2014.

Radio Netherlands Worldwide was replaced by RNW Media, a Dutch non-profit promoting free speech and social change internationally.
Monkey Hill railway station
Monkey Hill is a railway station on the Bhor Ghat in Maharashtra, India. It serves as technical halt at which trains stop to check brakes. Almost all trains traveling from Khandala to Palasdari stop at Monkey Hill. Formerly, a reversing station was located between Monkey Hill and Khandala. The remains of the reversing station can be seen near the Amrutanjan Bridge on the old Mumbai–Pune road (Mumbai–Chennai National Highway NH48).

Some of the trains halting at Monkey Hill are:

11008 Deccan Express

11010 Sinhagad Express

11020 Konark Express

11024 Sahyadri Express (Formal Poona Mail)

11030 Koyna Express

11302 Udyan Express

17412 Mahalaxmi Express

12124 Deccan Queen

12126 Pragati Express

12128 Mumbai–Pune Intercity Express

12702 Hussainsagar Express

17032 Hyderabad Mumbai Express

16382 Kanyakumari–Mumbai Express

22106 Indrayani Express

Hussainsagar Express
The 12701 / 12702 Hussain Sagar Superfast Express is a superfast express train operated by South Central Railway between Hyderabad and Mumbai CST. This train (then No. 7001/7002) was started on 17 October 1993 (from Hyderabad end and on 18 October 1993 from Mumbai end) as a tri-weekly train and was soon made a daily train in 1994 by shifting it to the time and slot of the 2101/2102 Minar Express which used to run between Bombay VT and Secunderabad Junction.