hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leigri Nature Reserve
Leigri Nature Reserve is a nature reserve situated in western Estonia, on Hiiumaa island.

The nature reserve consists of an area of wetlands and forest. Protected plant species that can be found in the nature reserve includes sweet gale, fir clubmoss and butterfly orchid. It also functions as breeding ground for common crane.

Hiiumaa
Hiiumaa (US: /ˈhiːʊmɑː, ˈhiːəmɑː/ HEE-uum-ah, -⁠ə-mah, Estonian: [ˈhiːumɑː]) is the second largest island in Estonia and is part of the West Estonian archipelago, in the Baltic Sea. It has an area of 989 km2 and is 22 km from the Estonian mainland. Its largest town is Kärdla. It is located within Hiiu County.
Stockholm Bloodbath
The Stockholm Bloodbath (Swedish: Stockholms blodbad) was a trial that led to a series of executions in Stockholm between 7 and 9 November 1520. The event is also known as the Stockholm massacre. The events occurred after the coronation of Christian II as the new king of Sweden, when guests in the crowning party were invited to a meeting at Tre Kronor castle. Archbishop Gustav Trolle, demanding economic compensation for things such as the demolition of Almarestäket's fortress, questioned whether the former Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger and his supporters had been guilty of heresy.

Supported by canon law, nearly 100 people were executed in the days following the meeting despite promises of amnesty. Among those killed were many people from the aristocracy who had been supporting the Sture party in the previous years. Thereafter King Christian II became known in Sweden as Kristian Tyrann ("Christian [the] Tyrant").

Trial
In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.
Bug Lake (New York)
Bug Lake is located east of Inlet, New York. The outlet creek flows into Seventh Lake. Fish species present in the lake are lake trout, kokanee salmon, brown trout, brook trout, and rainbow smelt. There is carry down access off trail on the southwest shore. All hikers must register at Eighth Lake Campground.

Rainbow smelt
The rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) is a North American species of fish of the family Osmeridae. Walleye, trout, and other larger fish prey on these smelt. The rainbow smelt prefer juvenile ciscoes, zooplankton such as calanoid copepods (Leptodiaptomus ashlandi, L. minutus, L. sicilis), and other small organisms, but are aggressive and will eat almost any fish they find. They are anadromous spring spawners and prefer clean streams with light flow and light siltation. The rainbow smelt face several barriers. They are weak swimmers and struggle to navigate fish ladders  preventing them from making it past dams to the headwater streams where they spawn. The rise in erosion and dams helped to decimate the smelt population in the 1980s. There are currently plans to try to reduce damming and to help control erosion.
Así es el tango
Así es el tango  (English: Therefore it is The Tango) is a 1937 Argentine romantic drama film musical directed and written by Eduardo Morera, based on a play by Florencio Chiarello. Starring Tita Merello and Tito Lusiardo. Based on tango culture, it is a typical product of the Golden Age of Argentine cinema.

Tango
Tango is a partner dance and social Latin dance that originated in the 1880s along the Río de la Plata, the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay. The tango was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries from a combination of Argentine Milonga, Spanish-Cuban Habanera, and Uruguayan Candombe celebrations. It was frequently practiced in the brothels and bars of ports, where business owners employed bands to entertain their patrons. It then spread to the rest of the world. A number of variations of this dance currently exist around the world.

On August 31, 2009, UNESCO approved a joint proposal by Argentina and Uruguay to include the tango in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
Zweihänder (role-playing game)
Zweihänder Grim & Perilous RPG or Zweihänder is a 2017 dark fantasy tabletop role-playing game designed by Daniel D. Fox. Zweihänder won two gold ENNIE Awards. Zweihänder was designed for unusually punishing combat.

Dark fantasy
Dark fantasy is a subgenre of literary, artistic, and cinematic fantasy works that incorporates disturbing and frightening themes. The term is ambiguously used to describe stories that combine horror elements with one or other of the standard formulas of fantasy.
Huinca
Huinca or wingka is an exonym used by indigenous Mapuche to refer to non-Mapuche, white Chileans and Argentines. The term originated in the area of Concepción in Chile from the Mapuche language word we-inka, meaning new-Inca. This is a reference to Inca invaders who were later taken over by new Spanish invaders. This word is rendered as "inga" by Pedro de Valdivia in a letter to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. At the time of the initial contact Mapuches called horses "hueque ingas" in reference to the hueque according to Valdivia's letter to the Emperor.

In modern times huinca has been used as a pejorative.

Incas in Central Chile
Inca rule in Chile was brief, lasting from the 1470s to the 1530s when the Inca Empire was absorbed by Spain. The main settlements of the Inca Empire in Chile lay along the Aconcagua, Mapocho and Maipo rivers. Quillota in Aconcagua Valley was likely the Incas' foremost settlement. The bulk of the people conquered by the Incas in Central Chile were Diaguitas and part of the Promaucae (also called Picunches). Incas appear to have distinguished between a "province of Chile" and a "province of Copayapo" neighboring it to the north. In Aconcagua Valley the Incas settled people from the areas of Arequipa and possibly also the Lake Titicaca.
Mathematical Excursions
Mathematical Excursions: Side Trips along Paths Not Generally Traveled in Elementary Courses in Mathematics is a book on popular mathematics. It was written by Helen Abbot Merrill, published in 1933 by the Norwood Press, and reprinted (posthumously) by Dover Publications in 1957.

Dover Publications
Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward and Blanche Cirker. It primarily reissues books that are out of print from their original publishers. These are often, but not always, books in the public domain. The original published editions may be scarce or historically significant. Dover republishes these books, making them available at a significantly reduced cost.
Stephen Ferrando
Stephen Ferrando (28 September 1895 – 21 June 1978) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest belonging to the Salesians of Don Bosco. He served in the missions in Asia once he was ordained and was stationed in India where he led a diocese of his own. He also established his religious congregation.

On 3 March 2016 he was proclaimed to be Venerable after Pope Francis recognized that Ferrando led a life of heroic virtue.

Heroic virtue
Heroic virtue is the translation of a phrase coined by Augustine of Hippo to describe the virtue of early Christian martyrs. The phrase is used by the Roman Catholic Church.

The Greek pagan term hero described a person with possibly superhuman abilities and great goodness. "[I]t connotes a degree of bravery, fame, and distinction which places a man high above his fellows". The term was later applied to other highly virtuous people who do extraordinary good works.
Graeme Beveridge
Graeme Beveridge (born 17 February 1976) is a rugby union manager who is a former rugby union footballer.  He previously played at scrum-half for Edinburgh Rugby, Glasgow Warriors, Bristol and Scotland.

Bristol Bears
Bristol Bears (officially Bristol Rugby Club or Bristol Rugby) are a professional men's rugby union club based in Bristol, England.  They play in the Gallagher PREM, England's top division of rugby.

The club was founded as "Bristol Football Club" in 1888; between 1921 and 2014, home matches were played at the Memorial Ground, and have since been played at Ashton Gate Stadium in the south-west of the city.  The current head coach Pat Lam was appointed in 2017.  In the 2024–25 season Bristol finished 4th, losing in the play off semi-finals, entitling them to compete in the 2025-26 European Rugby Champions Cup.

In 2018, the club rebranded as "Bristol Bears"; between 2001 and 2005 the club were known as "Bristol Shoguns" due to a sponsorship deal with Mitsubishi.

Bristol won the 1983 John Player Cup and have also won England's second division four times, most recently in 2017–18. In 2019–2020, Bristol won The European Challenge Cup for the first time.
Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus
Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus (Greek: Πομπηιανός; c. 125 – 193 AD) was a politician and military commander during the 2nd century in the Roman Empire. A general under Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Pompeianus distinguished himself during Rome's wars against the Parthians and the Marcomanni. He was a member of the imperial family due to his marriage to Lucilla, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, and was a key figure during the emperor's reign. Pompeianus was offered the imperial throne three times, though he refused to claim the title for himself.

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw light on all aspects of Roman life and history. The Corpus continues to be updated in new editions and supplements.

CIL also refers to the organization within the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities responsible for collecting data on and publishing the Latin inscriptions. It was founded in 1853 by Theodor Mommsen and is the first and major organization aiming at a comprehensive survey.
Fashion in Barcelona
The history of fashion in Barcelona began in the early 20th century with the rise of the textile industry and spans through today with its current concentration on fast fashion. With various popular fashion districts and a handful of notable fashion events each year, Barcelona has proven itself as a major city for fashion. According to the Global Language Monitor, which ranks world fashion capitals, Barcelona ranks as #5. Today, more fashion capitals exist than the original “Big Four” of London, Paris, Milan, and New York. Although the “Big Four” remain the most elite, other cities have developed into smaller fashion centers.

Mango (retailer)
Punto Fa, S.L., trading as Mango, is a Spanish fast-fashion retailer founded in Barcelona by brothers Isak Andic and Nahman Andic. It designs, manufactures and markets women, men and children's clothing and accessories.
Hendthighelbedi
Hendthighelbedi (pronunciationⓘ transl. Don't Tell to Wife) is a 1989 Indian Kannada-language comedy thriller film, written and directed by Dinesh Babu. It stars Anant Nag and Mahalakshmi. The supporting cast features Sundar Krishna Urs, Devaraj, Tara and Bangalore Nagesh. The film's score and soundtrack were composed by Vijayanand.

Set in Madikeri, in the Kodagu region of Karnataka, the film tells the story of how Anand (Nag), a wealthy businessman and a meek husband of Chitra (Mahalakshmi), goes about tackling with double murder that he is wrongly accused of, by his friend and the culprit Srinivas (Urs). The film, upon release, received favorable reviews. At the 37th Filmfare Awards South, Nag was awarded the Best Actor.

Comedy thriller
Comedy thrillers are a hybrid genre that draw subject matter generally from comedy and thrillers, combining suspense with sustained humor. It incorporates the core elements of thriller storytelling—high stakes, danger, escalating tension, and the possibility of death—while maintaining a comic tone throughout, a situation can be both genuinely threatening and funny at the same time. The characters are in real jeopardy, yet the film signals that the outcome will remain within the bounds of entertainment rather than genuine horror.

Examples range from verbal wit and farce to dark or absurd humor. The comedy-thriller differs from straight comedies with occasional danger or thrillers with brief comic relief because neither element dominates; both remain active throughout the story.
Magnus (computer algebra system)
Magnus was a computer algebra system designed to solve problems in group theory. It was designed to run on Unix-like operating systems, as well as Windows. The development process was started in 1994 and the first public release appeared in 1997. The project was abandoned in August 2005. The unique feature of Magnus was  that it provided facilities for doing calculations in and about infinite groups.  Almost all symbolic algebra systems are oriented toward finite computations that are guaranteed to produce answers, given enough time and resources.  By contrast, Magnus was concerned with experiments and computations on infinite groups which in some cases are known to terminate, while in others are known to be generally recursively unsolvable.

Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems.
Andrew McFadyean
Sir Andrew McFadyean (23 April 1887 – 2 October 1974) was a British diplomat, economist, Treasury official, businessman, Liberal politician, publicist and philosopher. He was born at Leith in Scotland and died at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London.

Leith
Leith (/liːθ/; Scottish Gaelic: Lìte) is a suburb to the north of Edinburgh, Scotland, lying at the mouth of the Water of Leith. It is home to the Port of Leith.

The earliest surviving historical references are in the royal charter authorising the construction of Holyrood Abbey in 1128 in which it is termed Inverlet (Inverleith). After centuries of control by Edinburgh, Leith was made a separate burgh in 1833 only to be merged into Edinburgh in 1920.

Leith is located on the southern coast of the Firth of Forth and lies within the City of Edinburgh council area; since 2007 it has formed one of 17 multi-member wards of the city.
Forbes Glacier (Graham Land)
Forbes Glacier is a glacier which flows from Hemimont Plateau west into the northeast corner of Square Bay, on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It is 10 nautical miles (19 km) long, 4 nautical miles (7 km) wide in its central part, and narrows to 2 nautical miles (4 km) at its mouth. The lower reaches of the glacier were first surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill. The survey was completed in 1946–48 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey who named the glacier for James David Forbes, a Scottish physicist who was noted for his pioneer works on glaciology.

Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition
The Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) was an aerial survey of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and the Antarctic Peninsula which took place in the 1955–56 and 1956–57 southern summers.

Funded by the Colonial Office and organized by Peter Mott, the survey was carried out by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd.  The expedition was based at Deception Island and utilized the Oluf Sven, two Canso flying-boats, and several helicopters.

The photographic collection, held by the British Antarctic Survey as the United Kingdom Antarctic Mapping Centre, comprises about 12,800 frames taken on 26,700 kilometers of ground track.
Akwa Ibom South senatorial district
Akwa Ibom South senatorial district in Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria covers 12 local government areas. These areas include Ikot Abasi, Mkpat Enin,  Eastern Obolo, Onna, Eket, Esit Eket, Ibeno, Okobo, Oron, UdungUko, Urueoffong/Oruko and Mbo. Akwa Ibom South senate district 871 polling units (Pus) and 127 registration areas (RAs).

The collation centre of this district is Eket LGA INEC office.  Akon Eyakenyi of the PDP is the current representative of Akwa Ibom t.

Esit Eket
Esit Eket is a town and Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, southern Nigeria.

The administrative center of Esit Eket Local Government Area is situated in the town of Uquo, which is located within the Akwa Ibom South Senatorial Zone of the state, the Local Government Area comprises Uquo, Etebi, Akoiyak, Atia, Ekpene Obo, Ikpa, Edo, Akpautong, Afaha Ekpene Edi, Ntak Iyang, Odoro Nkit, Udua Akok, Uqua Isi Edoho, and Ebe Ekpi as its constituent areas.

Esit Eket Local Government is highlighted on the country's map. There is a growing advocacy for the establishment of a development commission to address the needs of oil-producing communities in Akwa Ibom. This information is sourced from an article by Cletus Ukpong.
Luciano Vásquez Muruaga
Luciano Vásquez Muruaga (26 April 1926 – 18 October 2010) was a Chilean journalist and politician affiliated with the National Party.

He served as Deputy for the Seventh Departmental Group, Second District (Talagante) in 1973. His mandate was cut short by the coup d’état that dissolved Congress.

Vásquez also worked throughout his life in journalism. He served as director of the newspapers La Gaceta de Arica, El Cronista, and La Nación (Santiago); as editor of El Mercurio (Santiago) and deputy director of El Mercurio de Valparaíso; and as director of Radio Agricultura (Santiago). He was also a columnist for Las Últimas Noticias and La Tercera.

El Mercurio
El Mercurio (known online as El Mercurio On-Line, EMOL) is a Chile an newspaper with editions in Valparaíso and Santiago. El Mercurio is owned by El Mercurio S.A.P. (Sociedad Anónima Periodística 'joint stock news company'), which operates a network of 19 regional dailies and 32 radio stations across the country.
Annie Silinga
Annie Silinga OLG (1910-1984) was a South African anti-pass laws and anti-apartheid political activist. She is known for her role as the Cape Town African National Congress Women's League President, a leader in the 1956 anti-pass Women's March to the Union Buildings in Pretoria, South Africa and the only African woman in the 1956 treason trial in South Africa.

Langa, South Africa
Langa is a township in Cape Town, South Africa. Its name in Xhosa means "sun". The township was initially built in phases before being formally opened in 1927. It was developed as a result of South Africa's 1923 Urban Areas Act (more commonly known as the "pass laws"), which was designed to force Africans to move from their homes into segregated locations. Similar to Nyanga, Langa is one of the many areas in South Africa that were designated for Black Africans before the apartheid era. It is the oldest of such suburbs in Cape Town and was the location of much resistance to apartheid.

Langa is also where several people were killed on 21 March 1960, the same day as the Sharpeville massacre, during the anti-pass campaign. On 21 March 2010, now 50 years later, a monument was unveiled by the government in remembrance of the people who died while on the protest march.
Anna McGarry
Anna M. McGarry (March 17, 1894 – January 2, 1978) was a leading U.S. advocate in interracial justice and veteran social action leader. Most of her work occurred in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she was a central figure in improving race relations. She was also a journalist for the Philadelphia Tribune.

Anti-racism
Anti-racism encompasses a range of ideas and political actions which are meant to counter racial prejudice, systemic racism, and the oppression of specific racial groups. Anti-racism is usually structured around conscious efforts and deliberate actions which are intended to create equal opportunities for all people on both an individual and a systemic level. As a philosophy, it can be engaged in by the acknowledgment of personal privileges, confronting acts as well as systems of racial discrimination and/or working to change personal racial biases. Major contemporary anti-racism efforts include the Black Lives Matter movement and workplace anti-racism.
James MacDonald (actor)
James MacDonald is a Canadian theatre director, actor, and the former artistic director of Western Canada Theatre. He was the first artistic director of Edmonton's FreeWill Shakespeare Festival (1997–2001). From 2006–2016, he was the associate artistic director of the Citadel Theatre.

Clybourne Park
Clybourne Park is a 2010 play by Bruce Norris inspired by Lorraine Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun (1959). It portrays fictional events set during and after the Hansberry play, and is loosely based on historical events that took place in the city of Chicago. It premiered in February 2010 at Playwrights Horizons in New York. The play received its UK premiere at the Royal Court Theatre in London in a production directed by Dominic Cooke. The play received its Chicago premiere at Steppenwolf Theatre Company in a production directed by Steppenwolf ensemble member Amy Morton. As described by The Washington Post, the play "applies a modern twist to the issues of race and housing and aspirations for a better life." Clybourne Park was awarded the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the 2012 Tony Award for Best Play.
Jean-Daniel Nicoud
Jean-Daniel Nicoud (born 31 August 1938), is a Swiss computer scientist, noted for inventing a computer mouse with an optical encoder and the CALM (Common Assembly Language for microprocessors).

He obtained a degree in physics at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 1963. Around 1965, he became interested in logical systems. He obtained his PhD at the EPFL in 1970 and became a professor in 1973.

His laboratory, LAMI (LAboratoire de Micro-Informatique), developed the Smaky computer, in addition to the optical computer mouse, an update of the traditional kinetic mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart. The Khepera mobile robot was also developed at the LAMI.

He left the EPFL in August 2000 and is actively innovating in his private company, DIDEL, especially in the area of miniature ultralight aircraft (below 10 g airplanes). His airplane was used in a publication that received a best paper award in IROS 2006 conference.

Formal system
A formal system (or deductive system) is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms.

In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use formal systems as the foundation of knowledge in mathematics.
However, in 1931 Kurt Gödel proved that any consistent formal system sufficiently powerful to express basic arithmetic cannot prove its own completeness. This effectively showed that Hilbert's program was impossible as stated.

The term formalism is sometimes a rough synonym for formal system, but it also refers to a given style of notation, for example, Paul Dirac's bra–ket notation.