hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Postage stamps and postal history of Iceland
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Iceland. Regular mail service in Iceland was first established by a charter of 13 May 1776, and on 1 January 1873, Iceland issued its first postage stamps. The design was the same as for the Danish numeral issue of the time (numeral of value surmounted by a crown all inside an oval), denominated with values ranging from 2 to 16 skilling, and inscribed ÍSLAND. All are scarce or rare, and used copies are especially hard to find.

Icelandic króna
The króna (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈkʰrouːna]) or krona (sometimes called Icelandic crown; sign: kr; code: ISK) is the currency of Iceland.
One króna was formerly divided into 100 aurar (singular "eyrir"; alternative singular "aur", and maybe more used, informally).
Yiddishkeit (TV series)
Yiddishkeit (Russian: Идишкайт) is a Russian documentary television show concerning the subject of Yiddishkeit. Since 2005, when the show had begun taking its current format, it is edited by Tatyana Kadinskaya, directed by Natalya Kaper and filmed by Oleg Veksler. The former Chief Rabbi of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Mordechai Scheiner, and his wife, Esther Scheiner, were often guests who hosted parts of the show. Before 2005, various programs related to Yiddish and Jewish subjects were regularly broadcast by the local television without a specific name.

Yiddishkeit is viewed in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and the Russian Far East. The television show is broadcast each Friday out of Birobidzhan and often contains both Russian and Yiddish content. In 2015, when the show celebrated its anniversary, it was reported that Yiddishkeit had aired by then more than 500 episodes. Recent episodes are posted online by the local TV channel.

Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO) is a federal subject of Russia in the far east of the country, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan.

The JAO was designated by a Soviet official decree in 1928, and officially established in 1934. At its height, in the late 1940s, the Jewish population in the region peaked around 46,000–50,000, approximately 25% of its population. Since then, the share of Jews steadily declined, and according to the 2021 Russian census, there were only 837 ethnic Jews left in the JAO (0.6%).

Article 65 of the Constitution of Russia provides that the JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast. It is one of two officially Jewish jurisdictions in the world, the other being Israel. It is one of the few places in the world where Yiddish is a recognized minority language.
Vz. 52 rifle
The vz. 52 rifle is a semi-automatic rifle developed shortly after the Second World War in Czechoslovakia. Its full name is 7,62mm samonabíjecí puška vzor 52. Vz. 52 is an abbreviation for vzor 52, meaning "model 52". It fires the unique 7.62×45mm cartridge. 52 rifles were made by Považské strojárne in Považská Bystrica, but due to production difficulties, its manufacture was taken over by Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod.

Považská Bystrica
Považská Bystrica (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈpɔʋaʂskaː ˈbistritsa] ⓘ; German: Waagbistritz; Hungarian: Vágbeszterce) is a town in northwestern Slovakia. It is located on the Váh river, around 30 km from the city of Žilina. It belongs to Upper Váh region of tourism.
Atomic domain
In mathematics, more specifically ring theory, an atomic domain or factorization domain is an integral domain in which every non-zero non-unit  can be written in at least one way as a finite product of irreducible elements. Atomic domains are different from unique factorization domains in that this decomposition of an element into irreducibles need not be unique; stated differently, an irreducible element is not necessarily a prime element.

Important examples of atomic domains include the class of all unique factorization domains and all Noetherian domains. More generally, any integral domain satisfying the ascending chain condition on principal ideals (ACCP) is an atomic domain. Although the converse is claimed to hold in Cohn's paper, this is known to be false.

The term "atomic" is due to P. M. Cohn, who called an irreducible element of an integral domain an "atom".

Converse (logic)
In logic and mathematics, the converse of a categorical or implicational statement is the result of reversing its two constituent statements. For the implication P → Q, the converse is Q → P. For the categorical proposition All S are P, the converse is All P are S. Either way, the truth of the converse is generally independent from that of the original statement.
Bulgebi language
Bulgebi is a nearly extinct Finisterre languages of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in the Madang province near the Astrolabe Bay and the lower Nankina river, slightly inland on the eastern end of the southern coast.

Astrolabe Bay
Astrolabe Bay is a large body of water off the south coast of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, located at 5°21′00″S 145°55′00″E﻿ / ﻿5.35°S 145.9166667°E﻿ / -5.35; 145.9166667. It is a part of the Bismarck Sea and stretches from the Cape Iris in the south to the Cape Croisilles to the north. It was discovered in 1827 by Jules Dumont d'Urville and named after his ship. Capital of Madang Province, Madang lies on the coast of Astrolabe Bay.
Eiso (king)
Eiso (英祖; c. 1229 – 31 August 1299) was a semi-legendary ruler of Okinawa Island. He was the founding monarch of the Eiso dynasty.

The name Eiso superficially looks like a temple name but the scholarly consensus is that it represents Iso (伊祖), a settlement in modern-day Urasoe, Okinawa. Wezo no ikusamoi (good commander of Iso), who appears in the archaic poem collection Omoro Sōshi, is usually identified as Eiso.

Urasoe, Okinawa
Urasoe (浦添市, Urasoe-shi; Okinawan: Urashii) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.  The neighboring municipalities are Naha to the south, Ginowan to the north, and Nishihara to the east. As of February 2024, the city has an estimated population of 115,518 and a population density of 6,051.2 persons per km2. The total area is 19.09 km2.

United States Marine Corps base Camp Kinser is located on the city's coast.
Cymru Goch
Cymru Goch (Welsh for 'Red Wales', pronounced [ˈkəmrɨ ˈɡoːχ]) was a left-wing Welsh nationalist political party, founded in 1986 and fought for what it described as a Free Socialist Wales. Before being absorbed into the Forward Wales Party in 2003

Welsh nationalism
Welsh nationalism (Welsh: Cenedlaetholdeb Cymreig) emphasises and celebrates the distinctiveness of Welsh culture, Welsh language (yr Iaith Gymraeg) and Wales as a nation or country. Welsh nationalism may also include calls for further autonomy or self-determination, which includes Welsh devolution, meaning increased powers for the Senedd, or full Welsh independence.
Beiji Ge
Beiji Ge (北极阁) is a hill in Nanjing, lying east of the Gulou District. It is also called Qintian Mountain (钦天山). During the Ming Dynasty, the government set a meteorology measure device on the mountain. In 1927, Zhu Kezhen built the first meteorological institute on the hill. This development marked the beginning of China's modern meteorological research.

Hill
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit, and is usually applied to peaks which are above elevation compared to the relative landmass, though not as prominent as mountains. Hills fall under the category of slope landforms.
1994 Brantford municipal election
The 1994 Brantford municipal election was held on November 14, 1994, to elect a mayor, councillors, and school trustees in the city of Brantford, Ontario.

In the mayoral contest, Chris Friel defeated one-term incumbent Bob Taylor.

Brantford
Brantford is a city in Ontario, Canada, founded on the Grand River in Southwestern Ontario. It is surrounded by Brant County but is politically separate with a municipal government of its own that is fully independent of the county's municipal government.

Brantford is situated on the Haldimand Tract, and is named after Joseph Brant, a Mohawk leader, soldier, farmer and slave owner. Brant was an important Loyalist leader during the American Revolutionary War and later, after the Haudenosaunee moved to the Brantford area in Upper Canada. Many of his descendants and other First Nations people live on the nearby Six Nations of the Grand River reserve south of Brantford; it is the most populous reserve in Canada.

Brantford is known as the "Telephone City" because resident Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone at his father's homestead, Melville House, now the Bell Homestead National Historic Site, located in Tutela Heights south of the city.
Belize at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Belize competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. It was the nation's twelfth appearance at the Olympic Games, although it had previously appeared in two early editions under the name "British Honduras" (1968 in Mexico City, and 1972 in Munich). Belize joined the United States-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics hosted in Moscow, Russia. The delegation included two track and field athletes: Brandon Jones and Katy Sealy, as well as judoka Renick James. All three athletes made their Olympic debut. Belize Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association appointed 200 metres sprinter Brandon Jones to carry the nation's flag in the opening ceremony. Belize, however, has yet to win its first Olympic medal.

British Honduras
British Honduras was a Crown colony on the east coast of Central America — specifically located on the southern edge of the Yucatán Peninsula from 1783 to 1964, then a self-governing colony — renamed Belize from June 1973 until September 1981, when it gained full independence as Belize. British Honduras was the last continental possession of the United Kingdom in the Americas.

The colony grew out of the Treaty of Versailles (1783) between Britain and Spain, which gave the British rights to cut logwood between the Hondo and Belize rivers. The Convention of London (1786) expanded this concession to include the area between the Belize and Sibun rivers. In 1862, the Settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras was declared a British colony called British Honduras, and the Crown's representative was elevated to a lieutenant governor, subordinate to the governor of Jamaica.
SS Federico C.
SS Federico C. was an ocean liner/cruise ship that made headlines when its passengers were unloaded mid-way through their cruise and the vessel was put under arrest in Halifax Harbour. The ship then sank in international waters three months later. At the time of the sinking, It was owned by International Shipping Partners and insured for $20M while its scrap value was estimated at $5–6M.

FleetPro Passenger Ship Management
FleetPro Passenger Ship Management was founded in 2012 as a merger of two existing passenger ship management companies and is based in Switzerland.  It combined International Shipping Partners (ISP), a passenger ship management services company headquartered in Miami, Florida, United States, and River Advice of Basel, Switzerland. The majority owners became a Netherlands-based private equity fund.  In January 2014, the two operations were renamed FleetPro Ocean and FleetPro River respectively. The company was bought out in November 2015 and later rebranded into CMI Leisure, which was then bought by Anglo-Eastern Leisure Management in March 2023, becoming Anglo-Eastern Cruise Management.

Management and administrative services provided include deck and engine manning, maintenance, drydockings, inspections, conversions, upgradings and volume purchasing.
2015 Swiss Indoors – Doubles
Vasek Pospisil and Nenad Zimonjić were the defending champions, but Pospisil decided not to participate. Zimonjić plays alongside Marcin Matkowski but lost to Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares in the quarterfinals.

Peya and Soares went on to win the title, defeating Jamie Murray and John Peers in the final 7–5, 7–5

Marcin Matkowski
Marcin Matkowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈmartɕin matˈkɔfskʲi]; born 15 January 1981) is a Polish former professional tennis player whose speciality is in doubles. He played college tennis at UCLA, where Jean-Julien Rojer was one of his teammates. Matkowski and Mariusz Fyrstenberg won the Madrid Open twice, in addition to reaching the final at the US Open. The duo also reached the final of the ATP Finals and participated six times at the event overall. Matkowski won 18 doubles title in his career and achieved a highest ranking in doubles of world No. 7 in July 2012.
Alderman House
The Alderman House (also known as the Royal Palm Antiques) is a historic house located at 2572 East First Street in Fort Myers, Florida. It is locally significant as an excellent example of the Mediterranean Revival style architecture in Fort Myers during the Florida Land Boom of the 1920s.

Historic house
A historic house generally meets several criteria before being listed by an official body as "historic." Generally the building is at least a certain age, depending on the rules for the individual list.  A second factor is that the building be in recognizably the same form as when it became historic.  Third is a requirement that either an event of historical importance happened at the site, or that a person of historical significance was associated with the site, or that the building itself is important for its architecture or interior. Many historic houses are also considered museums and retain permanent collections that help tell the story of their house and the era.
Three Queens
Three Queens is a prominent 6,693-foot (2,040-metre) triple-summit mountain located in the Cascade Range, in Kittitas County of Washington state. It is set within the Alpine Lakes Wilderness on land managed by Wenatchee National Forest. The East Peak is the highest, and its subpeaks are the Middle Peak (6,600 ft; 2,000 m), and West Peak (6,400 ft; 2,000 m). Three Queens is set 6.5 miles (10.5 km) east-northeast of Snoqualmie Pass, on Chikamin Ridge, 2.76 miles (4.44 km) southeast of its nearest higher neighbor, Chikamin Peak. The Pacific Crest Trail traverses the west slope of Three Queens as it crosses the gap between Four Brothers and Three Queens. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Yakima River drainage basin. The first ascent was likely made in 1925 by a party of eight Mountaineers led by Glen Bremerman and C. A. Fisher. This mountain's toponym was officially adopted in 1940 by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

Yakima River
The Yakima River is a tributary of the Columbia River in south central and eastern Washington state, named for the indigenous Yakama people. Lewis and Clark mention in their journals that the Chin-nâm pam (or the Lower Snake River Chamnapam Nation) called the river Tâpe têtt (also rendered Tapteete), possibly from the French tape-tête, meaning "head hit". The length of the river from headwaters to mouth is 214 miles (344 km), with an average drop of 9.85 feet per mile (1.866 m/km). It is the longest river entirely in Washington state.
Jules Ladoumègue
Jules Ladoumègue (French: [ʒyl ladumɛg]; 10 December 1906 – 2 March 1973) was a French middle-distance runner. He became a running star as the sport enjoyed a huge resurgence at the start of the Great Depression, fueled in large part by newsreel coverage. His career was abruptly cut short when he was banned for life from track for payments he received for several races.

Newsreel
A newsreel is a form of short documentary film, containing news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the mid 1970s. Typically presented in a cinema, newsreels were a source of current affairs, information, and entertainment for millions of moviegoers. Newsreels were typically exhibited preceding a feature film, but there were also dedicated newsreel theaters in many major cities in the 1930s and ’40s, and some large city cinemas also included a smaller theaterette where newsreels were screened continuously throughout the day.

By the end of the 1960s television news broadcasts had supplanted the format. Newsreels are considered significant historical documents, since they are often the only audiovisual record of certain cultural events.
The Bride of Messina (opera)
The Bride of Messina (Czech: Nevěsta messinská) is a tragic opera in three acts, op. 18, by composer Zdeněk Fibich. The Czech language libretto by Otakar Hostinský is based on Friedrich Schiller's play Die Braut von Messina. Fibich's most Wagnerian opera, he composed the work between 1882 and 1883 for the purposes of submitting it in an opera competition sponsored by the National Theatre in Prague. The opera won first prize in the 1883 competition and it premiered at the National Theatre on 28 March 1884. At its first presentation music critics responded with high praise to the work and it is now considered to be Fibich's masterpiece. However, the opera's morose story, melancholy scoring and astringent style have hindered it from gaining wide popularity.

Astringent
An astringent (sometimes called adstringent) is a chemical that shrinks or constricts body tissues. The word derives from the Latin adstringere, which means "to bind fast". Astringency, the dry, puckering or numbing mouthfeel caused by the tannins in unripe fruits, lets the fruit mature by deterring eating. Tannins, being a kind of polyphenol, bind salivary proteins and make them precipitate and aggregate, producing a rough, "sandpapery", or dry sensation in the mouth.

Smoking tobacco is also reported to have an astringent effect.

In a scientific study, astringency was still detectable by subjects who had local anesthesia applied to their taste nerves, but not when both these and the trigeminal nerves were disabled.
Spidia fenestrata
Spidia fenestrata is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1878. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Uganda.

The length of the forewings is 17.5–23 mm for males and 22.5–24 mm for females.

Arthur Gardiner Butler
Arthur Gardiner Butler F.L.S., F.Z.S. (27 June 1844 – 28 May 1925) was an English entomologist, arachnologist and ornithologist. He worked at the British Museum on the taxonomy of birds, insects, and spiders.
Custos Rotulorum of Hampshire
This is a list of people who have served as Custos Rotulorum of Hampshire.

William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester bef. 1544 – aft. 1558

John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester bef. 1562–1576

Sir Francis Walsingham bef. 1577–1590

George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon bef. 1594–1603

Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton bef. 1605–1624

Sir Henry Wallop 1624–1642

Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton 1642–1646, 1660–1667

Joceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland 1667–1670

Charles Paulet, 6th Marquess of Winchester 1670–1676

James Annesley, Baron Annesley 1676–1681

Edward Noel, 1st Earl of Gainsborough 1681–1688

James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick 1688

For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire.

George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon
George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon (1547 – 9 September 1603) was the eldest son of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and Anne Morgan. His father was first cousin to Elizabeth I of England. In 1560, at the age of 13, George matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Lambayeque province
Lambayeque is the oldest and largest of three provinces in Peru's Lambayeque Region. The province was established in 1821 by José de San Martín, originating from the former administrative entity known as the Partido of Saña or Lambayeque under the Intendancy of Trujillo. As such, it originally spanned the entire modern-day Department of Lambayeque, along with the provinces of Chepén and Pacasmayo, until the province of Chiclayo was created in 1835.

Intendancy of Trujillo
The Intendancy of Trujillo (Spanish: Intendencia de Trujillo, formerly Truxillo), also known informally as Trujillo Province (Spanish: Provincia de Trujillo (Truxillo)), was one of the territorial divisions of the Viceroyalty of Peru. This territory was ruled from the city of Trujillo, located in La Libertad Region. It was created in 1784 and lasted until 12 February 1821 when General Jose de San Martin created the Department of Trujillo through the Reglamento Provisional to replace it in the new Republic of Peru.
2016 United States women's national gymnastics team season
The 2016 United States women's national gymnastics team season refers to the competitions that the United States women's national gymnastics team will participate in during the 2016 artistic gymnastics season. The 2015 World Team champions, the U.S. team go into 2016 as the favorites to become 2016 Olympic Champions; hoping to defend their 2012 Olympic title (achieved by the latter named 'Fierce Five').

2015 City of Jesolo Trophy
The 2015 City of Jesolo Trophy (Italian: Trofeo Citta Jesolo 2015) was the eighth edition of the City of Jesolo Trophy competition and was held March 25–29, 2015 at the SGA Gymnasium Treviso in Jesolo, Italy. Teams from Italy, the United States, Canada, Australia and France competed at the event.
Mari Matsuda
Mari J. Matsuda (born 1956) is an American lawyer, activist, and law professor at the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. She was the first tenured female Asian American law professor in the United States, at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Law in 1998 and one of the leading voices in critical race theory since its inception. Matsuda returned to Richardson in the fall of 2008. Prior to her return, Matsuda was a professor at the UCLA School of Law and Georgetown University Law Center, specializing in the fields of torts, constitutional law, legal history, feminist theory, critical race theory, and civil rights law.

Feminist theory
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women's and men's social roles, experiences, interests, chores, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, communication, media studies, psychoanalysis, political theory, home economics, literature, education, and philosophy.

Feminist theory often focuses on analyzing gender inequality. Themes often explored in feminist theory include discrimination, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, patriarchy, stereotyping, art history and contemporary art, and aesthetics.
Norbert Redkie
Norbert Bogdan Redkie (born December 30, 1985, in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish entrepreneur, restaurateur, lecturer, and film producer. He is a co-founder of a restaurant company Grupa Warszawa, which runs local clubs, bars, and restaurants in Warsaw, and produces feature films in a production studio Mental Disorder 4.

Restaurateur
A restaurateur is a person who opens and runs restaurants professionally. Although over time the term has come to describe any person who owns a restaurant, it traditionally refers to a highly skilled professional who is proficient in all aspects of the restaurant business.