hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Flow-equivalent server method
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, the flow-equivalent server method (also known as flow-equivalent aggregation technique, Norton's theorem for queueing networks or the Chandy–Herzog–Woo method) is a divide-and-conquer method to solve product form queueing networks inspired by Norton's theorem for electrical circuits. The network is successively split into two, one portion is reconfigured to a closed network and evaluated.

Marie's algorithm is a similar method where analysis of the sub-network are performed with state-dependent Poisson process arrivals.

Product-form solution
In probability theory, a product-form solution is a particularly efficient form of solution for determining some metric of a system with distinct sub-components, where the metric for the collection of components can be written as a product of the metric across the different components. Using capital Pi notation a product-form solution has algebraic form

where B is some constant. Solutions of this form are of interest as they are computationally inexpensive to evaluate for large values of n. Such solutions in queueing networks are important for finding performance metrics in models of multiprogrammed and time-shared computer systems.
Skew partition
In graph theory, a skew partition of a graph is a partition of its vertices into two subsets, such that the induced subgraph formed by one of the two subsets is disconnected and the induced subgraph formed by the other subset is the complement of a disconnected graph. Skew partitions play an important role in the theory of perfect graphs.

Vertex separator
In graph theory, a vertex subset ⁠⁠ is a vertex separator (or vertex cut, separating set) for nonadjacent vertices a and b if the removal of S from the graph separates a and b into distinct connected components.
Ampelopsin
Ampelopsin, also known as dihydromyricetin and DHM, when used as an herbal medicine, is a flavanonol, a type of flavonoid. It is extracted from the Japanese raisin tree and found in Ampelopsis species japonica, megalophylla, and grossedentata; Cercidiphyllum japonicum;  Hovenia dulcis; Rhododendron cinnabarinum; some Pinus species; and some Cedrus species, as well as in Salix sachalinensis.

Hovenia dulcis has been used in traditional Japanese, Chinese, and Korean medicines to treat fever, parasitic infection, as a laxative, and a treatment of liver diseases, and as a hangover treatment. Methods have been developed to extract ampelopsin on a larger scale, and laboratory research has been conducted with the compound to see if it might be useful as a drug in any of the conditions for which the parent plant has been traditionally used.

Flavanonol
The flavanonols (with two "o"s a.k.a. 3-hydroxyflavanone or 2,3-dihydroflavonol) are a class of flavonoids that use the 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-2-phenylchromen-4-one (IUPAC name) backbone.

Some examples include:

Taxifolin (or Dihydroquercetin)

Aromadedrin (or Dihydrokaempferol)

Engeletin (or Dihydrokaempferol-3-rhamnoside)
1959 Carolina League season
The 1959 Carolina League was a Class B baseball season played between April 17 and August 28. Six teams played a 130-game schedule, with the top four teams qualifying for the post-season.

The Wilson Tobs won the Carolina League championship, defeating the Raleigh Capitals in the final round of the playoffs.

Raleigh Capitals
The Raleigh Capitals was a name used by various minor league baseball teams that were based in Raleigh, North Carolina. Most of these teams played at Devereaux Meadow.

There have been minor league baseball teams in the past that played in Raleigh using the name Capitals. Some of these Raleigh teams also used names such as Senators, Red Birds, Nats, Mets, Cardinals, and Pirates.

The last Raleigh franchise existed from 1958–1967 and played in Carolina League. This team merged into the Durham, North Carolina–based Durham Bulls in 1968 who also played in the Carolina League (now playing in the International League).
BR Standard Class 3 2-6-2T
The BR Standard Class 3 2-6-2T was a class of steam locomotive designed by Robert Riddles for British Railways. It was essentially a hybrid design,  the chassis being closely based on and sharing a number of parts with the LMS Ivatt Class 4, and having a boiler derived from a GWR No.2 boiler as fitted to the GWR Large Prairie 2-6-2T and 5600 Class 0-6-2T tank engines.

GWR 5600 Class
The GWR 5600 Class is a class of 0-6-2T steam locomotive built between 1924 and 1928. They were designed by Charles Collett for the Great Western Railway (GWR), and were introduced into traffic in 1924. After the 1923 grouping, Swindon inherited a large and varied collection of locomotives from historic Welsh railway companies, which did not fit into their standardisation programme. GWR boiler inspectors arrived en masse and either condemned the original locomotives or had them rebuilt. The systematic destruction of many examples of locomotives, most still in serviceable condition, followed, but others continued in service alongside the 5600s.

Two hundred GWR 5600 Class locomotives were built and remained in service until withdrawn by British Railways between 1962 and 1965. Nine of the class have survived into preservation.
Perfect magic cube
In mathematics, a perfect magic cube is a magic cube in which not only the columns, rows, pillars, and main space diagonals, but also the cross section diagonals sum up to the cube's magic constant.

Perfect magic cubes of order one are trivial; cubes of orders two to four can be proven not to exist, and cubes of orders five and six were first discovered by Walter Trump and Christian Boyer on November 13 and September 1, 2003, respectively. A perfect magic cube of order seven was given by A. H. Frost in 1866, and on March 11, 1875, an article was published in the Cincinnati Commercial newspaper on the discovery of a perfect magic cube of order 8 by Gustavus Frankenstein. Perfect magic cubes of orders nine and eleven have also been constructed.
The first perfect cube of order 10 was constructed in 1988 (Li Wen, China).

Space diagonal
In geometry, a space diagonal (also interior diagonal or body diagonal) of a polyhedron is a line connecting two vertices that are not on the same face. Space diagonals contrast with face diagonals, which connect vertices on the same face (but not on the same edge) as each other.

For example, a pyramid has no space diagonals, while a cube (shown at right) or more generally a parallelepiped has four space diagonals.
Conchobar mac Taidg Mór
Conchobar mac Taidg Mór (died 882) was a King of Connacht from the Uí Briúin branch of the Connachta. He was the grandson of Muirgius mac Tommaltaig (died 815), a previous king. His father Tadg Mór (died 810) had been slain fighting in Muirgius' wars versus the minor tribes of Connacht. He was of the Síl Muiredaig sept of the Uí Briúin. The Ó Conchobhair septs of Connacht are named for him.

Uí Briúin
The Uí Briúin were a royal dynasty of Connacht. Their eponymous apical ancestor was Brión, son of Eochaid Mugmedon and Mongfind, and an elder half brother of Niall of the Nine Hostages. They formed part of the Connachta, along with the Uí Fiachrach and Uí Ailello, putative descendants of Eochaid Mugmedon's sons Fiachra and Ailill. The Uí Ailello were later replaced as the third of the Three Connachta, through genealogical sleight of hand, by the Uí Maine.
Paula Jones (audio engineer)
Paula Jones is an Australian audio engineer who has worked with Elton John, Michael Hutchence, and Marcella Detroit. She was nominated for the Australian Engineer Of The Year ARIA (Australian Record Industry Association) for her work engineering/mixing the Max Q album with Michael Hutchence. She engineered "Can You Feel The Love Tonight" which went on to win an Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Michael Hutchence
Michael Kelland John Hutchence (22 January 1960 – 22 November 1997) was an Australian singer and songwriter. He was the co-founder, lead singer and lyricist of the rock band INXS from 1977 until his death in 1997. The band sold over 50 million records worldwide, making them one of Australia's highest-selling music acts of all time. They were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2001.

Hutchence was also a member of the short-lived band Max Q and recorded some solo material, alongside acting in films such as Dogs in Space (1986) and Frankenstein Unbound (1990). He was known for his string of love affairs with actresses, models and singers and his private life was often covered in the international press. He had a daughter, Tiger Hutchence-Geldof, with British television presenter Paula Yates. Hutchence died by suicide in a Sydney hotel room on 22 November 1997 at the age of 37.
Unu
unu (Romanian for "one"; lower case used on purpose) was the name of an avant-garde art and literary magazine, published in Romania from April 1928 to December 1932. Edited by writers Sașa Pană and Moldov, it was dedicated to Dada and Surrealism.

The first ten numbers were printed in Dorohoi, and the rest in Bucharest. The first issues were printed in 100 copies and the last in 500 copies. Issue 18 was never published and Issue 51 was never sold (published hors-commerce in 1935, it was distributed in 50 copies to guests at Moldov's wedding).

In addition to contributions Pană and Moldov, the magazine published samples from the works of Romanian and foreign avant-garde authors alike. These include Geo Bogza, Urmuz, Stephan Roll, Ilarie Voronca, Tristan Tzara, Benjamin Fondane, André Breton, Robert Desnos and Paul Éluard. unu also published graphics from Surrealist artists such as Victor Brauner.

Dada
Dada (/ˈdɑːdɑː/) or Dadaism was an international art movement that developed in the context of the Great War and Futurism first established in Zürich, Switzerland, and later quickly spread to Berlin, Paris, New York City and a variety of artistic centers in Europe and Asia. The Dada movement's principles were first collected in Hugo Ball's Dada Manifesto in 1916. Ball is seen as the founder of the Dada movement. Other key figures in the movement included Emmy Hennings, Jean Arp, Johannes Baader, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, George Grosz, Raoul Hausmann, John Heartfield, Hannah Höch, Richard Huelsenbeck, Francis Picabia, Man Ray, Hans Richter, Kurt Schwitters, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Tristan Tzara, and Beatrice Wood, among others. The movement influenced later styles like the avant-garde and downtown music movements, and groups including Surrealism, nouveau réalisme, pop art, and Fluxus.
Church of Our Lady of the Snows (Krisztinaváros)
The Church of Our Lady of the Snows (Hungarian: Havas Boldogasszony-templom or Krisztinavárosi plébániatemplom) is a Roman Catholic parish church located in the Krisztinaváros neighborhood of Budapest, Hungary. It belongs to the Archdiocese of Esztergom–Budapest and stands on Krisztina tér in District I, on the Buda side of the city.

Várkerület
The 1st District of Budapest is the Castle District (Hungarian: Várkerület or Budavár) and is the historical part of the Buda side of Budapest. It consists of the Buda Castle Hill and some other neighborhoods around it, like Tabán, Krisztinaváros and parts of Gellért Hill.
Amit Tiwari (air marshal)
Air Marshal Amit Tiwari, PVSM, AVSM, VM is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force. He served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Central Air Command. He assumed the office on 1 February 2021 succeeding Air Marshal Rajesh Kumar and served till 31 May 2021. He is succeeded by Air Marshal Richard John Duckworth. Previously, he served as AOC-in-C of Southern Air Command.

Air marshal (India)
Air marshal is a three-star air officer rank in the Indian Air Force. It is the second-highest active rank in the Indian Air Force. Air marshal ranks above the two-star rank of air vice marshal and below the four-star rank of air chief marshal, which is held by the Chief of the Air Staff.

The equivalent rank in the Indian Army is lieutenant general and in the Indian Navy is vice admiral. Officers in the rank of air marshal hold important appointments at the air commands and at the air headquarters.
1998 Nottingham Open
The 1998 Nottingham Open was an ATP tournament held in Nottingham, Great Britain. The tournament was held from 15 June to 22 June 1998.

Second-seeded Jonas Björkman won his second title of the year and the 16th of his career.

Nottingham Open
The Nottingham Open, known as the Lexus Nottingham Open (originally known as the Nottingham Championships or Nottingham Lawn Tennis Tournament (1887–1967)), is a tennis tournament for men and women held in Nottingham, United Kingdom, played on outdoor grass courts at the Nottingham Tennis Centre. After being discontinued in 2008, it was downgraded in 2011 to ATP Challenger Tour and ITF Women's Circuit, briefly re-established as an ATP World Tour 250 event on the men's tour in 2015 and 2016, before returning to a Challenger event in 2017, and since 2015 it has been an WTA International event on the women's tour. The tournament is held in June as a "warm-up" for Wimbledon.
Kings Mountain (Alaska)
Kings Mountain, also commonly called King Mountain, is a prominent 5,809-foot (1,771 m) elevation mountain summit located 22 mi (35 km) northeast of Palmer, in the northwestern Chugach Mountains of the U.S. state of Alaska. This landmark of the Matanuska Valley is set between Anchorage and Glennallen, at mile 75 of the Glenn Highway. It is situated 18 mi (29 km) west of Amulet Peak, and 12 mi (19 km) east-southeast of Granite Peak. The mountain was named after Al King, a prospector who had a cabin nearby at the confluence of Kings River and Matanuska River. The name was used by prospectors, reported about 1905 by the U.S. Geological Survey, and officially adopted in 1906 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. This peak is known as Bashtl'ech'  in the Denaʼina language, and  Bes Tl'ets'  in the Ahtna language, meaning "black stone".

Denaʼina language
Denaʼina (/dɪ.ˈnaɪ.nə/, dih-NYE-nə; also Tanaina), is the Athabaskan language of the region surrounding Cook Inlet. It is geographically unique in Alaska as the only Alaska Athabaskan language to include territory which borders salt water. Four dialects are usually distinguished:

Upper Inlet, spoken in Eklutna, Knik, Susitna, Tyonek

Outer Inlet, spoken in Kenai, Kustatan, Seldovia

Iliamna, spoken in Pedro Bay, Old Iliamna, Lake Iliamna area

Inland, spoken in Nondalton, Lime Village

Of the total Denaʼina population of about 900 people, only 75–95 members still speak Denaʼina. James Kari has done extensive work on the language since 1972, including his edition with Alan Boraas of the collected writings of Peter Kalifornsky in 1991. Joan M. Tenenbaum also conducted extensive field research on the language in the 1970s.
Dodge Super Bee
The Dodge Super Bee is a mid-sized muscle car marketed by Dodge, which was produced for the 1968 through 1971 model years.
In Mexico, the Super Bee model was based on a compact Chrysler platform and was marketed from 1970 until 1980.

The Super Bee model name returned on versions of the Dodge Charger (LX) four-door sedans for the 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, and 2023 model years.

North American International Auto Show
The Detroit Auto Show, formerly known as the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS), is an annual auto show held in Detroit, Michigan. Hosted at Huntington Place (formerly Cobo Center) since 1965, it is among the largest auto shows in North America, and is widely regarded as one of the automotive industry's most important events.

The show is organized by the Detroit Auto Dealers Association (DADA), and has been held annually in January for much of its recent history. It is usually open to the general public for 1–2 weeks, preceded by previews for industry employees and media, and a black-tie "charity preview" fundraiser for local children's charities.
Matvei Golovinski
Matvei Vasilyevich Golovinski (alternatively, Mathieu) (Russian: Матвей Васильевич Головинский) (6 March 1865 – 1920) was a Russian-French writer, journalist and political activist. He is a leading suspected writer of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion a work of black propaganda to convince the public they were being targeted by International Jewry. Scholars supporting Golovinski's authorship include modern Russian historian Mikhail Lepekhine, who in 1999 studied previously closed French archives stored in Moscow containing information supporting the claim. Golovinski was a colleage of Pyotr Rachkovsky, who was similarly linked to the Protocols in the Berne Trial.

Berne Trial
The Berne Trial or Bern Trial (German: Zionistenprozess) was a famous court case in Bern, Switzerland which took place between 1933 and 1935.  Two organisations, the Swiss Federation of Jewish Communities (German: Schweizerischer Israelitischer Gemeindebund) and the Bernese Jewish Community (German: Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Bern) sued the far-right Swiss National Front for distributing anti-Jewish propaganda. The trial focussed on the Front's use of the fraudulent antisemitic text The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Ultimately decided in favour of the plaintiffs, the Front was ordered to pay a symbolic fine and court costs.  However, the trial became significant both for the international coverage and also for the extensive evidence presented, demonstrating the falsehoods contained in The Protocols.
Centre of Maritime Studies and Engineering
The Centre of Maritime Studies and Engineering (Faroese: Vinnuháskúlin) is a vocational maritime school located in Tórshavn. It offers three year shipmaster and marine engineer courses as well as other maritime related courses. It was established in 2005 after the merger of the Faroese Nautical School, the Engineers School and the Faroese Firefighting School.

Tórshavn
Tórshavn (Faroese: [ˈtʰɔu̯ʂhau̯n] ⓘ; lit. 'Thor's harbour'; Danish: Thorshavn), locally referred to as Havn, is the capital and largest city of the Faroe Islands. It is located in the southern part on the east coast of Streymoy. To the northwest of the city lies the 347-meter-high (1,138 ft) mountain Húsareyn, and to the southwest, the 350-meter-high (1,150 ft) Kirkjubøreyn. They are separated by the Sandá River. The city itself has a population of 14,223 (2024), and the greater urban area has a population of 22,444, including the suburbs of Hoyvík and Argir.

The Norse (Scandinavians) established their parliament on the Tinganes peninsula in AD 850. Tórshavn thus became the capital of the Faroe Islands and has remained so ever since. Early on, Tórshavn became the centre of the islands' trade monopoly, thereby being the only legal place for the islanders to sell and buy goods. In 1856, the trade monopoly was abolished and the islands were left open to free trade.
Gabrielle McComb
Gabrielle McComb Lima (born 3 October 1997), also known as Gabi McComb, is a Brazilian submission grappler and black belt Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitor. McComb is a multiple times World and Pan-American champion, in both Gi and No-Gi. She is the 2021 Black Belt Featherweight World Champion.

World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship
The World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship is a no-gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) tournament hosted annually by the IBJJF commonly held at California State University in Long Beach, California. It was most recently held December 11-14, 2024 in Las Vegas at the Las Vegas Convention Center.
École centrale de Nantes
École Centrale de Nantes (French pronunciation: [ekɔl sɑ̃tʁal də nɑ̃t]), or Centrale Nantes, is a grande école – a French engineering school – established in 1919 under the name of Institut Polytechnique de l'Ouest. It provides Bachelor, Graduate, Master, Specialized Master, executive education and PhD Programmes based on the latest scientific and technological developments and the best management practices.

Centrale Nantes is a member of the Ecoles Centrale Group, alongside its partner institutions CentraleSupélec, Centrale Lille, Centrale Lyon, Centrale Méditerranée, and Centrale Beijing. It is also a member of the TIME (Top Industrial Managers for Europe) network, that enables student exchanges among the leading engineering institutions in Europe.

CentraleSupélec
The CentraleSupélec (CS) is a grande école in Gif-sur-Yvette, France. It is one of the constituent members of Paris-Saclay University. It was established on 1 January 2015, as a result of merger between two prestigious grandes écoles, École Centrale Paris and Supélec. CentraleSupélec is considered to be among the best engineering schools in France and Europe, with an admission rate of 8% in 2019.

It is a key founding member of the Paris-Saclay University, the TIME (Top Industrial Managers for Europe) network and also the CESAER association of European engineering schools.
Hans Rudolph Saabye
Hans Rudolph Saabye (1751 – 8 November 1817) was a Danish businessman.  He succeeded Johann Ludvig Zinn as chair of Grosserer-Societetet in 1802.  In 1792, he was appointed United States consul for the Port of Copenhagen.

Johann Ludvig Zinn
Johann Ludvig Zinn (14 September 1734 – 3 February 1802) was a German-Danish merchant who founded a trading house in Copenhagen in 1765 and died as one of the wealthiest men in the city. Zinn lived in the Zinn House at Kvæsthusgade 3 in Copenhagen. His daughter, Sophie Dorothea Zinn, wrote about her father in her memoirs, Grandma's Confessions (Grandmamas Bekjendelser).
Bill McCartney
William Paul McCartney (August 22, 1940 – January 10, 2025) was an American college football coach who was the head coach of the Colorado Buffaloes for 13 seasons (1982–1994). He compiled a 93–55–5 (.624) record, and won three consecutive Big Eight Conference titles (1989–1991). McCartney's 1990 team was crowned as national champions by the Associated Press, splitting the title with Georgia Tech, who was first in the final Coaches' Poll. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 2013.

In 1990, McCartney founded the Promise Keepers, an Evangelical Christian parachurch organization opposed to same sex marriage.

1990 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1990 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology in the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Jackets posted an undefeated 11–0–1 record. For the season the Yellow Jackets offense scored 379 points while the defense allowed 186 points. Highlights from the season included a nationally televised win over #1 Virginia on the road and a defeat of archrival Georgia for the second consecutive year.  Georgia Tech capped off the season by defeating Nebraska, 45–21, in the Florida Citrus Bowl. Head coach Bobby Ross and the Yellow Jackets were awarded a share of the national championship, winning the UPI Poll title by one vote over Colorado, who won the AP Poll title. The team was selected national champion by the UPI coaches poll, Dunkel, and Sagarin (ELO-Chess), while co-national champion by both FACT and NCF.