hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Józef Sylwester Sosnowski
Józef Sylwester Sosnowski (died 31 December 1783), of the Nałęcz coat-of-arms, was a Polish-Lithuanian magnate — Voivode of Smolensk (from 1771) and Połock (from 1781), Grand Notary of Lithuania (1754), Field Notary of Lithuania (1764–71), Field Hetman of Lithuania (1775–80), a delegate to the Convocation Sejm of 1764, and Marshall of the Electoral Sejm of 1764.

Sosnowski is best remembered as the father of a love interest of Tadeusz Kościuszko's, Ludwika Sosnowska.  Sosnowski refused him his daughter's hand, reputedly telling the future hero of the American Revolution and leader of Poland's Kosciuszko Uprising against Russia that "turtledoves are not for common sparrows, and magnates' daughters are not for petty nobility."

Kościuszko Uprising
The Kościuszko Uprising, also known as the Polish Uprising of 1794, Second Polish War, Polish Campaign of 1794, and the Polish Revolution of 1794, was an uprising against the Russian and Prussian influence on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in Poland–Lithuania and the Prussian partition in 1794. It was an attempt to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from external influence after the Second Partition of Poland (1793) and the creation of the Targowica Confederation. Despite some local successes of the insurgency, it was ultimately suppressed by Russian general Alexander Suvorov, who was promoted to field marshal in the aftermath of the Battle of Praga; the massacre that followed the battle was evidence of the ruthlessness of war.
Grotte du Bichon
Grotte du Bichon is a karstic cave in the Swiss Jura, overlooking the river Doubs at an elevation of 846 m (2,776 ft), some 5 km (3 mi) north of La Chaux-de-Fonds. It is the site of the discovery of the skeleton of a  hunter-gatherer of the Azilian (late Upper Paleolithic to early Mesolithic), dubbed "Bichon man" (homme de Bichon).

Doubs (river)
The Doubs (/duː/ doo; French: [du] ⓘ; Arpitan: Dubs; German: Dub (obsolete)) is a 453-kilometre (281 mi) river in far eastern France which strays into western Switzerland. It is a left-bank tributary of the Saône. It rises near Mouthe in the western Jura mountains, at 946 metres (3,104 ft) and its mouth is at Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, a village and commune in Saône-et-Loire at about 175 m (574 ft) above sea level. It is the tenth-longest river in France.

The most populous settlement of the basin lies on its banks, Besançon. Its course includes a small waterfall and a 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) narrow lake.
Fecund vesper mouse
The fecund vesper mouse  (Calomys fecundus) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is known only from Bolivia, where it is found in the yungas and Tucumano boliviano forest ecoregions at elevations from 600 to 2700 m. It is regarded by some authorities as conspecific with C. boliviae, and by some as conspecific with C. venustus, despite having a karyotype with 2n = 54 while C. venustus generally has a karyotype with 2n = 56.

Cricetidae
The Cricetidae are a family of rodents in the large and complex superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice. At over 870 species, it is either the largest or second-largest family of mammals, and has members throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia.
International Myeloma Foundation
The International Myeloma Foundation (IMF) is an American non-profit organization serving patients with myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow. The organization is dedicated to improving the quality of life for all myeloma patients by focusing on four key areas: research, education, support, and advocacy.

Founded in 1990 by Brian Novis, Susie Novis, and Brian G.M. Durie, the IMF operates through four founding principles: research, education, support, and advocacy. The organization is a 501(c)(3) based in Studio City, California, and, according to its 2018 annual report, has a membership of 525,000 people in 140 countries. Its motto is "Improving lives — Finding the cure".

There are approximately 32,110 new patients diagnosed with myeloma each year in the U.S.

Studio City, Los Angeles
Studio City is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, United States, in the southeast San Fernando Valley, just west of the Cahuenga Pass. It is named after the studio lot that was established in the area by film producer Mack Sennett in 1927, now known as Radford Studio Center.
Death Is Unity With God
Death Is Unity With God  is a studio album by American experimental musician Dominick Fernow under one of his aliases, Vatican Shadow, released on May 31, 2014 as a cassette box set on Hospital Productions and later reissued as an album in February 2015 and on June 11, 2015 on Modern Love.

Dominick Fernow
Ian Dominick Fernow is an American experimental musician, poet and multimedia artist. He is best known for extreme music released under the stage name Prurient, as well as numerous other aliases including Vatican Shadow, Rainforest Spiritual Enslavement and Christian Cosmos. His first releases date back to 1998, the same year in which he founded the record label Hospital Productions.
Mesdag Collection
The Mesdag Collection is an art museum in The Hague, Netherlands. It is managed by the Van Gogh Museum.

The museum is housed next to the former house of the Dutch painter Hendrik Willem Mesdag and shows the art Mesdag and his wife Sina van Houten collected from 1866 to 1903. It features work of the painters of the Hague School like Willem Roelofs and Anton Mauve and work of the French Barbizon School (Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet, Charles-François Daubigny and Eugène Delacroix and paintings of Lawrence Alma-Tadema. There is also a large collection of Japanese art and Japanese craftwork (pottery) on show. This all is shown in a typical 19th-century setting.

The museum was closed for renovation for roughtly two years until Spring 2011. On 14 May 2011 it was re-opened and renamed from "Museum Mesdag" to "The Mesdag Collection".

The Panorama Mesdag is housed in different premises within walking distance from The Mesdag Collection.

Anton Mauve
Anthonij "Anton" Rudolf Mauve (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑntɔn ˈmʌuvə]; 18 September 1838 – 5 February 1888) was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. He signed his paintings 'A. Mauve' or with a monogrammed 'A.M.'. A master colorist, he was a very significant early influence on his cousin-in-law Vincent van Gogh.

His best-known paintings depict peasants working in the fields. His paintings of flocks of sheep were especially popular with American patrons, so popular that a price differential developed between scenes of "sheep coming" and "sheep going".
Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:

"What happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward",

"A change in protocol", or

A situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height".: glossary

Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.

Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.

Hacker
A hacker is a person skilled in information technology who achieves goals and solves problems by non-standard means. The term has become associated in popular culture with a security hacker – someone with knowledge of bugs or exploits to break into computer systems and access data which would otherwise be inaccessible to them. In a positive connotation, though, hacking can also be utilized by legitimate figures in legal situations. For example, law enforcement agencies sometimes use hacking techniques to collect evidence on criminals and other malicious actors. This could include using anonymity tools (such as a VPN or the dark web) to mask their identities online and pose as criminals.

Hacking can also have a broader sense of any roundabout solution to a problem, or programming and hardware development in general, and hacker culture has spread the term's broader usage to the general public even outside the profession or hobby of electronics (see life hack).
Hitomi Kuroki
Hitomi Kuroki (Japanese: 黒木 瞳; Katakana: クロキヒトミ Kuroki Hitomi; born October 5, 1960) is a Japanese actress and film director.

She was born in Fukuoka Prefecture in what was formerly called Kurogi in Yame District (now incorporated into Yame City). Her stage name derives from her hometown of Kuroki, and writer Hiroyuki Itsuki who was an alumnus of her Middle School  came up with this full stage name.。

Kuroki was a member of the Takarazuka Revue, belonging to the Moon Troupe (Tsuki-gumi). Kuroki was the voice of Helen Parr/Elastigirl/Mrs. Incredible in the Japanese dub of The Incredibles. She won the award for best actress at the 22nd Hochi Film Award for Lost Paradise (1997).

Hiroyuki Itsuki
Hiroyuki Itsuki (Japanese: 五木 寛之, born September 30, 1932) is a Japanese novelist, essayist and lyricist, best known in Japan by his novel The Gate of Youth and in the English-speaking world by Tariki: Embracing Despair, Discovering Peace.
Claudia Previn
Claudia Page Previn Stasny (née Previn; born June 24, 1954) is an American singer, musician, actress, editor and graphic artist.

She is the older sister of Alicia Previn, and the eldest daughter of American jazz and big band singer Betty Bennett and German-American pianist, composer, and conductor André  Previn KBE, conductor of the Houston, Pittsburgh, and London Symphony Orchestras and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.

Upon Previn's birth, her father wrote Lullaby On The Name of Claudia, Opus 170, No. 9a, published in 1954 by Casa Ricordi and dedicated "to Claudia." The song Claudia was released again in 2021 in the Oldies Selection: Best of André Previn.

Previn is the stepdaughter of the late master jazz guitarist Mundell Lowe.

Mundell Lowe
James Mundell Lowe (April 21, 1922 – December 2, 2017) was an American jazz guitarist who worked often in radio, television, and film, and as a session musician.

He produced film and TV scores in the 1970s, such as the Billy Jack soundtrack and music for Starsky and Hutch, and worked with André Previn's Trio in the 1990s.
Valarie
Valarie is a given name, similar to Valerie.

Valarie Allman (born 1995), American track and field athlete.

Valarie Hodges (born 1955), American businesswoman and politician.

Valarie Jenkins (born 1986), American disc golfer.

Valarie Kaur (born 1981), American civil rights activist, documentary filmmaker, lawyer, educator and faith leader.

Valarie Lawson (born 1966), American politician

Valarie Rae Miller (born 1974), American actress

Valarie Pettiford (born 1960), American stage and television actress, dancer, and jazz singer

Valarie Zeithaml, American marketing professor and author

Valarie Jenkins
Valarie Jenkins is a professional disc golfer currently living in Bend, Oregon. As of 2016, she was the third ranked female disc golfer in the world. She was around the sport from an early age and grew up in a disc golf family. Her mother, Sharon is a three-time Women’s Masters World Champion and her brother, Avery Jenkins is a former Men's World Champion. She began her professional career in 2003 after placing second in the PDGA Amateur World Championship. She is currently sponsored by Discraft.

Jenkins has won 16 majors during the course of her career, including four World Championships, fourth most all time (Elaine King, Juliana Korver and Paige Pierce each have won 5).
British Constitution Association
The British Constitution Association, founded in 1905 as the British Constitutional Association, was a pressure group designed to oppose increasing state regulation, whether from the Liberal Party's New Liberalism or Joseph Chamberlain's proposals for Tariff Reform. It has been described as "a curious mixture of unionist free traders, orthodox poor law administrators, and followers of Herbert Spencer".

Its first president was Lord Hugh Cecil, who was succeeded by Lord Balfour of Burleigh. Its supporters included the constitutional expert A. V. Dicey, Lord Avebury, Lord Courtney, John St Loe Strachey, Professor Flinders Petrie, Thomas Mackay, and Hugh Elliott.

A. V. Dicey
Albert Venn Dicey, KC, FBA (4 February 1835 – 7 April 1922) was a British Whig jurist and constitutional theorist. He is most widely known as the author of Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885). The principles it expounds are considered part of the uncodified British constitution. He became Vinerian Professor of English Law at Oxford, one of the first Professors of Law at the LSE Law School, and a leading constitutional scholar of his day. Dicey popularised the phrase "rule of law", although its use goes back to the 17th century.
Judy Gap, West Virginia
Judy Gap is an unincorporated community in Pendleton County, West Virginia, United States. Judy Gap is located at the junction of U.S. Route 33 and West Virginia Route 28, 8.5 miles (13.7 km) west-northwest of Franklin, just west of the mountain gap also called Judy Gap.  The Judy Rocks geological formation is just to the south.  North Fork Mountain is to the east, and the North Fork of the South Branch of the Potomac River is to the west, with Spruce Mountain and Spruce Knob beyond the river.  Most of the surrounding land is within the Monongahela National Forest.

South Branch Potomac River
The South Branch Potomac River has its headwaters in northwestern Highland County, Virginia, near Hightown along the eastern edge of the Allegheny Front. After a river distance of 139 miles (224 km), the mouth lies east of Green Spring, Hampshire County, West Virginia, where it meets the North Branch Potomac River to form the Potomac.
Trevor Cilia
Trevor Cilia (born 2 January 1983 in Pietà, Malta) is a professional footballer currently playing for Għargħur, where he plays as a midfielder.

Trevor Cilia was part of the 2009–2010 team for Birkirkara, where Birkirkara were crowned champions of the Maltese Premier League for their third time ever in the club's history.

Maltese Premier League
The Maltese Premier League, known as Yo Health Malta Premier for sponsorship reasons with Yo Health (colloquially known as Il-Kampjonat Premjer), is the highest level of professional football in Malta. Managed by the Malta Football Association, the Premier League is contested by 12 teams and operates on a promotion and relegation system with the Challenge League. As of June 2022, the Premier League ranks 46th out of 55 members in the UEFA coefficient.

The league was first contested in 1909 as the First Division, before switching to its current name in 1980; the First Division in turn replaced the Second Division. Sliema Wanderers and Floriana have won the title a record 26 times. The current champions are Ħamrun Spartans who won their 11th title in the 2024-25 season.
2024 Swedish Royal Honours
The 2024 Swedish Royal Honours (Swedish: Ordensförläningen 2024) were a set of appointments made to the Royal Orders of Sweden, the nations foremost decorations, by King Carl XVI Gustaf in March 2024. The appointments came as a result of the Reward Reform, a political initiative to restore the awardment of chivalric orders which since the Order Reform of 1974 had ceased. After 1974 only foreign Heads of State and members of the Swedish royal family had been eligible for the royal orders.

The reformed appointment process allowed nominations for the awards to be made by the general public. These nominations were then considered by the newly formed Council of the Orders before being forwarded to the Government of Sweden. The Government then made their recommendations and on 21 March 2024 Carl XVI Gustaf made the formal decision on the appointments. The investiture ceremony was held on 31 May 2024 at the Royal Palace.

Government of Sweden
The government of the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sveriges regering) is the national cabinet of Sweden, and the country's executive authority.

The government consists of the prime minister and their cabinet ministers (Swedish: statsråd). The government is responsible for its actions to the Riksdag.

The prime minister is nominated by the Speaker of the Riksdag, and is elected and discharged by vote of the Riksdag. The cabinet ministers are appointed and dismissed at the discretion of the prime minister. The Speaker shall discharge cabinet ministers that have lost a vote of confidence in the Riksdag.

The short-form name regeringen ("the government") is used both in the Basic Laws of Sweden and in the vernacular, while the long-form is only used in international treaties.
Fight Network
Fight Network is a Canadian discretionary specialty channel owned by Anthem Sports & Entertainment. The network broadcasts programming related to combat sports, including mixed martial arts, boxing, kickboxing, and professional wrestling.

Combat sport
A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat. In many combat sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent, submitting the opponent with a hold, disabling the opponent (knockout, KO), or attacking the opponent in a specific or designated technique. Combat sports share a long history with the martial arts.

Some combat sports (and their national origin) include boxing (Greek-British), Brazilian jiu-jitsu (Japanese-Brazilian), catch wrestling (British-American), jujutsu (Japanese), judo (Japanese), freestyle wrestling (British-American), Greco-Roman wrestling (French), karate (Chinese-Okinawan-Japanese), kickboxing (numerous origins, mainly Southeast Asian), Lethwei (Burmese), mixed martial arts (numerous origins), Muay Thai (Thai), sambo (Soviet/Russian), sanda (Chinese), savate (French), taekwondo (Korean), Vale Tudo (Brazilian), pankration (Ancient Greek), luta livre (Brazilian), and folk wrestling (various).
Tranebergs IF
Tranebergs IF was a professional ice hockey team based in Traneberg, Sweden. Founded in 1912, the team played in within the Swedish Divisions 1 and 2 until 1975.  The team, whose colours were navy blue, red and white, was a steady competitor in Sweden's highest league from the 1920s to the 1950s, and was a semi-finalist in 1935.

Traneberg
Traneberg is a residential district in western Stockholm (Västerort) and part of the Bromma borough. For the 1912 Summer Olympics, Tranebergs Idrottsplats hosted some of the football competitions.

Most of the district was built between 1934 and 1940.
Massimo Donati
Massimo Donati (born 26 March 1981) is an Italian professional football manager, pundit and former player who played as a midfielder.

Born in San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy, Donati made 314 appearances in Serie A for several clubs, including Atalanta, AC Milan, Bari, and Palermo, plus another 72 appearances in the Scottish Premier League with Celtic — where he won the league and Scottish Cup — and Hamilton.

Donati represented Italy at Under-16, Under-18, Under-20 and Under-21 levels.

Serie D
The Serie D (Italian pronunciation: [ˈseːrje ˈdi]) is the highest level of semi-professional football in Italy, and the fourth tier of the Italian national league system, the lowest one with a national organization. It sits beneath the third and lowest fully professional league, Serie C, and feeds in to it through promotion and relegation. Serie D is administered by the Lega Nazionale Dilettanti and is organized by the Roman Comitato Interregionale (Interregional Committee), a "league in the league" inside the LND.
Sursee-Triengen Railway
The Sursee-Triengen Railway (German: Sursee-Triengen-Bahn) (ST) is a railway company in Switzerland. It owns a railway line of only 8.9 km between Sursee, where it connects to the SBB-CFF-FFS network, and Triengen. The line was opened on 23 November 1912 with steam traction. Unlike most other railways in Switzerland, it was never electrified but a small diesel locomotive was purchased in 1965.

The company also owns the Hinwil to Bäretswil section of the Uerikon–Bauma railway and leases the section from Bäretswil to Bauma. This line hosts limited freight services plus excursion trains of the Dampfbahn-Verein Zürcher Oberland.

Sursee
Sursee (High Alemannic: Soorsi) is a municipality in the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. Sursee is located at the northern end of Lake Sempach, not far from where the Sure (or Suhre) stream exits the lake ("See"), hence the name "Sursee".
Determiner spreading
In linguistics, determiner spreading (DS), also known as Multiple or Double Determiners  is the appearance of more than one determiner associated with a noun phrase, usually marking an adjective as well as the noun itself.
The extra determiner has been called an adjectival determiner  because determiner spreading is most commonly found in adjectival phrases. Typical examples involve multiple occurrences of the definite article or definiteness marking, such is found in (but not limited to) the languages listed below. The structure of such phrases is widely discussed and there is not one conclusive analysis. Because of this, the example languages below each show unique structure where different proposed analyses have been used.

Noun phrase
A noun phrase – or NP or nominal (phrase) – is a phrase that usually has a noun or pronoun as its head, and has the same grammatical functions as a noun. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.

Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects, as predicative expressions, and as complements of prepositions. One NP can be embedded inside another NP; for instance, some of his constituents has as a constituent the shorter NP his constituents.

In some theories of grammar, noun phrases with determiners are analyzed as having the determiner as the head of the phrase, see for instance Chomsky (1995) and Hudson (1990).
Reşat Çiğiltepe
Reşat Çiğiltepe (1879; Istanbul - August 27, 1922; Çiğiltepe, Sandıklı) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army.
He committed suicide on 27 August 1922 during the Battle of Dumlupınar, because he promised his commander, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, that he would capture the strategically-located village of Hacan within 30 minutes.  Because his unit couldn't reach that objective, he committed suicide. The village was captured 45 minutes after his death, and later renamed "Çiğiltepe" in his honor.  He is one of the most honored heroes of the Turkish War of Independence.

Battle of Dumlupınar
The Battle of Dumlupınar (Greek: Μάχη του Τουμλού Μπουνάρ, romanized: Máchi tou Toumloú Bounár, Turkish: Dumlupınar (Meydan) Muharebesi, lit. 'Dumlupınar (Field) Battle'), or known as Field Battle of the Commander-in-Chief (Turkish: Başkumandanlık Meydan Muharebesi) in Turkey, was one of the important battles in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) (part of the Turkish War of Independence). The battle was fought from 26 to 30 August 1922 near Dumlupınar, Kütahya in Turkey.