hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History monoid
In mathematics and computer science, a history monoid is a way of representing the histories of concurrently running computer processes as a collection of strings, each string representing the individual history of a process. The history monoid provides a set of synchronization primitives (such as locks, mutexes or thread joins) for providing rendezvous points between a set of independently executing processes or threads.

History monoids occur in the theory of concurrent computation, and provide a low-level mathematical foundation for process calculi, such as CSP the language of communicating sequential processes, or CCS, the calculus of communicating systems. History monoids were first presented by M.W. Shields.

History monoids are isomorphic to trace monoids (free partially commutative monoids) and to the monoid of dependency graphs. As such, they are free objects and are universal. The history monoid is a type of semi-abelian categorical product in the category of monoids.

Dependency graph
In mathematics, computer science and digital electronics, a dependency graph is a directed graph representing dependencies of several objects towards each other. It is possible to derive an evaluation order or the absence of an evaluation order that respects the given dependencies from the dependency graph.
Roolwer
Roolwer, also known as Hrólfr, was an eleventh-century ecclesiast. He is the first named bishop of a jurisdiction which later became the Diocese of the Isles, and appears to have served at his post before, and perhaps during, the reign of Gofraid Crobán, King of Dublin and the Isles. Roolwer's name appears to correspond to the Old Norse Hrólfr, which could mean that he is identical to either of two contemporary like-named bishops of Orkney. Roolwer's predecessor in the Isles may have been Dúnán, whose death in 1074 during the Dublin overlordship of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster, may have enabled the ecclesiastical separation of Dublin from the Isles. The site of Roolwer's cathedral is unknown, although Maughold and St Patrick's Isle are possibilities.

Maughold (parish)
Maughold (/ˈmækəld/ MAK-əld; Manx: Maghal) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man. It is named for St Maughold, the island's patron saint.

It is located on the east of the island (part of the traditional South Side division) in the sheading of Garff. Administratively, part of the historic parish of Maughold is now within Ramsey town. The settlement of Ballure borders Ramsey. Maughold village and Glen Mona are other settlements in the parish.
Hazel Creek (Courtois Creek tributary)
Hazel Creek is a stream in southwest Washington County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Courtois Creek. Hazel Creek lies within the Mark Twain National Forest and the community of Palmer and the Hazel Creek Recreation Area are within the stream valley.

Hazel Creek most likely was named on account of hazel trees near its course.

Washington County, Missouri
Washington County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 23,514.  The county seat and largest city is Potosi.  The county was officially organized on August 21, 1813, and was named in honor of George Washington, the first President of the United States.
Bangor and Aroostook Railroad
The Bangor and Aroostook Railroad (reporting mark BAR) was a United States railroad company that brought rail service to Aroostook County in northern Maine. Brightly-painted BAR boxcars attracted national attention in the 1950s. First-generation diesel locomotives operated on BAR until they were museum pieces. The economic downturn of the 1980s, coupled with the departure of heavy industry from northern Maine, forced the railroad to seek a buyer and end operations in 2003. It was succeeded by the Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway.

St. Francis, Maine
St. Francis or Saint Francis (French: Saint-François) is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States on the Canada–United States border at the junction of the St. Francis River and the Saint John River. The population was 438 at the 2020 census. First settled by English speakers from southern Maine, the original population has been supplanted by French-speaking Acadians.
The King's Vacation
The King's Vacation is a 1933 American pre-Code romance film starring George Arliss and Marjorie Gateson and directed by John G. Adolfi. The supporting cast features Dick Powell, Patricia Ellis, Florence Arliss, Dudley Digges and O. P. Heggie.

The film has been preserved in the Library of Congress collection.

Dudley Digges
Sir Dudley Digges (b. May 19, 1583 – d. March 18, 1639) was an English diplomat and politician who represented Tewkesbury and Kent in the House of Commons of England between 1610 and 1629. Digges was also a  "Virginia adventurer," an investor who ventured his capital in the Virginia Company of London; his son Edward Digges would go on to be Governor of Virginia. Dudley Digges was responsible for the rebuilding of Chilham Castle, completed in around 1616.
Cahan (surname)
Cahan is an Irish and Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Abraham Cahan (1860–1951), American writer and politician

Charles Cahan (1861–1944), Canadian politician

Larry Cahan (1933–1992), Canadian ice hockey player

Abraham Cahan
Abraham "Abe" Cahan (Yiddish: אַבֿרהם קאַהאַן; July 7, 1860 – August 31, 1951) was a Lithuanian-born Jewish-American socialist newspaper editor, novelist, and politician. Cahan was one of the founders of The Forward (Yiddish: פֿאָרווערטס, romanized: Forverts, lit. 'Forward!'), an American Yiddish publication, and was its editor-in-chief for 43 years. During his stewardship of the Forward, it became a prominent voice in the Jewish community and in the Socialist Party of America, voicing a relatively moderate stance within the realm of American socialist politics.
Extravehicular Mobility Unit
The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is an independent spacesuit that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for astronauts performing extravehicular activity (EVA) in Earth orbit. Introduced in 1982, it is a two-piece semi-rigid suit, and is one of two types of EVA spacesuits used by crew members on the International Space Station (ISS), the other being the Russian Orlan space suit. It was used by NASA's Space Shuttle astronauts prior to the end of the  Shuttle program in 2011.

Collins Aerospace
Collins Aerospace is an American aviation and defence technology company, which is one of the world's largest suppliers of aerospace and defence products. It was formed in 2018 from the merger between Rockwell Collins and UTC Aerospace Systems. Headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, it is a subsidiary of RTX Corporation.
Philippe Roncoli
Philippe Roncoli is a French former competitive figure skater. He is the 1983 World Junior silver medalist, 1986 NHK Trophy bronze medalist, and 1987 French national champion. Roncoli placed seventh at the 1987 European Championships in Sarajevo and 18th at the 1987 World Championships in Cincinnati. He was coached by Alain Giletti in Chamonix.

1987 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1987 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) on February 3–8, 1987. Elite skaters from European ISU member nations competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
2018 SLC T20 League
The 2018 SLC T20 League was a domestic Twenty20 cricket tournament that was held in Sri Lanka, between 21 August and 2 September 2018. Four teams took part in the tournament: Colombo, Dambulla, Galle and Kandy. The Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium, Pallekele International Cricket Stadium and the R. Premadasa Stadium hosted all the matches.

The third match, between Colombo and Kandy, finished as a tie, therefore going to a Super Over to determine the winner. However, the match was still tied after the Super Over, with both teams scoring five runs each. Colombo were declared the eventual winners, as they had scored the most boundaries.

Colombo were the first team to qualify for the final, after remaining unbeaten in their first four matches. They were joined in the final by Dambulla, who finished second in the group stage. Colombo won the final by 7 wickets, with Upul Tharanga scoring an unbeaten century.

R. Premadasa Stadium
The R. Premadasa Cricket Stadium (RPS) (Sinhala: ආර්. ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගනය, Tamil: ஆர். பிரேமதாச அரங்கம்; formerly known as Khettarama Stadium) is a cricket stadium on Khettarama Road, in the Maligawatta suburb of Colombo, Sri Lanka. The stadium was, before June 1994, known as the Khettarama Cricket Stadium and is today one of the main venues where the Sri Lankan cricket team play, having hosted more than 150 one-day international matches. It is the largest stadium in Sri Lanka with a capacity of 35,000 spectators. It has hosted the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 final between Sri Lanka and West Indies; the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy final between Sri Lanka and India and first semi-final of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup between Sri Lanka and New Zealand. This was where the highest Test score in history was recorded; 952 by Sri Lanka against India. With capacity exceeding Lord's in England, the stadium is known as the "Home of Sri Lankan Cricket".
Kafi Benz
Kafi Benz (born 1941) is an American author and artist who began participation in social entrepreneurship through environmental preservation and regional planning in 1959 as a member of the Jersey Jetport Site Association, which opposed plans by the New York Port Authority to found a new airport in the Great Swamp, the central feature of a massive 55-square-mile watershed in New Jersey bounded to the south and east by the Watchung Mountains, 30 miles west of Manhattan.

During the 1980s, she also became very active in historic preservation, founding a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization, Friends of Seagate Inc., for that purpose. The organization later was expanded to include concerns for additional areas in the arts and sciences. At the same time, she founded the official web site of the sculptor Jim Gary. In 2001, it was moved to another web site she created and planned to be able to feature other artists as well, Kafi Benz Productions.

Historic preservation
Historic preservation (US), built heritage preservation or built heritage conservation (UK) is an endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. It is a philosophical concept that became popular in the twentieth century, which maintains that cities as products of centuries' development should be obligated to protect their patrimonial legacy. The term refers specifically to the preservation of the built environment, and not to preservation of, for example, primeval forests or wilderness.
Renae Maycock
Renae Maycock (born 21 January 1980) was an Australian female volleyball player. She was part of the Australia women's national volleyball team.

She competed with the national team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, finishing 9th.

Australia women's national volleyball team
The Australia women's national volleyball team, also known as Volleyball Team Australia Women (VTAW) or the Volleyroos, is the national volleyball team of the volleyball playing nation of Australia. As of June 2025, they are ranked 63rd in the world. They are a member of the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC).

The Australian Women’s program maintained during the 1990s ranked 6th in the Asian zone, due in part to the strong nature of women’s volleyball in Asia, with teams like China, Japan and Korea ranked in the world at the time in the top 8. With the support of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), they achieved 9th place in the 2000 Summer Olympics. Following this the Volleyroos achieved its highest-ever world ranking of 14th. They then achieved a 6th-place finish at the 2001 Asian Championships, and qualified for a second World Championships.

Their historic inclusion in the 2014 Women’s Grand Prix challenged the Volleyroos skills with higher world ranked competitors.
Villa Le Lac
The Villa Le Lac, also known as the Villa "Le Lac" Le Corbusier, is a residential building on Lake Geneva in Corseaux, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, designed by Swiss architects and cousins Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret between 1923 and 1924 for Le Corbusier's parents. It is an example of residential Modern architecture and showcases three of Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture. The building is a designated Swiss Cultural Property of National Significance and was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2016.

Pierre Jeanneret
Pierre Jeanneret (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ ʒanʁɛ]; 22 March 1896 – 4 December 1967) was a Swiss architect who collaborated with his cousin, Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (who assumed the pseudonym Le Corbusier), for about twenty years.
Yolk sac
The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to an embryo, formed by cells of the hypoblast layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc. This is alternatively called the umbilical vesicle by the Terminologia Embryologica (TE), though yolk sac is far more widely used. The yolk sac is one of the fetal membranes and is important in early embryonic blood supply. In humans much of it is incorporated into the primordial gut during the fourth week of embryonic development.

Endoderm
Endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and mesoderm (middle layer). Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm.

The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of multiple systems.

In plant biology, endoderm corresponds to the innermost part of the cortex (bark) in young shoots and young roots often consisting of a single cell layer. As the plant becomes older, more endoderm will lignify.
NoCGV Harstad
NoCGV Harstad is a purpose-built offshore patrol vessel for the Norwegian Coast Guard. She is named after the city Harstad in Northern Norway.

Harstad was built as a multipurpose vessel, but optimised for emergency towing of large oil tankers (up to 200,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT), oil spill clean-up and fire fighting. The most common duty will be fishery inspection and search and rescue in Norway's large exclusive economic zone.

Harstad is equipped for the NATO Submarine Rescue System.

Harstad Municipality
Harstad (Norwegian: [ˈhɑ̂ʂːʈɑ] ⓘ; Northern Sami: Hárstták) is the second-most populated municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is mostly located on the large island of Hinnøya. The municipal center is the town of Harstad, which is the most populous town in Central Hålogaland and the third-largest in all of Northern Norway. The town was incorporated in 1904. Villages in the municipality include Elgsnes, Fauskevåg, Gausvika, Grøtavær, Kasfjord, Lundenes, Nergården and Sørvika.

The 445-square-kilometre (172 sq mi) municipality is the 225th largest by area out of Norway's 357 municipalities and the 49th most populous, with a population of 25,056. The municipality's population density is 56.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (146/sq mi) and the population has increased by 2.5% over the previous 10-year period.
Chaogan
Chaogan (Chinese: 炒肝; pinyin: chǎogān; lit. 'liver fry') is a Chinese dish which is especially famous in Beijing.

Chaogan is prepared from pork liver, pork intestine and starch, seasoning with garlic, vinegar and soy sauce. Chaogan is traditionally served with mantou buns.

There is a belief that chaogan was invented in Huixianju restaurant (会仙居), Beijing during the Qing Dynasty.

Although in the name there is the Chinese character "炒" (chao, lit. 'to fry'), the dish is not cooked by frying, but boiling, and the name is believed to be derived from the Manchu word "colambi", which means "to cook".

Soy sauce
Soy sauce (sometimes called soya sauce in British English) is a liquid condiment of Chinese origin, traditionally made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds. It is recognized for its saltiness and pronounced umami taste.

Soy sauce was created in its current form about 2,200 years ago during the Western Han dynasty of ancient China. Since then, it has become an important ingredient in East and Southeast Asian cooking as well as a condiment worldwide.
Chinese Taipei women's national field hockey team
The Chinese Taipei women's national field hockey team represents Taiwan in women's international field hockey competitions and is controlled by the Chinese Taipei Hockey Association, the governing body for field hockey in Taiwan.

Taiwan participated twice in the Asian Games and thrice in the Asia Cup.

Women's Hockey Asia Cup
The Women's Hockey Asia Cup is a women's international field hockey tournament organized by the Asian Hockey Federation. The winning team becomes the champion of Asia and qualifies for the FIH Hockey World Cup.

Japan are the defending champions winning the 2022 edition. South Korea and Japan  have won the most titles with three each. India and China are the next with two titles won each.

The hosts together with six highest-ranked teams from the previous edition are qualified directly for the tournament, they are joined by the top team from the Women's AHF Cup or the top two teams, if the host is already qualified.
Mount Ethelred
Mount Ethelred (70°4′S 69°29′W﻿ / ﻿70.067°S 69.483°W﻿ / -70.067; -69.483) is a mainly ice-covered mountain, 2,470 metres (8,100 ft) high, 3 nautical miles (6 km) southeast of Mount Ethelwulf and 8 nautical miles (15 km) inland from George VI Sound, in the Douglas Range of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The mountain was probably first observed by Lincoln Ellsworth, who photographed the east side of the Douglas Range from the air on November 23, 1935; its east face was roughly surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition. It was resurveyed in 1948 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) and named for Ethelred I, Saxon King of England, 865–871. The west face of the mountain was mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–48, by D. Searle of the FIDS in 1960. Mount Ethelred is the seventh highest peak of Alexander Island, proceeded by Mount Calais.

Alexander Island
Alexander Island, also known as Alexander I Island, Alexander I Land, Alexander Land, Alexander I Archipelago, and Zemlja Alexandra I, is the largest island of Antarctica. It lies in the Bellingshausen Sea west of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula from which it is separated by Marguerite Bay and George VI Sound. The George VI Ice Shelf entirely fills George VI Sound and connects Alexander Island to Palmer Land. The island partly surrounds Wilkins Sound, which lies to its west. Alexander Island is about 390 kilometres (240 mi) long in a north–south direction, 80 kilometres (50 mi) wide in the north, and 240 kilometres (150 mi) wide in the south. Alexander Island is the second-largest uninhabited island in the world, after Devon Island.
Papa Stour Sword Dance
The Papa Stour Sword Dance, or Shetland Sword Dance, is a British linked sword dance involving seven dancers, who represent the Seven Champions of Christendom: St. James of Spain, St Denis of France, St. David of Wales, St. Patrick of Ireland, St. Anthony of Italy, St Andrew of Scotland, and St. George of England. The dance originated on the island of Papa Stour in Shetland.

According to popular tradition the dance was on the brink of extinction by the early 1800s, until Sir Walter Scott wrote a fictional account of it in his novel The Pirate. Scott included a description and the script of the real dance in the notes to the Magnum Opus edition of the novel.

The music for the Papa Stour Sword Dance is a muckle reel mostly in quadruple meter. There are multiple versions of the lyrics.

Anthony of Padua
Anthony of Padua, OFM, or Anthony of Lisbon; born Fernando Martins de Bulhões (15 August 1195 – 13 June 1231) was a Portuguese Catholic priest and member of the Order of Friars Minor.

Anthony was born to and raised by a wealthy family in Lisbon, Portugal, and died in Padua, Italy. Noted by his contemporaries for his powerful preaching, expert knowledge of scripture, and undying love and devotion to the poor and the sick, he was one of the most quickly canonized saints in church history, being canonized less than a year after his death.

He was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius XII on 16 January 1946.
Melka Rafu
Melka Rafu (also known as Kombolcha) is a town in eastern Ethiopia. Located outside the city of Harar in the East Hararghe Zone of the Oromia Region, it has a latitude and longitude of 9°26′N 42°7′E﻿ / ﻿9.433°N 42.117°E﻿ / 9.433; 42.117. It is the administrative center of Kombolcha district.

East Hararghe Zone
East Hararghe (Oromo: Harargee Bahaa) is a zone in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. East Hararghe Zone is bordered on the southwest by Bale, on the west by West Hararghe Zone, on the north by Dire Dawa and on the north and east by the Somali Region. The Harari Region is an enclave inside this zone

Towns and cities in East Harerge include Deder, Haramaaya, Bakkanniisa oromo, kombolcha, Miidhaga, Fadis, Qarsaa, Jaarso, Babille, Qumbii, Gola Odaa, Baddannoo, Gurawa, Kurfa Callee, Gooro Guutu, Malka Balloo, Goro Muxii, Meetta, Chinaksen and Gursum. Its highest point is Gara Muleta. Local landmarks include the Babille Elephant Sanctuary and Haramaya University.

The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) reported that 3,654.00 tons of coffee were produced in East Hararge in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 3.17% of the Region's output and 1.6% of Ethiopia's total output.
Rancho Jesús María
Rancho Jesus Maria was a 42,185-acre (170.72 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day northern Santa Barbara County, California, given in 1837 by Governor Juan B. Alvarado to Lucas Antonio Olivera and José Antonio Olivera.  The grant extended along the Pacific coast from Shuman Canyon south to the Santa Ynez River. It is the site of the present day Vandenberg Air Force Base.

Carlos Antonio Carrillo
Carlos Antonio Carrillo (24 December 1783 – 23 February 1852), was a Californio politician, military officer, and ranchero. He was nominated to serve as Governor of Alta California from 1837 to 1838, in opposition to Juan Bautista Alvarado's rule.  However, after failing to subdue Alvarado, Carrillo relinquished his claim to the governorship to Alvarado in 1838.
Rondine
Rondine is the Italian word for swallow (a type of bird).

It can refer to:

La rondine, an opera by Puccini

Rondine (Arezzo), a hamlet in Arezzo

Rondine, four-cylinder engine developed by Gilera

Corvette Rondine, a model of the Chevrolet Corvette (C2)

Rondine typeface produced by Nebiolo Printech

Arezzo
Arezzo (UK: /əˈrɛtsoʊ, æˈr-/ ə-RET-soh, arr-ET-soh, US: /ɑːˈr-/ ar-ET-soh; Italian: [aˈrettso]) is a city and comune in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany. Arezzo is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) southeast of Florence at an elevation of 296 metres (971 ft) above sea level. As of 2022, the population was about 97,000.

Known as the city of gold and of the high fashion, Arezzo was home to artists and poets such as Giorgio Vasari, Guido of Arezzo and Guittone d'Arezzo and in its province to Renaissance artist Michelangelo. In the artistic field, the city is famous for the frescoes by Piero della Francesca inside the Basilica of San Francesco, and the crucifix by Cimabue inside the Basilica of San Domenico. The city is also known for the important Giostra del Saracino, a game of chivalry that dates back to the Middle Ages.