hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Blowback (intelligence)
Blowback is the unintended consequences and unwanted side-effects of a covert operation. 
To the civilians suffering the blowback of covert operations, the effect typically manifests itself as "random" acts of political violence without a discernible, direct cause; because the public—in whose name the intelligence agency acted—are unaware of the effected secret attacks that provoked revenge (counter-attack) against them.

Intelligence agency
An intelligence agency is a government agency operating as a secret service responsible for the collection, analysis, and exploitation of information in support of law enforcement, national security, military, public safety, and foreign policy objectives.

Means of information gathering are both overt and covert and may include espionage, communication interception, cryptanalysis, cooperation with other institutions, and evaluation of public sources. The assembly and propagation of this information is known as intelligence analysis or intelligence assessment.
Castle Carlton
Castle Carlton is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Reston, in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is approximately 5 miles (8 km) south of Louth, and just north of the A157 road. In 1931 the parish had a population of 23. On 1 April 1936 the parish was abolished and merged with South Reston.

At Castle Carlton, there is a wide moat surrounding a mound on which stood a twelfth-century motte and bailey castle, most likely wooden, founded by Justiciar Hugh Bardolph, who is said to have slain a monster.

The village had established itself as a commercial centre by the thirteenth century, reputedly after Hugh Bardolph developed it as a "new town", and it was sometimes known as Market Carlton. Today, it is considered a deserted medieval village, or DMV.

The church was dedicated to the Holy Cross and was a small Perpendicular building. It was demolished in 1902.

Motte-and-bailey castle
A motte-and-bailey castle is a European fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade. Relatively easy to build with unskilled labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France, into the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the Low Countries it controlled, in the 11th century, when these castles were popularized in the area that became the Netherlands. The Normans introduced the design into England and Wales. Motte-and-bailey castles were adopted in Scotland, Ireland, and Denmark in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the end of the 13th century, the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification, but the earthworks remain a prominent feature in many countries.
Diane Lee
Lee Ching-an (Chinese: 李慶安; born 17 January 1959), also known by her English name Diane Lee, is a Taiwanese former politician. She naturalized as a U.S. citizen in 1991, but later relinquished U.S. citizenship. Lee, a Kuomintang member, held elected public office in Taiwan from 1994 to 2009, first as a Taipei City Councilwoman and then for three terms as a legislator representing Daan District, Taipei City.

Daan District, Taipei
Daan District (or Da-an District, Da'an District) is an important political, educational, commercial, residential and cultural district of Taipei, Taiwan. The name of the district means "great safety" or "great peace".  Located in Northern Taiwan, it is known for having one of the highest real estate prices in Taipei and Asia in general.
Renault Racoon
The Renault Racoon is a concept car created by Renault, first shown in 1992.

The Racoon used a twin-turbocharged V6 engine of 2963 cc, a six-speed manual transmission and an all wheel drive system. It produced 193 kW (262 bhp) of power at 6,000 rpm and 363 Nm (37 mkg) of torque at 2,500 rpm.

Concept car
A concept car (also known as a concept vehicle or show vehicle) is a car made to showcase new styling or new technology. Concept cars are often exhibited at motor shows to gauge customer reaction to new and radical designs which may or may not be produced.

General Motors designer Harley Earl is generally credited with inventing the concept car, and did much to popularize it through its traveling Motorama shows of the 1950s.

Concept cars never go into production directly. In modern times, all would have to undergo many changes before the design is finalized for the sake of practicality, safety, regulatory compliance, and cost. A "production-intent" prototype, as opposed to a concept vehicle, serves this purpose.
Ricardo Zonta
Ricardo Luiz Zonta (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ʁiˈkaʁdu luˈiz ˈzõtɐ]; born March 23, 1976) is a Brazilian professional racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the Brazilian Stock Car Pro Series, driving the No. 10 Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross for RCM Motorsport.

Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross
The Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross is a compact crossover SUV produced by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors since October 2017. It was previewed by the XR-PHEV and XR-PHEV II concepts, revealed in 2013 and 2015. The production version was first introduced at the 87th Geneva Motor Show in March 2017. It slots between the RVR/ASX/Outlander Sport and Outlander in Mitsubishi's global crossover lineup.

The diesel variant was launched in June 2019, followed by the PHEV variant in December 2020. The diesel is not available in North America. The name of this vehicle originates from the unrelated compact sports car, the Eclipse. Unlike the original Eclipse, however, the Eclipse Cross is not assembled in the United States as Mitsubishi closed its Diamond-Star Motors plant in Normal, Illinois in February 2016. Instead, the SUV is assembled in Japan, China, and Brazil.
Ribeira Afonso
Ribeira Afonso is a village on the eastern coast of São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 1,621 (2008 est.). It is 4 km southwest of Água Izé and 16 km south of the capital São Tomé.

São Tomé
São Tomé is the capital and largest city of the Central African island country of São Tomé and Príncipe. Its name is Portuguese for "Saint Thomas". Founded in the 15th century, it is one of Africa's oldest colonial cities.
Glen Canyon Covered Bridge
The Glen Canyon Covered Bridge, near Santa Cruz, California, was a covered bridge built in 1892.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.  It has since been demolished.

It was a single Howe truss span protected by a shake roof and vertical siding, built by G.H. McKay at cost of $1,145.  It was 83 feet (25 m) long and was made of native fir and redwood.

It has also been known as Delaveaga Covered Bridge.  It brought Glen Canyon Road over Branciforte Creek.  The bridge was moved by volunteers about .5 miles (0.80 km) to another location spanning Branciforte Creek within Delaveaga Park, Santa Cruz County, California, in 1939, to save it from demolition.

Branciforte Creek
Branciforte Creek is a 5.8-mile (9.3 km) long watercourse in Santa Cruz County, California, United States.  Branciforte Creek rises on the western slopes of the Santa Cruz Mountains and discharges to the San Lorenzo River, which in turn empties into the Pacific Ocean.  Within the State of California Branciforte Creek is classified within the Central Coast Basin.  As of the year 2002, the State of California has designated Branciforte Creek as impaired with respect to turbidity and pathogens.  The Branciforte watershed consists of 6,231 acres (25.22 km2), approximately 70 percent of which is covered with mixed evergreen forest, conifer forest and other undisturbed habitats.

In 2001, a stream restoration project was funded by the State of California to remove barriers to anadromous fish migration in Branciforte Creek, with emphasis upon enhancing juvenile migration.  Ongoing flood control maintenance is performed on certain lower reaches of Branciforte Creek.
HMS Chiddingfold
Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Chiddingfold after the fox hunt at Petworth, Sussex:

HMS Chiddingfold (L31) was a Hunt-class destroyer escort destroyer launched in 1941. She was transferred to the Indian Navy after the Second World War and renamed INS Ganga (D94).

HMS Chiddingfold (M37) is a Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessel launched in 1983, in service as of 2024.

Petworth
Petworth is a town and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It is located at the junction of the A272 east–west road from Heathfield to Winchester and the A283 Milford to Shoreham-by-Sea road.

The parish includes the settlements of Byworth and Hampers Green and covers an area of 2,690 hectares (6,600 acres). Twelve miles (19 km) to the south west of Petworth along the A285 road lies Chichester and the south-coast. In 2001 the population of the parish was 2,775 persons living in 1,200 households of whom 1,326 were economically active. At the 2011 Census the population was 3,027.
Bilingual lexicon
With the amount of bilinguals increasing worldwide, psycholinguists have begun to look at how the brain represents multiple languages. The mental lexicon is a focus of research on differences between monolingual and multilingual brains.

Research during past decades shows that bilingual brains have special neural connections, and whether they constitute a distinct bilingual brain structure is still being studied. The mode of basic lexical representations of bilingualism has also been debated.

Lexicon
A lexicon (pl. lexicons, rarely lexica) is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical).  In linguistics, a lexicon is a language's inventory of lexemes. The word lexicon derives from Greek word λεξικόν (lexikon), neuter of λεξικός (lexikos) meaning 'of or for words'.

Linguistic theories generally regard human languages as consisting of two parts: a lexicon, essentially a catalogue of a language's words (its wordstock); and a grammar, a system of rules which allow for the combination of those words into meaningful sentences. The lexicon is also thought to include bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone as words (such as most affixes). In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions, collocations and other phrasemes are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries are lists of the lexicon, in alphabetical order, of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included.
About a Boy (soundtrack)
About a Boy is the second album by English singer-songwriter Badly Drawn Boy (Damon Gough), released in 8 April 2002 under Twisted Nerve Records and XL Recordings, and in America under the short-lived ARTISTdirect Records, as the soundtrack to the film About a Boy. Gough was chosen to compose and perform the entire soundtrack.

In his book 31 Songs, About a Boy author Nick Hornby lists Gough's track "A Minor Incident" as one of the songs that has had an effect on his life.

Songbook (Nick Hornby book)
Songbook (published in the United Kingdom as 31 Songs) is a 2002 collection of 26 essays by English writer Nick Hornby about songs and (more often) the particular emotional resonance they carry for him. In the UK, Sony released a stand-alone CD, A Selection of Music from 31 Songs, featuring 18 songs. The hardcover edition of Songbook, published in the US by McSweeney's and illustrated by Marcel Dzama, includes a CD with 11 of the songs featured in the book.
Aristolochia ceropegioides
Aristolochia ceropegioides, synonym Pararistolochia ceropegioides, is a plant species of  family Aristolochiaceae. It is found in Cameroon and Gabon. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Aristolochiaceae
The Aristolochiaceae (English: /əˌrɪstəˈloʊkiəsii/) are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with eight genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is Aristolochia L.
SS Tolosa
A number of steamships were named Tolosa, including

SS Tolosa (1908), a Norwegian cargo ship in service 1916–27

SS Tolosa (1920), an American Design 1019 cargo ship in service 1920–40

SS Tolosa (1930), a Norwegian cargo ship in service 1930–44

SS Empire Dorado
Empire Dorado was a 5,595 GRT design 1019 cargo ship that was built in 1920 as Tolosa by Atlantic Corporation, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States for the United States Shipping Board (USSB), passing to the United States Maritime Commission (USMC) in 1937. She was sold to the United Kingdom in 1940, passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Dorado. She served until November 1941, when she was in collision with another ship. Although taken in tow, she subsequently sank.
Leung Chin-man appointment controversy
The Leung Chin-man appointment controversy occurred in Hong Kong in August 2008, when the former Permanent Secretary for Housing, Planning and Lands, Leung Chin-man, was named Deputy Managing Director and executive director of New World China Land Ltd.

There was widespread suspicion among members of the public that job offer was a quid pro quo for the favours he allegedly granted to its parent company, New World Development (NWD), in 2004. The Civil Service Bureau (CSB), which was responsible for vetting the appointments of former civil servants against potential conflicts of interest, admitted to failing in their duty to consider all relevant factors.

Secretary for the Civil Service
The Secretary for the Civil Service is the head of the Civil Service Bureau in Hong Kong. Unlike other secretaries for bureaux, the Secretary for the Civil Service is filled by an administrative officer from the civil service, who may choose to return to the civil service when his term expires. Before Principal Officials Accountability System was introduced in 2002, it was a civil service position.
Svalutation
Svalutation (Italian pronunciation: [svaluˈtɛʃʃon]) is the 16th album by Italian singer Adriano Celentano, issued in 1976. The word svalutation is a mock English word coined after the Italian svalutazione, which correctly translates to "devaluation", and the title track ironizes on the Italian economical and political crisis of the time.

The album named a television musical variety show, written and presented by the same Celentano and broadcast on Rai 3 in 1992.

Rai 3
Rai 3 (formerly Rai Tre) is an Italian free-to-air television channel owned and operated by state-owned public broadcaster RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana. It was launched on 15 December 1979 and its programming is centred towards cultural and regional programming. It has always been considered the most left-leaning channel of Italian public television. Rai 3 is a direct competitor to La7 and Mediaset's Rete 4.
Tepanje
Tepanje (pronounced [ˈteːpanjɛ], German: Tepina) is a village in the Municipality of Slovenske Konjice in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

The A1 motorway and the  Slovenske Konjice interchange are southwest of the settlement. The village developed along the parallel old regional road from Celje to Maribor and near the bridge across Oplotnica Creek.

Maribor
Maribor (UK: /ˈmærɪbɔːr/ MARR-ib-or, US: /ˈmɑːr-/ MAR-, Slovene: [ˈmáːɾibɔɾ] ⓘ; also known by other historical names) is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Lower Styria. It is the seat of the Urban Municipality of Maribor and the Drava Statistical Region. Maribor is also the economic, administrative, educational, and cultural centre of eastern Slovenia.

Maribor was first mentioned as a castle in 1164, as a settlement in 1209, and as a city in 1254. Like most Slovene ethnic territory, Maribor was under Habsburg rule until 1918, when Rudolf Maister and his men secured the city for the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which then joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1991 Maribor became part of independent Slovenia.

Maribor, along with the Portuguese city of Guimarães, was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2012.
Frank William Land
Frank William Land (9 January 1911 in Edmonton, Middlesex – 2 June 1990 in Wrexham, Wales) was a populariser of mathematics and a professor of mathematics at Hull University.

He was lecturer at the College of St Mark and St John ('Marjohn') in Chelsea with Cyril Bibby, whom he later followed to Hull where he worked with Bill Cockcroft. For a time during the Second World War he taught at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe.

Marcus du Sautoy describes Land's book The Language of Mathematics as seminal in his intellectual development.

One of his children was the neurobiologist Professor Michael F. Land.

University of Hull
The University of Hull is a public research university in Kingston upon Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was founded in 1927 as University College Hull. The main university campus is located in Hull and is home to the Hull York Medical School, a joint initiative with the University of York. Students are served by Hull University Union.

The first chancellor of the university was Lord Middleton (1954–1969), followed by Lord Cohen (1970–1977), Lord Wilberforce (1978–1994), Lord Armstrong (1994–2006) and Virginia Bottomley (Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone) (2006–2023). Alan Johnson was installed as the current chancellor in July 2023.
164th Radio Technical Brigade (Ukraine)
The 164th Radio Technical Brigade "Slobidska" is a Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force concerned with radar operations in Kharkiv Sumy, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia Oblast, an area of about 200 thousand square kilometers and a population of eighteen million. It is subordinated to the Air Command East. It is headquartered in Kharkiv.

Kharkiv Oblast
Kharkiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Харківська область, romanized: Kharkivska oblast, Russian: Харьковская область, romanized: Kharkovskaya oblast), also referred to as Kharkivshchyna (Ukrainian: Харківщина), is an oblast (province) in eastern Ukraine.

Kharkiv borders Luhansk Oblast to the east, Donetsk Oblast to the southeast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to the southwest, Poltava Oblast to the west, Sumy Oblast to the northwest and Russia's Belgorod Oblast to the north. Its area is 31,400 square kilometres (12,100 sq mi), or 5.2% of the total territory of Ukraine.

The oblast is the third-most populous of Ukraine, with a population of 2,598,961 in 2021, more than half (1.42 million) of whom live in the city of Kharkiv, the oblast's administrative center.
Andy Lehrer
Andy Z. Lehrer (Hebrew: אנדי לרר; 16 May 1930 – 6 February 2014) was a Romanian entomologist. From 1996 until his death, he worked as a research associate in the laboratory of Zoology at the University of Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel. For several years, he studied flesh flies and blow flies from all over the world.

Lehrer was born in Iaşi, Romania. He died in February 2014, aged 83.

For many years he self-published the journal Fragmenta Dipterologica, for which he was almost the sole contributing author.

Flesh fly
Sarcophagidae (from Ancient Greek  σάρξ sárx 'flesh' and  φαγεῖν phageîn 'to eat') are a family of flies commonly known as flesh flies. They differ from most flies in that they are ovoviviparous, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching maggots instead of eggs on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals, hence their common name. Some flesh fly larvae are internal parasites of other insects such as Orthoptera, and some, in particular the Miltogramminae, are kleptoparasites of solitary Hymenoptera. The adults mostly feed on fluids from animal bodies, nectar, sweet foods, fluids from animal waste and other organic substances. Juveniles need protein to develop and may be laid on carrion, dung or sweet plant foods (including fruit, nuts, and artificial foodstuffs).
Historicism (Christianity)
In Christian eschatology, historicism is a method of interpretation of biblical prophecies which associates symbols with historical persons, nations or events. The main primary texts of interest to Christian historicists include apocalyptic literature, such as the Book of Daniel and the Book of Revelation. It sees the prophecies of Daniel as being fulfilled throughout history, extending from the past through the present to the future. It is sometimes called the continuous historical view. Commentators have also applied historicist methods to ancient Jewish history, to the Roman Empire, to Islam, to the Papacy, to the Modern era, and to the end time.

The historicist method starts with Daniel 2 and works progressively through consecutive prophecies of the book—chapters 7, 8 and 11—resulting in a view of Daniel's prophecies very different from preterism and futurism.

Almost all Protestant Reformers from the Reformation into the 19th century held historicist views.

Apocalyptic literature
Apocalyptic literature is a genre of prophetical writing that developed in post-Exilic Jewish culture and was popular among millennialist early Christians. Apocalypse (Ancient Greek: ἀποκάλυψις, romanized: apokálupsis) is a Greek word meaning "revelation", "an unveiling or unfolding of things not previously known and which could not be known apart from the unveiling".

As a genre, apocalyptic literature details the authors' visions of the end times/end of the age as revealed by an angel or other heavenly messenger. The apocalyptic literature of Judaism and Christianity embraces a considerable period, from the centuries following the Babylonian exile down to the close of the Middle Ages.
Alois Herbert Double House
Alois Herbert Double House, also known as the Bohot Folk Art House, is a historic duplex located at St. Joseph, Missouri.  It was built in 1851, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, rectangular, Greek Revival style brick dwelling.  It has a low pitched side-gable roof with a hipped dormer.  The front facade features folk art masonry appliques added in the latter part of the 20th century.: 5

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Duplex (building)
A duplex house plan has two living units attached to each other, either next to each other as townhouses and condominiums or one above the other like apartments. By contrast, a building comprising two attached units on two distinct properties is typically considered semi-detached or twin homes but is also called a duplex in parts of the Northeastern United States, Western Canada, and Saudi Arabia.

The term "duplex" is not extended to three-unit and four-unit buildings, as they would be referred to with specific terms such as three-family (or triplex) and fourplex (or quadplex/quadruplex) or a more general multiplex. Because of the flexibility of the term, the line between an apartment building and a duplex is somewhat blurred, with apartment buildings tending to be bigger, while duplexes are usually the size of a single-family house.

Certain jurisdictions may describe these as paired homes.
Hans Maeder
Hans Karl Maeder (December 29, 1909 – September 8, 1988) was an innovative educator who founded the Stockbridge School in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and served as its director and headmaster for 23 years.

Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Stockbridge is a town in Berkshire County in Western Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,018 at the 2020 census. A year-round resort area, Stockbridge is home to the Norman Rockwell Museum, Naumkeag, a public garden and historic house, the Austen Riggs Center (a psychiatric treatment center), and Chesterwood, home and studio of sculptor Daniel Chester French.