hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History and use of the single transferable vote
Historically, the single transferable vote (STV) electoral system has seen a series of relatively modest periods of usage and disusage at various locations around the world. Today it is increasingly popular as a goal of electoral reform, and many jurisdictions are proposing implementation of it as a method of proportional representation. STV has been used in many different local, regional and national electoral systems, as well as to elect various other types of bodies, around the world.

1921 Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland general elections
General elections took place in Ireland on 24 May 1921 to elect members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. These legislatures had been established by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which granted Home Rule to a partitioned Ireland within the United Kingdom.

The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) won a landslide majority in Northern Ireland. In the area designated as Southern Ireland, Sinn Féin candidates were elected unopposed in 124 of the 128 seats.

Only the Northern Ireland House of Commons actually sat as a functional body; the Sinn Féin candidates elected across Ireland boycotted both institutions, and instead assembled as the Second Dáil.
Feankleaster
Feankleaster is a small village in Noardeast-Fryslân municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands, with a population of around 97 in January 2017. Before 2019, the village was part of the Kollumerland en Nieuwkruisland municipality.

Noardeast-Fryslân
Noardeast-Fryslân (West Frisian pronunciation: [noəˈtɪəst ˈfrislɔ̃ːn]; lit. 'Northeast Friesland') is a municipality of Friesland in the northern Netherlands. It was established 1 January 2019  and consists of the former municipalities of Dongeradeel, Ferwerderadiel and Kollumerland en Nieuwkruisland, all three of which dissolved on the same day.

The municipality is located in the province of Friesland on the Wadden Sea coast, in the north of the Netherlands. Noardeast-Fryslân is bordered by the municipalities of Waadhoeke, Ameland, Schiermonnikoog, Leeuwarden, Dantumadiel and the province of Groningen. The population in January 2019 was 45,181. It is Friesland's seventh-most populous municipality. The largest population centre (2018 population, 12,576) is Dokkum. The residents speak West Frisian, a Dutch Low Saxon dialect or Dutch.

Part of the municipality are the Engelsmanplaat sandbank and most of the Rif sandbank (which is shared with Schiermonnikoog for a small part).
World Solar Challenge 2009
The 2009 World Solar Challenge was one of a biennial series of solar-powered car races, covering 3,021 km (1,877 mi) through the Australian Outback, from Darwin, Northern Territory to Adelaide, South Australia.

In the Challenge class 24 teams started, of which eight completed the course, and the winner was Tokai University of Japan. In the Adventure class seven teams started and two completed the course, the winner being Osaka Sangyo University also of Japan.

Solar car racing
Solar car racing refers to competitive races of electric vehicles which are powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car (solar cars). The first solar car race was the Tour de Sol in 1985 which led to several similar races in Europe, US and Australia. Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students' engineering and technological skills, but many business corporations have entered competitions in the past. A small number of high school teams participate in solar car races designed exclusively for high school students.
Kakola Funicular
The Kakola Funicular (Finnish: Kakolan funikulaari; Swedish: Kakolafunikularen) is an inclined lift in Turku, Finland. The lift has been in operation since 2019. Despite its name, the Kakola funicular is not a true funicular, as it does not have a human operator nor a second carriage as a counterweight. It is the first outdoor inclined lift in Finland.

Funicular
A funicular (/fjuːˈnɪkjʊlər, f(j)ʊ-, f(j)ə-/ few-NIK-yoo-lər, f(y)uu-, f(j)ə-), or funicular railway, is a type of cable railway system that connects points along a railway track laid on a steep slope. The system is characterized by two counterbalanced carriages (also called cars or trains) permanently attached to opposite ends of a haulage cable, which is looped over a pulley at the upper end of the track. The result of such a configuration is that the two carriages move synchronously: as one ascends, the other descends at an equal speed. This feature distinguishes funiculars from inclined elevators, which have a single car that is hauled uphill.

The term funicular derives from the Latin word funiculus, the diminutive of funis, meaning 'rope'.
Surman National Park
Surman National Park or Sirman National Park (غابة صرمان والمنتزه الوطني) is a national park of Libya. It was established in 1992 and covers an area of 400 hectares (990 acres).
It lies about 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Tripoli, not far from the archaeological ruins of Sabratha.

Sabratha
Sabratha (Arabic: صبراتة, romanized: Ṣabrāta; also Sabratah, Siburata), in the Zawiya District of Libya, was the westernmost of the ancient "three cities" of Roman Tripolis, alongside Oea and Leptis Magna. From 2001 to 2007 it was the capital of the former Sabratha wa Sorman District. It lies on the Mediterranean coast about 70 km (43 mi) west of modern Tripoli. The extant archaeological site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.
Paolo Rolli
Paolo Antonio Rolli FRS (13 June 1687 – 20 March 1765) was an Italian Rococo librettist, poet and translator. Generally ranked second to Pietro Metastasio among early eighteenth-century Italian poets, Rolli was a member of several Italian academies and a fellow of the Royal Society (1729).

Treccani
Institute Giovanni Treccani for the publication of the Italian Encyclopedia (Italian: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana - Treccani), also known as Treccani Institute or simply Treccani, is a cultural institution of national interest, active in the publishing field, founded by Giovanni Treccani and Giovanni Gentile in 1925. It is known for publishing the first edition and the subsequent ten supplements of the Italian Encyclopaedia of Science, Literature and Arts (Italian: Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti).
Kiel et Tanger
Kiel et Tanger (Kiel and Tanger) is a book written by the French journalist and politician Charles Maurras, director of L'Action française. This essay, written in 1905 and completed until its first publication in 1910, describes the military weaknesses of France linked to "the inertia of the republican system". The book is based on articles by Charles Maurras published in the Gazette de France and L'Action française. The book was reissued in 1913 and 1921, then in 2018.

L'Action française
L'Action française, organ of integral nationalism (French: L'Action française, organe du nationalisme intégral) was a royalist French newspaper founded in Paris in March 1908. It was banned during the Liberation of France in August 1944.

The newspaper succeeded the Revue d'Action française of Henri Vaugeois and Maurice Pujo. Based on the Rue de Rome in Paris, its director was Charles Maurras, the leader of the monarchist Action Française movement. Its editorial line is classified as far-right due to its violent anti-parliamentarianism, anti-republicanism, and antisemitism. For a brief period, it also published a weekly edition titled L'Action française du dimanche.
Ebertswiese
The Ebertswiese (literally: Ebert Meadow), is a boggy area of grassland in the Thuringian Forest in central Germany. It has been a nature conservation area since 1936 and is a recreation area in the municipality of Floh-Seligenthal on the Rennsteig trail. The River Spitter has its source within the reserve.

In addition to the Ebertswiese mountain hotel, the Bergseebaude guest house and various walking huts the main destination is the Bergsee lake, which was created in 1900 from a disused quarry. The introduction of a water wheel ended the quarrying, but has since pleased swimmers.

In the vicinity of the Ebertswiese are the Dreiherrenstein am Hangweg (boundary stone marking the duchies of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Kurhessen), dating from 1586,  and the Spitter Waterfall (Thuringia's highest natural waterfall).

Highland lake in the former quarry at the Ebertswiese

Lake in summer

Lake in winter

Thuringian Forest
The Thuringian Forest (Thüringer Wald in German pronounced [ˈtyːʁɪŋɐ ˈvalt] ⓘ) is a mountain range in the southern parts of the German state of Thuringia, running northwest to southeast.  Skirting from its southerly source in foothills to a gorge on its north-west side is the Werra valley.  On the other side of the Forest is an upper outcrop of the North German Plain, the Thuringian Basin, which includes the city of Erfurt.  The south and south-east continuation of the range is the highland often called the Thuringian-Vogtlandian Slate Mountains.

Among scattered foothills at its northern foot are the towns Eisenach, Gotha and Arnstadt. The towns of Ilmenau and Suhl sit in slight dips on the range itself to the north and south respectively.
Grinding machine
A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power tools or machine tools used for grinding. It is a type of material removal using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of the abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece via shear deformation.

Grinding as a type of machining is used to finish workpieces that must show high surface quality (e.g., low surface roughness) and high accuracy of shape and dimension. As the accuracy in dimensions in grinding is of the order of 0.000025  mm, in most applications, it tends to be a finishing operation and removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to 0.50  mm depth. However, there are some roughing applications in which grinding removes high volumes of metal quite rapidly. Thus, grinding is a diverse field.

Power tool
A power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power source and mechanism other than the solely manual labor used with hand tools. The most common types of power tools use electric motors. Internal combustion engines and compressed air are also commonly used. Tools directly driven by animal power are not generally considered power tools. Power tools can produce large amounts of particulates, including ultrafine particles. Airborne particulate matter is a Group 1 carcinogen.
William Hill Handicap Hurdle
The William Hill Handicap Hurdle is a Premier Handicap National Hunt handicap hurdle race in England which is open to horses aged four years or older. 
It is run at Aintree over a distance of about 2 miles and 4 furlongs (4,023 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in April. The prize fund is £75,000.

The race was first run in 1989 and was awarded Grade 3 status in 2014. It was re-classified as a Premier Handicap from the 2023 running when Grade 3 status was renamed by the British Horseracing Authority. It was sponsored by Oddbins from 1991 to 2002 and has had various sponsors since then.

Aintree Racecourse
Aintree Racecourse is a racecourse in Aintree, Merseyside, England, near to Liverpool. The racecourse is the venue for the Grand National steeplechase, which takes place annually in April over three days. Aintree also holds meetings in May, October (Sunday), November and December (both Saturdays).

The Aintree Racecourse had suffered three major disruptions in post-war history, starting with the 1993 Grand National due to a series of false starts and no winner was announced, followed by the 1997 Grand National, postponed to Monday because of an IRA bomb threat and the 2023 Grand National was delayed due to Animal Rights protesters.
Adelina Adalis
Adelina Adalis (26 July 1900 – 13 August 1969) was a Soviet poet, prose writer and translator.

Alongside Valery Bryusov (1873–1924) and Nikolay Gumilev (1886–1921), she influenced Malaysian literature in the 19th and 20th century.

Nikolai Gumilev
Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev (also Gumilyov; Russian: Николай Степанович Гумилёв, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj sʲtʲɪˈpanəvʲɪtɕ ɡʊmʲɪˈlʲɵf] ⓘ; April 15 [O.S. 3 April] 1886 – August 26, 1921) was a Russian poet, literary critic, traveler, and military officer. He was a co-founder of the Acmeist movement. He was the husband of Anna Akhmatova and the father of Lev Gumilev. Nikolai Gumilev was arrested and executed by the Cheka, the secret Soviet police force, in 1921.
Illusion knitting
Illusion knitting or shadow knitting is a form of textile art, in which the knitting is viewed as simply narrow stripes from one angle, and as an image when viewed from another angle. Illusion knitting has been recognised as an art form since 2010, largely due to the advances made by Steve Plummer who has created several large and detailed pieces. Similar effects occur in Tunisian crochet.

Textile arts
Textile arts are arts and crafts that use plant, animal, or synthetic fibers to construct practical or decorative objects.

Textiles have been a fundamental part of human life since the beginning of civilization. The methods and materials used to make them have expanded enormously, while the functions of textiles have remained the same, there are many functions for textiles. Whether it be clothing or something decorative for the house/shelter. The history of textile arts is also the history of international trade.  Tyrian purple dye was an important trade good in the ancient Mediterranean. The Silk Road brought Chinese silk to India, Africa, and Europe, and, conversely, Sogdian silk to China. Tastes for imported luxury fabrics led to sumptuary laws during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.  The Industrial Revolution was shaped largely by innovation in textiles technology: the cotton gin, the spinning jenny, and the power loom mechanized production and led to the Luddite rebellion.
Telegraph stamp
Telegraph stamps are stamps intended solely for the prepayment of telegraph fees. The customer completed a telegraph form before handing it with payment to the clerk who applied a telegraph stamp and cancelled it to show that payment had been made. If the stamp was an imprinted stamp, it formed part of the message form.

Imprinted stamp
In philately, an imprinted stamp is a stamp printed onto a piece of postal stationery such as a stamped envelope, postal card, letter sheet, letter card, aerogram or wrapper. The printing may be flat upon the surface of the paper, or embossed with a raised relief. An imprinted stamp is also known as unadhesive stamp  or indicium.

The cost of the item of stationery includes the manufacture of the item and the charge for postal service. The design of imprinted stamps often bears a close resemblance to normal adhesive stamps of the same country and era. It may be a definitive or commemorative stamp.
Ọjà
The ọjà// ⓘ is a flute used by the Igbo people of Nigeria. It is made from bamboo or metal and is played by blowing air into one end while covering and uncovering holes along the body to create different notes. In traditional Igbo music, the ọjà is often performed in conjunction with a number of other instruments such as the ekwe, udu (percussion instrument), igba (drum), ogene (bell), ichaka/0sha (rattle),  okwa (gong), etc.

Udu
The kim-kim or Udu// ⓘ is a plosive aerophone (in this case implosive) and an idiophone of the Igbo of Nigeria. In the Igbo language, ùdù means 'vessel' or 'pot'. This is a hand percussion instrument and it is one of the most important instruments in Igbo music.
2008 Singapore League Cup
The 2008 Singapore League Cup was the 2nd edition of the Singapore League Cup. Its official sponsored name for 2008 was the Avaya-J&J League Cup.

In 2007, the event was held before the start of the S.League season (and served as a pre-season warm-up tournament). However, in 2008, the event was held during the S.League season. It consisted of all 12 S.League teams in that season. The cup was played over four rounds. The top four teams in the S.League in 2007 were given a bye to the quarter-final stage. The final was played on 16 June at Jalan Besar Stadium, with Gombak United defeating Super Reds FC. The defending champions, Woodlands Wellington, were eliminated in the first round.

Tampines Rovers FC
Tampines Rovers Football Club (currently known as BG Tampines Rovers due to sponsorship reasons) is a professional football club based in Tampines, Singapore, that competes in the Singapore Premier League, the top tier of the Singapore football league system. Founded in 1945, the club has won 5 league titles, 4 Singapore Cups, a record 5 Community Shields and 1 ASEAN Club Championship.

Tampines Rovers is one of the more widely supported football clubs in Singapore, attracting high attendances at both home and away games. Its main rival is Geylang International, with whom they contest in the 'Eastern Derby'. In September 2023, Tampines Rovers signed a three years collaboration with Thai League 1 club, BG Pathum United.
Ōtaki Beach
Ōtaki Beach is a small settlement in the Kāpiti Coast District of the Wellington Region of New Zealand's North Island.  It is located on the South Taranaki Bight north of the mouth of Ōtaki River, and south of the mouth of the Waitohu Stream 4.0 kilometres northwest of Ōtaki.

A cairn opposite 224 Marine Parade commemorates the shipwrecks of Felixstowe, a barque, and City of Auckland, a full-rigged ship carrying immigrants, in October 1878. Shipwrecks were common on Ōtaki beach in the 19th century.

The area was divided into residential sections and roads built in the early 1920s.

Ōtaki River
The Ōtaki River is located in the Kāpiti Coast District in the North Island of New Zealand. The river drains a catchment area in the western slopes of the Tararua Ranges, and flows west through a coastal flood plain south of the Ōtaki township to its mouth in the Tasman Sea.
Magnificent Ruffians
The Magnificent Ruffians (alternately titled The Destroyers, Daring Kids, and The Destroyers Of The Five Deadly Venoms) is a 1979 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Chang Cheh and starring the Venom Mob.

Philip Kwok
Philip Kwok (Chinese: 郭追; also known as Kuo Chui, Kwok Chui, Kwok Chun-Fung; born 21 October 1951) is a Hong Kong–based Taiwanese actor, martial artist, and stuntman. He rose to fame as a member of the Venom Mob, an ensemble of martial arts actors who starred in several films for Shaw Brothers Studio in the 1970s and 1980s. He played "Mad Dog", the main villain's henchman with high morals in John Woo's Hard Boiled (1992).
Vitaliy Dovgun
Vitaliy Semyonovich Dovgun (Kazakh: Виталий Семёнович Довгун; born February 15, 1971) is a Kazakhstani sport shooter. At age thirty-eight, Dovgun made his official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed in all three rifle shooting events. He is also the husband of four-time Olympian Olga Dovgun, who qualified for the same category at these Olympic games.

In his first event, 10 m air rifle, Dovgun was able to hit a total of 587 points within six attempts, finishing thirty-eighth in the qualifying rounds. Few days later, he placed twentieth in the 50 m rifle prone, by one target ahead of Slovenia's Rajmond Debevec from the second attempt, with a total score of 592 points. In his third and last event, 50 m rifle 3 positions, Yurkov was able to shoot 398 targets in a prone position, 381 in standing, and 379 in kneeling, for a total score of 1,158 points, finishing only in twenty-seventh place.

Rajmond Debevec
Rajmond Debevec (born 29 March 1963) is a Slovenian sport shooter. He has won three Olympic and ten World Championship medals in shooting. He formerly held the world record in the 50 meter rifle 3 positions event.
Deserto de Viana
The Deserto de Viana is a sand desert in the northwestern part of the island of Boa Vista, Cape Verde. It is situated east of the towns Rabil and Sal Rei, and west of Bofarreira. The desert itself is not a protected area, but it is adjacent to the nature reserve Boa Esperança, which includes the Lagoa do Rabil and the Praia de Atalanta.

It is considered one of the seven natural wonders of Cape Verde.

Praia de Atalanta
Praia de Atalanta is a beach on the north coast of the island of Boa Vista in Cape Verde. It is approximately 6 km northeast of the island capital of Sal Rei and 3 km west of Vigía. The wreck of the Spanish cargo ship Cabo Santa Maria, which ran aground on September 1, 1968, is located here.

The beach forms a part of Boa Esperança Nature Reserve which also includes the beaches of Sobrado and Copinha.
Apoderus coryli
Apoderus coryli, the hazel-leaf roller weevil, is a species of leaf-rolling beetles belonging to the family Attelabidae subfamily Attelabinae. Because of the trunk-like elongated head, it is often mistakenly attributed to the weevil family Curculionidae.

Attelabidae
The Attelabidae is a widespread family of weevils. They are among the primitive weevils, because of their straight antennae, which are inserted near the base of the rostrum. The prothorax is much narrower than the base of the elytra on the abdomen. Attelabidae and the related family Rhynchitidae are known commonly as the leaf-rolling weevils. Rhynchitidae may be treated as subfamily Rhynchitinae of the Attelabidae.

Some members of this family have long necks and may be called giraffe weevils, particularly Trachelophorus giraffa. A few species are minor agricultural pests. The larvae of Rhynchitinae feed in flower buds, fruits, and terminal shoots, or are leaf miners. The subfamily Attelabinae are the true leaf rollers. The female cuts slits into leaves to deposit her eggs, and rolls that part of the leaf in which the larvae will feed.
Music of Atlanta
Atlanta has a thriving music industry and is considered to be a capital of hip-hop including crunk,  of R&B and its offshoot neo-soul, and of gospel music - in addition to a thriving indie-rock and live music scene. Classical, country and blues have historically been well represented. From the 1920s through 1950s the city was a major center for country music.

688 Club
The 688 Club was a popular alternative music venue in Atlanta, Georgia, located at 688 Spring Street, near the intersection of Spring and 3rd Streets. The 688 Club opened in May 1980 and closed in November 1986. The club was operated by Steve May. The club was co-owned by Tony Evans, John Wicker, and in its final years by Mike Hendry. Cathy Hendrix served as the club's music director. During its brief lifetime, the 688 played host to hundreds of punk rock, new wave and alternative rock bands, many of whom would later become well known.

During the early 1980s, the 688 Club was the primary place for up-and-coming bands from Atlanta and Athens, Georgia, to get noticed. Among the groups that regularly played there were R.E.M. and Pylon. The club spun off an independent record label, 688 Records, which survived for a time even after 688 Club had closed. Dash Rip Rock's self-titled debut LP was the first album released by 688 Records.