hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Wayne Niles
John Wayne Niles (c. 1842–?) was an American politician, political organizer, an early Kansas pioneer, and civil rights activist. An African American, he founded an all-Black political party, the Indemnity Party, which advocated for reparations in the form of land grants for those formerly enslaved. Niles was one of the founding settlement leaders of Nicodemus, Kansas, a freedmen's town.

Freedmen's town
In the United States, a freedmen's town was an African American municipality or community built by freedmen, formerly enslaved people who were emancipated during and after the American Civil War. These towns emerged in a number of states, most notably Texas. In the Piedmont region of Virginia, they were known as freetowns, usually places near or bordering where formerly enslaved African Americans lived and worked on plantations under the system of chattel slavery, oftentimes on lands donated by former masters. They are also known as freedom colonies, from the title of a book by Sitton and Conrad.
Pačetin
Pačetin (Serbian Cyrillic: Пачетин, Hungarian: Pacsinta) is a village in the municipality of Trpinja, Vukovar-Syrmia County in the easternmost part of Croatia. At the time of the 2011 Census the population of the village was 541. Village lies north of the Vuka River and west of the M601 railway. Its major landmark is the Church of St. Nicholas from the 18th century. County road Ž4111 passing through the villages of Pačetin, Bobota and Vera connect all three villages with D2 road and D55 road. Pačetin is 28.6 km southeast of Osijek, the economic and cultural centre of Slavonia and 17.2 km from the Osijek Airport. County seat Vukovar is 17.3 km east of Pačetin.

D2 road (Croatia)
D2 state road (Croatian: Državna cesta D2) is a trunk state road in the northern areas of Croatia that spans from the border crossing with Slovenia at Dubrava Križovljanska in the west via Varaždin, Koprivnica, Virovitica, Našice, Osijek, Vukovar, ending at the Ilok–Bačka Palanka Bridge border crossing with Serbia. The road is 347.9 km (216.2 mi) long.
Morogoro Urban District
Morogoro Urban District (Swahili: Wilaya ya Morogoro Mjini) is one of the six districts of the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. It contains the city Morogoro, capital of the Morogoro Region, and no villages. Morogoro Urban District covers 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi). It is bordered to the east and south by the Morogoro Rural District and to the north and west by Mvomero District

As of 2012, the population of the Morogoro Urban District was 315,866.

Morogoro
Morogoro is a city located in the eastern part of Tanzania, approximately 196 kilometers (122 miles) west of Dar es Salaam. It serves as the capital of the Morogoro Region. Informally, it is referred to as Mji kasoro bahari, which translates to city short of an ocean/port.

In Morogoro, the non-profit organization APOPO trains Gambian pouched rats known as HeroRATS, for landmine detection as well as the detection of tuberculosis. Notably, the Sokoine University of Agriculture is based in Morogoro. The city is also home to various missions that provide educational and medical facilities, benefiting the local community.
Medical encyclopedia
A medical encyclopaedia is a comprehensive written compendium that holds information about diseases, medical conditions, tests, symptoms, injuries, and surgeries. It may contain an extensive gallery of medicine-related photographs and illustrations. 
  
A medical encyclopaedia provides information to readers about health questions. It may also contain some information about the history of diseases, the development of medical technology uses to detect diseases in its early phase.
A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.

Therapy
A therapy or medical treatment is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a medical diagnosis. Both words, treatment and therapy, are often abbreviated tx, Tx, or Tx.

As a rule, each therapy has indications and contraindications.  There are many different types of therapy.  Not all therapies are effective.  Many therapies can produce unwanted adverse effects.

Treatment and therapy are often synonymous, especially in the usage of health professionals. However,  in the context of mental health, the term therapy may refer specifically to psychotherapy.

A therapist is a person who offers any modality of therapy. Therapist refers to trained professionals engaged in providing services any kind of treatment or rehabilitation.
Cherax nucifraga
Cherax nucifraga is a species of crayfish in the family Parastacidae. It is known only from the type locality – Palm Springs, near Channel Point, Northern Territory, Australia – where the holotype was collected from the stomach of a barramundi. It is listed as data deficient on the IUCN Red List.

Its specific name derived from the Latin, nux (a nut) and frango (to break), which refers to the unusual form of the claws, which resemble nutcrackers.

Crayfish
Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Astacidea, which also contains lobsters. Taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They breathe through feather-like gills. Some species are found in brooks and streams, where  fresh water is running, while others thrive in swamps, ditches, and paddy fields. Most crayfish cannot tolerate polluted water, although some species, such as Procambarus clarkii, are hardier. Crayfish feed on animals and plants, either living or decomposing, and detritus.

The term "crayfish" is applied to saltwater species in some countries.
Vuelta a Bolivia
The Vuelta a Bolivia is the most important road bicycle race in the State of Bolivia. The first edition of the race, in 2008, replaced an historical Bolivian race, the "Doble Copacabana de Ciclismo". It is now organized as a 2.2 event on the UCI America Tour.

UCI race classifications
The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the world's governing body in the sport of bicycle racing, classifies races according to a rating scale.

The rating is represented by a code made of two or three parts and indicates both the type or style of race (the first part), and its importance or difficulty (the second and third parts, lower being harder). The first part can be an integer or an abbreviation, and the second part, when present, are usually integers. Both parts are separated by a period or decimal point (.).

A higher rated race will result in the successful riders receiving more world ranking points.
Sam Harris (basketball)
Samuel James Harris (born 3 May 1984) is an Australian former professional basketball player. He played 10 seasons in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL) and spent two seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL).

Australian Institute of Sport
The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) is a high performance sports training institution in Australia. The institute's 66-hectare (163-acre) headquarters were opened in 1981 and are situated in the northern suburb of Bruce, Canberra. The AIS is a division of the Australian Sports Commission (ASC).
Spatial citizenship
Spatial citizenship describes the ability of individuals and groups to interact and participate in societal spatial decision making through the reflexive production and use of geo-media (geographic media such as maps, virtual globes, GIS, and the Geoweb). Spatial citizens are lay users who are able to use geo-media to question existing perspectives on action in space (e.g. social rules, spatial planning) and to produce, communicate, and negotiate alternative spatial visions.

Spatial citizenship is an educational approach at the intersection of citizenship education and geography education. Its main theoretical reference points are emancipatory forms of citizenship and the "reflexive appropriation of space".

Convention (norm)
A convention  influences a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, social norms, or other criteria, often taking the form of a custom.

In physical sciences, numerical values (such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values.
Dubuc (electoral district)
Dubuc is a provincial electoral district in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It notably includes part of the city of Saguenay as well as Saint-Honoré and Saint-Ambroise.

It was created for the 1966 election from parts of Chicoutimi and Jonquière-Kénogami electoral districts.

Jonquière-Kénogami
Jonquière-Kénogami was a former provincial electoral district in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of  Quebec, Canada that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

It was created for the 1956 election, from parts of the existing Chicoutimi and Lac-Saint-Jean electoral districts.  Its final election was in 1962.  It disappeared in the 1966 election and its successor electoral district was Jonquière.
Kremen (surname)
Kremin is a Slavic-language surname literally meaning "flint". Notable people with this surname include:

Barbara Kremen (1922–2022), American writer

Claire Kremen, American conservation biologist

Gary Kremen (born 1963), American engineer, entrepreneur and public servant

Ilona Kremen (born 1994), Belarusian tennis player

Irwin Kremen (1925–2020), American artist

Pete Kremen, American politician

Claire Kremen
Claire Kremen is an American conservation biologist. She is a professor of conservation biology at the University of British Columbia, having formerly worked at the University of California, Berkeley, where she remains professor emerita.
Carburetor heat
Carburetor heat (usually abbreviated to 'carb heat') is a system used in automobile and piston-powered light aircraft engines to prevent or clear carburetor icing.  It consists of a moveable flap which draws hot air into the engine intake.  The air is drawn from the heat stove, a metal plate around the (very hot) exhaust manifold.

Light aircraft
A light aircraft is an aircraft that has a maximum gross takeoff weight of 12,500 lb (5,670 kg) or less.

Light aircraft are used as utility aircraft commercially for small-scale passenger and freight transport; for sightseeing, photography, cropdusting, and other so-called aerial work roles of civil aviation; for the personal-use aspect of general aviation; and in certain aspects of military aviation.

Examples of aircraft that are at the maximum gross takeoff weight for this category include the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Beechcraft B200 Super King Air.
Misery (album)
Misery is the sixth studio album by Australian post-hardcore band the Amity Affliction. The album was released on 24 August 2018. It is the first album without drummer Ryan Burt, following his departure in February 2018. It is the first album to feature Joe Longobardi on drums. However, during recording and the release of this album, he was only a session drummer. He was not made official until the end of 2018. It is also the first album to feature Joel Birch performing clean vocals on some tracks on the album along with the album being a departure from the band's usual straight metalcore sound and instead included some electronic elements on top of the metalcore sound. It is the band's final album for Roadrunner and UNFD.

UNFD
UNFD (pronounced as an initialism [ /ˈjuːˈenˈefˈdiː/ ]) is an independent record label based in Melbourne, Australia. The label is home to a number of Australian artists including Thornhill, Ocean Grove, Hellions and In Hearts Wake, and international artists ERRA, Stray From the Path, Silverstein, Invent Animate, and more. The label has offices in London and Los Angeles.

UNFD is part of the UNIFIED Music Group, owned by Jaddan Comerford. Genres that the label lean towards include, but are not limited to; metalcore, electronicore, progressive metal and djent.
(4+3) cycloaddition
A (4+3) cycloaddition is a cycloaddition between a four-atom π-system and a three-atom π-system to form a seven-membered ring. Allyl or oxyallyl cations (propenylium-2-olate) are commonly used three-atom π-systems, while a diene (such as butadiene) plays the role of the four-atom π-system. It represents one of the relatively few synthetic methods available to form seven-membered rings stereoselectively in high yield.

Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene (/ˌbjuːtəˈdaɪiːn/ ⓘ) is an organic compound with the formula CH2=CH-CH=CH2. It is a colorless gas that is easily condensed to a liquid. It is important industrially as a precursor to synthetic rubber. The molecule can be viewed as the union of two vinyl groups. It is the simplest conjugated diene.

Butadiene undergoes chemical degradation in the atmosphere, but it can nevertheless be found in low levels in the air of urban and suburban areas due to emission by motor vehicles.

The name butadiene can also refer to the isomer, 1,2-butadiene, which is a cumulated diene with structure H2C=C=CH−CH3. This allene has no industrial significance.
Aisa Hota Hai
Aisa Hota Hai (It Happens) is an Indian short film. The film stars Muzaffer Khan, Deba, Sahasra Pathak, Pritha Nag, Amar Yadav, Salman Zaidi, and Aashish Dubey in the lead, most of the cast is in this film is new. It is directed and produced by Aashish Dubey. The film is first screened at the Fribourg International Film Festival on 27 March 2012. Afterwards the film got selected in many film festivals like the New Jersey Independent South Asian Cine Fest, Indian Film Festival Stuttgart, Festival of Nations Film Festival AUSTRIA and many other film festivals around the world. The title of the film was taken from the song of Shaan and Sagarika's album Naujawan.

Sagarika
Sagarika Mukherjee, also known as Saag, is an Indian singer and actress. She sings mainly Hindi, Assamese, and Bengali language songs, but has also sung in the Tamil and Telugu languages. She is the daughter of singer and composer Manas Mukherjee and granddaughter of lyricist Jahar Mukherjee.

Before going solo, she was half of a popular Indian duo with her brother with whom she released albums such as Q-Funk, Roop Inka Mastana and Naujawan. Apart from singing and acting in movies and albums, she is also a restaurateur.
Juliana Larena y Fenollé
Juliana Josefa Benita Larena Fenollé (16 February 1790, Ejea de los Caballeros, Spain  –  1835, Zaragoza, Spain) was a Spanish nurse involved in the Sieges of Zaragoza during the Peninsular War.

Larena moved to Zaragoza, Spain at a young age, and was 18 years old when General Lefebvre initiated the French army's first siege on the city in 1808. During the first siege, she worked as a nurse, tending to the wounded on the front line. During the second siege a year later, Larena helped to defend the stronghold located at Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, one of the most dangerous areas during the siege.

On 30 September 1808, General Palafox awarded her the Shield of Distinction (Spanish: el Escudo de Distinción) for her bravery and provided her a pension, which King Ferdinand VII confirmed on 25 October 1814.

Larena died of cholera in 1835, in Zaragoza. On the centenary of the first siege, a street in Zaragoza was renamed Calle Juliana Larena in her honor.

Ejea de los Caballeros
Ejea de los Caballeros (Spanish: [eˈxea ðe los kaβaˈʎeɾos]; Aragonese: Exeya d'os Caballers), commonly known simply as Ejea, is a town and municipality in the province of Zaragoza, part of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It is one of the five main towns in the Comarca de las Cinco Villas (lit. 'Shire of the Five Villages'), along with Sos del Rey Católico, Uncastillo, Sádaba, and Tauste.
Agathe de Rambaud
Agathe de Rambaud was the official nurse of the royal children, and particularly was in charge of the Dauphin from 1785 to 1792. She was born in Versailles as Agathe-Rosalie Mottet and was baptized in the future cathedral Saint-Louis of Versailles, on 10 December 1764. She died in Aramon, in the département of Gard, on 19 October 1853.

Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ] ⓘ) is a department in Southern France, located in the region of Occitanie. It had a population of 748,437 as of 2019; its prefecture is Nîmes.

The department is named after the river Gardon. In recent decades of the twenty-first century, local administration and French speakers have returned to the original Occitan name of the river, Gard (Occitan pronunciation: [gaɾ]). It is part of a revival of Occitan culture.
Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam
Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam (transl. The ghost in the house, why should I fear?) is a 2016 Telugu-language horror comedy film, produced by B. V. S. N. Prasad on SVCC Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra banner and directed by G. Nageswara Reddy. Starring Allari Naresh, Kruthika Jayakumar, Mouryani and Rajendra Prasad, with music composed by Sai Karthik.

B. V. S. N. Prasad
Bhogavalli Venkata Sathyanarayana Prasad, commonly known as B. V. S. N. Prasad, is an Indian film producer and distributor, primarily known for his work in Telugu cinema. He is the owner of the production companies Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra (SVCC), formerly known as Sri Krishna Prasanna Enterprises, and SVCC Digital. Prasad has won two Filmfare Awards for his work on Magadheera (2009) and Attarintiki Daredi (2013), and a SIIMA Award for the latter.
Benoît Costil
Benoît Guy Robert Costil (born 3 July 1987) is a French professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.

Costil also is a French international, having represented his nation at under-21 and senior level. He represented his country at UEFA Euro 2016, in the same year as his senior international debut. Costil won the 2021 UEFA Nations League Finals with France.

2021 UEFA Nations League Finals
The 2021 UEFA Nations League Finals was the final tournament of the 2020–21 edition of the UEFA Nations League, the second season of the international football competition involving the men's national teams of the 55 member associations of UEFA. The tournament was held in Italy from 6 to 10 October 2021, and was contested by the four group winners of Nations League A. The tournament consisted of two semi-finals, a third place play-off and final to determine the champions of the UEFA Nations League. While originally scheduled for 2 to 6 June 2021, the tournament was pushed back due to the postponement of UEFA Euro 2020 to June and July 2021.

Portugal were the defending champions, having won the inaugural 2019 finals. However, they failed to qualify for the 2021 finals after finishing second in their group behind France.

France won the final 2–1 against Spain for their first UEFA Nations League title.
Jefferson Township, Oklahoma
Jefferson Township is the name of 7 townships in the U.S. state of Oklahoma:

Jefferson Township, Caddo County, Oklahoma

Jefferson Township, Coal County, Oklahoma

Jefferson Township, Cotton County, Oklahoma

Jefferson Township, Ellis County, Oklahoma

Jefferson Township, Washington County, Oklahoma

Jefferson Township, Woods County, Oklahoma

Jefferson Township, Woodward County, Oklahoma

Washington County, Oklahoma
Washington County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 52,455. Its county seat is Bartlesville. Named for President George Washington, it is the smallest county in Oklahoma in total area, adjacent to the largest county in Oklahoma, Osage County. Washington County comprises the Bartlesville, OK micropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Tulsa-Muskogee-Bartlesville, OK combined statistical area. It is located along the border with Kansas.
2021 Indian Premier League final
The 2021 Indian Premier League final was played on 15 October 2021 at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium in UAE. It was a Day/Night Twenty20 match, which decided the winner of 2021 season of the Indian Premier League (IPL), an annual Twenty20 tournament in India. Originally scheduled to be held on 30 May 2021 at the Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad, the tournament, along with the final, was suspended in May 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was relocated to the United Arab Emirates. Chennai Super Kings won the match by 27 runs beating Kolkata Knight Riders, to win their fourth IPL title.

Royal Challengers Bengaluru
Royal Challengers Bengaluru, formerly Royal Challengers Bangalore, also known as RCB, are a professional Twenty20 cricket team based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, that competes in the Indian Premier League (IPL). Founded in 2008 by United Spirits, the team's home ground is M. Chinnaswamy Stadium. They won their first title in 2025. The team finished as the runners-up on three occasions: in 2009, 2011, and 2016. They have also qualified for the playoffs in ten of the eighteen seasons.

As of 2025, the team is captained by Rajat Patidar and coached by Andy Flower. The franchise has competed in the Champions League, finishing as runners-up in the 2011 season. As of 2024, RCB was valued at $117 million, making it one of the most valuable franchises.
Damian Sawczak
Damian Sawczak (Ukrainian: Дем'я́н Савча́к; 13 July 1847 – 29 December 1912) was a Ukrainian judge in Halychyna (Zalishchyky, Khodoriv, Husiatyn). Member of Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria.  At a meeting of regional Galician Diet on March 3, 1892 he proposed to open a state gymnasium in Buchach with studying in Ukrainian language.

Zalishchyky
Zalishchyky or Zalischyky (Ukrainian: Залiщики, IPA: [zɐˈl⁽ʲ⁾iʃtʃɪkɪ] ⓘ; Polish: Zaleszczyki) is a small city located on the Dniester River in Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Zalishchyky urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 8,928 (2022 estimate).
Kytalyk National Park
Kytalyk National Park (Russian: Национальный парк «Кыталык») is a protected area for the Arctic breeding grounds of migratory birds on the East Asian–Australasian Flyway, including a significant portion  of sites for the critically endangered Siberian crane.  The name "kytalyk" is the Yakut-language word for the Siberian crane.  The park is on the low-lying tundra of the delta of the Indigirka River, on the East Siberian Sea in northern Russia.  The park was officially created in 2019.  The park is located in Allaikhovsky District of the Sakha Republic.

Allaikhovsky District
Allaikhovsky District (Russian: Алла́иховский улу́с; Yakut: Аллайыаха улууһа, Allayıaxa uluuha) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic towards the mouth of the Indigirka River and borders with the East Siberian Sea in the north, Nizhnekolymsky District in the east, Srednekolymsky District in the southeast, Abyysky District in the south, and with Ust-Yansky District in the west. The area of the district is 107,300 square kilometers (41,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Chokurdakh. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 3,050, with the population of Chokurdakh accounting for 77.6% of that number.