hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Francis W. Cushman
Francis Wellington Cushman (May 8, 1867 – July 6, 1909) was a U.S. representative from Washington.

Born in Brighton, Iowa, Cushman attended public schools in Brighton and Pleasant Plain Academy in Pleasant Plain, Iowa. In 1885, he moved to Albany County, Wyoming,
where he worked as a ranch hand and a teacher. He was admitted to the bar in 1889 and began practising law in Bassett, Nebraska.

In 1891, he relocated to Tacoma, Washington, and continued his legal practice. He served as a member of Troop B, First Cavalry, Washington National Guard from 1896 to 1903.

Cushman was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-sixth and to the five succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1899, until his death in New York City on July 6, 1909.

In 1908, he argued to keep open Puallup Indian School because of economic benefits, and in 1910 it was renamed Cushman Indian School in his honor.

At Point Defiance Park   Tacoma, Washington  2018

Closeup

56th United States Congress
The 56th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1899, to March 4, 1901, during the third and fourth years of William McKinley's presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1890 United States census. Both chambers had a Republican majority. There was one African-American member, George Henry White of North Carolina, who served his second and final term as a representative in this Congress, and would be the last black member of Congress until 1928, and the last black member of Congress from the South until 1972.
Homology sphere
In algebraic topology, a homology sphere is an n-manifold X having the homology groups of an n-sphere, for some integer . That is,

and

for all other i.

Therefore X is a connected space, with one non-zero higher Betti number,  namely, . It does not follow that X is simply connected, only that its fundamental group is perfect (see Hurewicz theorem).

A rational homology sphere is defined similarly but using homology with rational coefficients.

Connected space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the union of two or more disjoint non-empty open subsets. Connectedness is one of the principal topological properties that distinguish topological spaces.

A subset of a topological space  is a connected set if it is a connected space when viewed as a subspace of .

Some related but stronger conditions are path connected, simply connected, and -connected. Another related notion is locally connected, which neither implies nor follows from connectedness.
Karem Aircraft
Karem Aircraft, Inc. is an American aerospace manufacturer company with offices in Lake Forest, California; York, Virginia; and Victorville, California, founded in 2004 by Abraham Karem as a rapid development firm specializing in advanced tiltrotor transport aircraft. Karem was the former chief designer for the Israeli Air Force — who built his first drone during 1973's Yom Kippur War — and was described in 2012 by The Economist as the man who "created the robotic plane that transformed the way modern warfare is waged — and continues to pioneer other airborne innovations". He emigrated to the United States in the late 1970s.

Aerospace manufacturer
An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, or spacecraft. Aerospace is a high technology industry.

The aircraft industry is the industry supporting aviation by building aircraft and manufacturing aircraft parts for their maintenance.  This includes aircraft and parts used for civil aviation and military aviation. Most production is done pursuant to type certificates and Defense Standards issued by a government body. This term has been largely subsumed by the more encompassing term: "aerospace industry".
Gente nel tempo
Gente nel tempo (lit. 'People in Time') is a novel by the Italian writer Massimo Bontempelli. It is set in the early 1900s and follows the dismantling of an Italian family after its authoritarian matriarch dies and prophesises that all her descendants will die young. The novel was serialised in Nuova Antologia in 1936 and published as a book the following year. It is associated with magic realism.

Massimo Bontempelli
Massimo Bontempelli (12 May 1878 – 21 July 1960) was an Italian poet, playwright, novelist and composer. He was influential in developing and promoting the literary styles known as magical realism and lombard line.
Wuhan dialect
The Wuhan dialect (simplified Chinese: 武汉话; traditional Chinese: 武漢話, locally [u⁴²xan¹³xua³⁵]; pinyin: Wǔhànhuà), also known as the Hankou dialect after the former town of Hankou, belongs to the Wu–Tian branch of Southwest Mandarin spoken in Wuhan, Tianmen and surrounding areas in Hubei, China. The Wuhan dialect has limited mutual intelligibility with Standard Chinese. Grammatically, it has been observed to have a similar aspect system to Xiang Chinese.

Tianmen
Tianmen (simplified Chinese: 天门; traditional Chinese: 天門; pinyin: Tiānmén; lit. 'sky gate') is a sub-prefecture-level city (sometimes considered a county-level city) in central Hubei Province, China.

It is on the Jianghan Plain, on the west side of Wuhan (the biggest city of Central China, as well as the capital of Hubei) and the northeast of Jingzhou (a famous city in Chinese history). Formerly known as Jingling (竟陵), it was renamed to Tianmen in 1726 during the Qing dynasty. The name comes from the Sky Gate Mountains (meaning “tianmen” in Chinese) which lie northwest of the city.

It is the hometown of Lu Yu, the writer of The Classic of Tea, who is respected as "the Sage of Tea" for his contribution to the tea culture. Tianmen has the largest population among the same-level cities in Central China. It was honoured "National Civilized City" by Chinese government in 2014.
Stilo
Stilo (Calabrian: Stilu; Greek: Στύλος, romanized: Stylos, lit. 'column') is a town and comune in the province of Reggio Calabria, in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It is 151 kilometres (94 mi) from Reggio.

It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

The economy of the commune is mainly based on agriculture, with production of cereals, oil, wine and cheese. There are mines of iron and lead.

At 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the city is the promontory of Cape Stilo, near where in July 1940 the Battle of Punta Stilo was fought by the Italian and British navies.

Province of Reggio Calabria
The province of Reggio Calabria (Italian: provincia di Reggio Calabria) was a province in the Calabria region of Italy. It was the southernmost province in mainland Italy and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. The capital was the city of Reggio.

It was effectively replaced by the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria in 2017.
Michel Gandoger
Abbé Jean Michel Gandoger (10 May 1850 – 4 October 1926), was a French botanist and mycologist. He was born in Arnas, the son of a wealthy vineyard owner in the Beaujolais region. Although he took holy orders at the age of 26, he devoted his life to the study of botany, specializing in the genus Rosa. He travelled throughout the Mediterranean, notably Crete, Spain, Portugal, and Algeria, amassing a herbarium of over 800,000 specimens, now kept at the Jardin botanique de Lyon. Gandoger issued and distributed several exsiccata-like series. However, he is notorious for having published thousands of plant species that are no longer accepted. He died at Arnas in 1926.

Father J B Charbonnel published an obituary in the Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France (1927, Vol. 74, 3–11), listing Gandoger's many publications. Plants with the specific epithet of gandogeri are named after him, an example being Carex gandogeri.

Carex binervis
Carex binervis, the green-ribbed sedge, is a European species of sedge with an Atlantic distribution. It is found from Fennoscandia to the Iberian Peninsula, and occurs in heaths, moorland and other damp, acidic environments. It typically grows to a height of 15–120 cm (6–50 in), and has inflorescences comprising one male and several female spikes, each up to 45 mm (1.8 in) long. The utricles have two conspicuous green veins, which give rise to both the scientific name and the common name of the species. In the vegetative state, it closely resembles C. bigelowii, a species that usually grows at higher altitude. C. binervis was first described by James Edward Smith in 1800, and is classified in Carex sect. Spirostachyae; several hybrids with other Carex species are known.
Werner Osenberg
Werner Oskar Ewald Osenberg (April 26, 1900, in Zeitz – December 14, 1974, in Renningen) was a German materials scientist, organizer of German armaments research and armaments developer during the Second World War.

Among other things, Osenberg researched the use of ceramics as a cutting tool material and was given a chair at the Technische Hochschule Hannover in 1938. During the Second World War he was head of the planning office in the Reichsforschungsrat (Reich Research Council). Using his central database, he was able to bring 5,000 scientists and technicians back from the war front. At his institute in Lindau in Lower Saxony, he also carried out armaments research. In 1945 he was brought to the United States. His research database formed the basis for the selection of German scientists as part of Operation Overcast by the United States.

Reichsforschungsrat
The Reichsforschungsrat ("Imperial Research Council") was created in Germany in 1936 under the Education Ministry for the purpose of centralized planning of all basic and applied research, with the exception of aeronautical research. It was reorganized in 1942 and placed under the Ministry of Armaments and War Production.
Sierra de Gredos Regional Park
Sierra de Gredos Regional Park (in Spanish "Parque Regional de la Sierra de Gredos") is a protected natural area in Spain, covering 86,397 hectares. The estimated population within the socio-economic influence area is 21,182. The law that declared the status of the park was published in the BOE on July 22, 1996.

Arenas de San Pedro
Arenas de San Pedro is a municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2025 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 6,460 inhabitants. Its seal depicts a large castle located in the town. The seal says "Siempre incendiada y siempre fiel", meaning "always on fire and always faithful" . This is because the town has been burned down and pillaged many times in its history.
Norodom Sirivudh
Norodom Sirivudh (Khmer: នរោត្តម សិរីវុឌ្ឍ; born 8 June 1951) is a Cambodian royal politician who served as a Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 1994. A member of the royalist FUNCINPEC, he also served as Deputy Prime Minister from 2004 to 2006, and, concurrently, co-Minister of Interior with Sar Kheng. He is the son of King Norodom Suramarit, and a half-brother of King Father Norodom Sihanouk. He was also featured in John Pirozzi's film Don't Think I've Forgotten.

Don't Think I've Forgotten
Don't Think I've Forgotten: Cambodia's Lost Rock and Roll is a 2014 documentary film directed by John Pirozzi about Cambodian rock music in the 1960s and 1970s, and the impact of the Khmer Rouge regime and Cambodian genocide on the local music scene. It received positive reviews from critics.
Chester Apy
Chester Apy (March 8, 1932 – May 30, 2021) was an American lawyer and Republican politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from District 5B from 1968 to 1970, and from 1972 to 1974. First elected in 1967 in District 5B with Joseph Azzolina, he did not stand for reelection in 1969. However, he ran again in 1971, and won a seat in the Assembly again serving another single term alongside Democrat Eugene J. Bedell.

Apy attended grammar school in Little Silver, Peddie School, Sherborne School (as an exchange student), and Princeton University, and earned an LL.B from Columbia University School of Law. A resident of Little Silver, he worked as an attorney and was a partner in a Red Bank law firm.

He died on May 30, 2021, in Red Bank, New Jersey at age 89.

New Jersey's 5th legislative district
New Jersey's 5th legislative district is one of 40 in the New Jersey Legislature. As of the 2011 apportionment, the district covers the Camden County municipalities of Audubon, Barrington, Bellmawr, Brooklawn, Camden, Collingswood, Gloucester City, Haddon Heights, Mount Ephraim, Merchantville, Pennsauken, Runnemede and Woodlynne; and the Gloucester County municipalities of Deptford Township, Woodbury Heights, and Woodbury.
Jerry Davis (screenwriter)
Jerome L. Davis (September 26, 1917 – April 11, 1991) was an American director, producer and screenwriter. He was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards in the categories Outstanding Writing, Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding New Series for his work on the television programs The Farmer's Daughter, Bewitched and The Odd Couple. Davis died in April 1991 of a stroke at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California.

The Odd Couple (1970 TV series)
The Odd Couple is an American sitcom television series broadcast from September 24, 1970, to March 7, 1975, on ABC. It ran for five seasons and has become one of the most acclaimed sitcoms of its era. The show, which stars Tony Randall as Felix Unger and Jack Klugman as Oscar Madison, was the first of several sitcoms developed by Garry Marshall for Paramount Television. The series is based on the 1965 play The Odd Couple, written by Neil Simon, which was also adapted into a 1968 film. The story examines two divorced men, Oscar and Felix, who share Oscar's Manhattan apartment, and whose contrasting personalities inevitably lead to conflict and laughter.

In 1997, the episodes "Password" and "The Fat Farm" were ranked numbers 5 and 58, respectively, on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. The show received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series.
Opal, Missouri
Opal is an unincorporated community in Lawrence County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

Opal is located on Missouri Route 39-Missouri Route 265 about midway between Mount Vernon to the northwest and Aurora to the southeast.

The community most likely has the first name of a local woman.

Missouri Route 265
Route 265 is a highway in southwestern Missouri.  Its northern terminus is at Interstate 44 in Mount Vernon; its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 65 (for which it was numbered after) south of Branson.  Much of the highway is concurrent with other routes (including Route 39, U.S. Route 60, Route 413, Route 13, Route 76, and Route 165). It is also known as the Ozark Mountain Parkway.
John Paul Meagher
John Paul Meagher (April 4, 1939 – May 28, 2019) was a developer and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Prince Albert from 1982 to 1986 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Progressive Conservative.

He was born in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, the son of John Paul Meagher. In 1964, Meagher married Barbara Florence Valantine. Before entering politics, he was a plumbing and heating contractor.

Meagher was criticized for his involvement in a resort complex at Redberry Lake while serving as legislative secretary to the Minister for Parks and Renewable Resources, but was later cleared of violating rules for conflict of interest. He was defeated by Myron Kowalsky when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1986.  He ran for the federal Reform Party in 1993 in the Prince Albert-Churchill River riding, finishing third.

He died from cancer on May 28, 2019, aged 80.

Prince Albert—Churchill River
Prince Albert—Churchill River  was a federal electoral district in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 1997. This riding was created in 1987 from parts of Mackenzie, Prince Albert, and The Battlefords—Meadow Lake ridings. Prince Albert—Churchill River consisted of the northern portion of the Province of Saskatchewan.

The electoral district was abolished in 1996 when it was redistributed into Churchill River, Prince Albert and Wanuskewin ridings.
Core Sound
The Core Sound is a sound in eastern North Carolina located between the mainland of Carteret County and Core Banks, part of the Outer Banks of North Carolina.  It lies between the large Pamlico Sound to the northeast and the smaller Back Sound to the west.  Several shifting inlets connect the sound to the Atlantic Ocean.

Settlements on the mainland side of the sound include Marshallberg, Davis, Sea Level, and Atlantic.  There are no permanent settlements on Core Banks. There are cabins that are available to rent.  A ferry service out of Davis carries day visitors and campers across the sound to the islands.

Sound (geography)
In geography, a sound is a smaller body of water usually connected to a sea or an ocean. A sound may be an inlet that is deeper than a bight and wider than a fjord; or  a narrow sea channel or an ocean channel between two land masses, such as a strait; or also a lagoon between a barrier island and the mainland.
Kgetlengrivier Local Municipality
Kgetlengrivier Municipality (Tswana: Mmasepala wa Kgetlengrivier; Afrikaans: Kgetlengrivier Munisipaliteit) is a local municipality within the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, in the North West province of South Africa.

Bojanala Platinum District Municipality
The Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (Tswana: Mmasepala wa Sedika wa Bojanala Platinum) is one of the 4 districts of the North West province of South Africa. The seat of the municipality is Rustenburg. As of 2011, a majority of its 1,507,505 residents spoke Setswana. The district code is DC37.
Sōji-ji
Sōji-ji (總持寺) is one of two daihonzan (大本山, "head temples") of the Sōtō school of Zen Buddhism. The other is Eihei-ji temple in Fukui Prefecture. Fodor's calls it "one of the largest and busiest Buddhist institutions in Japan". The temple was founded in 740 as a Shingon Buddhist temple. Keizan, later known as Sōtō's great patriarch Taiso Jōsai Daishi, founded the present temple in 1321, when he renamed it Sōji-ji with the help and patronage of Emperor Go-Daigo. The temple has about twelve buildings in Tsurumi, part of the port city of Yokohama, one designed by the architect Itō Chūta.

Emperor Go-Daigo
Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō) (26 November 1288 – 19 September 1339) was the 96th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He successfully overthrew the Kamakura shogunate in 1333 and established the short-lived Kenmu Restoration to bring the Imperial House back into power. This was to be the last time the emperor had real power until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The Kenmu restoration was in turn overthrown by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336, ushering in the Ashikaga shogunate. The overthrow split the imperial family into two opposing factions between the Ashikaga backed Northern Court situated in Kyoto and the Southern Court based in Yoshino. The Southern Court was led by Go-Daigo and his later successors.
Pierre Yves Kéralum
Pierre Yves Kéralum OMI (March 2, 1817 – November 12, 1872) was a French-born American Catholic missionary and architect. He was member of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate and served in South Texas from 1853 to 1872, traveling long distances on horseback to minister to Catholics living on isolated ranches along the Rio Grande. He was also an architect who designed many buildings in the area, including the Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Brownsville, Texas.

Immaculate Conception Cathedral (Brownsville, Texas)
Immaculate Conception Cathedral is a historic church at 1218 East Jefferson Street in Brownsville, Texas, United States.  It is the cathedral church for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville.  It was built in 1856 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as Immaculate Conception Church.
Hangzhou Zhongce Rubber Company
Hangzhou Zhongce Rubber Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 杭州中策橡膠, SSE: 603049) is China's largest manufacturer of automotive tyres. The company manufactures a variety of tyres for cars, trucks, motorcycles, scooters, bicycles, tractors, ATVs and other vehicles. Tyre brands produced by the company include
Chaoyang, 
Goodride, 
Westlake, 
Arisun and 
Trazano.

It began as the Hangzhou Rubber Factory in 1958.

In 2011, it was the tenth largest tyre maker in the world, with $4.26 billion worth of sales.

In 2015, Zenises announced the launch of its new Westlake retail network in Spain and Portugal.

On June 5, 2025, it debuted on the Shanghai Stock Exchange after raising approximately 4.07 billion yuan in its IPO.

Yuan (currency)
The yuan (/juːˈɑːn, -æn/ yoo-A(H)N; sign: ¥; Chinese: 圓/元; pinyin: yuán; [ɥæ̌n] ⓘ) is the base unit of a number of former and present-day currencies throughout China.

A yuan (Chinese: 圓/元; pinyin: yuán) is also known colloquially as a kuai (simplified Chinese: 块; traditional Chinese: 塊; pinyin: kuài; lit. 'lump'; originally a lump of silver). One yuan is divided into 10 jiao (Chinese: 角; pinyin: jiǎo; lit. 'corner') or colloquially mao (Chinese: 毛; pinyin: máo; lit. 'feather'). One jiao is divided into 10 fen (Chinese: 分; pinyin: fēn; lit. 'small portion').
1935 International Cross Country Championships
The 1935 International Cross Country Championships was held in Auteuil, France, at the Hippodrome d'Auteuil on March 23.  An unofficial women's championship was held in Morecambe, England on March 20, 1935, but only a report on the men's event was given in the Glasgow Herald.

Complete results for men, and for women (unofficial), medalists, and the results of British athletes were published.

The Herald (Glasgow)
The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running national newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The title was simplified from The Glasgow Herald in 1992. Following the closure of the Sunday Herald, the Herald on Sunday was launched as a Sunday edition on 9 September 2018.
Betty Slade (diver)
Elizabeth Joyce Slade (18 June 1921 – 3 November 2000) was a British diver. She competed in the women's 3 metre springboard event at the 1936 Summer Olympics and won a gold medal in the 3m women's springboard event at the 1938 European Aquatics Championships.

Slade was described as being "extremely powerfully built" and trained as a ballet dancer prior to her career in diving. During her diving career, she was known to have been coached by Cyril Laxton and Johnie Johnson.

Diving at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Women's 3 metre springboard
The women's 3 metre springboard, also reported as springboard diving, was one of four diving events on the diving at the 1936 Summer Olympics programme.

The competition, held on Wednesday 12 August, was split into two sets of dives held on the same day:

Compulsory dives
Divers performed three pre-chosen dives – a running straight somersault forward, standing header backward with pike, and running straight isander-half gainer.

Facultative dives
Divers performed three dives of their choice (from different categories and different from the compulsory).

Sixteen divers from nine nations competed.

At the age of 13 years and 268 days, Marjorie Gestring won the gold medal in 3-meter springboard diving at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, making her at the time the youngest person ever to win an Olympic gold medal. She remains the second-youngest Olympic gold medalist, as of 2026.