hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ancestral graph
In statistics and Markov modeling, an ancestral graph is a type of mixed graph used to provide a graphical representation for the result of marginalizing one or more vertices in a graphical model that takes the form of a directed acyclic graph. Ancestral graphs can encode conditional independence relations that arise in directed acyclic graph (DAG) models with latent variables and selection bias.

Directed acyclic graph
In mathematics, particularly graph theory, and computer science, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a directed graph with no directed cycles. That is, it consists of vertices and edges (also called arcs), with each edge directed from one vertex to another, such that following those directions will never form a closed loop. A directed graph is a DAG if and only if it can be topologically ordered, by arranging the vertices as a linear ordering that is consistent with all edge directions. DAGs have numerous scientific and computational applications, ranging from biology (evolution, family trees, epidemiology) to information science (citation networks) to computation (scheduling).

Directed acyclic graphs are also called acyclic directed graphs or acyclic digraphs.
Mahimaganj Union
Mahimaganj (Bengali: মহিমাগঞ্জ) is a union parishad under Gobindaganj Upazila, Gaibandha District, Rangpur Division, Bangladesh. It is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) east of Gobindaganj. There is a sugar mill named Rangpur Sugar Mills Limited. There is a railway station. There are many primary schools, high schools, madrashas and colleges in Mahimaganj. Mahimaganj Alia Kamil Madrasha is one of the largest madrasha institution in North Bengal which is situated in Mahimaganj.

Rangpur Division
Rangpur Division (/rʌŋˈpʊər/; Bengali: রংপুর বিভাগ, romanized: Rongpur Bivag;
pronounced [rɔŋpuɾ bibʱag] ⓘ) is a first-level administrative division of Bangladesh. It covers the northernmost part of the country with a population of about 18 million inhabitants within an area of 16,184.99 km2 (6,249.06 sq mi). Rangpur Division shares borders with the Rajshahi and Mymensingh divisions. It is also bordered by the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam and Meghalaya and separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim. Rangpur City is the administrative headquarter and the largest city. Rangpur Division includes the Teesta and Jamuna rivers.

The Rangpur division consists of eight districts. There are 58 upazilas or subdistricts under these eight districts. The major cities of Rangpur Division are Rangpur, Dinajpur, and Saidpur.
Margot Zuidhof
Margot Zuidhof (born 12 May 1992) is a Dutch field hockey player. Zuidhof played for HC Helmond and THC Hurley; she currently plays for SV Kampong.

Zuidhof made her debut for the Netherlands national team in January 2017 in a friendly match against Spain.  She won the gold medal at the 2018 Champions Trophy in Changzhou, China.

Netherlands women's national field hockey team
The Netherlands' national women's field hockey team is currently number one on the International Hockey Federation (FIH) world rankings and the reigning world champion. The Netherlands is the most successful team in World Cup history, having won the title a record nine times. The team has also won ten Olympic medals.
OSNews
OSNews is a computing online newspaper. It originally focused on operating systems and their related technologies that launched in 1997, but is now aggregating consumer electronics news. The content is managed by a group of editors and the owner. As of 2014, its managing editor is Thom Holwerda, who joined in 2005.

OSnews has been referenced by TIME, Ars Technica, Wired, Computerworld, LifeHacker, Linux.com, OMG! Ubuntu! and lwn.net. Wired described OSnews as "an alternative operating system Web magazine", and in 2011 Holwerda noted that "while the alternative operating systems scene might no longer be the prime focus of OSNews due to a lack of activity in that field, it's still where our heart lies."

Lifehacker
Lifehacker is a weblog about life hacks and software that launched on 31 January 2005. The site was originally launched by Gawker Media and is owned by Ziff Davis. The blog posts cover a wide range of topics including Microsoft Windows, Macintosh, Linux programs, iOS, and Android, as well as general life tips and tricks. The website is known for its fast-paced release schedule from its inception, with content being published every half hour all day long.

Lifehacker has international editions: Lifehacker Australia (as of 2022 owned by Pedestrian), Lifehacker Japan, and Lifehacker UK, which feature most posts from the U.S. edition along with extra content specific to local readers. Lifehacker UK folded on 9 September 2020 when its British publisher decided not to renew its license.
Nicky Kelly
Edward Noel Kelly (born 9 January 1951), known as Nicky Kelly, is an Irish politician from Arklow in County Wicklow.  He was born in Graiguenamanagh, County Kilkenny. A member of Official Sinn Féin, later on he left it to join the new Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) in 1974.

Graiguenamanagh
Graiguenamanagh or Graignamanagh (Irish: Gráig na Manach, meaning 'valley (or village) of the monks') is a town on the River Barrow in County Kilkenny, Ireland. It is 17 km north of New Ross and 23 km east of Kilkenny city. Part of the settlement, known as Tinnahinch, is on the County Carlow side of the river, and Carlow County Council refers to the whole village as "Graiguenamanagh-Tinnahinch". Also combined for census purposes, as of the 2022 census, Graiguenamanagh-Tinnahinch had a population of 1,506 people. The town is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

Graiguenamanagh is located at the foot of Brandon Hill and is home to Duiske Abbey, the largest of the thirty-four mediaeval Cistercian abbeys in Ireland.
Battle of the Cigno Convoy
The Battle of the Cigno Convoy (or Belluno Convoy) was a naval engagement between two British destroyers of the Royal Navy and two torpedo boats of the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) south-east of Marettimo island to the west of Sicily, in the early hours of 16 April 1943. The Italian ships were escorting the transport ship Belluno (4,200 gross register tons) to Tunisia; the torpedo boat Tifone, carried aviation fuel. The British force was fought off by the Italian ships for the loss of a torpedo boat. A British destroyer, disabled by Italian gunfire, had to be scuttled after the action when it was clear that it could not make port before dawn.

O and P-class destroyer
The O and P class was a class of destroyers of the British Royal Navy. Ordered in 1939, they were the first ships in the War Emergency Programme, also known as the 1st and 2nd Emergency Flotilla, respectively. They served as convoy escorts in World War II, and some were subsequently converted to fast second-rate anti-submarine frigates in the 1950s.
Manor Park railway station, Lower Hutt
Manor Park railway station is a suburban railway station serving the suburb of Manor Park in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. The station is located on the Hutt Valley section of the Wairarapa Line, 23.7 km (14.7 mi) northeast of Wellington. The station is served by Metlink's electric multiple unit trains of the "Matangi" FP class. Trains stopping at Manor Park run to Wellington and Upper Hutt. The station has an island platform between two tracks.

The station is one of only three Hutt Valley line stations west of Te Awa Kairangi/Hutt River, the others being the Petone and Ava railway stations.

Hutt River (New Zealand)
The Hutt River (Māori: Te Awa Kairangi, Te Wai o Orutu or Heretaunga; officially Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River) flows through the southern North Island of New Zealand. It flows south-west from the southern Tararua Range for 56 kilometres (35 mi), forming a number of fertile floodplains, including Kaitoke, central Upper Hutt and Lower Hutt.

The Hutt River Trail, a regional park administered by Wellington Regional Council, runs alongside the eastern side of the river.
Pemphigus foliaceus
Pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune blistering disease of the skin. It causes a characteristic inflammatory attack at the subcorneal layer of epidermis, which results in skin lesions that are scaly or crusted erosions with an erythematous (red) base. Mucosal involvement is absent even with widespread disease.

If there is an autoimmune IgG buildup in the epidermis, then nearly all of the antibodies are aimed against desmoglein 1. The effect of the antibodies and the immunological pathway is most likely one of three mechanisms:

Steric hindrance of the desmoglein 1: The antibody caps off the site for intracellular binding to another keratinocyte.

Activation of an endocytic pathway: The antibody activates a pathway which causes an internalization of desmogleïn 1, which in turn causes a loss of adhesion.

Disruption of function: In this case, the antibody blocks the desmoglein 1 from being formed into a desmosome. This in turn causes a loss of adhesion with acantholysis as a result.

Keratinocyte
Keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.  In humans, they constitute 90% of epidermal skin cells. Basal cells in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin are sometimes referred to as basal keratinocytes.

Keratinocytes form a barrier against environmental damage by heat, UV radiation, water loss, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. A number of structural proteins, enzymes, lipids, and antimicrobial peptides contribute to maintain the important barrier function of the skin. Keratinocytes differentiate from epidermal stem cells in the lower part of the epidermis and migrate towards the surface, finally becoming corneocytes and eventually being shed, which happens every 40 to 56 days in humans.
Bobo Eina Island
Bobo Eina Island is an island in Papua New Guinea, part of the Calvados Chain within the Louisiade Archipelago. It is located near Bagaman Island. 
It is used as a fishermen camp for the men of Bagaman.
In recent years, Bagaman islanders use Bobo Eina for gardening yams, and have also established a pig farm on the island.

Yam (vegetable)
Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea (family Dioscoreaceae) that form edible tubers (some other species in the genus being toxic).

Yams are perennial herbaceous vines native to Africa, Asia, and the Americas and cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions. The tubers themselves, also called "yams", come in a variety of forms owing to numerous cultivars and related species.
Van Reenen
Van Reenen is a settlement in Uthukela District Municipality in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. 
It is located on the N3 national road at the top of Van Reenen's Pass on the Great Escarpment of the Drakensberg. The town is named after Frans van Reenen, original owner of the farm where Van Reenen was established and planner of the route of the Van Reenen's Pass.

Llandaff Oratory, an eight-seat memorial church built around 1925, is a Heritage Landmark.

The Moorddraai ('Murder corner' in Afrikaans) memorial a few kilometres to the south-east of the town marks the place where nine people transporting goods from Durban were killed by Basotho tribesmen in 1865.

Uthukela District Municipality
The uThukela District Municipality (Zulu: UMasipala wesiFunda sase uThukela) is one of the 11 districts of the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Its seat is Ladysmith. As of 2011, a majority of its 668,848 inhabitants spoke isiZulu. The district code is DC23.
W. H. Paulhamus
William Hall Paulhamus (March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1925) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served Washington State Senate from 1907 to 1913. From 1911 to 1913, he was President pro tempore of the Senate.

Washington State Senate
The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of approximately 160,000. The state senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia.

As with the lower House of Representatives, state senators serve without term limits, and senators serve four-year terms. Senators are elected from the same legislative districts as House members, with each district electing one senator and two representatives. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.

Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the state senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions, and boards.
Bidar–Machilipatnam Express
The 12749 / 12750 Bidar-Machilipatnam Express is a Superfast Express train operated between Bidar and Machilipatnam. It belongs to South Central Railway of Indian Railways. The train was introduced on 31 August 1999 between Secunderabad and Machilipatnam. It takes 10 hours 58 minutes to cover 594 km (369 mi) between its nodal stations.

Machilipatnam
Machilipatnam (Telugu: [mɐt͡ʃiliːpɐʈnɐm] ⓘ), also known as Masulipatnam and Bandar (Telugu: [bɐn̪d̪ɐɾ]), is a city in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipal corporation and the administrative headquarters of Krishna district. It is also the mandal headquarters of Machilipatnam mandal in Machilipatnam revenue division of the district. The ancient port town served as the settlement of European traders from the 16th century, and it was a major trading port for the Portuguese, British, Dutch and French in the 17th century.
Kang Sehwang
Kang Sehwang (Korean: 강세황; Hanja: 姜世晃; 1713–1791) was a high government official but also a representative painter, calligrapher and art critic of the mid Joseon period. He was born in Jinju, South Gyeongsang Province, the son of Kang Hyŏn. He entered royal service at over sixty years old. Kang pursued and established muninhwa ("paintings by people of culture", referring to the Korean seonbi or literati upper-class) with his own creativity. He helped to develop the 'true view' style of painting and was a teacher of Kim Hongdo.

Jinju
Jinju (Korean: 진주; Korean pronunciation: [tɕin.dʑu]) is a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It was the location of the first (1592) and second (1593) Sieges of Jinju by Japanese forces during the Imjin War.  The Republic of Korea Air Force Education and Training Command is located in the eastern part of the city.
There are cultural-historical tourist attractions in Jinju such as Jinju Fortress, the Jinju National Museum, and the Nam-gang Prehistoric Site Museum.
Amazon Falls
Amazon Falls is a 2010 Canadian drama film directed by Katrin Bowen. The film stars April Telek as Jana, a faded B-movie actress. The story was based in part on Bowen's own experience as an aspiring actress, as well as by the shooting death of B-movie actress Lana Clarkson in 2003.

The cast also includes Anna Mae Routledge, Zak Santiago, William B. Davis, Gabrielle Rose, Tom Braidwood and Benjamin Ratner.

The film premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival.

The film received a Genie Award nomination for Best Makeup (Amber Makar) at the 32nd Genie Awards in 2011.

Zak Santiago
Zak Santiago (born January 3, 1981) is a Canadian actor, dancer, DJ, and a permanent deacon in the Catholic Church. Known for his extensive work in television and film, he was ordained to the diaconate in 2024.
Kasson Brook
Kasson Brook (also known as Cassan Brook) is a tributary of Mehoopany Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 2.7 miles (4.3 km) long and flows through Forkston Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of 4.53 square miles (11.7 km2). The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and is classified as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery. It is one of several streams to cut through South Mountain.

Mehoopany Creek
Mehoopany Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Sullivan and Wyoming counties, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 26.8 miles (43.1 km) long. In Sullivan County the creek flows through Colley Township and in Wyoming County it flows through Forkston Township and Mehoopany Township. The stream's watershed has an area of 123 square miles (320 km2). Its major tributaries include Stony Brook and North Fork Mehoopany Creek.

Mehoopany Creek is designated as a high-quality coldwater fishery in Sullivan County. Its headwaters are listed in the Sullivan County Natural Areas Inventory.
Longtail stingray
The longtail stingray (Hypanus longus, often misspelled longa), is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California to Colombia. It inhabits sandy habitats down to a depth of 90 m (300 ft). Measuring up to 1.56 m (5.1 ft) across, this species has a rhomboid pectoral fin disc, a lower (but not upper) fin fold on the tail, and numerous dermal denticles along the back and behind the stinging spine. The longtail stingray feeds mainly on bottom-dwelling bony fishes and crustaceans. It is aplacental viviparous, with females giving birth to 1–5 young in late summer. It is caught for food, likely throughout its range, but specific fishery data is lacking.

Parallelogram
In Euclidean geometry, a parallelogram is a simple (non-self-intersecting) quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. The opposite or facing sides of a parallelogram are of equal length and the opposite angles of a parallelogram are of equal measure. The congruence of opposite sides and opposite angles is a direct consequence of the Euclidean parallel postulate and neither condition can be proven without appealing to the Euclidean parallel postulate or one of its equivalent formulations.

By comparison, a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is a trapezoid in American English or a trapezium in British English.

The three-dimensional counterpart of a parallelogram is a parallelepiped.

The word "parallelogram" comes from the Greek παραλληλό-γραμμον, parallēló-grammon, which means "a shape of parallel lines".
William Dyer (footballer)
William Llewellyn Dyer (11 September 1883 – 1936) was an English businessman and a professional footballer who played as a striker for Athletic Club. He was one of the first pioneers of football in the Basque Country, standing out as a great striker for some of the earliest Basque clubs in existence such as Bilbao FC, Club Bizcaya, and Athletic Club, winning three back-to-back Spanish Cups with the latter two between 1902 and 1904, and being the joint top scorer in the 1902 Copa de la Coronación with 5 goals.

In addition to being an outstanding football player, a sport to which he owes his career, he was also an outstanding athlete who also performed in other modalities such as sailing, cricket, tennis, and boxing, among other sports of the British bourgeoisie. His business with his shipments of iron and coal was going very well.

Athlete
An athlete is most commonly a person who competes in one or more sports involving physical strength, speed, power, or endurance. Sometimes the word "athlete" is used to refer specifically to sport of athletics competitors, i.e. including track and field and marathon runners but excluding e.g. swimmers, footballers or basketball players. However, in other contexts (mainly in the United States) it is used to refer to all athletics (physical culture) participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word sportsperson or the gendered sportsman or sportswoman are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used, meaning anyone who is physically fit regardless of whether they compete in a sport.

Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.
Cel shading
Cel shading or toon shading is a type of non-photorealistic rendering designed to make 3D computer graphics appear to be flat and hand-drawn by using less shading color instead of a shade gradient or tints and shades.  A cel shader is often used to mimic the style of a comic book or a cartoon and/or give the render a characteristic paper-like texture. There are similar techniques that can make an image look like a sketch, an oil painting or an ink painting. Though the end result of cel-shading has a very simplistic feel like that of hand-drawn animation, the process is complex. The name comes from cels (short for celluloid), clear sheets of acetate which are painted on for use in traditional 2D animation.

Color gradient
In color science, a color gradient (also known as a color ramp or a color progression) specifies a range of position-dependent colors, usually used to fill a region.

In assigning colors to a set of values, a gradient is a continuous colormap, a type of color scheme.
In computer graphics, the term swatch has come to mean a palette of active colors.

real world color gradients or swatch books

RAL CLASSIC K5 color fan

Pantone color guide

cards of Pantone base colors and blends

HKS colour fan
Blöndal
Blöndal is an Icelandic surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Auðunn Blöndal (born 1980), Icelandic television personality, actor, and comedian

Björn Blöndal (1787–1846), Icelandic District Commissioner (sýslumaður) and politician

Halldór Blöndal (born 1938), Icelandic politician of the Icelandic Independence Party

Lárus Blöndal (1836–1894), Icelandic sýslumaður and alþingismaður

Pétur Blöndal (1944–2015), Icelandic parliamentarian of the Icelandic Independence Party

Sigfús Blöndal (1874–1950), Icelandic language author and librarian

Sölvi Blöndal (born 1975), member of Icelandic rap rock band Quarashi

Pétur Blöndal
Pétur Haraldsson Blöndal (24 June 1944 – 26 June 2015) was an Icelandic parliamentarian in the Icelandic Independence Party and was president in the committees of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Social Affairs Committee and Health and Ensurance Committee.

He held a doctorate in mathematics from the University of Cologne. He ran unsuccessfully for the chairmanship of the Independence Party at their national meeting in late June 2010 and received 30% of the vote.

Pétur died in his home on 26 June 2015 after years of battling cancer.
C.F. Estrela da Amadora (1932)
Clube de Futebol Estrela da Amadora (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɨʃˈtɾelɐ ðamɐˈðoɾɐ]), sometimes just Estrela, was a Portuguese sports club (predominantly football) based in Amadora, northwest of Lisbon.

Founded in 1932, its football team won the Taça de Portugal in 1990 and played at Estádio José Gomes. After bankruptcy in 2011, it reformed in 2020 as Club Football Estrela da Amadora, a brand-new club that didn't take the honours and the exact name of the original one.

Paulo Bento
Paulo Jorge Gomes Bento (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpawlu ˈbẽtu]; born 20 June 1969) is a Portuguese football manager and former player.

A defensive midfielder with tackling ability and workrate as his main assets, he played for two of the major three teams in his country, amassing Primeira Liga totals of 284 matches and 16 goals over 11 seasons, and also spent four years in Spain with Real Oviedo. He represented the Portugal national team in the 2002 World Cup and Euro 2000.

Bento took up a coaching career in 2005, managing Sporting CP for four years and four months, with relative success, and won a Super League Greece title with Olympiacos. He managed the national teams of his country and South Korea for four years apiece, taking each team to a World Cup and continental tournament. In 2023, he was appointed at United Arab Emirates.