hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of California (1900–present)
After 1900, California continued to grow rapidly and soon became an agricultural and industrial power. The economy was widely based on specialty agriculture, oil, tourism, shipping, film, and after 1940 advanced technology such as aerospace and electronics industries – along with a significant military presence. The films and stars of Hollywood helped make the state the "center" of worldwide attention. California became an American cultural phenomenon; the idea of the "California Dream" as a portion of the larger American Dream of finding a better life drew 35 million new residents from the start to the end of the 20th century (1900–2010). Silicon Valley became the world's center for computer innovation.

California Department of Water Resources
The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) is part of the California Natural Resources Agency and is responsible for the management and regulation of the State of California's water usage. The department was created in 1956 by Governor Goodwin Knight following severe flooding across Northern California in 1955, where they combined the Division of Water Resources of the Department of Public Works with the State Engineer's Office, the Water Project Authority, and the State Water Resources Board. It is headquartered in Sacramento.
High School Democrats of America
The High School Democrats of America (HSDA) is a student-led organization that seeks to mobilize young people and elect Democrats. HSDA student activists across the country engage in political activity of the Democratic Party.

Formerly part of the Young Democrats of America, HSDA represents high school students at all levels of the Democratic Party.

Teen Age Republicans
National Teen Age Republicans (TARs) is one of the youth wings of the United States Republican Party. The group's membership consists of Republicans from ages 14 to 17.

TARs has had a presence in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, with membership in the tens of thousands. TARs is the first of the four official youth wings of the Republican National Committee, along with the High School Republican National Federation, Young Republican National Federation and College Republicans.
Theatre Row (New York City)
Theatre Row is an entertainment district of Off Broadway theatres on 42nd Street in the Midtown and Hell's Kitchen neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City, west of Ninth Avenue. The space originally referred to a 1977 redevelopment project to convert adult entertainment venues into theatres between Ninth and Tenth Avenues on the south side of 42nd Street. However, with the success of the district the name is often used to describe any theatre on either side of the street from Ninth Avenue to the Hudson River as more theatres have been built along the street.

From east to west, theatres along Theatre Row are:

Laurie Beechman Theatre

Theatre Row Building

Playwrights Horizons

Stage 42 (formerly the Little Shubert Theatre)

Pershing Square Signature Center

Castillo Theatre

Pearl Theatre

Ninth Avenue (Manhattan)
Ninth Avenue, known as Columbus Avenue between West 59th and 110th Streets, is a thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City, New York. Traffic runs downtown (southbound) from the Upper West Side to Chelsea. Two short sections of Ninth Avenue also exist in the Inwood neighborhood, carrying two-way traffic.
Aeschynanthus
Aeschynanthus is a genus of about 150 species of evergreen subtropical and tropical plants in the family Gesneriaceae. They are usually trailing epiphytes with brightly colored flowers that are pollinated by sunbirds. The genus name comes from a contraction of aischuno (to be ashamed) and anthos (flower). The common name for some species is lipstick plant, which comes from the appearance of the developing buds emerging from the calyces.

The genus contains a large variety of plants with differing features. Some have thick, waxy cuticles while others have much softer leaves. Species such as A. speciosus are large where A. micranthus is much smaller and trailing. Several species are valued in temperate climates as houseplants, notably A. longicaulis, A. pulcher and A. radicans.

Aeschynanthus longicaulis
Aeschynanthus longicaulis (syn. Aeschynanthus marmoratus) is a species of perennial plant in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia. Naturally, it grows as an epiphyte on trees. The leaves are pointed, 6-12 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, and are dark green marbled with a creamy white on the top and pale green marbled with maroon on the underside. It produces clusters of tubular orange flowers up to 5 cm long on trailing purple stems, from summer to winter. The flowers give way to 30cm-long capsules containing multiple seeds.

The specific epithet longicaulis means "long-stemmed".

A. longicaulis is grown as a houseplant in temperate regions.  It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. This species is used to growing under the canopy of large trees in the forest, and leaves may suffer light damage and become yellow if placed in bright light.
11th New York State Legislature
The 11th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 9 to March 22, 1788, during the eleventh year of George Clinton's governorship, in Poughkeepsie.

Washington County, New York
Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 61,302. The county seat is Fort Edward. The county was named for U.S. President George Washington. The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.
County court
A county court  is a court based in or with a jurisdiction covering one or more counties, which are administrative divisions (subnational entities) within a country, not to be confused with the medieval system of county courts held by the high sheriff of each county.

Small claims court
Small-claims courts have limited jurisdiction to hear civil cases between private litigants. Courts authorized to try small claims may also have other judicial functions, and go by different names in different jurisdictions. For example, it may be known as a county or magistrate's court. These courts can be found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, England and Wales, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Greece,
New Zealand, Philippines, Scotland, Singapore, South Africa, Nigeria and the United States.
Pouilly-sur-Serre
Pouilly-sur-Serre (French pronunciation: [puji syʁ sɛʁ], literally Pouilly on Serre) is a commune in the Aisne department, Hauts-de-France, northern France with approximately 530 inhabitants. Pouilly-sur-Serre is 3 km southwest of Crécy-sur-Serre and 13 km north of Laon. The river Serre forms the northern border of the commune. Pouilly is in the middle of a huge agricultural plain, where the fields are typically used for growing vegetables and grains.

Serre (river)
The Serre (French pronunciation: [sɛʁ] ⓘ) is a tributary of the river Oise in northern France, in the departments of Ardennes and Aisne. Its source is in the small village of La Férée, Ardennes, from which it flows west into the Aisne department. It flows through Montcornet, Marle and Crécy-sur-Serre and joins the Oise at La Fère. Its total length is 95.9 kilometres (59.6 mi).
2010 British Soap Awards
The 2010 British Soap Awards honoured the best in British soap operas throughout 2010 and 2011. The ceremony was held on 8 May 2010 at the London Studios, Lambeth, and was later broadcast on ITV1 and STV. The publicly voted categories were initially announced, which included a longlist for the Best Actress and Actor awards. The shortlist, including panel nominations, were released later.

BBC soap EastEnders won the most awards of the night, taking ten awards. These included five of the six publicly-voted categories, notably the accolade for Best British Soap. ITV soap opera Coronation Street won three awards, while BBC soap Doctors took both the Best On-Screen Partnership and Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress accolades. Both ITV soap Emmerdale and Channel 4 soap Hollyoaks claimed one award each. Maggie Jones, who portrayed Blanche Hunt in Coronation Street, was remembered during the ceremony, having died in 2009.

British Soap Award for Best Young Performer
The British Soap Award for Best Young Performer is an award presented annually by The British Soap Awards. It has also been presented as Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress, Best Young Actor and Best Young Performance. First awarded in 2004, the accolade is voted for by a panel. However, solely in 2023, the public were able to vote for the winner. Emmerdale actress Amelia Flanagan is the current holder of the award.
Verizon 200 at the Brickyard
The Verizon 200 was an annual NASCAR Cup Series points race held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway for three years. The inaugural race was held in 2021, replacing the Brickyard 400 which was run on a 2.5-mile oval from 1994 to 2020. The race took place on the combined road course and ran a distance of 200-mile (321.869 km). The layout utilized was the newer, modified layout of the circuit previously used for the Formula One U.S. Grand Prix, and currently used for the IndyCar GMR Grand Prix.

The term "Brickyard" pays ode to the track's historical paving method of using bricks. The use of bricks followed the previous and problematic use of a sticky mixture of gravel, limestone, tar, and asphaltum oil. Following several deaths, including a driver, mechanic, and spectators, AAA threatened a boycott of the facility, so the owner agreed to use a brick surface. In October 1961, all the bricks were paved over except a one-yard strip at the start/finish line.

United States Grand Prix
The United States Grand Prix is a motor racing event that has been held on and off since 1908, when it was known as the American Grand Prize. The Grand Prix later became part of the Formula One World Championship. As of 2025, the Grand Prix has been held 54 times at ten different locations. Since 2012, it has been held every year at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas, except in 2020 when it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
UPM (company)
UPM-Kymmene Oyj is a Finnish forest industry company. UPM-Kymmene was formed by the merger of Kymmene Corporation with Repola Oy and its subsidiary United Paper Mills Ltd in 1996. UPM consists of six business areas: UPM Fibres, UPM Energy, UPM Raflatac, UPM Specialty Papers, UPM Communication Papers and UPM Plywood. The Group employs around 17,000 people and it has production plants in 11 countries. UPM shares are listed on the NASDAQ OMX Helsinki stock exchange. UPM is the only paper company listed in the global Dow Jones Sustainability Index and also a member of the United Nations Global Compact organization.

UPM is the owner and maintainer of the Verla mill, which has been a museum since 1972 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996.

Paper mill
A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags, and other ingredients. Prior to the invention and adoption of the Fourdrinier machine and other types of paper machine that use an endless belt, all paper in a paper mill was made by hand, one sheet at a time, by specialized laborers.
Grammy Hall of Fame
The Grammy Hall of Fame is a hall of fame to honor musical recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance. Inductees are selected annually by a special member committee of eminent and knowledgeable professionals from all branches of the recording arts. It is compiled by The Recording Academy in the United States, and was established in 1973. Recordings (singles and albums) in all genres are eligible for selection, and must be over 25 years old to be considered. Additions to the list are chosen annually by a committee of recording arts professionals.

Alphabetical listing by title:

List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (A–D)

List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (E–I)

List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (J–P)

List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (Q–Z)

The Recording Academy
National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences, Inc. (NARAS), doing business as the Recording Academy, is an American learned academy of musicians, producers, recording engineers, and other musical professionals. It is widely known for its Grammy Awards, which recognize achievements in the music industry of songs and music that are popular worldwide. The Recording Academy is a founding partner of the Grammy Museum, a non-profit organization whose stated mission is preserving and educating about music history and significance. The Recording Academy also founded MusiCares, a charity with the stated goal of impacting the health and welfare of the music community. The Recording Academy's advocacy team lobbies for music creators' rights at the local, state, and federal levels.
Nuyoo Mixtec
Nuyoo Mixtec, also known as Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec, is a Mixtec language of Oaxaca. It is not close to other varieties of Mixtec, but its greatest degree of intelligibility is with Atatláhuca Mixtec.

Mixtec languages
The Mixtec (/ˈmiːstɛk, ˈmiːʃtɛk/) languages belong to the Mixtecan group of the Oto-Manguean language family. Mixtec is spoken in Mexico and is closely related to Trique and Cuicatec. The varieties of Mixtec are spoken by over half a million people. Identifying how many Mixtec languages there are in this complex dialect continuum poses challenges at the level of linguistic theory. Depending on the criteria for distinguishing dialects from languages, there may be as few as a dozen or as many as fifty-three Mixtec languages.
D.A.R. State Forest (Minnesota)
The D.A.R. State Forest is a state forest located in  Pine County, Minnesota. It is named after the Daughters of the American Revolution and is located east of Banning State Park. There are no facilities in the forest established for outdoor recreation activities, including hiking. Visitors are recommended to stay at nearby Banning State Park, Nemadji State Forest, or General C. C. Andrews State Forest.

Banning State Park
Banning State Park is a state park in Pine County, Minnesota, United States, stretched along 10 miles (16 km) of the Kettle River near the town of Sandstone.  The centerpiece of the park is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of churning rapids, some up to Class IV.   The daring kayakers and canoeists who shoot Blueberry Slide, Mother's Delight, Dragon's Tooth, Little Banning, and Hell's Gate each spring attract spectators to the park. Landbound visitors can hike along the state's first Wild and Scenic River amid dramatic sandstone rock formations, large potholes carved by the river, and the remains of a historic quarry.  Other features are Wolf Creek Falls and Robinson Ice Cave.  The park is located directly off Interstate 35. Banning State Park is open daily from 8am until 10pm. Each vehicle entering the park requires an up-to-date permit which can be purchased online or at the park office.
Fight or Flight (2007 film)
Fight or Flight is a 2007 documentary film produced by Peter J McCarthy and directed by McCarthy and Shane Sutton. The film won "Best Foreign Documentary" at the Long Island Film Festival as well as "Best Documentary" at festivals in Hamburg, Toronto and California. The film took over five years to make and was first premiered at the DocNz International film festival in Auckland, New Zealand in October 2007. It is based on a man's journey into the heart of Thai boxing (Muay Thai boxing) in Thailand. The film was funded by the Irish Film Board. The production involved two years of travelling throughout Thailand's ring fighting scene. Fight or Flight was in production at the same time Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior was released. Fight or Flight is being broadcast in 2010 on Halogen TV (USA), Viasat (Scandinavia & Eastern Europe) and Filmmaster (Italy).

Ong-Bak
Ong-Bak (Thai: องค์บาก, pronounced [ʔōŋ bàːk]), also known as Ong-Bak: The Thai Warrior, is a 2003 Thai martial arts film directed by Prachya Pinkaew and featuring action choreography by Panna Rittikrai. It stars Tony Jaa in the lead role, alongside Petchtai Wongkamlao and Pumwaree Yodkamol. The plot follows Ting (Jaa), a Buddhist monk trainee and Muay Thai specialist from the village of Ban Nong Pradu, who volunteers to travel to Bangkok to recover the stolen head of a Buddha statue.

Ong-Bak proved to be Jaa's breakout film, with the actor hailed internationally as the next major martial arts star. For the film, Jaa won a Star Entertainment Award for Best Actor. Jaa went on to star in Tom-Yum-Goong (called The Protector in the US and Warrior King in the UK) and directed and starred in two prequels of Ong-Bak, titled Ong-Bak 2 and Ong-Bak 3.
Thingol
Elu Thingol or Elwë Singollo is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He appears in The Silmarillion, The Lays of Beleriand and The Children of Húrin and in numerous stories in The History of Middle-earth. The King of Doriath, King of the Sindar Elves, High-king and Lord of Beleriand, he is a major character in the First Age of Middle-earth and an essential part of the ancestral backgrounding of the romance between Aragorn and Arwen in The Lord of the Rings. Alone among the Elves, he married an angelic Maia, Melian.

Scholars have written that Thingol turns away from the light, so that when he receives a Silmaril, he is unable to appreciate it. They have stated, too, that he fails to take advantage of his marriage to Melian, instead ignoring her advice about the Silmaril, leading to the downfall of his kingdom.

Valar
The Valar (['valar]; sing. Vala) are characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth writings. They are "angelic powers" or "gods" subordinate to the one God (Eru Ilúvatar). The Ainulindalë describes how some of the Ainur choose to enter the world (Arda) to complete its material development, after its form is determined by the Music of the Ainur. The mightiest of these are called the Valar, or "the Powers of the World", and the lesser spirits are called the Maiar.

The Valar are mentioned briefly in The Lord of the Rings, but Tolkien had developed them earlier, in material published posthumously in The Silmarillion, especially the "Valaquenta" (Quenya: "Account of the Valar"), The History of Middle-earth, and Unfinished Tales. Scholars have noted that the Valar resemble angels in Christianity but that Tolkien presented them rather more like pagan gods. Their role in providing what the characters in Middle-earth experience as luck or providence is also discussed.
32nd Divisional Artillery
The 32nd Divisional Artillery (32nd DA) was a Royal Artillery force  raised as part of 'Kitchener's Army' in early 1915. Recruited in Yorkshire, originally for the 31st Division, the units served with the 'Pals battalions' of the 32nd Division on the Western Front for three years. They saw action at the Somme, the pursuit to the Hindenburg Line, the German spring offensive, and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive.

Kitchener's Army
The New Army, often referred to as Kitchener's Army or, disparagingly, as Kitchener's Mob,
was an (initially) all-volunteer portion of the British Army formed in the United Kingdom from 1914 onwards following the outbreak of hostilities in the First World War in late July 1914. It originated on the recommendation of Herbert Kitchener, then the Secretary of State for War to obtain 500,000 volunteers for the Army. Kitchener's original intention was that these men would be formed into units that would be ready to be put into action in mid-1916, but circumstances dictated the use of these troops before then. The first use in a major action of Kitchener's Army units came at the Battle of Loos (September–October 1915).
Barry Allen (DC Extended Universe)
Bartholomew Henry "Barry" Allen, also known as The Flash, is a fictional character in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). Based on the DC Comics superhero of the same name, he is portrayed by American actor Ezra Miller. Originally appearing in a minor role in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad, Barry had a prominent role in the film Justice League, its director's cut, and in his titular film. Miller also reprised the role in cameo capacity in other DC Comics media such as the Arrowverse event series Crisis on Infinite Earths and in the HBO Max series Peacemaker. The DCEU marks the first time The Flash has been portrayed in live-action film.

Speedster (fiction)
A speedster is a character, primarily in superhero comics, whose powers primarily relate to superhuman speed (also known as superspeed). Primary abilities shared by all speedsters include running at speeds far in excess of human capability (to varying degrees) and resistance to the side effects of such velocities (air resistance, inability to breathe, dynamic shock resulting from contact with objects at high speed, etc.). In almost all cases, speedsters can physically attack opponents by striking them at high speed, imparting great kinetic energy without themselves being harmed or at times even affected at all. A variety of other powers have been attributed to speedsters, depending on the story, their power's origin, and their universe's established continuity and rules.
2019 African Women's Handball Champions League
The 2019 African Women's Handball Champions League was the 41st edition, organized by the African Handball Confederation, under the auspices of the International Handball Federation, the handball sport governing body. The tournament was held from October 4–13, 2019 at the Pavilhão Vavá Duarte and Pavilhão Craveiro Lopes in Praia, Cape Verde, contested by 8 teams and won by Clube Desportivo Primeiro de Agosto of Angola.

African Women's Handball Champions League
The Africa Women's Handball Championship for Clubs Champions is an annual international women's handball club competition run by the African Handball Confederation. The top club sides from Africa's women's handball leagues are invited to participate in this competition.
Eicosatetraenoic acid
Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) designates any straight chain tetra-unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid. These compound are classified as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The pure compounds, which are encountered rarely, are colorless oils.  Two isomers, both of them as fatty acids, are of particular interest:

all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid is an ω-6 fatty acid with the trivial name arachidonic acid.  It is formed by a desaturation of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3 ω-6).

all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid is an ω-3 fatty acid. It is an intermediate between stearidonic acid (18:4 ω-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3)

Some chemistry sources define 'arachadonic acid' to designate any of the eicosatetraenoic acids.  However, almost all writings in biology, medicine, and nutrition limit the use of the term 'arachidonic acid' to all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (ω-6).

Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are a major component of the lipids (up to 70% by weight) in some species such as microalgae but in some other organisms are not found in their standalone form, but instead exist as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and important structural components for cells.