hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Back-formation
Back-formation is the process or result of creating a new word via morphology, typically by removing or substituting actual or supposed affixes from a lexical item, in a way that expands the number of lexemes associated with the corresponding root word. James Murray coined the term back-formation in 1889. (Oxford English Dictionary Online preserves its first use of 'back-formation' from 1889 in the definition of to burgle; from burglar.)

For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was then back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the -ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latin words in the form of verb and verb+-ion pairs, such as opine/opinion. These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection, etc.

Lexical item
In lexicography, a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word,  or a chain of words (catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon (≈ vocabulary). Examples are cat, traffic light, take care of, by the way, and it's raining cats and dogs. Lexical items can be generally understood to convey a single meaning, much as a lexeme, but are not limited to single words. Lexical items are like semes in that they are "natural units" translating between languages, or in learning a new language. In this last sense, it is sometimes said that language consists of grammaticalized lexis, and not lexicalized grammar. The entire store of lexical items in a language is called its lexis.

Lexical items composed of more than one word are also sometimes called  lexical chunks, gambits, lexical phrases, lexicalized stems, or speech formulae. The term polyword listemes is also sometimes used.
Lev Levanda
Lev Levanda (Russian: Лев Осипович Леванда, romanized: Lev Osipovich Levanda, Yiddish: יהודה לייב לעוואַנדאַ, romanized: Yehuda Leyb Levanda; June 1835 – 18 June 1888) was a Russian author, belletrist, and publicist. His sketches were often published under the pen name Ladnev.: 273

Levnada's literary work made him a leading figure in the circles of the Russian-Jewish intelligentsia. Originally a vocal proponent of the assimilation of Jews into Russian culture, Levanda became a strong supporter of their emigration to Palestine following the 1881–82 pogroms across the Russian Empire.

Publication
To publish is to make content available to the general public. While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content, including paper (newspapers, magazines, catalogs, etc.). Publication means the act of publishing, and also any copies issued for public distribution.
Cifra (surname)
Cifra is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Antonio Cifra (1584–1629), Italian Baroque composer

Anita Cifra (born 1989), Hungarian handballer

Ján Cifra (born 1955), Slovak volleyball player

Matej Cifra (born 1979), Slovak television presenter

Antonio Cifra
Antonio Cifra (1584? – 2 October 1629 in Loreto) was an Italian composer of the Roman School of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras.  He was one of the significant transitional figures between the Renaissance and Baroque styles, and produced music in both idioms.
1991 Sovran Bank Classic – Doubles
Grant Connell and Glenn Michibata were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals to tournament runners-up Ken Flach and Robert Seguso.

Scott Davis and David Pate won the title by defeating Ken Flach and Robert Seguso 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

David Pate
David Pate (born April 16, 1962) is a former professional tennis player from the United States who won two singles titles and eighteen doubles titles during his career. He reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 18 in June 1987 and attained the world No. 1 doubles ranking in January 1991. His greatest success came in 1991 when he won the Australian Open doubles title together with compatriot Scott Davis  and reached the doubles final at the US Open later that year.  Before turning professional, Pate played college tennis at Texas Christian University (TCU) in Fort Worth, Texas, where he was a six time All-American playing for the Horned Frogs.
Armenia–Palestine relations
Armenian–Palestinian relations refers to relations between Armenia and Palestine. Armenia supports Palestinian statehood. Armenia is an observer state of the Arab League in which Palestine is a full member. The former president of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan has stated that Armenia supported the Palestinian people's self determination in an interview with Al Mayadeen. President of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas has also stated that he supported the expansion of Armenia and called Armenians a "great ally of Palestine". On 21 June 2024, the Armenian government recognized the State of Palestine.

Al Mayadeen
Al Mayadeen (Arabic: المَيادِين, romanized: al-Mayādīn, lit. 'The Plazas') is a Lebanese pan-Arabist satellite news television channel based in the city of Beirut. Launched on 11 June 2012, it has news reporters in most of the Arab countries. Unlike its competitors, the Qatar-owned Al Jazeera and Saudi-owned Al Arabiya, as well as Sky News Arabia, and BBC News Arabic, the network is known for promoting left-wing points of views and religious plurality. At the time it was founded, most of the channel's senior staff were former correspondents and editors of Al Jazeera.

Al Mayadeen has been categorized by many media outlets as pro-Hezbollah, pro-Assad and Iran-aligned.
George Williams (rugby league, born 1923)
George Harry Williams (27 June 1923 – 3 July 1995) was an Australian rugby league player.

A local junior, Williams played first–grade for Balmain between 1946 and 1951. He was a member of Balmain's 1946 and 1947 premiership teams. Primarily a five–eighth, Williams came close to occupying that position in the national side in 1948, but suffered a poisoned shin when on the brink of selection. He left in 1949 to play for Mudgee, but returned the following season, captain–coaching the Balmain reserves.

Balmain Tigers
The Balmain Tigers (also known as the Sydney Tigers from 1995 to 1996) are a rugby league club based in the inner-western Sydney suburb of Balmain. They were a founding member of the New South Wales Rugby League and one of the most successful in the history of the premiership, with eleven titles. In 1999 they formed a joint venture club with the Western Suburbs Magpies club to form the Wests Tigers for competition in the National Rugby League (NRL). They no longer field any senior teams in the lower divisions. At the time of the joint venture only South Sydney Rabbitohs and the St George Dragons had won more titles than the Tigers.

The club's home grounds are at present Leichhardt Oval, in Lilyfield, and T.G Milner Sportsground, in Marsfield.
Luis Henry Campos
Luis Henry Campos Cruz (born 10 November 1995) is a Peruvian racewalker. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the men's 50 kilometres walk but did not finish the race. In 2019, he competed in the men's 20 kilometres walk at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar. He finished in 29th place.

In 2023, he won a gold medal at the 2023 South American Championships in the 20,000 metres walk.

Campos was born in Cusco.

Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk
The men's 50 kilometres race walk at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro was held on 19 August. Matej Tóth, winner of the 2015 World Championships from Slovakia won the gold medal, reigning Olympic champion Jared Tallent from Australia finished second and Japanese walker Hirooki Arai took the bronze. The winning time was 3:40:58.

Canadian Evan Dunfee was awarded the bronze medal after Athletics Canada successfully filed a protest because Arai had made contact with Dunfee in the last 2 km of race, but the Japanese committee appealed the decision, and the medal was reinstated for Arai.
Line C (Prague Metro)
Line C (Czech: Linka C) is a line on the Prague Metro. It crosses the right-bank half of the city center in the north-south directions and turns to the east at both ends of the line. It is the system's oldest and most used line, being opened in 1974 and transporting roughly 26,900 persons per hour in the peak. The line is 22.41 kilometres (13.92 mi) long and includes 20 stations, journey from one end to the other taking approx. 35 min.

Ládví (Prague Metro)
Ládví (Czech pronunciation: [ˈlaːdviː]) is a Prague Metro station on Line C, located in Kobylisy, Prague 8. The station was opened on 26 June 2004 as the northern terminus of the Line C extension from Nádraží Holešovice. It remained the temporary northern terminus of Line C until the line was extended to Letňany on 8 May 2008.

The station is 8.8 metres below ground level, and contains two tracks on opposite sides of the station platform. The station has one exit in the middle leading to tram stops and a bus station.
Matt Guillory
Matt Guillory (born January 16, 1974) is an American musician. He mainly plays keyboards and tends to write progressive metal. He has often been compared to the Swedish keyboard player Jens Johansson, famous for his work in the power metal band Stratovarius. Matt Guillory has worked for Mike Varney, appearing on several mid 1990s records as session player. Guillory also works with James LaBrie, best known as Dream Theater's vocalist, as a composer and keyboardist on the singer's first five solo releases. He was one of the founding members of the Bay Area based progressive metal band Dali's Dilemma. Guillory is a long time user of the Roland JD-800 synthesizer, which he plugs into a Line 6 Pod amp modelling/effects unit and a wah pedal to create a more guitar-like tone for his lead sound.

Mike Varney
Michael Varney (born 1958) is an American record producer and music publisher. He is the founder of the Shrapnel Label Group, which includes Shrapnel Records, Tone Center Records, and Blues Bureau International. He also owns 50% of Magna Carta Records, a New York–based label. Varney is often credited with popularizing the mid-1980s shred guitar boom, and has continuously specialized in producing musicians within the genres of instrumental rock, hard rock, jazz, jazz fusion, blues, blues-rock, progressive metal, and speed metal.
Indriyam
Indriyam is a 2000 Indian Malayalam-language horror film directed by George Kithu. The film is about a group of college friends who go into a haunted forest, with Vani Viswanath,  Vikram, Nishanth Sagar, Boban Alummoodan and Lena appearing amongst others in the cast. It was dubbed and released in Tamil as Manthira Kottai in December 2000, shortly after the success of Sethu, in which Vikram had featured.

Vani Viswanath
Vani Viswanath is an Indian actress who predominantly appeared in Malayalam and Telugu films. In 2000, Vani won the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress for her performance in Susanna, directed by T. V. Chandran. She was termed as Mollywood's "Action Queen". In 2017, she joined in Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh.
Osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb
'Osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb, also known as trapeziometacarpal arthritis (TMC OA)'or thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (TMC OA). 
The main symptom is pain, particularly with gripping and pinching. This pain is often described as weakness, but true weakness is not a part of this disease. People may also note a change in shape of the thumb.

The joint is formed by the trapezium bone of the wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb. This is one of the joints in the human body where most of us develop osteoarthritis with age. Osteoarthritis is age-related loss of the smooth surface of the bone where it moves against another bone (cartilage of the joint). In reaction to the loss of cartilage, the bones thicken at the joint surface, resulting in subchondral sclerosis. Also, bony outgrowths, called osteophytes (also known as "bone spurs"), are formed at the joint margins.

Surgery is available, but most people seem to accommodate trapeziometacarpal arthritis.

Arthrodesis
Arthrodesis, also known as joint fusion, is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones by surgery. This is done to relieve intractable pain in a joint which cannot be managed by pain medication, splints, or other normally indicated treatments. The typical causes of such pain are fractures which disrupt the joint, severe sprains, and arthritis. It is most commonly performed on joints in the spine, hand, ankle, and foot. Historically, knee and hip arthrodeses were also performed as pain-relieving procedures, but with the great successes achieved in hip and knee arthroplasty, arthrodesis of these large joints has fallen out of favour as a primary procedure, and now is only used as a procedure of last resort in some failed arthroplasties.
Peter Dawes
Peter Spencer Dawes (5 February 1928 – 10 November 2022) was the fifth Church of England Bishop of Derby from 1988 to 1995.

Dawes was educated at Aldenham School and Hatfield College, Durham, and ordained in 1955. His career began with curacies at St Andrew's, Whitehall Park and St Ebbe's, Oxford. Then he was a Tutor at Clifton Theological College, Vicar of the Good Shepherd, Romford, and finally (before his elevation to the episcopate) Archdeacon of West Ham. After his retirement he became an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Ely.

Dawes died on 10 November 2022, at the age of 94.

Trinity College, Bristol
Trinity College, Bristol is an evangelical Anglican theological college located in Stoke Bishop, Bristol, England. It offers a range of full-time and part-time taught undergraduate and postgraduate courses which are validated by the University of Durham through the Common Awards Scheme, though the college sets its own curriculum. Many of its students are training for ordination in the Church of England; and hence there is a strong vocational aspect to the courses it provides. It also has students of other Christian denominations, as well as students who are intending to serve within various forms of lay ministry. The college also has a significant number of students studying for research degrees at masters and doctoral levels. All of Trinity's postgraduate research courses are validated by the University of Aberdeen.

It runs an evening programme for students from a number of Christian denominations, as well as those training for ordained and lay ministry in the Diocese of Bristol.
Hjälmaren
Hjälmaren (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈjɛ̂lːmarɛn] or [ˈjɛ̂lːmaɳ]), also spelled Jälmaren, is Sweden's fourth largest lake. It is situated in the Central Swedish lowland and drains through Eskilstunaån into the adjacent Lake Mälaren, which in turn drains into the Baltic Sea, west of Stockholm. It is connected by waterway with Stockholm by the 13 kilometres long Hjälmare kanal.

It is bounded by the provinces of Södermanland, Närke, and Västmanland.

Hjälmaren is 63 kilometres long, about 20 kilometres wide, and has an average depth of 6 metres, and a surface of 483 km2. The largest towns around the lake is Örebro and Eskilstuna situated at the western and eastern ends of the lake.

Between 1878 and 1887, a damming project lowered the surface level of Hjälmaren 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) to free up land for agriculture and to reduce the risk of flooding.

Rebel Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson was assassinated in 1436 at Engelbrektsholmen, an islet in Lake Hjälmaren.

Närke
Närke (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈnæ̌rːkɛ] ⓘ)  is a Swedish traditional province, or landskap, situated in Svealand in south central Sweden. It is bordered by Västmanland to the north, Södermanland to the east, Östergötland to the southeast, Västergötland to the southwest, and Värmland to the northwest. Närke has a surface area of 4,126 km² and a total population of 208,376.
Sergei Yakovenko
Sergei Yakovenko (born 24 March 1976 in Karaganda) is a Kazakhstani professional ice hockey player currently playing for Arystan Temirtau in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship league. He previously played for Sary Arka Karaganda and was a member of the Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team at the 2012 IIHF World Championship.

Pro Hokei Ligasy
The Pro Hokei Ligasy, commonly referred to as Kazakhstan Hockey Championship, is  the highest level of ice hockey in Kazakhstan. Founded in 1992, eleven teams from Kazakhstan compete to win the Kazakhstan Hockey Cup.
Cornwall Domesday Book tenants-in-chief
The Domesday Book of 1086 lists in the following order the tenants-in-chief in Cornwall of King William the Conqueror:

Osbern FitzOsbern (died 1103), Bishop of Exeter

Tavistock Church, Devon

The churches of various saints
St Michael's Church
Canons of St Stephen's
St Petroc's Church, Bodmin
Canons of St Achebran's
Canons of Probus
Canons of St Carantoc's
Canons of St Piran's
Canons of St Buryan's
Clergy of St Neot

Robert, Count of Mortain (died 1090), half-brother of the king

Juhel de Totnes (died 1123/30), feudal baron of Totnes

Gotshelm, brother of Walter de Claville

St Petroc's Church, Bodmin
St Petroc's Church, Bodmin, also known as Bodmin Parish Church is an Anglican parish church in the town of Bodmin, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

The existing church building is dated 1469–1472 and was until the building of Truro Cathedral the largest church in Cornwall. It was originally a Roman Catholic church, but became an Anglican church as a result of the English Reformation. The tower which remains from the original Norman church and stands on the north side of the church (the upper part is 15th century) was until the loss of its spire in 1699 150 feet (45 metres) high. The building underwent two Victorian restorations and another in 1930. It is now listed Grade I. Part of the church is the Regimental Chapel of the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry dedicated in 1933.

The parish of Bodmin is now grouped with Cardinham, Lanivet and Lanhydrock parishes. There is a chapel at Nanstallon.
Versailles (restaurant chain)
Versailles is a chain of three Cuban cuisine restaurants in Los Angeles, California, USA. The first restaurant in this chain opened in 1971 in West Los Angeles, specifically in the Palms district on Venice Blvd, just north of Culver City.

Chain store
A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand, central management, and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate many retail markets, dining markets, and service categories in many parts of the world. A franchised retail establishment is one form of a chain store.  In 2005, the world's largest retail chain, Walmart, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.
Andy Schleck–CP NVST–Immo Losch
Andy Schleck–CP NVST–Immo Losch is a Luxembourg-based road cycling team, that was formed in 2018 for riders under the age of 18. The following year, the team moved up to a national level, before registering with the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) as a Women's Continental Team for the 2021 season.

UCI Women's Team
A UCI Women's Team is a women's road bicycle team sanctioned by the International Cycling Union (UCI). These teams compete in the major women's bicycle races, including the UCI Women's World Tour. The country designation of each team is determined by the country of registration of most of its riders and is not necessarily the country where the team is registered or based.
Decomposition of spectrum (functional analysis)
The spectrum of a linear operator  that operates on a Banach space  is a fundamental concept of functional analysis. The spectrum consists of all scalars  such that the operator  does not have a bounded inverse on .  The spectrum has a standard decomposition into three parts:

a point spectrum, consisting of the eigenvalues of ;

a continuous spectrum, consisting of the scalars that are not eigenvalues but make the range of  a proper dense subset of the space;

a residual spectrum, consisting of all other scalars in the spectrum.

This decomposition is relevant to the study of differential equations, and has applications to many branches of science and engineering. A well-known example from quantum mechanics is the explanation for the discrete spectral lines and the continuous band in the light emitted by excited atoms of hydrogen.

Inverse function
In mathematics, the inverse function of a function f (also called the inverse of f) is a function that undoes the operation of f. The inverse of f exists if and only if f is bijective, and if it exists, is denoted by

For a function , its inverse  admits an explicit description:  it sends each element  to the unique element  such that f(x) = y.

As an example, consider the real-valued function of a real variable given by f(x) = 5x − 7. One can think of f as the function which multiplies its input by 5 then subtracts 7 from the result. To undo this, one adds 7 to the input, then divides the result by 5. Therefore, the inverse of f is the function  defined by
Battle of the Burbia River
The Battle of Río Burbia or the Battle of the Burbia River was fought in the year 791 between the troops of the Kingdom of Asturias, commanded by King Bermudo I of Asturias, and the troops of the Emirate of Córdoba, led by Yusuf ibn Bujt. The battle occurred in the context of the Ghazws of Hisham I against the Asturians in the northern Iberian Peninsula. The battle took place near the Río Burbia, in the area which is today known as Villafranca del Bierzo. The battle resulted in a victory for the Emirate of Cordoba.

Villafranca del Bierzo
Villafranca del Bierzo (Leonese language: Villafranca del Bierzu) is a village and municipality located in the comarca of El Bierzo, in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

Villafranca del Bierzo lies 187 kilometers from Santiago de Compostela and is located between Ponferrada and O Cebreiro on the Way of St. James pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela.
Fred Book
Frederick David Book (born 1905, died 1990) was an Australian rules football administrator and City of Perth Councillor.

In 1928 Book was elected Treasurer of the East Perth Football Club. Retiring in 1973 he had served the club in different roles for a total of 45 years including a record 20 years as club president.

It is Book who is credited with saving Perth Oval from being acquired by the army for use as a depot. In 1956 as a tribute to his service to the club, the new grandstand was named in his honour. The F.D. Book Stand still stands to this day although Perth Oval is no longer used for Australian rules football. He also had East Perth's best and fairest award, the F. D. Book Medal, named in his honour.

Book was elected to the City of Perth council in 1940.

At the 1950 state election, Book stood for the Liberal and Country League in the seat of East Perth, but was defeated by the sitting Labor member, Herb Graham.

Electoral district of East Perth
East Perth was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1962.

Based in inner urban Perth, the district was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. The district's member from 1894 to 1904 was Walter James, who served as Premier of Western Australia from 1902 to 1904. When the district was abolished at the 1962 election, its member at the time, Herb Graham of the Labor Party, transferred to the new seat of Balcatta.