hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Blenny darter
The blenny darter (Etheostoma blennius) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is a poorly known species which occurs in Alabama and Tennessee where it inhabits swift riffles.

Percidae
The Percidae are a family of ray-finned fish, part of the order Perciformes, which are found in fresh and brackish waters of the Northern Hemisphere. The majority are Nearctic, but there are also Palearctic species. The family contains nearly 250 species in 12 genera. The perches and their relatives are in this family; well-known species include the walleye, sauger, ruffe, and three species of perch. However, small fish known as darters are also a part of this family.

Despite the widespread and speciose nature of this family, the vast majority of its species diversity is within the darters, which are restricted to eastern North America, and the majority of which have small ranges. Excluding the darters, this family contains only 20 species. In Europe, percids were likely a more ecologically dominant group in the past than now, with the immigration of cyprinids to Europe during the Miocene causing a decline in their importance.
City mysteries
City mysteries are a 19th-century genre of popular novel, in which characters explore the secret underworlds of cities and uncover corruption and exploitation.

The "mysteries" originated with the wildly successful serial novel The Mysteries of Paris (1842) by Eugène Sue, which had many imitators and lent the genre its name. The novels were usually first serialized in newspapers, and were (like their less-respectable contemporaries the penny dreadfuls) controversial for their frank depiction of violence and sexual deviancy. They were broadly popular in both Europe and the United States, where The Quaker City (1844) held the title of fiction bestseller until unseated by Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Serial (literature)
In literature, a serial is a printing or publishing format by which a single larger work, often a work of narrative fiction, is published in smaller, sequential installments. The installments are also known as numbers, parts, fascicules or fascicles, and may be released either as separate publications or within sequential issues of a periodical publication, such as a magazine or newspaper.

Serialisation can also begin with a single short story that is subsequently turned into a series.  Historically, such series have been published in periodicals. Popular short-story series are often published together in book form as collections.
Kasper Cichocki
Kasper Cichocki (1545–1616) was a Polish ecclesiastic, theologian and polemicist. He served as canon of Kraków and Sandomierz, canon-prebend of Mydłów, co-founder of the Jesuit college in Sandomierz, pastor of św. Piotra church in Sandomierz and one of the town's most outstanding Counter Reformation writers.

Sandomierz
Sandomierz (pronounced: [sanˈdɔmjɛʂ] ⓘ; Latin: Sandomiria, Yiddish: צויזמר, צוזמיר, romanized: Tsouzmer, Tsoyzmer) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (as of 2017), situated on the Vistula River near its confluence with the San, in the Sandomierz Basin. It is the capital of Sandomierz County within the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. Sandomierz is known for its preserved Old Town, a major cultural and tourist attraction which the President of Poland declared a National Monument of Poland in 2017.

In the past, Sandomierz was one of the most important urban centers not only of Lesser Poland, but also of the whole country. It was a royal city of the Polish Crown and functioned as a regional administrative centre from the High Middle Ages to the 19th century.
It's Hard to Be Good
It's Hard to Be Good is a 1948 British comedy film directed by Jeffrey Dell and starring Jimmy Hanley, Anne Crawford and Raymond Huntley. In the film, an ex-army officer finds his altruistic attempts to improve the world are unsuccessful.

It was shot at Denham Studios. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky.

Alex Vetchinsky
Alex Vetchinsky (né Alec Hyman Vetchinsky; 9 November 1904 – 4 March 1980) was a BAFTA nominated British film art director and production designer. He worked on more than a hundred productions during a career that lasted between 1928 and 1974. Vetchinsky was employed for many years at Gainsborough Pictures. He later worked frequently for Rank, including on several Carry On films.
Klaas de Vries (Christian Democratic Appeal)
Klaas de Vries (11 November 1917 – 21 August 1999) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Senate from 1968 to 1987, first for the Christian Historical Union (CHU) and later for the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).

De Vries was born in 1917 in the Frisian town of Bolsward, the son of a teacher. During World War II, he was active in the Dutch resistance. From 1942 to 1945, he was in hiding.

He graduated cum laude in Dutch law from the University of Groningen in 1952. In 1955, he received his doctorate in law from the same university, again cum laude.

In 1968, he entered the Senate on behalf of the CHU. For the CHU, he was mainly active in the fields of culture, defence and education. From 1980 to 1987, he was a member of the Senate on behalf of the CDA, which had been formed in 1980 from the CHU, among others.

De Vries was married to Ine Cnossen and had two daughters and a son.

Christian Historical Union
The Christian Historical Union (Dutch: Christelijk-Historische Unie, CHU) was a Protestant Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The CHU is one of the predecessors of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), into which it merged in September 1980.
The Queen's Knight (book)
The Queen's Knight: The Extraordinary Life of Queen Victoria's Most Trusted Confidant is a book by Martyn Downer published in 2007.  It describes the life of Sir Howard Elphinstone who, following the award of the Victoria Cross as a hero of the Crimean War, was handpicked by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to be governor to their third son Prince Arthur.

According to the author, "Elphinstone made an uncertain beginning at court, settling uncomfortably within its aristocratic cliques and clashing frequently with the impassioned queen. But after Albert's death in 1861, Elphinstone became not only a surrogate father to Arthur, but also Victoria's most trusted confidant."

Martyn Downer's extensive research and access to Elphinstone's diaries and prolific correspondence, including many hundreds of unpublished letters, shed remarkable new light on the Queen's personality and life inside her court.

ISBN 978-0-593-05485-7

Howard Elphinstone (British Army officer, born 1829)
Major-General Sir Howard Craufurd Elphinstone, VC, KCB, CMG (12 December 1829 – 8 March 1890) was a British Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
West Dean Rural District
West Dean Rural District was a rural district in Gloucestershire, England, from 1894 to 1974. It comprised a number of civil parishes, including, confusingly, one called West Dean, and gained further territory in 1935.

It was formed from the part of the Monmouth rural sanitary district that was in Gloucestershire (the rest, in Monmouthshire, becoming part of Monmouth Rural District).

It consisted of the following civil parishes, listed with their population in 1961:

English Bicknor: 457

Coleford (1935–1974): 3,546

Lydbrook (1935–1974): 2,465

Newland: 963

Staunton: 206

West Dean: 9,939

Coleford parish, gained in 1935, was previously an urban district. The parish of Lydbrook was a new creation; it had previously formed part of the East Dean civil parish and was transferred from the East Dean and United Parishes Rural District.

The district was abolished in 1974 when its former area became part of the Forest of Dean district, under the Local Government Act 1972.

Sanitary district
Sanitary districts were established in England and Wales in 1872 and in Ireland in 1878.  The districts were of two types, based on existing structures:

Urban sanitary districts in towns with existing local government bodies

Rural sanitary districts in the remaining rural areas of poor law unions.

Each district was governed by a local board of health, which was responsible for various public health matters such as providing clean drinking water, sewers, street cleaning, and clearing slum housing.

In England and Wales both rural and urban sanitary districts were replaced under by the Local Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) by the more general rural districts and urban districts.  A similar reform was carried out in Ireland in 1899 under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.
Milford Cabinet
The Milford Cabinet is the commonly used name for the weekly newspaper The Cabinet, published in Milford, New Hampshire since 1802.

The Cabinet was published for many decades by members of the Rotch family. In 2005, The Telegraph of Nashua bought the Cabinet Press, which also publishes three free weekly papers:  Merrimack Journal, Hollis-Brookline Journal and Bedford Journal. In April 2013, The Telegraph and its weekly papers were bought by Ogden Newspapers of Wheeling, West Virginia.

Ogden Newspapers
Ogden Newspapers Inc. is a Wheeling, West Virginia based publisher of daily and weekly newspapers, magazines, telephone directories, and shoppers guides. It has operations in California, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia and West Virginia, serving mostly small markets, such as Cape Coral, Florida, Fort Wayne, Indiana and Lawrence, Kansas.
Ordes
Ordes is a municipality in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Ordes. The population in 2008 was 12,534 inhabitants, according to the INE.

Province of A Coruña
The province of A Coruña (Galician: provincia da Coruña [pɾoˈβinθjɐ ðɐ koˈɾuɲɐ]; Spanish: provincia de La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ⓘ; historical English: Corunna) is the northwesternmost province of Spain, and one of the four provinces which constitute the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, Pontevedra Province to the south and Lugo Province to the east. It has a population of 1,128,449 across its 93 municipalities.
Gymnastics at the 2017 SEA Games – Men's artistic team all-around
The men's artistic team competition at the 2017 SEA Games was held on 20 August 2017 at the Hall 10, Level 3, Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Centre (MITEC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The team competition also served as qualification for the event finals.

2017 SEA Games
The 2017 Southeast Asian Games (Malay: Sukan Asia Tenggara 2017), officially known as the 29th Southeast Asian Games, or the 29th SEA Games, and commonly known as Kuala Lumpur 2017, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event that took place from 19 to 30 August 2017 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This was the sixth time that Malaysia hosted the Games and its first time since 2001. Previously, it had also hosted the 1965, 1971, 1977 and 1989 editions of the Games. The 2017 edition is most notable for being the first edition to include winter sports.

The Games were held from 19 to 30 August 2017, although several events had commenced from 14 August 2017. Around 4,646 athletes participated at the event, which featured 404 events in 38 sports. It was opened by the King of Malaysia, Muhammad V at the Bukit Jalil National Stadium.

Hosts Malaysia led the final medal tally, followed by Thailand and Vietnam. Several games and national records were broken during the games.
Portrait of a Thirty-Seven-Year-Old Gentleman
Portrait of a Thirty-Seven-Year-Old Gentleman is an oil-on-canvas portrait by the Italian  High Renaissance artist Lorenzo Lotto, now in the Galleria Doria Pamphilj in Rome. It was previously interpreted as a 1517 self-portrait of the artist, but its style does not match Lotto's style of the 1510s. It is now dated to c. 1543 on the basis of stylistic similarities with works produced by the artist in the mid-1540s, such as Portrait of Febo da Brescia and Portrait of an Old Man with Gloves.

The subject is now unknown, but his age is given on a trompe-l'œil inscription to the right reading "Ann Aetatis Sue XXXVII". To the left is a bas-relief of a putto holding a set of scales, often used as a symbol of a man considering his passions – it also appears with that purpose in Lotto's Mystical Marriage of St Catherine of Alexandria and Saints (Palazzo Barberini, Rome). It may instead symbolise Libra or be the alchemical symbol of a melancholic man.

Libra (astrology)
Libra (♎︎; Ancient Greek: Ζυγός, romanized: Zygós, Latin for "scales") is the seventh astrological sign in the zodiac. It spans 180°–210° celestial longitude. The Sun transits this sign on average between September 24 and October 23. The symbol of the scales is based on the Scales of Justice held by Themis, the Greek personification of divine law and custom. She became the inspiration for modern depictions of Lady Justice. The ruling planet of Libra is Venus along with Taurus. Libra is the only zodiac sign that is represented by an object; the other eleven signs are represented by either an animal or a mythological character though some depictions feature a man holding the scales with his hands.
Krystyna Leśkiewicz
Krystyna Leśkiewicz-Lewińska (née Leśkiewicz) (born 27 July 1974, Wrocław) is a retired Polish rhythmic gymnast.

Leśkiewicz competed at the 1995 World Championships in Vienna, Austria. She represented Poland in the rhythmic gymnastics individual all-around competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. There she was 21st in the qualification round and did not advance to the semifinal.

She is now the head coach at the Polish rhythmic gymnastics club UKS KOPERNIK Wroclaw, where her two daughters train. The oldest, Liliana Lewinska, won 3 medals at the 2022 Junior European Championship and 2 medals at the 2023 Junior World Championships. She was also the head coach of the Polish individual national team until January 2026.

2023 Junior World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
The 2023 Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior World Championships was the second edition of the Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior World Championships. They were held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, from 6 July to 9 July 2023.
Růžena Krásná
Růžena Krásná (22 June 1921 – 13 July 2012) was a Czech liberal politician and human rights advocate, who was a political prisoner under the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia for eleven years. After World War II, she became regional secretary of the Czech National Social Party in Liberec. Arrested in 1949 by the Soviet occupiers, she was sentenced to death in a public show trial together with MP Emil Weiland. However, the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and she remained a political prisoner until 1960. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, she co-founded the Czechoslovak Confederation of Political Prisoners. In 1990, she was elected Chairman of the National Social Party – the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party. She is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.

Krásná died on 13 July 2012, at the age of 91.

Show trial
A show trial is a public trial in which the guilt or innocence of the defendant has already been determined. The purpose of holding a show trial is to present both accusation and verdict to the public, serving as an example and a warning to other would-be dissidents or transgressors.

Show trials tend to be retributive rather than corrective, and they are also conducted for propagandistic purposes. When aimed at individuals on the basis of protected classes or characteristics, show trials are examples of political persecution. The term was first recorded in 1928.
Lulu Rasebotsa
Lulu Rasebotsa is a Botswana businesswoman and corporate executive, who is the chief executive officer of Air Botswana, the national airline of Botswana, since December 2023.

Immediately before she joined Air Botswana, she was the CEO of Bidvest Life Insurance (previously FMI), based in South Africa, being the first woman CEO in the history of that company, serving there between 2021 and 2023.

Bidvest Insurance
Bidvest Insurance, a subsidiary of the Bidvest Group based in South Africa, is an authorised financial services provider in short-term insurance, specialising in personal and automotive value add insurance products. Bidvest Insurance is part of the Bidvest Financial Services division of the Bidvest Group.
Trevor Watkins
Trevor Watkins is a British archaeologist and emeritus professor of Near Eastern prehistory at the University of Edinburgh. He has worked extensively on the Neolithic Revolution in Southwest Asia, including translating Jacques Cauvin's seminal work The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture into English. He excavated the site of Qermez Dere in Iraq in the 1980s.

Qermez Dere
Qermez Dere was an early Neolithic settlement in the northwestern edges of Tal Afar in Nineveh, Iraq. This archaeological site was discovered in 1987 during a rescue operation. It covers an area of about 100 metres (330 ft) x 60 metres (200 ft) and forms a 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall tell. The buildings were made of primitive Mud bricks, which is not a perennial material, and are mostly destroyed. However, archaeologists have excavated a one-room structure in good shape. The room's corners are rounded, showing the care that went into its construction. Also, vestiges of non-structural clay columns have been found, suggesting primitive instances of furniture.

Radiocarbon dating has estimated that Qermez Dere was built between 8500 BC and 7900 BC.
Dion Martinez
Dión M. Martínez (26 June 1837 – 11 March 1928) was a Cuban–born American chess master.

He was regarded as one of the strongest chess players in Philadelphia. There he played several matches against James Mason (4 : 5 in 1874 and 3 : 1 in 1875), Wilhelm Steinitz (0 : 7 in November 1882, 2.5 : 4.5 in December 1882, and 1 : 10 in 1883), and Johannes Zukertort (3.5 : 9.5 in 1884).

He took 9th at Philadelphia 1876 (Fourth American Chess Congress, Mason won), and tied for 17-18th at New York 1889 (Sixth American CC, Max Weiss and Mikhail Chigorin won). The New York Times of 16 June 1889 describes him as "Dion Martinez of Philadelphia is rather an elderly gentleman, tall and dignified. He was regarded as one of the strongest chessplayers in Philadelphia, but has not practiced much for two years past, and financial adversities have tended to detract his mind from the game.".

American Chess Congress
The American Chess Congress was a series of chess tournaments held in the United States, a predecessor to the current U.S. Chess Championship. It had nine editions, the first played in October 1857 and the last in August 1923.
Zangwill
Zangwill is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Israel Zangwill (1864–1926), British author

Louis Zangwill (1869–1938), English novelist, brother of Israel

Nick Zangwill (born 1957), British philosopher

Oliver Zangwill (1913–1987), British neuropsychologist, son of Israel

Oliver Zangwill
Oliver Louis Zangwill FRS (29 October 1913 – 12 October 1987) was a British neuropsychologist. He was Professor of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, 1952–1981, and then professor emeritus.  His father was author Israel Zangwill; his mother was author Edith Ayrton, whose parents were physicist William Edward Ayrton and physician Matilda Chaplin.  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1977.
Lalkhani
The Lalkhani are a Muslim Rajput community, found in North India. They are a sub-division of the Bargujar Rajput family who adopted Islam. The community is found mainly in the Uttar Pradesh districts of Aligarh, Hathras, Bulandshahr, and Badaun.
The Lalkhani are said to have once held estates in the districts of Bulandshahr and some big Zamindari estates that belonged to the Lalkhani clan were Pindrawal, Sadabad, Danpur, Dharampur, Pahasu, Talibnagar and Chhatari.

From Lalkhani clan came Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari "Nawab of Chhatri", a prominent All-India Muslim League politician, and the last Prime Minister of the [[Hyderabad State] and Akhlaq Ahmad Khan author of "लालखानी बडगूजर राजपूतों की मुख्तसर तारीख].

Hathras district
Hathras district (Hindi pronunciation: [ɦaːt̪ʰ.ɾəs]; previously called Mahamaya Nagar district) is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of India.  The city of Hathras is the district headquarters. Hathras district is a part of Aligarh division. The district occupies an area of 1,840 square kilometres (710 sq mi) and has a population of 1,564,708 as of the 2011 census.
V (operating system)
The V operating system (sometimes written V-System) is a discontinued microkernel distributed operating system that was developed by faculty and students in the Distributed Systems Group at Stanford University from 1981 to 1988, led by Professors David Cheriton and Keith A. Lantz. V was the successor to the Thoth operating system and Verex kernel that Cheriton had developed in the 1970s. Despite similar names and close development dates, it is unrelated to UNIX System V.

UNIX System V
UNIX System V (pronounced: "System Five") is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. System V Release 4 (SVR4) was commercially the most successful version, being the result of an effort, marketed as Unix System Unification, which solicited the collaboration of the major Unix vendors. It was the source of several common commercial Unix features. System V is sometimes abbreviated to SysV.

As of 2026, the AT&T-derived Unix market is divided between three System V variants: IBM's AIX, Oracle's Solaris, and the free-software illumos forked from OpenSolaris.
Telnyashka
A telnyashka (Russian: тельняшка, pronounced [tʲɪlʲˈnʲaʂkə]) or telnik (тельник) is a type of undershirt worn with military uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces. They traditionally feature blue and white horizontal stripes, and can come in varying thicknesses and may be sleeved or sleeveless. Other variations of telnyashka with different colour schemes have been adopted based on a unit's affiliation.

Telnyashkas originated in the Imperial Russian Navy and spread from the Soviet Navy to the other branches of the Soviet Armed Forces. They have become a cultural icon of both Russia and the Soviet Union, especially their militaries, and are widely featured in popular culture.

Vertical and horizontal
In astronomy, geography and related sciences and contexts, an orientation or plane passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it contains the local gravity direction at that point.

Conversely, a orientation, plane or surface is said to be horizontal (or leveled) if it is everywhere perpendicular to the vertical orientation.

More generally, something that is vertical can be drawn from "up" to "down" (or down to up), such as the y-axis in the Cartesian coordinate system.