hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kalmiuske, Mariupol Raion, Donetsk Oblast
Kalmiuske (Ukrainian: Кальміуське), formerly Pyshchevyk (Пищевик), is a village in Mariupol Raion (district) in Donetsk Oblast of eastern Ukraine, at about 117 km SSE from the centre of Donetsk city, on the left bank of the Kalmius River.

On 18 June 2025, the Verkhovna Rada renamed the village to Kalmiuske as part of the removal of placenames that do not match Ukrainian language standards.

Raions of Ukraine
A raion (Ukrainian: район, romanized: raion; pl. райони, raiony), often translated as district, is the second-level administrative division in Ukraine. Raions were created in a 1922 administrative reform of the Soviet Union, to which Ukraine, as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, belonged.

On 17 July 2020, the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) approved an administrative reform to merge most of the 490 raions, along with the "cities of regional significance", which were previously outside the raions, into just 136 reformed raions. Most tasks of the raions (education, healthcare, sport facilities, culture, and social welfare) were taken over by new hromadas, the subdivisions of raions. The 136 new districts include ten in Crimea, which have been de facto outside Ukrainian control since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014.
Optometer (ophthalmic instrument)
The optometer was a device used for measuring the necessary spherical and/or cylindrical corrections to be prescribed for eyeglasses, from the middle of the 18th century until around 1922, when modern instruments were developed. The term, coined in 1738 by W. Porterfield to describe his Scheiner slit optometer, and used for 200 years to describe many different inventions to measure refractive error of the eye, has completely fallen out of usage today as the task of measuring eyes for spectacles is done with modern instruments, such as the phoropter.

"Phoropter" is one of several generic names for modern instruments containing an optometer for each eye (battery of lenses for determination of optical error), combined with prisms and other attachments for measuring binocularity. The term refractor is another such term, and "vision tester" or other descriptive terms are used because "phoroptor", spelled with "-or", is a trademark of one company.

Astigmatism (optical systems)
An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate in two perpendicular planes have different foci. If an optical system with astigmatism is used to form an image of a cross, the vertical and horizontal lines will be in sharp focus at two different distances. The term comes from the Greek α- (a-) meaning "without" and στίγμα (stigma), "a mark, spot, puncture".
Joan Barrett
Joan Barrett is a Canadian violinist and music teacher.

Barrett studied with Josef Gingold, David Zafer, Paul Rolland, Ivan Galamian and Ruggiero Ricci at Indiana University. She also studied the works of Moshé Feldenkrais, F. M. Alexander and Carol Ann Erickson. She taught violin and chamber music and led an orchestra at the Conservatory of the Mount Royal University (MRU), which she received with the "Distinguished Teaching Award". She continued teaching at the Royal Conservatory of the University of Toronto, where she was the coordinator of the Young Artists Performance Academy. Since then she has been an Academy Coach at the MRU Conservatory and teaches violin and chamber music at the University of Calgary. As a violinist, Barrett played chamber music, gave recitals and performed as an orchestral musician. She was principal of the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra, assistant concert master of the  Stratford Festival Orchestra  and member of the  Kensington Sinfonia .

Mount Royal University
Mount Royal University (MRU) is a public university in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Originally “Mount Royal College,” Mount Royal University was granted university status in 2009 by the provincial government. The university has an average class size of 30 students and currently offers 13 degrees and 37 majors, in addition to diplomas, post-bachelor certificates and a variety of credit-free programs.
Choi Jae-seo
Choi Jae-seo (Korean: 최재서; Hanja: 崔載瑞; 11 February 1908 – 16 November 1964) was a South Korean literary scholar, a critic of English literature, and a novelist. He graduated from Keijō Imperial University (currently Seoul National University), received his M.A. from this University, and later taught at Yonsei University. As editor-in-chief of the literary magazine Humanities Review, he was a forerunner of progressive literary criticism. Although he later presided over pro-Japanese literary journals under pressure from the ruling Japanese, he undoubtedly remains an important figure in Korean modernism of the 1930s.

The Scarlet Letter
The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a historical novel by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850. Set in the Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne, who conceives a daughter with a man to whom she is not married and then struggles to lead a new life of repentance and dignity. As punishment, she must wear a scarlet letter 'A' (for "adultery"). Containing a number of religious and historic allusions, the book explores themes of legalism, sin, and guilt.

The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in the United States. It was popular when first published and is considered a classic work of American literature. Commonly listed among the Great American Novels, it has inspired numerous film, television, and stage adaptations. Critics have described The Scarlet Letter as a masterwork, and novelist D. H. Lawrence called it a "perfect work of the American imagination".
2022 Ilkley Trophy – Men's doubles
Santiago González and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Julian Cash and Henry Patten won the title after defeating Ramkumar Ramanathan and John-Patrick Smith 7–5, 6–4 in the final.

Ramkumar Ramanathan
Ramanathan Ramkumar (born 8 November 1994) is an Indian professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 111 in singles by the ATP, which he achieved in July 2018, and in doubles at No. 58, achieved in August 2022. He has represented India in the Davis Cup.
Driven (1916 film)
Driven is a 1916 British silent drama film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Elisabeth Risdon, Fred Groves and Guy Newall. The film is based on the play The Evolution of Katherine by E. Temple Thurston. After learning she hasn't long to live, a woman begins an affair.

Maurice Elvey
Maurice Elvey (11 November 1887 – 28 August 1967) was one of the most prolific film directors in British history. He directed nearly 200 films between 1913 and 1957. During the silent film era he directed as many as twenty films per year. He also produced more than fifty films – his own as well as films directed by others.
Continuum (topology)
In the mathematical field of point-set topology, a continuum (plural: "continua") is a nonempty compact connected metric space, or, less frequently, a compact connected Hausdorff space. Continuum theory is the branch of topology devoted to the study of continua.

Empty set
In mathematics, the empty set or void set is the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality (count of elements in a set) is zero. Some axiomatic set theories ensure that the empty set exists by including an axiom of empty set, while in other theories, its existence can be deduced. Many possible properties of sets are vacuously true for the empty set.

Any set other than the empty set is called non-empty.

In some textbooks and popularizations, the empty set is referred to as the "null set".  However, null set is a distinct notion within the context of measure theory, in which it describes a set of measure zero (which is not necessarily empty).
Giurgeni–Vadu Oii Bridge
The Giurgeni–Vadu Oii Bridge (Romanian: Podul Giurgeni–Vadu Oii) is a bridge in Romania, over the Danube river, between Giurgeni commune and Vadu Oii village on the DN2A (E60) national road. Situated on River - Km 237,8, it connects the regions of Muntenia and Dobruja.

The bridge, constructed as a steel girder bridge, is 1,456 m (4,777 ft) in total length, with three central spans of 160 m (520 ft) each and other two spans of 120 m (390 ft), beside to two viaducts with 16 spans of 46 m (151 ft).

Muntenia
Muntenia (Romanian pronunciation: [munˈteni.a], also known in English as Greater Wallachia) is a historical region of Romania, part of Wallachia (also, sometimes considered Wallachia proper, as Muntenia, Țara Românească, and the rarely used Valahia are synonyms in Romanian). It is situated between the Danube (south and east), the Carpathian Mountains (the Transylvanian Alps branch) and Moldavia (both north), and the Olt River to the west. The latter river is the border between Muntenia and Oltenia (or Lesser Wallachia). Part of the traditional border between Wallachia/Muntenia and Moldavia was formed by the rivers Milcov and Siret.
Nabeshima Naotada
Nabeshima Naotada (鍋島 直紀; June 30, 1826 – February 23, 1891) was the 9th and final daimyō of Hasunoike Domain in Hizen Province, Kyūshū, Japan (modern-day Saga Prefecture). Before the Meiji Restoration, his courtesy titles were title of Kai no Kami and junior 5th, lower grade court rank (ju go i no ge, 従五位下).

Kokushi (official)
Kokushi (国司; also read Kuni no tsukasa) were provincial officials in Classical Japan. They were nobles sent from the central government in Kyoto to oversee a province, a system that was established as part of the Taika Reform in 645, and enacted by the Ritsuryō system. There were four classes of kokushi, from the highest to the lowest: Kami (守), Suke (介), Jō (掾), and Sakan (目). In the Middle Ages, an acting governor called mokudai, the daikan of the kokushi, took over the local government of the province, while the kokushi returned to the capital to take on a supervising role.
Medway City Estate
Medway City Estate is a large, purpose-built industrial and commercial park primarily designated for light industrial, warehousing, distribution, and office use, located in Strood within the unitary authority area of Medway, in the ceremonial county of Kent, England. Encompassing approximately 106 hectares on the Frindsbury Peninsula, the estate has developed approximately two million square feet of accommodation since its inception in 1986. The estate is strategically located adjacent to the River Medway and serves as a key employment area in Medway, hosting approximately 600 businesses and employing more than 6,000 people.

Strood
Strood is a town  in the unitary authority of Medway in Kent, South East England. Strood forms a conurbation with neighbouring towns Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham and Rainham. It lies on the northwest bank of the River Medway at its lowest bridging point.

Strood began as a manor then chapelry of Frindsbury until gaining its own parish status in 1193. Today Frindsbury is effectively, in all but a few associations such as in the Church of England, the northern part of Strood. The history of Strood has been dominated by the River Medway and facing port-associated towns, particularly its road and rail bridges since the Roman era to Rochester and the two other Medway Towns immediately adjoining and beyond from the north-east quarter of Kent to London and the rest of Britain. It has a mixed retail and leisure area at its heart.
1962 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 1962 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships were organized by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and served as the national championships in indoor track and field for the United States.

The men's edition was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York, and it took place February 24. The women's meet was held separately at the Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky, taking place February 17.

At the championships, Jim Beatty of the Los Angeles Track Club ran the second-fastest indoor mile of all time in 4:00.2. The time was run despite the race being delayed by 45 minutes, causing the runners to get cold while waiting. 16,384 spectators attended the men's edition.

Other than a special event at the 1948 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships, 1962 was the first time that the running long jump was contested at the women's championships, replacing the standing long jump event.

Madison Square Garden (1925)
Madison Square Garden (MSG III) was an indoor arena in New York City, the third bearing that name. Built in 1925 and closed in 1968, it was located on the west side of Eighth Avenue between 49th and 50th streets in Manhattan, on the site of the city's trolley-car barns. It was the first Garden that was not located near Madison Square. MSG III was the home of the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League and the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and also hosted numerous boxing matches, the Millrose Games, the National Invitation Tournament, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey, concerts, and other events. In 1968 it was demolished and its role and name passed to the fourth Madison Square Garden, which stands at the site of the original Penn Station. One Worldwide Plaza was built on the arena's former 50th Street location.
Sticheropsis
Sticheropsis is a genus of ferns in the family Gleicheniaceae. It includes two species which range from southern China (southeastern Yunnan) through Indochina, Malesia, and Papuasia to Queensland and the southwestern Pacific.

Sticheropsis milnei (Baker) L.V.Lima, Salino & T.E.Almeida – Sulawesi, Maluku, Papuasia, Queensland, New Caledonia, Santa Cruz Islands, and Vanuatu

Sticheropsis truncata (Willd.) L.V.Lima, Salino & T.E.Almeida – southern China (southeastern Yunnan and Hainan), Indochina, and Malesia

Papuasia
Papuasia is a Level 2 botanical region defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It lies in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in the Melanesia ecoregion of Oceania and Tropical Asia.

It comprises the following geographic and political entities:

Aru Islands (Indonesia; treated as part of Western New Guinea in the Scheme)

New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Western New Guinea (Indonesia)

Solomon Islands (archipelago)
Bougainville
Solomon Islands (excluding the Santa Cruz Islands)
Matthew Pitt
Matthew Pitt (bap. 1 September 1576 – 18 April 1624) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1621 to 1622, and again in 1624.

Pitt was the son of Richard Pitt of Cricket Malherbie, Somerset. He became a merchant of Weymouth. He was chief magistrate of the town in 1610 and in 1619. In 1621, he was elected Member of Parliament for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis. He was an alderman of Melcombe Regis in 1623. He was again elected to represent Weymouth and Melcombe Regis in 1624, but died on 18 April 1624.

Pitt married  firstly Christian Barnard, daughter of John Barnard of Shepton Mallet. He married secondly Philippa, daughter and coheir of John Daniel of Beaminster, Dorset. His sister Amy married James Strode of Shepton Mallet.  His eldest daughter Elizabeth married Francis Crossing before her father's death.

Francis Crossing
Francis Crossing (1598–1638) of Exeter, Devon, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1626 to 1629.

Crossing was the son of Hugh Crossing, Mayor of Exeter, by his wife Joane Barret, daughter of John Barret of Barnstaple, Devon. He matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford on 11 May 1615 aged 16. In 1626 he was elected Member of Parliament for  Mitchell, Cornwall. He was elected MP for Camelford, Cornwall, in 1628 and sat until 1629 when King Charles I commenced his Personal Rule for eleven years.
Shoaib Khaliq
Mohammad Shoaib Khaliq (born 20 April 1991) is a Pakistani cricketer who has played for Islamabad in Pakistani domestic cricket. He is a left-handed opening batsman.

In January 2010, Shoaib represented the Pakistan under-21s in the cricket tournament at the 2010 South Asian Games, winning a bronze medal. His previous highest level of competition had been for the Islamabad under-19s. Shoaib eventually made his first-class debut for the Islamabad senior team in October 2010, against Pakistan International Airlines in the 2010–11 Quaid-i-Azam Trophy. He has played only irregularly for the team since his debut.

Islamabad cricket team
The Islamabad cricket team is a first-class cricket team based in Islamabad, Pakistan. Its home ground is the Diamond Club Ground in Sector F-8, Islamabad. Beginning with the 2024–25 season, it participates in Pakistan's first-class, List A and Twenty20 competitions. For Twenty20 and List A till 2015-16 season, cricket the team also participated as the Islamabad Leopards in the National T20 Cup and National One-day Championship.

Islamabad was scheduled to play its first two first-class matches in the 1986–87 season in the BCCP President's Cup, but it conceded the matches without playing. It eventually made its first-class debut in 1992–93 in the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy, in which it has competed ever since, except for the 2002–03, 2003–04 and 2004–05 seasons.

As of mid-November 2013, Islamabad had played 163 matches, for 39 wins, 54 losses and 70 draws.
2000 Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough Council election
The 2000 Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough Council election for the City of Wolverhampton Council were held on 4 May 2000.

The Labour Party retained control of the council, although Labour polled a lower percentage of votes (40.21%) than the Conservative Party (44.61%) in this election.

The composition of the council prior to the election was:

Labour 40

Conservative 17

Liberal Democrat 3

The composition of the council following the election was:

Labour 33

Conservative 24

Liberal Democrat 3

City of Wolverhampton Council
City of Wolverhampton Council is the local authority for the city of Wolverhampton in the West Midlands, England. Wolverhampton has had an elected local authority since 1848, which has been reformed several times. Since 1974 the council has been a metropolitan borough council. It provides the majority of local government services in the city. The council has been a member of the West Midlands Combined Authority since 2016.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2011. It is based at the Civic Centre on St Peter's Square.
Frank D. Gaines
Franklin D. Gaines (April 21, 1934 – December 25, 2011) was an American politician who served in the Kansas House of Representatives and Kansas State Senate.

Gaines was elected to the Kansas House in 1966, taking office in January 1967 and serving three terms total. In 1972, he was elected to the Kansas State Senate from the 16th district, where he spent 20 years, leaving office in 1992.

Gaines worked as an attorney.

Kansas House of Representatives
The Kansas House of Representatives is the lower house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Kansas. Composed of 125 state representatives from districts with roughly equal populations of at least 19,000, its members are responsible for crafting and voting on legislation, helping to create a state budget, and legislative oversight over state agencies. Representatives are elected to two-year terms. The Kansas House of Representatives does not have term limits. The legislative session convenes at the Kansas State Capitol in Topeka annually.
Auce
Auce (pronunciationⓘ; Lithuanian: Aukė, Aucė; German: Alt-Autz, previously also Vecauce) is a town in Dobele Municipality, in the Semigallia region of Latvia. It is situated near the Lithuanian border.

Semigallia
Semigallia is one of the Historical Latvian Lands located to the south of the Daugava and to the north of the Saule region of Samogitia. The territory is split between Latvia and Lithuania, previously inhabited by the Semigallian Baltic tribe. They are noted for their long resistance (1219–1290) against the German crusaders and Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades. Semigallians had close linguistic and cultural ties with Samogitians.
A Sharp (Axiom)
A♯ (pronounced: A sharp) is an object-oriented functional programming language distributed as a separable component of Version 2 of the Axiom computer algebra system. A# types and functions are first-class values and can be used freely together with an extensive library of data structures and other mathematical abstractions. A key design guideline for A# was suitability of compiling to portable and efficient machine code. It is distributed as free and open-source software under a BSD-like license.

Development of A# has now changed to the programming language Aldor.

A# has both an optimising compiler, and an intermediate code interpreter. The compiler can emit any of:

Executable stand-alone programs

Libraries, of native operating system format objects, or of portable bytecode

Source code, for languages C, or Lisp

The following C compilers are supported: GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), Xlc, Oracle Developer Studio, Borland, Metaware, and MIPS C.

Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on objects – software entities that encapsulate data and function(s). An OOP computer program consists of objects that interact with one another. An OOP language is one that provides object-oriented programming features, but as the set of features that contribute to OOP is contested, classifying a language as OOP – and the degree to which it supports OOP – is debatable. As paradigms are not mutually exclusive, a language can be multi-paradigm (i.e. categorized as more than only OOP).

Notable languages with OOP support include Ada, ActionScript, C++, Common Lisp, C#, Dart, Eiffel, Fortran 2003, Haxe, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Logo, MATLAB, Objective-C, Object Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Raku, Ruby, Scala, SIMSCRIPT, Simula, Smalltalk, Swift, Vala and Visual Basic (.NET).
Garnet Richardson
Garnet Samuel Richardson SOM (November 6, 1933 – January 21, 2016) was a Canadian curler. He played second for the "World famous Richardsons", which won four Briers and four World Curling Championships.

Second (curling)
In curling, the second is the person who delivers the second pair of stones after the lead. On most teams, where the second does not act as skip or vice, the second will sweep for each of their teammates. Due to the free-guard-zone rule, which prevents guards from being removed from play by the leads, the second is usually a curler with a high degree of proficiency throwing takeouts, peels, and other power shots. Following the adoption of the five-rock rule in 2018, the role of the second has become more of a finesse role, as seconds often have to throw guards and other finesse shots.
Marital life of Fatima
Fatima, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, was married to Muhammad's cousin, Ali. Fatima (c. 605/15-632) and Ali (c. 600-661) were both significant figures in early Islam: Fatima has been compared to Mary, the mother of Jesus, especially in Shia Islam. Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of women and the dearest person to him. Ali was the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam. Muhammad is widely reported to have likened Ali's position in Islam to that of Aaron in Judaism.

Encyclopædia Iranica
Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.