hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lord's paradox
In statistics, Lord's paradox raises the issue of when it is appropriate to control for baseline status.  In three papers, Frederic M. Lord gave examples when statisticians could reach different conclusions depending on whether they adjust for pre-existing differences. Holland & Rubin (1983) used these examples to illustrate how there may be multiple valid descriptive comparisons in the data, but causal conclusions require an underlying (untestable) causal model. Judea Pearl used these examples to illustrate how graphical causal models resolve the issue of when control for baseline status is appropriate.

Paul W. Holland
Paul William Holland (born 25 April 1940) is an American statistician. He has worked on a wide range of fields including: categorical data analysis, social network analysis and causal inference in program evaluation.

Paul Holland was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended the University of Michigan as an undergraduate, and Stanford University for a master's and doctorate in statistics, supervised by Patrick Suppes. Michigan State University and Harvard University were his first teaching posts. He started at Educational Testing Service in 1975. From 1993 to 2000 he taught at University of California, Berkeley, before returning to Educational Testing Service.

He held the Frederic M. Lord Chair in Measurement and Statistics at the Educational Testing Service.
Honey (Open That Door)
Honey (Open That Door)" is a song written by Mel Tillis and recorded by American country music artist Webb Pierce and by Ricky Skaggs.  Pierce recorded it for his 1962 album Hideaway Heart. It was also a non-charted single by Pierce released in 1974.

Skaggs released his version in February 1984 as the second single from his album Don't Cheat in Our Hometown.  The song was Skaggs' seventh #1 on the country chart.  The single stayed at #1 for one week and spent a total of 11 weeks on the country chart.

Ricky Skaggs
Rickie Lee Skaggs (born July 18, 1954), known professionally as Ricky Skaggs, is an American neotraditional country and bluegrass singer, musician, producer, and composer. He primarily plays mandolin, but he also plays fiddle, guitar, and banjo.

Skaggs was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2016 and both the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2018. On January 13, 2021, Skaggs was announced to have been awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Donald Trump, alongside fellow country musician Toby Keith.
Mahaffy
Mahaffy is a surname of Scottish origin, and is an Anglicisation of the Gaelic name Mac Dhuibhshithe. It is a sept of Clan Macfie in Scotland, but the clan originated in Ireland. There the name is found largely in County Donegal, Ulster.

People with the surname Mahaffy include:

Arthur Arnold Mahaffy (1861–1947), Canadian politician

Arthur William Mahaffy (1869–1919), British colonial administrator

Daniel Mahaffy (born 2005), English footballer

George Mahaffy (1924–1980), American racing driver

James Mahaffy (1905–1986), Canadian politician

John Mahaffy (ice hockey) (1918–2015), Canadian hockey player

John Pentland Mahaffy (1839–1919), Irish academic

Leslie Mahaffy (1976–1991), Canadian murder victim

Arthur William Mahaffy
Arthur William Mahaffy O.B.E. was a colonial administrator who served in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate, the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, the Colony of Fiji, the Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides, with his final post being the Administrator of Dominica.
The Return of The Marvelettes
The Return of The Marvelettes was marketed as the last album by the group, although in reality their last had been 1969's In Full Bloom. It was originally recorded to launch the solo career of former Marvelette Wanda Young, and was produced by Smokey Robinson.

A Breathtaking Guy
"A Breathtaking Guy" is a 1963 song written and produced by Smokey Robinson and released first by Motown singing group The Supremes (1963) and later by The Marvelettes (1972). The single was originally released under the title "A Breath Taking, First Sight Soul Shaking, One Night Love Making, Next Day Heartbreaking Guy" by The Supremes, but was shortened after its official release. All three Supremes members - Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson - sang the chorus with the original title together.

Diana: Are you just a breathtaking...

Florence: First sight soul-shaking...

Diana: One night love-making...

Mary: Next day heartbreaking...

Group: ...Guy?
Wombwell Main F.C.
Wombwell Main Football Club is a football club based in Wombwell, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the Sheffield & Hallamshire County Senior League Premier Division and play at Hough Lane.

Barnsley
Barnsley (/ˈbɑːrnzli/ ⓘ) is a market town in South Yorkshire, England. It is the main settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the fourth largest settlement in South Yorkshire. The town's population was 71,422 in 2021, while the wider borough had a population of 244,600 in the 2021 census.

Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Barnsley is located on the M1 corridor between the cities of Sheffield to the south and Wakefield to the north. Doncaster is to the east, Huddersfield to the north-west, and Manchester lies west across the Peak District to which it is connected to via the A628 road.

Barnsley's former industries include linen, coal mining, glass making and textiles. Barnsley's culture is rooted in its industrial heritage and it has a tradition of brass bands, originally created as social clubs by its mining communities.
Eli Rygg
Eli Rygg (born 22 September 1955) is a Norwegian television personality and children's writer.

She grew up in Veblungsnes and moved to Levanger at the age of 12. She attended folk high school in Skogn Municipality and Inderøy Municipality. She had a daughter as a teenager (in 1973), and studied domestic science and childcare in Skatval, and thereafter found work in Stjørdal Municipality. In 1985 she moved to Oslo as she was drafted by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation to star in the children's television show Portveien 2. In 1987 she was awarded the Se og Hør readers' TV personality of the year award.

She later hosted Teodors julekalender and Frokost-TV on NRK1, Barn ingen hindring on NRK2 and the radio show Revehiet on P4 Radio Hele Norge. She has written several children's books, and has read fairytales for a live audience, among others with backing by Concerts Norway.

She resides in Son.

Skogn Municipality
Skogn is a former municipality in the old Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The 340-square-kilometre (130 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1962. The municipality was located to the south and southwest of the town of Levanger in what is now Levanger Municipality in Trøndelag county. The administrative centre was the village of Skogn.

Prior to its dissolution in 1962, the 340-square-kilometre (130 sq mi) municipality was the 261st largest by area out of the 731 municipalities in Norway. Skogn Municipality was the 176th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 4,779. The municipality's population density was 14.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (37/sq mi) and its population had increased by 8.1% over the previous 10-year period.
Newbridge, County Galway
Newbridge is a small rural village in County Galway, Ireland. It is on the N63 road which runs between Galway city and Longford town. By road, the village is 55 km from Galway city and 25 km from Roscommon town.

The village has had various names in Irish such as An Droichead Nua (meaning "new bridge") as used officially, but there are also Gort an Iomaire and Cruffan. The English name Newbridge comes from the village's bridge over the Shiven River.

Roscommon
Roscommon (/rɒsˈkɒmən/; Irish: Ros Comáin, meaning 'Saint Coman's wood'; pronounced [ɾˠɔsˠ ˈkɔmˠaːnʲ]) is the county town and the largest town in County Roscommon in Ireland. It is roughly in the centre of Ireland, near the meeting of the N60, N61 and N63 roads. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.

The name Roscommon is derived from Commán mac Faelchon who built a monastery there in the 5th century. The woods near the monastery became known as Ros Comáin (St. Coman's Wood). This was later anglicised to Roscommon. Its population at the 2022 census was 6,555.
Spencer Banks
Spencer Banks (born 1954 in Chesterfield) is a British television actor.

He was mainly active in the 1970s, when he tended to play a geeky adolescent in glasses. He starred in two significant programmes: the popular children's science fiction serial Timeslip as Simon Randall, and the Play for Today Penda's Fen (1974) by David Rudkin directed by Alan Clarke. He also appeared in television series including Alexander the Greatest, The Witch's Daughter, Tightrope, The Georgian House, Crossroads and Backs to the Land, films such as Diamonds on Wheels (1973) and A Christmas Carol (1984), and a 1981 radio version of The Chrysalids. In 2015 he appeared as 'Reverend Simon Randall' in The Amityville Playhouse opposite former Timeslip co-star Cheryl Burfield.

The Amityville Playhouse
The Amityville Playhouse (also known as The Amityville Theater) is a 2015 horror film directed by John R. Walker and written by Steve Hardy. It is the thirteenth film to be inspired by Jay Anson's 1977 novel The Amityville Horror. Monèle LeStrat stars as Fawn Harriman, a recently orphaned Dannemora high school student who inherits a mysterious abandoned theatre located in Amityville, New York.
Hope Jahren
Anne Hope Jahren (born September 27, 1969) is an American geochemist and geobiologist at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, known for her work using stable isotope analysis to analyze fossil forests dating to the Eocene. She has won many awards in the field, including the James B. Macelwane Medal of the American Geophysical Union.

Her book Lab Girl (2016) has been praised as both "a personal memoir and a paean to the natural world", a literary fusion of memoir and science writing, and "a compellingly earthy narrative".

Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.: 1  The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understanding of a number of processes including mantle convection, the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt.: 1  It is an integrated field of chemistry and geology.
Kukko
Kukko is a Finnish beer brand which has been manufactured and owned by Laitilan Wirvoitusjuomatehdas Oy since 2001. Most of the beers are sold both in cans as well as bottles. These beers are set apart from the competition by their environmental aspect: they are all manufactured using wind power. Most of the Kukko beers are also gluten free and as such suitable for Coeliac disease sufferers.

Kukko means rooster in Finnish and a rooster is also the factory emblem. The rooster comes from the coat of arms of Laitila.

In 2003 at Tampere, Kukko Pils was awarded as the best domestic beer as well as the best bottom-fermented beer.

Laitila
Laitila (Finnish: [ˈlɑi̯tilɑ]; Swedish: Letala) is a town and a municipality of Finland. It is located in the Southwest Finland region, and it is 59 kilometres (37 mi) from Laitila to Turku. The municipality has a population of 8,492 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 545.32 square kilometres (210.55 sq mi) of which 13.65 km2 (5.27 sq mi) is water. The population density is 15.97 inhabitants per square kilometre (41.4/sq mi). The municipality is monolingually Finnish.

Laitila is renowned for its poultry farms and "egg festival" (Laitilan Munamarkkinat), which is why the subject of the municipal coat of arms of Laitila also refers to the parish's fame for chicken care. There is much demand for Laitila-based chicken eggs, as the local egg producer company Munax, among other things, has even planned to export eggs to South Korea. Laitila has also been called the "egg capital of Finland".
Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki
Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki (c.1806—31 March 1828, Sokołowo, Golub-Dobrzyń) was a childhood friend and correspondent of  Polish composer Frédéric Chopin.

Born into an aristocratic family, Białobłocki began in 1816 to study at the Warsaw Lyceum, where one of his teachers was Nicolas Chopin, the composer's father; Białobłocki lodged with the Chopin family. In 1823 Białobłocki commenced studies at Warsaw University. He became a close friend of Frédéric, who addressed numerous letters to him, using Białobłocki's nickname, Jasio.

In 1828 Białobłocki died of tuberculosis of the bone, unmarried, at his family estate of Sokołowo.

Warsaw Lyceum
The Warsaw Lyceum (Polish: Liceum Warszawskie; German: Königlich-Preußisches Lyzäum zu Warschau) was a secondary school that existed in Warsaw, under the Kingdom of Prussia and under the Kingdom of Poland, from 1804 to its closing in 1831 by Imperial Russia following the Polish November 1830 Uprising.
Valente Quintero
Valente Quintero (1887 – March 19, 1922) was a Mexican sub-lieutenant who is remembered today for his duel against Martín Elenes on March 19, 1922. The event resulted in the death of both men, and was popularized in song as a corrido written by Rosendo Monzón, and as a popular 1973 movie adapted from Monzón's corrido.

He participated in the maderistas forces until his triumph in Sinaloa. He was born in 1887, in the hamlet of Bamopa, in the Badiraguato Municipality. Valente's widow, Martina Ortiz de Quintero, was interviewed by Francisco Gil Leyva about the events that took place on that day.

Badiraguato Municipality
Badiraguato is a municipality in the Mexican state of Sinaloa in northwestern Mexico. The seat of the municipality is in the small town of Badiraguato.

The municipality is in the Sierra Madre Occidental.
Tomáš Verner
Tomáš Verner (Czech pronunciation: [ˈtomaːʃ ˈvɛrnɛr] ⓘ; born 3 June 1986) is a former Czech figure skater. He is the 2008 European champion, a medalist at two other European Championships (2007 silver, 2011 bronze), and a ten-time (2002–2004, 2006–2008, 2011–2014) Czech national champion. He has won six senior Grand Prix medals, including the 2010 Cup of Russia title.

Písek
Písek (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpiːsɛk] ⓘ; German: Pisek) is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 31,000 inhabitants. The town is located on the Otava River and is known for the oldest bridge in the country. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.

Písek is a centre of education with a number of important schools. Up to the last decades of 19th century, Písek was the centre of the large autonomous Prácheňsko region.
Hari Prasad Kovelamudi
Hari Prasad Kovelamudi is an Indian doctor, an author  and the chairman of Quality Care India Limited, a platform that runs Care Hospitals, Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences and Evercare Hospital Dhaka. He was earlier the President of Apollo Hospitals, where he played a pivotal role in shaping the journey of Apollo Hospitals having overseen the growth from 1,200 beds to 10,000 beds today.

Prasad is a pioneer of emergency medicine in the country and established emergency medicine as a specialty in the country. He is first individual outside Europe to be honoured with the Fellowship of College of Emergency Medicine, UK and the first individual in India to be honored with a fellowship by the International Federation for Emergency Medicine.  He has also been honoured with the Life Time Achievement Award by the Society for Emergency Medicine, India

CARE Hospitals
CARE Hospitals is a chain of multi-specialty hospitals with 16 hospitals in 7 cities across 6 states of India. The hospital began as a specialty center for heart care and later expanded to include other specialties. Their branches are NABH-accredited,.
William Lawrence (Conservative politician)
William Frederic Lawrence (29 December 1844 – 15 January 1935) was a British politician. He was a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) from 1885 to 1906.

He was the eldest son of the Rev. Charles Washington Lawrence of Liverpool. He went to Eton College, and received a B.A. from Christ Church, Oxford in 1867 and an M.A. in 1872.  He began the study of law at Lincoln's Inn in 1867 and was called to the bar in 1871.  He was a Justice of the Peace of Wiltshire.

Lawrence was first elected to Parliament in the 1885 general election for the new constituency of Liverpool Abercromby. He held the seat in the next four general elections.  In the 1906 general election, he lost the seat by 199 votes to the Liberal candidate J. E. B. Seely. He died in Salisbury aged 90.

Joseph Foster (genealogist)
Joseph Foster (9 March 1844 – 29 July 1905) was an English antiquarian and genealogist whose transcriptions of records held by the Inns of Court and the University of Oxford remain important historical resources.
Novomykhailivka, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion, Odesa Oblast
Novomykhailivka is a village located in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Tuzly rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Novomykhailivka belonged to Tatarbunary Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Tatarbunary Raion was merged into Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion.

Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion (Ukrainian: Білгород-Дністровський район; Romanian: Raionul Cetatea Albă) is a raion (district) in Odesa Oblast of Ukraine. It is part of the historical region of Bessarabia. Its administrative center is the town of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. Population: 196,618 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Odesa Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion was significantly expanded. Two abolished raions, Sarata and Tatarbunary Raions, as well as Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Municipality and part of Ovidiopol Raion, were merged into Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 59,349 (2020 est.).
Cornish Rebels
Cornish Rebels are an amateur rugby league team based in Redruth, Cornwall. They were founded in January 2013 by John Beach and Rob Butland. Cornish Rebels RLFC are affiliated with the Rugby Football League, rugby league's governing body in the UK.

Cornish Rebels RLFC currently play in the South West Rugby League, a tier four regional league.

Rugby Football League
The Rugby Football League (RFL) is the governing body for rugby league in England. Founded in 1895 as the Northern Rugby Football Union following 22 clubs resigning from the Rugby Football Union, it changed its name in 1922 to the Rugby Football League.

Based at Sportcity in Manchester, it is responsible for organising professional competitions and, in association with the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA), the community game. It also provides match officials for every level as well as administering the England national team

The Rugby Football League has been a member of the International Rugby League (IRL) since 1948 and European Rugby League (ERL) since its foundation in 2003.
Koos van den Berg
Jacobus Teunis "Koos" van den Berg (18 September 1942 – 21 April 2020) was a Dutch politician of the Reformed Political Party (SGP). Born in The Hague, he served as a member of the House of Representatives from 3 June 1986 to 23 May 2002.

On 21 April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands, Van den Berg died in Nunspeet due to complications from COVID-19, at the age of 77.

Nunspeet
Nunspeet (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈnʏnspeːt] ⓘ) is a municipality and town in the central Netherlands. It has been an agricultural site since prehistoric times. The municipality contains a number of villages, namely Hulshorst, Elspeet, and Vierhouten. Nunspeet has a vivid historical foundation, called Nuwenspete.  In 1972 Nunspeet became a separate municipality after having been part of Ermelo before.
Benning W. Jenness
Benning Wentworth Jenness (July 14, 1806 – November 16, 1879) was a United States senator from New Hampshire.

Born in Deerfield, he attended Bradford Academy, Massachusetts and engaged in mercantile pursuits in Strafford, New Hampshire from 1826 to 1856. He held several local offices and was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. From 1841 to 1845 he was judge of probate of Strafford County, and was appointed to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Levi Woodbury. Jenness served from December 1, 1845, to June 13, 1846, and was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election in 1846 to the Thirtieth Congress. He was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1850 and was nominated for Governor of New Hampshire in 1861 but withdrew. He moved to Ohio and engaged in lumbering and banking. Bennett W. Jenness died in Cleveland; interment was in the family cemetery, Strafford, New Hampshire.

Strafford County, New Hampshire
Strafford County is a county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 130,889. Its county seat is Dover. Strafford County was one of the five original counties identified for New Hampshire in 1769. It was named after William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford in the mistaken belief that he was the ancestor of governor John Wentworth – although they were distantly related, William had no descendants. The county was organized at Dover in 1771. In 1840, the size of the original county was reduced with the creation of Belknap County.

Strafford County constitutes a portion of the Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as of the greater Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area. It is estimated to be New Hampshire's county with the highest percentage growth over the 2010–2019 period.
Slowloris (cyber attack)
Slowloris is a type of denial of service attack tool which allows a single machine to take down another machine's web server with minimal bandwidth and side effects on unrelated services and ports.

Slowloris tries to keep many connections to the target web server open and hold them open as long as possible. It accomplishes this by opening connections to the target web server and sending a partial request. Periodically, it will send subsequent HTTP headers, adding to, but never completing, the request. Affected servers will keep these connections open, filling their maximum concurrent connection pool, eventually denying additional connection attempts from clients.

The program was named after slow lorises, a group of primates which are known for their slow movement.

Nginx
Nginx (pronounced "engine x"  /ˌɛndʒɪnˈɛks/ EN-jin-EKS, stylized as NGINX or nginx) is a web server that can also be used as a reverse proxy, load balancer, mail proxy and HTTP cache.  The software was created by Russian developer Igor Sysoev and publicly released in 2004. Nginx is free and open-source software, released under the terms of the 2-clause BSD license. A large fraction of web servers use Nginx, often as a load balancer.

A company of the same name was founded in 2011 to provide support and NGINX Plus paid software. In March 2019, the company was acquired by F5 for $670 million.
Oued El Makhazine
Oued El Makhazine is a small town and rural commune in Kénitra Province of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 8384 people living in 1704 households.

Kénitra Province
Kenitra Province (Arabic: إقليم القنيطرة) is a province in the Morocca's north-western region of Rabat-Salé-Kénitra. Its population in 2024 is 1,284,247 making it the most populous province in  Morocco. It covers 3,052 square kilometers.

The major cities and towns are:

Arbaoua

Kenitra

Lalla Mimouna

Mehdya

Moulay Bousselham

Sidi Allal Tazi

Sidi Taibi

Souk El Arbaa