hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sweet v Parsley
Sweet v Parsley was an important English criminal law case concerning the reaffirming of presumption of mens rea in criminal law. The case defendant landlady of a farmhouse (which was let to students and which she visited infrequently) was charged under a 1965 Act "of having been concerned in the management of premises used for smoking cannabis".

Even though she had neither knowledge of nor privity with the offence, it took place on her property and at first instance she was convicted, being deemed "liable without fault". This conviction was later quashed by the House of Lords on the grounds that knowledge of the use of the premises was essential to the offence. Since she had no such knowledge, she did not commit the offence as the presumption that mens rea was required was rebutted. Effectively the absence of express words imposing the requirement of proving mens rea is not conclusive that the offence is one of strict liability.

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
Rotterdam Centrum
Rotterdam Centrum (English: Rotterdam Center/ Center of Rotterdam) is a borough of Rotterdam. It was established on March 3, 2010. The center has 33,983 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2017).

Rotterdam Centrum is bounded by the emplacement of the Rotterdam Centraal railway station and the Goudsesingel in the North, the Tunneltraverse of the Henegouwerlaan and 's-Gravendijkwal in the West, the Nieuwe Maas River in the South and the Oostplein in the East.

Rotterdam Centraal station
Rotterdam Centraal station (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌrɔtərˈdɑm sɛnˈtraːl]; English: Rotterdam Central station) is the main railway station of the city Rotterdam in South Holland, Netherlands. The station received an average of 112,000 passengers daily in 2019. The current station building, located at Station Square, was officially opened in March 2014.
NGC 1222
NGC 1222 is an early-type lenticular galaxy located in the constellation of Eridanus. The galaxy was discovered on 5 December 1883 by the French astronomer Édouard Stephan. John Louis Emil Dreyer, the compiler of the New General Catalogue, described it as a "pretty faint, small, round nebula" and noted the presence of a "very faint star" superposed on the galaxy.

NGC 1222's morphological type of S0− would suggest that it should have a mostly smooth profile and a very dull appearance. However, the galaxy was imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2016, and the image showed that there were several bright blue star forming regions, as well as dark reddish areas of interstellar dust.

John Louis Emil Dreyer
John Louis Emil Dreyer (13 February 1852 – 14 September 1926), also Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer, was a Danish astronomer who spent most of his career working in Ireland.  He spent the last decade of his life in Oxford, England.
Slebech
Slebech (Welsh: Slebets) was a community (prior to 1974, a civil parish) in Pembrokeshire, Wales, which is now part of the combined community of Uzmaston and Boulston and Slebech, a sparsely populated community on the northern shore of the Eastern River Cleddau. The community shares boundaries with the communities of Wiston and Llawhaden and mainly consists of farmland and woodland. Much of the community is within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park and Picton Castle's stable block loft is an important breeding roost for the rare Greater Horseshoe Bat.

Pembrokeshire Coast National Park
Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) is a national park along the Pembrokeshire coast in west Wales.

It was established as a National Park in 1952. It is one of the three National parks of Wales, the others being the Brecon Beacons and Snowdonia. It is the only national park in the United Kingdom to consist largely of coastal landscapes.
Tanya Dooley
Tanya Dooley (born May 8, 1972) is an American sprinter. At the 1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships, she won third place in the 4 × 400 m relay, along with her teammates Flirtisha Harris, Nelrae Pasha, and Kim Graham. Dooley also competed in the 4 × 400 m relay at the 1991 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships, in which her team earned second place.

1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships
The 5th IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics were held at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain from 10 March to 12 March 1995. Almost 600 athletes from 131 nations participated in 27 events.
Procambarus barbiger
Procambarus barbiger, known as the Jackson prairie crayfish, is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to Jackson Prairie in Newton County, Scott County, Jasper County, Smith County and Rankin County, Mississippi.

Rankin County, Mississippi
Rankin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. The western border of the county is formed by the Pearl River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 157,031, making it the fourth-most populous county in Mississippi. The county seat is Brandon. The county is named in honor of Christopher Rankin, a Mississippi Congressman who served from 1819 to 1826.

Rankin County is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Hamat
Hamat (Arabic: حامات, romanized: Ḥāmāt) is a village in Lebanon.  It is located 287 meters high on the historic Ras ash-Shaq'a. It is home to the historic shrine and monastery of Our Lady of Nourieh. The village is also home to Saint Elias Church, which overlooks Nahr al-Jaouz River, and the coastal town of Batroun, one of the oldest continuously-inhabited cities in the world. Other historic sites are St. Simeon Monastery and Hamat Old Tunnel.

The Ras ash-Shaq'a, known in antiquity as the Theoprosopon, is large coastal cape between the ancient cities of Batroun and Tripoli, Lebanon that forms a significant barrier along the Lebanese coast.

Nahr al-Jaouz
Nahr al-Jaouz (also Al-Joz, Al-Jawz, Arabic: نهر الجوز, lit. 'Walnut River') is a perennial river in the Batroun District of North Lebanon. It rises in the highlands of the Jurd (highlands) of Tannourine and flows westward through a steep valley to empty into the Mediterranean Sea near Batroun. The river's basin is underlain by limestone like adjacent North Lebanon watersheds. The main channel is about 32–38 km long; one recent study measured its length as roughly 32.3 km (20.1 miles) from source to mouth. It descends from the Tannourine plateau down through terraced hillsides before reaching the coastal plain just south of the Ras ash-Shaq'a promontory and the Ottoman-era Mseilha Fort. The Nahr al-Jaouz passes by villages such as Kfar Helda and Batroun, and its valley has traditionally been heavily cultivated and irrigated.
Darwin central business district
Darwin City (also referred to as Darwin city centre or The CBD) is a suburb in metropolitan Darwin which comprises the original settlement, the central business district, parkland and other built-up areas. It is the traditional country and waterways of the Larrakia people. It is original site of occupation and includes many of the city's important institutions and landmarks, such as Parliament, Government House, the Northern Territory Supreme Court, Bicentennial Park and the George Brown Darwin Botanic Gardens. The city centre is located in the local government areas of the City of Darwin and the Darwin Waterfront Precinct.

Although the city centre is one of the most developed areas of Darwin, demographically it is one of the less densely populated, due to its core being commercial.

Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
The Supreme Court of the Northern Territory is the superior court for the Australian Territory of the Northern Territory. It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters, and hears the most serious criminal matters. It is around the middle of the Australian court hierarchy.
Arylformamidase
In enzymology, an arylformamidase (EC 3.5.1.9, AFMID) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O  formate + L-kynurenine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-formyl-L-kynurenine and H2O, whereas its two products are formate and L-kynurenine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl-formylamine amidohydrolase. Other names in common use include kynurenine formamidase, formylase, formylkynureninase, formylkynurenine formamidase, formamidase I, and formamidase II.  This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.

Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic beta carbon substituent. Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the hormone melatonin, and vitamin B3 (niacin). It is encoded by the codon UGG.

Like other amino acids, tryptophan is a zwitterion at physiological pH where the amino group is protonated (–NH+3; pKa = 9.39) and the carboxylic acid is deprotonated ( –COO−; pKa = 2.38).

Humans and many animals cannot synthesize tryptophan: they need to obtain it through their diet, making it an essential amino acid.

Tryptophan is named after the digestive enzymes trypsin, which were used in its first isolation from casein proteins. It was assigned the one-letter symbol W based on the double ring being visually suggestive to the bulky letter.
Suleiman II of Rum
Suleiman II, also known as Rukn ad-Din Suleiman Shah (Arabic: رکن الدین سلیمان شاه), was the Seljuk Sultan of Rûm between 1196 and 1204.

Son of Kilij Arslan II, Suleiman overthrew his brother, Sultan Kaykhusraw I, and became sultan in 1196.

Suleiman fought neighbouring rulers and expanded the territories of the Sultanate. In 1201, he conquered Erzurum, giving it as a fief to Mughith al-Din Tugrulshah in 1202. Successful in the wars with the Byzantines, Suleiman was routed by the Georgians in the Battle of Basian of 1203.

Suleiman was succeeded by his son Kilij Arslan III in 1204–1205, after which Kaykhusraw I forced his way into Konya, removed Kilij from power and was enthroned for a second time.

Konya
Konya is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province. During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as Iconium.  In 19th-century accounts of the city in English its name is usually spelt Konia or Koniah. In the late medieval period, Konya was the capital of the Seljuk Turks' Sultanate of Rum, from where the sultans ruled over Anatolia.

As of 2024, the population of the Metropolitan Province was 2,330,024. 1,433,861 live in the three urban districts (Karatay, Selcuklu, Meram), making it the sixth most populous city in Turkey, and second most populous of the Central Anatolia Region, after Ankara. City has Konya is served by TCDD high-speed train (YHT) services from Istanbul, Ankara and Karaman. The local airport (Konya Havalimanı, KYA) is served by frequent flights from Istanbul whereas flights to and from İzmir are offered few times a week.
House of Montdidier
The House of Montdidier was a medieval French noble house which ruled as count of Montdidier, Dammartin and Roucy.  Its earliest definite member of the family was a certain Hilduin, who died before 956 and was known as comte de Montdidier.

Dammartin-en-Goële
Dammartin-en-Goële (French pronunciation: [damaʁtɛ̃ ɑ̃ ɡɔɛl] ⓘ or [damaʁtɛ̃ ɑ̃ ɡwal], lit. 'Dammartin in Goële') is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is around 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of the centre of Paris.
David Nofoaluma
David Nofoaluma (born 28 November 1993) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays for the York Knights in the Super League, and internationally for both Serbia and Samoa.

He also previously played for the Melbourne Storm and the Wests Tigers and has played at representative level for the Prime Minister's XIII and New South Wales City. Nofoaluma is currently the all-time leading tryscorer and the first to reach 100 tries for the Wests Tigers.

Fiji national rugby league team
The Fiji national rugby league team, nicknamed the Bati (pronounced [mˈbatʃi]), has been participating in international rugby league football since 1992. The team is controlled by the governing body for rugby league in Fiji, Fiji National Rugby League (FNRL), which is currently a member of the Asia-Pacific Rugby League Confederation (APRLC). Fiji have thrice reached the semi-finals of the Rugby League World Cup, in 2008, 2013 and 2017, and are currently ranked 6th in the International Rugby League's World Rankings. They are coached by Fijian Wise Kativerata, and their captain is Tui Kamikamica. The team will typically perform the hymn "Noqu Masu" before each match, singing in unison.
Eva Repková
Eva Repková (born 16 January 1975 in Stará Ľubovňa) is a Slovak chess player holding the FIDE titles of International Master (IM) and Woman Grandmaster (WGM). She was Czechoslovak Women's Champion in 1991 and Slovak Women's Champion in 2003, 2010 and 2013.

Stará Ľubovňa
Stará Ľubovňa (German: Altlublau, Hungarian: Ólubló, Rusyn: Стара Любовня, Latin: Lublovia, Polish: Lubowla, Ukrainian: Стара Любовня) is a town with approximately 16,000 inhabitants in northeastern Slovakia. The town consists of the districts Podsadek and Stará Ľubovňa.
Korenovsk
Korenovsk (Russian: Корено́вск) is a town and the administrative center of Korenovsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Beysuzhyok Levy River (a tributary of the Beysug) 64 kilometers (40 mi) northeast of Krasnodar. Population: 42,418 (2020),  41,166 (2010 Census); 40,844 (2002 Census); 35,768 (1989 Soviet census).

Beysug
The Beysug (Russian: Бейсу́г) is a river in Krasnodar Krai of Russia. It is 243 kilometres (151 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 5,190 square kilometres (2,000 sq mi). It flows into the Sea of Azov through the Beysugsky Liman. To the south is the river Kuban, to the immediate north the Chelbas, and further to the north the Yeya.
Lars Hjälmered
Lars Olof Hjälmered (born 22 February 1977) is a Swedish politician for the Moderate Party. He was member of the Riksdag from 2006 to 2022, representing Gothenburg Municipality. Since October 2022, Hjälmered is state secretary with responsibility for state owned companies at the Ministry of Finance under Minister for Finance Elisabeth Svantesson.

Hjälmered is a trained civil engineer in mechanical engineering, he studied at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg. He has worked at Volvo Aero in Trollhättan before he was elected to the Riksdag. He has also been a member of Gothenburg's municipal council.

Committee on Industry and Trade (Sweden)
The (Parliamentary) Committee on Industry and Trade (Swedish: Näringsutskottet, NU) is a parliamentary committee in the Swedish Riksdag. The committee's areas of responsibility concern Business policies and related research on those terms, along with trade, energy policies, regional development policy, state-owned enterprises and price, and competition conditions.

The committee's Speaker is Tobias Andersson from the Sweden Democrats and the vice-Speaker of the committee is Elisabeth Thand Rinqvist from the Centre Party.
Colophon (city)
Colophon (/ˈkɒləˌfɒn, -fən/; Ancient Greek: Κολοφών, romanized: Kolophṓn) was an ancient city in Ionia. Founded around the end of the 2nd millennium BC, it was likely one of the oldest of the twelve cities of the Ionian League. It was located between Lebedos (120 stadia to the west) and Ephesus (70 stadia to its south). Its ruins are south of the town Değirmendere in the Menderes district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

The city's name comes from the word κολοφών, "summit", (which is also the origin of the bibliographic term "colophon", in the metaphorical sense of a 'crowning touch',) as it was sited along a ridgeline. The term colophony for rosin comes from the term colophonia resina (Ancient Greek: Κολοφωνία ῥητίνη Kolophōnia rhētinē), resin from the pine trees of Colophon, which was highly valued for increasing friction of the bow hairs of stringed musical instruments.

Stadion (unit)
The stadion (plural stadia, Ancient Greek: στάδιον; latinized as stadium; also anglicized as stade), was an ancient Greek unit of length, consisting of 600 ancient Greek feet (podes). There are a range of varieties or understandings of what a stadion was and is; these have been calculated by various historians, and those calculations have varied dramatically (as did perhaps the use and meaning of the term stadion over time in ancient Greece). Thus, the exact length of one stadion is not universally agreed upon today: historians estimate it at between 150 and 210 m (490 and 690 ft), with perhaps something of a convergence around the 185 metres (607 ft) length of an Attic stade.
Shelby Bend Archeological District
The Shelby Bend Archeological District, in Hickman and Maury counties near Greenfield Bend, Tennessee, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

It includes six contributing sites, including the Oldroy Site (40HI131), the Mayberry Site (40HI132, 40HI133) and one with Gordon S in its name.

It was listed for its information potential.

Hickman County, Tennessee
Hickman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 24,925. Its county seat is Centerville. As of 2023, Hickman County is part of the Nashville–Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area, although it was once removed in 2018.
The Heritage Academy, Kolkata
The Heritage Academy is a private institute located in Anandapur, Kolkata (Calcutta) near the East Kolkata Township,  in West Bengal, India in the same campus where the Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata and the Heritage School lies. It is affiliated to   Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology), Kolkata (WBUT).

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (MAKAUT, WB), formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology (WBUT), is a public technical university located in Haringhata, West Bengal, India. Established in 2001 by the West Bengal legislature, it is fully funded by the Government of West Bengal. The university provides management and engineering degrees through affiliated colleges and in-house departments.
Sirois
Sirois is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Allan Sirois (born 1975), Canadian ice hockey player

Anne-Marie Sirois (born 1958), Canadian visual artist, writer and film director

Bob Sirois (born 1954), Canadian ice hockey player

Charles Sirois (born 1954), Canadian businessman

Edward Sirois (1898–1968), American politician and Massachusetts National Guard officer

Joe Sirois (born 1972), American drummer

Jonathan Sirois Canadian soccer goalkeeper

Leon Sirois (born 1935), American racing driver

Marie Sirois (1865 – 1920), Canadian strongwoman

Myriam Sirois (born 1975), Canadian actress and voice actress

Richard Sirois (disambiguation)
Rich Sirois (born 1957), Canadian hockey player
Richard Z. Sirois (born 1956), Canadian radio personality

Tyler Sirois (born 1984), American politician

Joe Sirois
Joe Sirois (born January 25, 1972) is an American drummer who is best known for having been a member of The Mighty Mighty Bosstones. He also played drums for the Boston-based band Street Dogs from 2004 to 2007.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2
Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) is a protein, also known by the IUPHAR-recommended name CRF2, that is encoded by the CRHR2 gene and occurs on the surfaces of some mammalian cells. CRF2 receptors are type 2 G protein-coupled receptors for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) that are resident in the plasma membranes of hormone-sensitive cells. CRH, a peptide of 41 amino acids synthesized in the hypothalamus, is the principal neuroregulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and downstream effectors such as adenylate cyclase. The CRF2 receptor is a multi-pass membrane protein with a transmembrane domain composed of seven helices arranged in a V-shape. CRF2 receptors are activated by two structurally similar peptides, urocortin II, and urocortin III, as well as CRH.

International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) is a voluntary, non-profit association representing the interests of scientists in pharmacology-related fields to facilitate Better Medicines through Global Education and Research around the world.
Polydivisible number
In mathematics a polydivisible number (or magic number) is a number in a given number base with digits abcde... that has the following properties:

Its first digit a is not 0.

The number formed by its first two digits ab is a multiple of 2.

The number formed by its first three digits abc is a multiple of 3.

The number formed by its first four digits abcd is a multiple of 4.

etc.

Numerical digit
A numerical digit (often shortened to just digit) or numeral is a single symbol used alone (such as "1"), or in combinations (such as "15"), to represent numbers in positional notation, such as the common base 10. The name "digit" originates from the Latin digiti meaning fingers.

For any numeral system with an integer base, the number of different digits required is the absolute value of the base. For example, decimal (base 10) requires ten digits (0 to 9), and binary (base 2) requires only two digits (0 and 1). Bases greater than 10 require more than 10 digits, for instance hexadecimal (base 16) requires 16 digits (usually 0 to 9 and A to F).
Caloplaca sipmanii
Caloplaca sipmanii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Queensland, Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Ingvar Kärnefelt, John Elix, and Jan Vondrák. The type specimen was collected by the third author from Baga National Park (Rockhampton, Queensland) at an elevation of 50 to 150 m (160 to 490 ft), where it was found growing on Eucalyptus bark. The species epithet of this lichen pays homage to the Dutch lichenologist Harrie Sipman, in whose honour the volume featuring this species was dedicated. Caloplaca sipmanii contains lichexanthone as a major lichen product.

Ingvar Kärnefelt
Jan Eric Ingvar Kärnefelt (born 1944) is a Swedish lichenologist. Educated at the University of Gothenburg and Lund University, he is known for monographic work on Cetraria and related parmelioid genera and for organising the 1992 International Association for Lichenology (IAL) meeting in southern Sweden. He later directed the biological museums at Lund and retired in 2011. He also helped build national biodiversity infrastructure and led work documenting threatened lichens in southern Sweden.