hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
Charles William Ferdinand (German: Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand; 9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806) was the ruling prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, hereditary duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a military leader. His titles are usually shortened to Duke of Brunswick in English-language sources.

He succeeded his father as sovereign prince of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, one of the princely states of the Holy Roman Empire. The duke was a cultured and benevolent despot in the model of his uncle, Frederick the Great, and was married to Princess Augusta, the eldest sister of George III of Great Britain. He was also a recognized master of 18th century warfare, serving as a field marshal in the Prussian Army. He played a notable role in the French Revolutionary Wars by issuing the Brunswick Manifesto. During the Napoleonic Wars, he was mortally wounded by a musket ball at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806.

Musket
A musket is a muzzle-loaded long gun that appeared as a smoothbore weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating plate armour. By the mid-16th century, this type of musket gradually disappeared as the use of heavy armour declined, but musketeers continued as the generic term for smoothbore long sticks until the mid-19th century. In turn, this style of musket was retired in the 19th century when rifled muskets (simply called rifles in modern terminology) using the Minié ball (invented by Claude-Étienne Minié in 1849) became common. The development of breech-loading firearms using self-contained cartridges, introduced by Casimir Lefaucheux in 1835, began to make muskets obsolete. The first reliable repeating rifles, the 1860 Henry rifle and its 1866 descendant the Winchester rifle, superseded muskets entirely. Repeating rifles quickly established themselves as the standard for rifle design, ending the era of the musket.
Fatemeh Hashemi Rafsanjani
Fatemeh Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: فاطمه هاشمی رفسنجانی) is an Iranian politician.

She is a senior member of the Moderation and Development Party and runs the Charity Foundation for Special Diseases.

In 1995, she was head of Iran's delegation to the Organization of Islamic Countries' 1st symposium on women's role in Islamic society, held in Tehran. She is also secretary-general of the Women's Solidarity Association of Iran.

Charity Foundation for Special Diseases
The Charity Foundation for Special Diseases, as a public and NGO entity, started its activities in May 1995 with the support of H.E. Hashemi Rafsanjani and Dr. Fatemeh Rafsanjani and other philanthropists.
Homewood at Martinsburg, Pennsylvania
Homewood at Martinsburg is a retirement community and census-designated place (CDP) in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

The CDP is in southeastern Blair County, in the northwestern part of North Woodbury Township. It is bordered to the east by the borough of Martinsburg and to the north by the Spring Drive Mobile Home Park CDP.

Borough (Pennsylvania)
In the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a borough (sometimes spelled boro) is a self-governing municipal entity, equivalent to a town in most jurisdictions, usually smaller than a city, but with a similar population density in its residential areas.  Sometimes thought of as "junior cities", boroughs generally have fewer powers and responsibilities than full-fledged cities.
Pinetop Burks
Pinetop Burks (August 7, 1907 – January 11, 1947) was an American Texas blues pianist and songwriter. He was part of the "Santa Fe Group", a loose ensemble of black blues pianists who played in the many juke joints abutting the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.

Little is documented of Burks life outside of his brief recording career.

Texas blues
Texas blues is blues music that developed in Texas through hubs like Dallas, Houston, and Austin. As a regional style, its original form was characterized by jazz and swing influences. Later examples are often closer to blues rock and Southern rock.
Llangristiolus
Llangristiolus is a village and community in the middle of Anglesey, Wales, southwest of Llangefni, and is named after Saint Cristiolus. The River Cefni flows through the village. The village is within a mile of the A5 and A55 roads. The village of Rhostrehwfa is in the community.

The church of St Cristiolus dates from the 12th century.

A55 road
The A55, also known as the North Wales Expressway (Welsh: Gwibffordd Gogledd Cymru), is a major road in Wales and England, connecting Cheshire and North Wales. The vast majority of its length from Chester to Holyhead is a dual carriageway primary route, with the exception of the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait and several short sections where there are gaps in between the two carriageways. All junctions are grade separated apart from a roundabout east of Penmaenmawr and another nearby in Llanfairfechan. Initially, the road ran from Chester to Bangor. In 2001, it was extended across Anglesey to the ferry port of Holyhead parallel to the A5. The road improvements have been part funded with European money, under the Trans-European Networks programme, as the route is designated part of Euroroute E22 (Holyhead – Leeds – Amsterdam – Hamburg – Malmö – Riga – Moscow – Perm – Ekaterinburg – Ishim).
Global Chess Festival
The Judit Polgár's Global Chess Festival is an annual one-day festival celebrating the diversity of chess, held in Budapest, Hungary. The festival started in 2015, and connects fans and chess organizers around the world with chess-related activities.

Dana Reizniece-Ozola
Dana Reizniece (born November 6, 1981) is a Latvian politician and chess player. She has been managing director of the International Chess Federation (FIDE) since 2021. She also served as minister of Economics (2014–2016) and minister of Finance (2016–2019) of the Republic of Latvia. Reizniece-Ozola was elected as a member of the 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th Saeima of the Republic of Latvia and worked as the chairperson of the Commission on Education, Culture and Science, Member of the Legal Affairs Commission and Member of the European Affairs Commission. In chess, Reizniece-Ozola was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster by FIDE in 2001. She is presently vice-president of the European Chess Union.
Gotha WD.3
The Gotha WD.3 (for Wasser Doppeldecker - "Water Biplane") was a prototype maritime reconnaissance floatplane developed during World War I by Gothaer Waggonfabrik (Gotha) for the Imperial German Navy's (Kaiserliche Marine) Naval Air Service (Marine-Fliegerabteilung). The three-seat aircraft used the pusher configuration with the engine behind the crew. It was lacking in performance compared to aircraft with the more common tractor configuration with the engine in the nose and was not approved for production. The single prototype completed was used as a training aircraft; its ultimate fate is unknown.

Pusher configuration
In aeronautical and naval engineering, pusher configuration is the term used to describe a drivetrain of air- or watercraft with propulsion device(s) after the engine(s).  This is in contrast to the more conventional tractor configuration, which places them in front.

Though the term is most commonly applied to aircraft, its most ubiquitous propeller example is a common outboard motor for a small boat.

“Pusher configuration” describes the specific (propeller or ducted fan) thrust device attached to a craft, either aerostats (airship) or aerodynes (aircraft, WIG, paramotor, rotorcraft) or others types such as hovercraft, airboats, and propeller-driven snowmobiles.
Electrophilic substitution
Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a functional group in a compound, which is typically, but not always, aromatic. Aromatic substitution reactions are characteristic of aromatic compounds and are common ways of introducing functional groups into benzene rings. Some aliphatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution as well.

Electrophile
In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. Most electrophiles are positively charged, have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet of electrons.

Electrophiles mainly interact with nucleophiles through addition and substitution reactions. Frequently seen electrophiles in organic syntheses include cations such as H+ and NO+, polarized neutral molecules such as HCl, alkyl halides, acyl halides, and carbonyl compounds, polarizable neutral molecules such as Cl2 and Br2, oxidizing agents such as organic peracids, chemical species that do not satisfy the octet rule such as carbenes and radicals, and some Lewis acids such as BH3  and DIBAL.
Undertow (2004 film)
Undertow is a 2004 American psychological thriller film co-written and directed by David Gordon Green and starring Jamie Bell, Devon Alan, Dermot Mulroney and Josh Lucas. Taking place in Georgia, the film tells the story of two boys pursued by a murderous uncle.

The film premiered at the 2004 Deauville Film Festival, and released on October 22, 2004 in the United States. Met with a mixed response from critics, the film received special recognition for excellence in filmmaking from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.

National Board of Review
The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures (NBR) is a non-profit organization of New York City area film enthusiasts.  Its awards, which are announced in early December, are considered the first major harbinger of the film awards season that culminates in the Academy Awards.
Sholokbahar Ward
Sholokbahar (শুলকবহর) is Ward No. 8 of the Chattogram City Corporation and is administratively divided among three thanas: Chawkbazar Thana (East), Panchlaish Thana (Central), and Khulshi Thana (West) in Chattogram, Bangladesh.

Chattogram City Corporation
Chattogram City Corporation (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম সিটি কর্পোরেশন; abbreviated as CCC) is a local government authority responsible for administering all civic services in Chittagong, the second-largest city of Bangladesh. The CCC government is elected by popular vote every five years. The corporation is headed by a mayor, who oversees a council consisting of 55 councillors representing the city's wards. The functions and powers of the CCC are defined under the provisions of the City Corporation Act, 2009.
Kakweiken River
The Kakweiken River, also spelled Kakweken River, is a river in the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada, flowing southwest out of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains into the head of Thompson Sound, which lies to the east of Gilford Island and to the north of lower Knight Inlet.  Located at the mouth of the river is Kakweken Indian Reserve No. 4, which is under the administration of the Kwikwasut'inuxw Haxwa'mis First Nation.

Knight Inlet
Knight Inlet (Kwakʼwala: dzawadi) is one of the principal inlets of the British Columbia Coast, and the largest of the major inlets in the southern part of the Coast. It is fifth in sequence of the great saltwater inlets north from the 49th parallel near Vancouver, but it is the first whose outflow points away from the Strait of Georgia, opening into Queen Charlotte Strait at the Kwakwakaʼwakw community of Memkumlis (often known by the name of the group who were based there, the Mamalilikala) on Village Island.
Ballymacarrett rail crash
The Ballymacarrett rail crash occurred on 10 January 1945 at 7:50am in the Ballymacarrett area of Belfast, County Down, Northern Ireland on the Belfast to Bangor Line of the Belfast and County Down Railway, when a train led by a heavy autotrain driving trailer ran into the back of a stopped passenger train consisting of lightweight wooden coaches. 22 died with 27 injured. It was the worst crash in Northern Ireland since 1889. The cause was found to be carelessness of the driver of the autotrain (also called a railmotor) who was running too fast for conditions. Fog, unsafe railway rules, and possible distraction from passengers all may have contributed to the accident. Old lightweight rolling stock contributed to the great number of injuries and deaths. The accident led to the demise of the railway company which was nationalised three years later.

Push–pull train
Push–pull is a configuration for locomotive-hauled trains, usually having a locomotive on one end and a control car on another, connected via some form of remote control, such as multiple-unit train control.

This formation meant that the locomotive would not have to run-around at the end of a journey before returning.

The trains were also historically knows as "motor trains" or "railmotors", but the term "railmotor" is now used to refer to trains where the locomotive was integrated into a coach. In the UK and some other parts of Europe, the control car is referred to as a driving trailer (or driving van trailer/DVT where there is no passenger accommodation); in the US and Canada, they are called cab cars and in Australia, they are called driving trailers.
Relationship between avant-garde art and American pop culture
Avant-garde art and American pop culture have had an intriguing relationship from the time of the art form's inception in America to the current day. The art form, which began in the early half of the nineteenth century in Europe, started to rise slowly in America under the guise of Dadaism in 1915. While originally formed under a group of artists in New York City who wanted to counter pop culture with their art, music, and literature the art form began to grow into prominence with American pop culture due to a variety of factors between the 1940s to the 1970s. However, from many factors that arose in the late 1970s, avant-garde began to both lessen in prominence and began to blend with the pop culture to the point in which most art critics considered the art form extinct.

Marcel Duchamp
Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (UK: /ˈdjuːʃɒ̃/, US: /djuːˈʃɒ̃, djuːˈʃɑːmp/; French: [maʁsɛl dyʃɑ̃]; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French American artist, chess player, and inventor who played a key role in the development of the avant-garde in the United States and in New York City, where he spent the last 25 years of his life.

Duchamp was the first artist to elevate a toilet to the status of an art form. By the time of World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists (such as Henri Matisse) as "retinal," intended only to please the eye. Instead, he wanted to use art to serve the mind. He is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, as one of the three artists who helped to establish the post-industrial perspective in art history, and  his work is considered the progenitor of Conceptual art.
Arellano–Bond estimator
In econometrics, the Arellano–Bond estimator is a generalized method of moments estimator used to estimate dynamic models of panel data. It was proposed in 1991 by Manuel Arellano and Stephen Bond, based on the earlier work by Alok Bhargava and John Denis Sargan in 1983, for addressing certain endogeneity problems. The GMM-SYS estimator is a system that contains both the levels and the first difference equations. It provides an alternative to the standard first difference GMM estimator.

Denis Sargan
John Denis Sargan, FBA (23 August 1924 – 13 April 1996) was a British econometrician who specialized in the analysis of economic time-series.

Sargan was born in Doncaster, Yorkshire in 1924, and was educated at Doncaster Grammar School and St John's College, Cambridge. He made many contributions, notably in instrumental variables estimation, Edgeworth expansions for the distributions of econometric estimators, identification conditions in simultaneous equations models, asymptotic tests for overidentifying restrictions in homoskedastic equations and exact tests for unit roots in autoregressive and moving average models.  At the LSE, Sargan was Professor of Econometrics from 1964–1984. Sargan was President of the Econometric Society, a Fellow of the British Academy  and an (honorary foreign) member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

His influence on econometric methodology is evident in several fields including in the development of Generalized Method of Moments estimators.
Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli
Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli (1507 – 31 August 1563), also known as Giovann'Agnolo Montorsoli, was a Florentine sculptor and Servite friar.  He is today as often remembered for his restorations of famous classical works as his original creations.

Friar
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders in the Catholic Church. There are also friars outside of the Catholic Church, such as within the Evangelical-Lutheran Churches and Anglican Communion. The term, first used in the 12th or 13th century, distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the older monastic orders' allegiance to a single monastery formalized by their vow of stability. A friar may be in holy orders or be a non-ordained brother. The most significant orders of friars are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians, and Carmelites.
Alex Crumbley
Alex Crumbley Jr. (May 22, 1909 – November 20, 1938) was an American baseball outfielder in the Negro leagues. He played with the New York Black Yankees, Washington Black Senators, Pittsburgh Crawfords, and Atlanta Black Crackers from 1937 to 1938.

Pittsburgh Crawfords
The Pittsburgh Crawfords, popularly known as the Craws, were a professional Negro league baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The team, previously known as the Crawford Colored Giants, was named after the Crawford Bath House, a recreation center in the Crawford neighborhood of Pittsburgh's Hill District.

In 1931 Gus Greenlee, an African-American businessman in Pittsburgh, bought the Crawfords. In 1933 he founded what is known as the second Negro National League, and built Greenlee Field as a ball park for his team. During the mid-1930s, the Crawfords were one of the strongest Negro league teams ever assembled.
Paul Sutcliffe
Paul Michael Sutcliffe is British mathematical physicist and mathematician, currently Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Durham. He specialises in the study of topological solitons.

He serves as the Project Director of the SPOCK (Scientific Properties of Complex Knots) research programme dedicated to the study of knotted structures.   Related subjects of research include skyrmions.

Sutcliffe was awarded the LMS Whitehead Prize in 2006 for contributions to the study of topological solitons and their dynamics.

Knot (mathematics)
In mathematics, a knot is an embedding of the circle (S1)  into three-dimensional Euclidean space, R3 (also known as E3).  Often two knots are considered equivalent if they are ambient isotopic, that is, if there exists a continuous deformation of R3 which takes one knot to the other.

A crucial difference between the standard mathematical and conventional notions of a knot is that mathematical knots are closed — there are no ends to tie or untie on a mathematical knot. Physical properties such as friction and thickness also do not apply, although there are mathematical definitions of a knot that take such properties into account. The term knot is also applied to embeddings of S j in Sn, especially in the case j = n − 2. The branch of mathematics that studies knots is known as knot theory and has many relations to graph theory.
Koidma
Koidma is a village in Hiiumaa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia. It has five inhabitants as per 2011 census. Koidma is 8 km away from the capital Kärdla. Before 2013, it was located in Kõrgessaare Parish.

Hiiu County
Hiiu County (Estonian: Hiiu maakond or Hiiumaa) is one of 15 counties of Estonia, being the smallest county both in terms of area and population. It consists of Hiiumaa (German and Swedish: Dagö), the second-largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it. The county borders Lääne County to the east and Saare County to the south.
Krishna railway station
Krishna Railway Station is located in Narayanpet district of Telangana and falls under the jurisdiction of Guntakal railway division of South Central Railway zone. The station forms a part of Mahbubnagar and Munirabad section. Neighbourhood stations are Chegunta, Saidapur, Yadlapur. Nearby major railway station is Secunderabad Junction another nearby major railway station is Raichur and airport is Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. A total of 16 express trains stop at this station. It is an important station for people in rural areas of neighbouring small villages such as Chegunta, Yadlapur. A lot of native Telugu people of this area are migrated to neighbouring  Maharashtra they visit their native villages occasionally.

Guntakal railway division
Guntakal railway division is one of the six divisions of South Central Railway zone (SCR) of the Indian Railways. The headquarters of the division is at Guntakal. This division is second in terms of route kilometres after Secunderabad railway division.

Guntakal will be part of South Coast Railway zone, as per the proposal in 2019.
Miss Brazil 2015
Miss Brazil 2015 (Portuguese: Miss Brasil 2015), officially Miss Brazil Be Emotion 2015 (Portuguese: Miss Brasil Be Emotion 2015), was the 61st edition of the Miss Brazil pageant. It was held on 18 November 2015 at Citibank Hall in São Paulo, and was hosted by Cássio Reis and Mariana Weickert. Melissa Gurgel of Ceará crowned her successor Marthina Brandt of Rio Grande do Sul at the end of the event. Brandt represented Brazil at the Miss Universe 2015 pageant and placed in the Top 15.

Vibra São Paulo
Vibra São Paulo (formerly known as Credicard Hall) is a music theatre in the Santo Amaro neighbourhood, city of São Paulo, Brazil. It opened in September 1999, with capacity for 7,000 people. Considered to be one of the largest indoor entertainment venues in Brazil and one of the largest in Latin America. The 60th anniversary of Miss Universe 2011 pageant was held on September 12 that year at the hall. It used to be called Credicard Hall in most of its history, but its name changed in October 2019 due to a naming rights partner. The theatre closed on March 31, 2021. On 1 April 2022, the reopening of the venue was announced under its new name Vibra São Paulo following an agreement between the new house manager, Opus Entertenimento, and the biofuel company Vibra Energia. The venue officially reopened in May.
New Bern Historic District
The New Bern Historic District is a national historic district located at New Bern, Craven County, North Carolina. As of 2003 the district contained 492 contributing structures with construction dates ranging from the early 1800s to the mid-20th century. The district contains notable examples of buildings in the Federal and Late Victorian styles.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, with boundary expansions in 2003 and 2016.

Craven County, North Carolina
Craven County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 100,720. Its county seat is New Bern. The county was created in 1705 as Archdale Precinct from the now-extinct Bath County. It was renamed Craven Precinct in 1712 and gained county status in 1739. It is named for William, Earl of Craven, who lived from 1606 to 1697. Craven County is part of the New Bern, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area.