hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NGC 4051
NGC 4051 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. It was discovered on 6 February 1788 by William Herschel.

NGC 4051 contains a supermassive black hole with a mass of 1.73 million M☉. This galaxy was studied by the Multicolor Active Galactic Nuclei Monitoring 2m telescope.

The galaxy is a Seyfert galaxy that emits bright X-rays.  However, in early 1998 the X-ray emission ceased as observed by the Beppo-SAX satellite. X-ray emission had risen back to normal by August 1998.

NGC 4051 is a member of the Ursa Major Cluster. Its peculiar velocity is −490 ± 34 km/s, consistent with the rest of the cluster. It is a member of the NGC 4111 Group, which is part of the Ursa Major Cloud and is the second largest group in the cloud after the NGC 3992 Group.

Supermassive black hole
A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH) is the largest type of black hole, with its mass being on the order of hundreds of thousands, or millions to billions, of times the mass of the Sun (M☉). Black holes are a class of astronomical objects that have undergone gravitational collapse, leaving behind spheroidal regions of space that nothing, not even light, can escape. Observational evidence indicates that almost every large galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center. For example, the Milky Way galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center, corresponding to the radio source Sagittarius A*. Accretion of interstellar gas onto supermassive black holes is the process responsible for powering active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and quasars.

Two supermassive black holes have been directly imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope; these are Sagittarius A, at the center of the Milky Way, and the black hole at the center of Messier 87, a giant elliptical galaxy.
Northwest Upstate Illini Conference
The Northwest Upstate Illini Conference  is a high school conference in northwest and north central Illinois. The conference participates in athletics and activities in the Illinois High School Association. The conference comprises 21 small public high schools with enrollments between 60-340 students in Carroll, Jo Daviess, Lee, Ogle, Stephenson, Whiteside, and Winnebago counties.

Jo Daviess County, Illinois
Jo Daviess County (/ˈdeɪvɪs/) is the northwesternmost county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 22,035. Its county seat is Galena. Jo Daviess County is part of the Tri-State Area and is located near Dubuque, Iowa and Platteville, Wisconsin. As part of the Driftless Area, Jo Daviess County contains rugged terrain compared to the rest of the state. Within Jo Daviess County lies Charles Mound, the highest natural point in Illinois, as well as eight of the ten highest points in Illinois.
Mean Length Turn
Mean Length Turn, sometimes Mean Length per Turn is the mean length of winding turn in a coil, usually referred to by the initials MLT. The dimensions of a coil former or bobbin define the MLT of a full wound coil. In some cases the coil is not made of a single wire with multiple turns, and a coil former is not always necessary, but may be constructed in a stack of printed circuit layers. The MLT is an important measure in the design of inductors, transformers and other wound components.

Bobbin
A bobbin or spool is a spindle or cylinder, with or without flanges, on which yarn, thread, wire, tape or film is wound. Bobbins are typically found in industrial textile machinery, as well as in sewing machines, fishing reels, tape measures, film rolls, cassette tapes, within electronic and electrical equipment, and for various other applications.
Mkhombo Nature Reserve
Mkhombo Nature Reserve is a protected area in Mpumalanga, South Africa. It is a large, 11,223 ha reserve which conserves an easterly Kalahari thornveld environment around the shores of Mkhombo Dam. The reserve has typical highland grassland with a network of wetlands and rocky outcrops.

The nature reserve is known for its bird life. Among the species native to the reserve are the reed cormorant, African yellow-billed hornbill, African grey hornbill, white-breasted cormorant, little swift, hamerkop, red-winged starling, pectoral sandpiper, grey plover, barred wren-warbler, and yellow wagtail.

It is a frequent safari destination for visitors from around the world. Species found in the reserve include elephants, lions, leopards, cheetahs, buffaloes, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, and several antelope species.

Pectoral sandpiper
The pectoral sandpiper (Calidris melanotos), often abbreviated pec, is a small, migratory wader that breeds in arctic regions of North America and Asia, wintering in South America and Oceania. It eats small invertebrates. Its nest, a hole scraped in the ground and with a thick lining, is deep enough to protect its four eggs from the cool breezes of its breeding grounds. The pectoral sandpiper is 19–23 cm (7.5–9.1 in) long, with a wingspan of 38–46 cm (15–18 in).
Middle Branch Dead Diamond River
The Middle Branch of the Dead Diamond River is a 9.0-mile-long (14.5 km) river in northern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the West Branch of the Dead Diamond River, located in the Androscoggin River watershed of Maine and New Hampshire.

The Middle Branch flows for most of its length through Pittsburg, the northernmost town in New Hampshire. It flows southeast through a wide valley between 3,383-foot (1,031 m) Magalloway Mountain to the south and 3,230-foot (980 m) Diamond Ridge to the north. The river then turns south and flows parallel to the East Branch of the Dead Diamond, entering Atkinson and Gilmanton Grant and joining the West Branch less than one mile upstream from the confluence of the West Branch and the East Branch.

Atkinson and Gilmanton Academy Grant, New Hampshire
Atkinson and Gilmanton Academy Grant is a township in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. It was granted by the state legislature to Gilmanton Academy and Atkinson Academy in equal shares in 1809 and contained approximately 19,000 acres (77 km2). It was later expanded by annexation of previously ungranted land to the west. The population was zero as of the 2020 census. It is part of the Berlin, NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area.

In New Hampshire, locations, grants, townships (which are different from towns), and purchases are unincorporated portions of a county which are not part of any town and have limited self-government (if any, as many are uninhabited).
Dipierro
Dipierro, Di Pierro, di Pierro, or DiPierro is an Italian surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Gaetano Di Pierro (born 1948), Italian bishop

Luca Dipierro, Italian animator and illustrator

Nahuel di Pierro (born 1984), Argentine opera singer

Ray DiPierro (1926–2014), American football player

Serena Dipierro, Italian mathematician

Serena Dipierro
Serena Dipierro is an Italian mathematician whose research involves partial differential equations, the regularity of their solution, their phase transitions, nonlocal operators, and free boundary problems, with applications including population dynamics, quantum mechanics, crystallography, and mathematical finance. She is a professor in the School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing at the University of Western Australia, where she heads the department of mathematics and statistics.
Anoop Mishra
Anoop Mishra (born 16 May 1956; Hindi pronunciation: [ən̪uːp mɪʃɾaː]) is an Indian politician from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was elected as a Member of parliament, Lok Sabha from Morena, Madhya Pradesh. He was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh State. He last  represented the Gwalior East constituency during 2008–2013. Mishra is nephew of former Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
A Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of a legislative constituency in the Lok Sabha; the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum permitted strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha is 550. This includes the maximum 530 members to represent the constituencies and states and up to 20 members to represent the union territories (both chosen by direct elections). Between 1952 and January 25, 2020, two seats were reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The current elected strength of the Lok Sabha is 543. The party—or coalition of parties—having a majority in the Lok Sabha chooses the Prime Minister of India.

All Members of Lok Sabha rank 21st in the Order of Precedence of India.
2024 Copa América de Futsal
The 2024 CONMEBOL Copa América de Futsal was the 14th edition of the Copa América de Futsal, the international futsal championship under FIFA rules organised by CONMEBOL for the men's national teams of South America. It was held in Luque, Paraguay from 2 to 10 February 2024.

This edition marked the return of the tournament as the CONMEBOL qualifiers for the FIFA Futsal World Cup (the last time was in 2008) after CONMEBOL decided to discontinue its specific qualifying tournament for that purpose after three editions in 2012, 2016 and 2020. The top four teams of the tournament (the four semi-finalists) qualified for the 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup in Uzbekistan as the CONMEBOL representatives.

Argentina were the defending champions.

2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)
The tournament acted as the South American qualifying tournament for the 2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup in Thailand. It was held from 15 to 22 April 2012 in Gramado, Brazil. It was the first time a tournament different from Copa América qualified to the World Cup: the semi-finalists were qualified.
Irfan Ansari
Irfan Ansari is an Indian politician and member of the Indian National Congress. Ansari is a member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly from the Jamtara constituency in Jamtara district in 2014 and 2019 and 2024.

His father Furqan Ansari was also a Member of Legislative assembly from Jamtara constituency of Jharkhand being an Indian National Congress candidate. He is the current cabinet minister for the Minister of  Rural Development, Minister of Rural Works and Minister of Panchayati Raj in Government of Jharkhand.

Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
The Jharkhand Legislative Assembly, commonly known as the Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha, is the unicameral state legislature of Jharkhand state in India. The seat of the Legislative Assembly is at Ranchi, the capital of the state.
Sangeet Paul Choudary
Sangeet Paul Choudary is a business executive, advisor, and best-selling author. He is best known for his work on platform economics and network effects. He is the co-author of the international best-selling book Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You.

Choudary's work on platform economics has been featured on four occasions among Harvard Business Review's top 10 management ideas. It is ranked among HBR's top 10 strategy publications, alongside the works of Michael Porter, Clayton Christensen, A.G. Lafley, and others.

For his contributions to the field of platform economics, Choudary was named a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum in 2017.

Clayton Christensen
Clayton Magleby Christensen (April 6, 1952 – January 23, 2020) was an American academic and business consultant who developed the theory of "disruptive innovation", which has been called the most influential business idea of the early 21st century. Christensen introduced "disruption" in his 1997 book The Innovator's Dilemma, and it led The Economist to term him "the most influential management thinker of his time." He was the Kim B. Clark Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School (HBS), and was also a leader and writer in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the founders of the Jobs to Be Done development methodology.

Christensen was also a co-founder of Rose Park Advisors, a venture capital firm, and Innosight, a management consulting and investment firm specializing in innovation.
Acute and obtuse triangles
An acute triangle (or acute-angled triangle) is a triangle with three acute angles (less than 90°). An obtuse triangle (or obtuse-angled triangle) is a triangle with one obtuse angle (greater than 90°) and two acute angles. Since a triangle's angles must sum to 180° in Euclidean geometry, no Euclidean triangle can have more than one obtuse angle

Acute and obtuse triangles are the two different types of oblique triangles—triangles that are not right triangles because they do not have any right angles (90°).

Median (geometry)
In geometry, a median of a triangle is a line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side, thus bisecting that side. Every triangle has exactly three medians, one from each vertex, and they all intersect at the triangle's centroid. In the case of isosceles and equilateral triangles, a median bisects any angle at a vertex whose two adjacent sides are equal in length.
The concept of a median extends to tetrahedra.
St. Luke's Church, Srinagar
34°04′40″N 74°49′50″E﻿ / ﻿34.07786329°N 74.83056892°E﻿ / 34.07786329; 74.83056892

St. Luke's Church is located within the compound of the Chest Diseases Hospital at the southwest slope of Shankaracharya Hill in the Dalgate area of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is the first Christian church in Kashmir. It is part of the Church of North India and is one of the remotest churches in the country.

Church of North India
The Church of North India (CNI) is the dominant united Protestant church in Northern India. It was established on 29 November 1970 by bringing together most of the Protestant churches working in northern India. It is a province of the worldwide Anglican Communion and a member of the World Methodist Council and the World Communion of Reformed Churches. The merger, which had been in discussions since 1929, came eventually between the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon (Anglican), the Methodist Church, Disciples of Christ, and some congregations from the United Church of Northern India (Congregationalist and Presbyterian).

The CNI's jurisdiction covers all states of India with the exception of the five states in the south (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu which are under the jurisdiction of the Church of South India). It has approximately 2,300,000 members (0.2% of the population of its constituent states) in 3,000 pastorates.
Abz Love
Richard Abidin Breen (born 29 June 1979), better known as Abz Love, is an English singer, rapper, and songwriter. Abz is a member of the boy band Five and was also a  member of the supergroup Boyz on Block.

In 2003, he released his debut solo album, Abstract Theory, which earned him a further three top-ten hits. In 2013, he appeared on All Star Mr & Mrs and became the runner-up for Channel 5's Celebrity Big Brother 12. In 2015, Love starred in BBC Two's documentary series Country Strife: Abz on the Farm, followed by a Christmas special titled Country Strife: Abz on the Christmas Farm.

All Star Mr & Mrs
All Star Mr & Mrs is a British television show which first began airing on 12 April 2008 on ITV. It is a celebrity revival of the original Mr and Mrs that aired on ITV from 1968 to 1988 with two separate revivals in 1995–1996 and 1999 and was also based on the Canadian game show of the same name. The programme is hosted by Phillip Schofield, although Fern Britton had co-hosted the show with Schofield between 2008 and 2010. The show features celebrities and their real-life partners playing to win up to £30,000 for their chosen charities.

On 13 August 2017, it was reported that the series would be rested for a year, with ITV taking the series off their TV schedule for 2017. It was also rumoured that the programme could be axed altogether. The show did not return.
Mass flow (life sciences)
In the life sciences, mass flow, also known as mass transfer and bulk flow, is the movement of fluids down a pressure gradient or a temperature gradient. As such, mass flow is a subject of study in both fluid dynamics and biology. Examples of mass flow include blood circulation and transport of water in vascular plant tissues. Mass flow is not to be confused with diffusion which depends on concentration gradients within a medium rather than pressure gradients of the medium itself.

Temperature gradient
A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature spatial gradient is a vector quantity with dimension of temperature difference per unit length. The SI unit is kelvin per meter (K/m).

Temperature gradients in the atmosphere are important in the atmospheric sciences (meteorology, climatology and related fields).
Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni
The Museum of Islamic Art is a museum located in Ghazni, Afghanistan. It is located in Rauza, a suburb of Ghazni. The museum was first opened by the Italian Archaeological Mission in 1966 in the restored sixteenth-century Mausoleum of Abd al-Razzaq to display artifacts of the Islamic period. Work was halted during the war with the Soviet Union after 1979 in which several of its artifacts were damaged. It was since restored in 2004–2007. A number of artifacts unearthed in the Ghazni area are also found in museums in Kabul.

Rauza
Rauza, Rouza, Roza (Urdu: روضة, Bengali: রৌজা, Hindi: रौज़ा) is a Perso-Arabic term used in Middle East and Indian subcontinent which means shrine or tomb. It is also known as mazār, maqbara or dargah.

The word rauza is derived through Persian from the Arabic rawdah (روضة rawḍah) meaning garden, but extended to tomb surrounded by garden as at Agra and Aurangabad. Abdul Hamid Lahauri, the author of the Badshahnama, the official history of Shah Jahan's reign, calls Taj Mahal rauza-i munawwara (Perso-Arabic: روضه منواره rawdah-i munawwarah), meaning the illumined or illustrious tomb in a garden.
Walther Wangerin
Walther Wangerin (15 April 1884, in Giebichenstein, Halle an der Saale – 19 April 1938, in Danzig-Langfuhr) was a German botanist.

He studied mathematics and natural sciences at the University of Halle, receiving his doctorate in 1906. Following graduation, he worked as an assistant to Adolf Engler at the botanical garden in Berlin-Dahlem. In 1909 he became a schoolteacher in Burg bei Magdeburg, and from 1913 taught classes at the technical school in Danzig. In 1920 he was appointed divisional director at the Danzig Museum of Natural History and Prehistory.

He made contributions regarding the plant families Alangiaceae, Cornaceae, Garryaceae and Nyssaceae in Engler's Das Pflanzenreich. The botanical genus Wangerinia (E.Franz, 1908; family Caryophyllaceae) is probably named after him, although etymological data is lacking.

Nyssaceae
Nyssaceae is a family of flowering trees sometimes included in the dogwood family (Cornaceae). Nyssaceae is composed of 37 known species in the following five genera:

Camptotheca, the happy trees: two species in China

Davidia, the dove tree, handkerchief tree, or ghost tree: one species in central China

Diplopanax: two species in southern China and Vietnam

Mastixia: about nineteen species in Southeast Asia

Nyssa, the tupelos: about 7–10 species in eastern North America and East to Southeast Asia

Among the extinct genera of the family are Mastixicarpum, very similar to Diplopanax, and Tsukada, an extinct relative of Davidia.

In some treatments, Davidia is split into its own family, the Davidiaceae. Diplopanax and Mastixia are also sometimes separated into the family Mastixiaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG III system included the genera of Nyssaceae within Cornaceae. The APG IV system recognizes Nyssaceae as a distinct family
Bonfanti
Bonfanti is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Antonio Bonfanti, Italian painter

Aquilino Bonfanti (1943–2016), Italian footballer

Arnaldo Bonfanti (born 1978), Italian footballer

Arturo Bonfanti (1905–1978), Italian painter

Christian Bonfanti (born 1981), Italian road cycler

Elena Maria Bonfanti (born 1988), Italian female sprinter

Marcus Bonfanti (born 1983), British blues singer, songwriter and guitarist

Marie Bonfanti (1845–1921), Italian and American ballet dancer and teacher

Nicholas Bonfanti (born 2002), Italian footballer

Marie Bonfanti
Anna Maria Felicita Bonfanti (1845-1921), known as Marie or Marietta Bonfanti, was an American ballet dancer.

She made her New York City debut came at Niblo's Garden on Monday, September 10, 1866.  She then was the prima ballerina in The Black Crook at the same theatre, which premièred two days later.  She appeared in Sylvia by Léo Delibes at the Metropolitan Alcazar concert hall on July 15, 1882. In August 1901, Bonfanti performed with Rita Sangalli at the Metropolitan Opera House, during the inaugural season of ballet at the New York City venue. Her talent for expressionist dancing and her private life were covered widely from the mid-1860s until the early 20th century.

Among her students (for a short period of time) were Ruth Saint Denis and Isadora Duncan.

Bonfanti was born in Italy. She was married to George Hoffman.
Ognyanovo, Pazardzhik Province
Ognyanovo (Bulgarian: Огняново) is a village in Pazardzhik Municipality, Pazardzhik Province, southern Bulgaria. As of 2006 it has 2,604 inhabitants. The village is situated on the main railway between Sofia and Plovdiv. There is a lime factory.

Pazardzhik Province
42°5′N 24°15′E﻿ / ﻿42.083°N 24.250°E﻿ / 42.083; 24.250

Pazardzhik Province (Bulgarian: Област Пазарджик Oblast Pazardzhik, former name Pazardzhik okrug) is a province in Southern Bulgaria, named after its administrative and industrial centre: the city of Pazardzhik. The territory is 4,456.9 km2 (1,720.8 sq mi) that is divided into 12 municipalities with a total population of 275,548 inhabitants, as of February 2011.
Mayor Gallery
The Mayor Gallery is an art gallery located on Bury Street, London, England. Since its foundation by Fred Mayor in partnership with Douglas Cooper in 1925, it has promoted modern and contemporary art. Since the early 1970s, under the new impulse given by James Mayor, Fred Mayor's son, the Gallery started to focus actively on the work of contemporary American artists from the Pop art movement but also Conceptual art and Abstract expressionism such as Eva Hesse, Roy Lichtenstein, Agnes Martin, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg, Robert Ryman, Cy Twombly and Andy Warhol. More recently, taking further its interest for Minimal art and Dada, the Gallery has been promoting artists of the international Zero (art) movement, including Heinz Mack, Otto Piene amongst others.

Robert Ryman
Robert Ryman (May 30, 1930 – February 8, 2019) was an American painter identified with the movements of monochrome painting, minimalism, and conceptual art. He was best known for abstract, white-on-white paintings. He lived and worked in New York City.
Invictus (soundtrack)
Invictus (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the 2009 film Invictus directed by Clint Eastwood. The soundtrack was released through New Line Records on December 1, 2009, and featured original score composed by Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens, along with songs performed by the South African group Overtone.

Michael Stevens (composer)
Michael Stevens is an American musician and composer. He has collaborated with Kyle Eastwood on numerous projects, including the film scores to Clint Eastwood's films, Mystic River (2003), Million Dollar Baby (2004), Letters from Iwo Jima (2006), Gran Torino (2008), and Invictus (2009). He was nominated with Kyle Eastwood for a 2006 Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Original Score for Letters from Iwo Jima. In 2008, he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for the song "Gran Torino".