hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scotland at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Scotland competed at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland, from 16 to 25 July 1970.

Scotland named an initial 61 athletes in their team, before four sports including athletics declared their athletes.

Scotland came 4th overall with 6 golds, 8 silver and 11 bronze medals.

Cycling at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Cycling at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games was the eighth appearance of Cycling at the Commonwealth Games. The events were held in Edinburgh, Scotland, from 16 to 25 July 1970.

The track events took place in the Meadowbank Velodrome, which formed part of the Meadowbank Sports Centre, built specifically for the Games, at a cost of £2.8 million. The velodrome construction cost £90,000 and was located approximately 200 yards east of the sports centre.

The road race was a 102 miles route, consisting of 31 circuits of Holyrood Park and included climbs and a route through the Queen's Palace Gardens at the Palace of Holyroodhouse.

Australia topped the cycling medal table, by virtue of winning two gold medals, three silver and one bronze.
Ramnagar, Visakhapatnam
Ramnagar is a neighborhood situated on the central part of Visakhapatnam City, India. The area, which falls under the local administrative limits of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation. Ramnagar is located near Dwaraka Nagar, Asilmetta and Daba Gardens.

Dwaraka Nagar
Dwaraka Nagar is a locality in Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is one of the main commercial areas in the city. It is a hub for many shopping malls, educational institutes, hotels, lodges, food courts, restaurants, coaching centers etc.
Sara Pérez Romero
Sara Pérez Romero (July 19, 1870 - July 31, 1952), also known as Sara Pérez de Madero, was a Mexican politician and activist who served as First Lady of Mexico from 1911 to 1913, as the wife of Francisco I. Madero, the 37th President of Mexico. Together with Carmen Serdán Alatriste and Aquiles Serdán Alatriste, she formed a group which supported the anti-reelectionist party in the days before the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution. Pérez Romero was also known as the "First Lady of the Revolution" or by her nickname, Sarita.

First ladies and gentlemen of Mexico
The first lady of Mexico (Spanish: Primera Dama de México) or first gentleman of Mexico (Spanish: Primer Caballero de México) is the informal title held by the spouse of the president of Mexico, concurrent with the president's term of office.

The position has no legal foundation and was originally started as a courtesy title. However, several holders of the title have taken on ceremonial roles during the presidential tenure of their spouses and have used the position to advocate for various causes.

Jesús María Tarriba is the current First Gentleman of Mexico as the husband of President Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo.
Abba Moro
Patrick Abba Moro (// ⓘ; born 3 July 1956) is a Nigerian educational administrator, politician and former Minister of the Federal Ministry of  Interior. He is currently the  Pro-Chancellor and Chairman Governing Council of the University of Agriculture, Makurdi. In 2019, he was elected into the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria replacing David Mark, a two-term senate president (6th and 7th Assembly) and one of the longest serving Senators in Nigeria.

Okpokwu
Okpokwu is a Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Okpoga located in the south of the area. 
Benue State Polytechnic is located in the town of Ugbokolo in this LGA. It has an area of 731 km2 and a population of 176,647 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 973.

The local Government has twelve council wards namely:- Ameju, Eke, Ichama1, Ichama11,  Ingle-Okpale, Ojigo, Okonobo, Okpoga Central,  Okpoga North, Okpoga South,  Okpoga West and Ugbokolo.
Tadodaho
Tadodaho was a Native American Hoyenah (sachem) of the Onondaga nation before the Deganawidah and Hiawatha formed the Iroquois League, or "Haudenosaunee". According to oral tradition, he had extraordinary characteristics and was widely feared, but he was persuaded to support the confederacy of the Five Nations.

His name has since been used as the term, Tadodaho, to refer to the chief chosen to preside over the Grand Council of the Iroquois League. By tradition, as the Onondaga are the "keepers of the council fire", the chief is chosen from that nation. The position is the most influential Iroquois chief in New York State, where the Six Nations confederacy historically had the most influence. This meaning of the term has been used for centuries.

Sachem
A sachem /ˈseɪtʃəm/ or sagamore /ˈsæɡəmɔːr/ is a usually male paramount chief among the Algonquians or other Native American tribes of northeastern North America, including the Iroquois. The two words are anglicizations of cognate terms (c. 1622) from different Eastern Algonquian languages. Some sources indicate the sagamore was a lesser chief elected by a single band, while the sachem was the head or representative elected by a tribe or group of bands; others suggest the two terms were interchangeable. The sachem is an appointed or elected position and not strictly hereditary. However, the choice of sachem is at least partly based on the prominence of the individual's family or kinship ties to the previous sachem.
Army Detachment Steiner
Army Detachment Steiner (German: Armeeabteilung Steiner), also referred to as Army Group Steiner: 12  (German: Armeegruppe Steiner) or Group Steiner (German: Gruppe Steiner), was a temporary military unit (Armeegruppe-type), mid-way in strength between a corps and an army, created on paper by Adolf Hitler on 21 April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin, and placed under the command of SS-Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner.

Hitler hoped that the units assigned to Steiner would be able to stage an effective counterattack against the northern pincer of the Soviet assault on Berlin, but Steiner refused to attack upon realizing the units were inadequate.  His force was made up of some soldiers, Hitler Youth teenagers, emergency Luftwaffe ground personnel, and Kriegsmarine dockworkers. The only tanks available were approximately a dozen captured French tanks from 1940. It was the failure of this offensive that led Hitler to admit out loud for the first time that Germany had lost the war.

25th Panzergrenadier Division
The 25th Infantry Division (German: 25. Infanterie-Division) was a military unit of the German Wehrmacht. It was later reclassified to 25th Motorized Infantry Division (25. Infanterie-Division (mot.)), and in June 1943 to the 25th Panzergrenadier Division (25. Panzergrenadier-Division).

The 25th Panzergrenadier Division fought in the central sector of the Eastern front from June 1943 to July 1944. It was destroyed in the encirclement east of Minsk and reformed in October 1944. It then fought in Western Europe between October 1944 and January 1945 and in eastern Germany January to May 1945. Most of the survivors of the division surrendered to the western Allies.
Mitsubishi 4A3 engine
The Mitsubishi 4A3 engine is a range of alloy-headed inline four-cylinder engines from Mitsubishi Motors, introduced in 1993 in the sixth generation of their Mitsubishi Minica kei car. It shares a 72 mm (2.8 in) bore pitch with the 3G8-series three-cylinder engines, but has a considerably shorter stroke so as to stay beneath the 660 cc limit imposed by the Kei class.

A long-stroke, 1.1 L (1,094 cc) version was made available in 1997 for larger-engined kei derivatives, and was subsequently fitted to the Mitsubishi Pistachio, a limited production car based on the kei class Minica equipped with the company's Automatic Stop-Go (ASG) system for cutting the engine when idling. So equipped, the Pistachio was able to record fuel economy figures of 30 km/L (85 mpg‑imp; 71 mpg‑US).

Lean-burn
Lean-burn refers to the burning of fuel with an excess of air in an internal combustion engine. In lean-burn engines the air–fuel ratio may be as lean as 65:1 (by mass). The air:fuel ratio needed to stoichiometrically combust gasoline, by contrast, is 14.64:1. The excess of air in a lean-burn engine emits far less hydrocarbons. High air–fuel ratios can also be used to reduce losses caused by other engine power management systems such as throttling losses.
Amritasiddhi
The Amṛtasiddhi (Sanskrit: अमृतसिद्धि, "the attainment of immortality"), written in a Buddhist environment in about the 11th century, is the earliest substantial text on what became haṭha yoga, though it does not mention the term. The work describes the role of bindu in the yogic body, and how to control it using the Mahamudra so as to achieve immortality (Amṛta). The implied model is that bindu is constantly lost from its store in the head, leading to death, but that it can be preserved by means of yogic practices. The text has Buddhist features, and makes use of metaphors from alchemy.

A verse in a paper manuscript of the Amṛtasiddhi, possibly a later copy, asserts its date as 2 March 1160. It is written in two languages, Sanskrit and Tibetan. A critical edition based on all surviving manuscripts was published in 2021 by the Indologists James Mallinson and Péter-Dániel Szántó.

Jason Birch
Jason Birch is a scholar of medieval haṭha yoga and a founding member of SOAS's Centre for Yoga Studies. His research includes locating and translating early yoga manuscripts, and preparing critical editions, such as of the Amaraugha.
White etching cracks
White etching cracks (WEC), or white structure flaking or brittle flaking, is a type of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage that can occur in bearing steels under certain conditions, such as hydrogen embrittlement, high stress, inadequate lubrication, and high temperature. WEC is characterised by the presence of white areas of microstructural alteration in the material, which can lead to the formation of small cracks that can grow and propagate over time, eventually leading to premature failure of the bearing. WEC has been observed in a variety of applications, including wind turbine gearboxes, automotive engines, and other heavy machinery. The exact mechanism of WEC formation is still a subject of research, but it is believed to be related to a combination of microstructural changes, such as phase transformations and grain boundary degradation, and cyclic loading.

Grain boundary
In materials science, a grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for the precipitation of new phases from the solid. They are also important to many of the mechanisms of creep. On the other hand, grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material, so reducing crystallite size is a common way to improve mechanical strength, as described by the Hall–Petch relationship.
Wasps Women
Wasps Women are a women's rugby union based in Acton, London, England. They were founded in 1984 and play in the Premier 15s. They are the women's team of Wasps FC, who are affiliated to Premiership Rugby team Wasps. They play their home matches at Wasps FC's Twyford Avenue Sports Ground.

England women's national rugby union team
The England women's national rugby union team, commonly known as the Red Roses, represents England in women's international rugby union. They compete in the annual Women's Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. England have won the championship on a total of 21 out of 30 occasions  – winning the Grand Slam 19 times and the Triple Crown 25 times – making them the most successful side in the tournament's history. They have won the Women's Rugby World Cup on three occasions (1994, 2014, and 2025), and have been runners-up on six other occasions. Their current permanent head coach, as of October 2023, is John Mitchell. They currently hold the longest ever winning streak in rugby, of 33 consecutive games as of the 2025 World Cup final.
Spiny catfish
Acanthodoras cataphractus more commonly Spiny catfish, is a species of thorny catfish found in rivers of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname. This species grows to 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in SL. This fish is found in the aquarium trade.

Doradidae
The Doradidae are a family of catfishes also known as thorny catfishes, raphael catfishes  or talking catfishes. These fish are native to South America, primarily the Amazon basin and the Guianas.

Doradids are omnivorous.
2013 Glynhill Ladies International
The 2013 Glynhill Ladies International was held from January 18 to 20 at the Braehead Curling Rink in Glasgow, Scotland as part of the 2012–13 World Curling Tour. The event was held in a round robin format, and the purse for the event was GBP£8,000, of which the winner, Binia Feltscher, received GBP£2,500. Feltscher defeated Heather Nedohin of Canada in the final with a score of 8–1.

Glynhill Ladies International
The Glynhill Ladies International (formerly the Braehead Ladies International) is an annual bonspiel, or curling tournament, that takes place at the Braehead Curling Rink in Renfrew, Scotland, just outside Glasgow. The tournament, sponsored by Glynhill Hotel, has been a part of the World Curling Tour since 2008. The tournament is held in a round robin format.
Saturday Morning Amateur Football League
The Saturday Morning Amateur Football Association (SMAFA) is a football (soccer) league competition for amateur clubs in the West Central area of Scotland.  The association is affiliated to the Scottish Amateur Football Association.

The League is currently made up of five divisions, over four tiers (Premier Division, Championship Divisions 1A & B with a Development Section).

Scottish Amateur Football Association
The Scottish Amateur Football Association (SAFA) is the organising body for amateur football across Scotland. An affiliate of the Scottish Football Association, the SAFA has in turn 50 regional associations affiliated to it and some 67 different league competitions organised by these associations. There is estimated to be over 35,000 amateur footballers in Scotland, and all of their competitions are co-ordinated at some level by the Scottish Amateur Football Association. The SAFA was formed in 1909 with the purpose of legislating for and fostering the amateur level of football in Scotland.
Raceway Venray
Raceway Venray, formerly known as Circuit de Peel, is a motorsport racing circuit in Venray, Netherlands. The track consists of a banked half mile oval with a flat quarter mile oval inside and features a karting track using portions of both along with dedicated sections. The track host its own local championships, national championships in cooperation with the Midland Circuit in Lelystad and Circuit de Polderputten in Ter Apel.

The track is owned by Harry Maessen, a local business owner who is also involved in several other motorsports projects, including the BRL V6 and BRL Light series, Funpark Meppen and Acceleration 2014.

Stock car racing in the United Kingdom
Stock car racing in the United Kingdom covers a number of different oval racing formulas.

The most notable difference between British Stock car racing and other nations is that contact is allowed in certain UK formula, that is, if you are unable to pass an opponent using speed alone, you are allowed to push or hit your opponent in order to pass. The degree of contact allowed varies from so called "nudge and spin" racing to "full contact" where drivers are permitted to drive their opponents directly into the walls of the raceway.
2016 Israel State Cup final
The 2016 Israel State Cup final decided the winner of the 2015–16 Israel State Cup, the 81st season of Israel's main football cup. It was played on May 24, 2016 at the Teddy Stadium in Jerusalem, between Maccabi Tel Aviv and Maccabi Haifa.

2015–16 Israel State Cup
The 2015–16 Israel State Cup (Hebrew: גביע המדינה, Gvia HaMedina) was the 77th season of Israel's nationwide football cup competition and the 62nd after the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

The competition started on 4 September 2015, and the final was held on 24 May 2016.

The competition was won by Maccabi Haifa, who beat Maccabi Tel Aviv 1–0 in the final.
Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
Minimally invasive strabismus surgery (MISS) is a technique in strabismus surgery that uses smaller incisions than the classical surgical approach to correct the condition, thus minimizing tissue disruption. The technique was introduced by Swiss ophthalmologist Daniel Mojon around 2007, after the Belgian ophthalmologist Marc Gobin described the idea in 1994 in a French-language textbook.

Conjunctiva
In the anatomy of the eye, the conjunctiva (pl.: conjunctivae) is a thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, stratified columnar epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium (depending on the zone). The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies.
2023 Belarusian First League
The 2023 Belarusian First League was the 33rd season of 2nd level football in Belarus. It started in April 2023 and finished in November.

The winners (Arsenal Dzerzhinsk) and runners-up (Dnepr Mogilev) were promoted to the 2024 Belarusian Premier League. The third-placed team (Vitebsk) were also promoted after winning the Belarusian Premier League play-off. The bottom-placed team (Osipovichi) were relegated to the 2024 Belarusian Second League.

FC Maxline Vitebsk
FC ML Vitebsk (Belarusian: ФК МЛ Віцебск, romanized: FK ML Viciebsk) is a Belarusian football club based in Vitebsk. Until 2023, the club represented Rahachow.

The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League, the top tier of Belarus football, following promotion from the  2024 Belarusian First League.
Air-defense experiments
The Air-defense experiments were a series of management science experiments performed between 1952 and 1954 by RAND Corporation's Systems Research Laboratory.  The experiments were designed to provide information about organizational learning and how teams improved their performance through practice.

Donald Schön
Donald Alan Schön (September 19, 1930 – September 13, 1997) was an American philosopher and professor in urban planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He developed the concept of reflective practice and contributed to the theory of organizational learning.
German occupation of Lithuania during World War II
The military occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany lasted from the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 to the end of the Battle of Memel on 28 January 1945. At first, the Germans were welcomed as liberators from the repressive Soviet regime which had occupied Lithuania. In hopes of re-establishing independence or regaining some autonomy, Lithuanians organized a Provisional Government that lasted six weeks.

Einsatzkommando
During World War II, the Nazi German Einsatzkommandos were a sub-group of the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) – up to 3,000 men total – usually composed of 500–1,000 functionaries of the SS and Gestapo, whose mission was to exterminate Jews, Polish intellectuals, Romani, and communists in the captured territories often far behind the advancing German front. Einsatzkommandos, along with Sonderkommandos, were responsible for the systematic murder of Jews during the aftermath of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. After the war, several commanders were tried in the Einsatzgruppen trial, convicted, and executed.
Holmvatnet, Rana
Holmvatnet is a lake and a reservoir in Rana Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located northeast of the villages of Mæla and Myklebustad.

The present lake was formed during the building of the Sjona hydroelectric power station during the early 1970s, when the original Holmvatnet was dammed and flowed together with the lake Nedre Fagervollvatnet further upstream. The reservoir has an area of 4.84-square-kilometre (1.87 sq mi) and the elevation is regulated between 275 and 254.3 metres (902 and 834 ft) above sea level.

Sjonbotn
Sjonbotn is a village in Rana Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  It is located along Norwegian County Road 17 at the eastern end of the Sjona fjord, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the villages of Utskarpen and Myklebustad.

The small, rural village area sits at the end of the fjord. There is a large marshy river delta at the shoreline that is known as Mæla, a name that is also used for the village area as well.

The district surrounding the inner part of the Sjona fjord originally belonged to Nesna Municipality. On 1 January 1964, this district (population: 543) was merged with the town of Mo i Rana, Nord-Rana Municipality, and the northern part of Sør-Rana Municipality to create the new Rana Municipality.
Sŏngsansansŏng (Haman)
Sŏngsansansŏng (Korean: 성산산성; Hanja: 城山山城; RR: Seongsansanseong) was a Korean fortress on the mountain Jonamsan (조남산) in what is now Haman County, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. The fortress has also historically gone by the name Hamansansŏng (함안산성). On January 21, 1963, it was made a Historic Site of South Korea.

The fortress was likely constructed by the Gaya confederacy (42–562, Korean calendar). It has two sets of stone walls.

Historic Sites (South Korea)
Historic Sites (Korean: 사적) is a national-level designation within the heritage preservation system of South Korea for places of important historical value. It is managed by the Administrator of the Cultural Heritage Administration, under article 25 of Cultural Heritage Protection Act of South Korea.

More recent structures, namely those from the late 19th century to the 1940s, are not eligible for listing as "Historic Sites", but rather may be officially listed under the designation 'Cultural Heritage of Early Modern Times' under 'Registered Cultural Heritage'. This can be done "if they are highly valuable and on the verge of destruction or deterioration".
George Stevenson (footballer)
George Stevenson (4 April 1905 – 1990) was a Scottish footballer, featuring solely for Motherwell at senior club level and later managing them. As a player he was in the team which won the only League title in the club's history in 1932, played in three Scottish Cup finals, and was also a Scotland international. As Motherwell manager, he won both the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup in the 1950s.

1952 Scottish Cup final
The 1952 Scottish Cup final was played on 19 April 1952, at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the 67th Scottish Cup competition. The final was contested by Dundee and Motherwell. Motherwell won the match 4–0 thanks to goals by Jimmy Watson, Willie Redpath, Wilson Humphries and Archie Kelly.

The attendance of 136,274 is a Scottish record for a match not involving Celtic, Rangers or the Scotland national team.