hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
TMPDIR
TMPDIR is the canonical environment variable in Unix and POSIX that should be used to specify a temporary directory for scratch space.  Most Unix programs will honor this setting and use its value to denote the scratch area for temporary files instead of the common default of /tmp or /var/tmp.

Other forms sometimes accepted are TEMP, TEMPDIR and TMP, but these alternatives are used more commonly by non-POSIX operating systems or non-conformant programs.

TMPDIR is specified in various Unix and similar standards, e.g. per the Single UNIX Specification.

Environment variable
An environment variable is a user-definable value that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer. Environment variables are part of the environment in which a process runs. For example, a running process can query the value of the TEMP environment variable to discover a suitable location to store temporary files, or the HOME or USERPROFILE variable to find the directory structure owned by the user running the process.

They were introduced in their modern form in 1979 with Version 7 Unix, so are included in all Unix operating system flavors and variants from that point onward including Linux and macOS. From PC DOS 2.0 in 1982, all succeeding Microsoft operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, and OS/2 also have included them as a feature, although with somewhat different syntax, usage and standard variable names.
Doron Medalie
Doron Medalie (Hebrew: דורון מדלי; born 5 December 1977) is an Israeli songwriter, composer and artistic director. He co-wrote the song "Toy", which was performed by Netta Barzilai and won the Eurovision Song Contest 2018.

Eyal Golan
Eyal Golan (Hebrew: אייל גולן; born Eyal Bitton; 12 April 1971) is an Israeli singer who sings in the Mizrahi music pop fusion genre and considered one of the most successful singers in Israel. Golan reported the highest income of all singers in Israel in 2011.
Jarosław Kozakiewicz
Jarosław Kozakiewicz (born 1961) is a Polish artist who works at the intersection of art, science and architecture. The inspirations for his artistic-architectural projects include contemporary ecology, genetics, physics, astronomy and ancient cosmological concepts which relate microcosm with macrocosm.
Identifying an analogy between the human body and the natural world, Kozakiewicz questions the anthropometrical character of Vitruvian man as the traditional paradigm of architecture. Instead, he proposes an organic paradigm, a `geometry of the inside´.

Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (Polish: Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau) is a museum on the site of the Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in Oświęcim, Poland.

The site includes the main concentration camp at Auschwitz I and the remains of the concentration and extermination camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Both were developed and run by Nazi Germany during its occupation of Poland in 1939–1945. The Polish government has preserved the site as a research centre and in memory of the 1.1 million people who died there, including 960,000 Jews, during World War II and the Holocaust. It became a World Heritage Site in 1979. Piotr Cywiński has served as the museum's director since 2006.
U3 (software)
U3 was a joint venture between SanDisk and M-Systems, producing a proprietary method of launching Windows software from special USB flash drives. Flash drives adhering to the U3 specification are termed "U3 smart drives". 
U3 smart drives come preinstalled with the U3 Launchpad. Applications that comply with U3 specifications are allowed to write files or registry information to the host computer, but they must remove this information when the flash drive is ejected. Customizations and settings are instead stored with the application on the flash drive.

Microsoft and SanDisk created a successor called StartKey.

SanDisk began phasing out support for U3 Technology in late 2009.

USB mass storage device class
The USB mass storage device class (also known as USB MSC or UMS) is a set of computing communications protocols, specifically a USB Device Class, defined by the USB Implementers Forum that makes a USB device accessible to a host computing device and enables file transfers between the host and the USB device. To a host, the USB device acts as an external hard drive; the protocol sets interfaces with a number of storage devices.
Republican Guard (Central African Republic)
The Republican Guard (French: Garde républicaine, or GR), also called the Presidential Guard (French: Garde présidentielle, or PR), a military unit that is nominally part of the Central African Armed Forces (FACA). However, it is directly subordinated to the President of the Central African Republic, for whom it provides security.

Central African Armed Forces
The Central African Armed Forces (French: Forces armées centrafricaines; FACA) are the armed forces of the Central African Republic and have been barely functional since the outbreak of the civil war in 2012. Today they are among the world's weakest armed forces, dependent on international support to provide security in the country. In recent years the government has struggled to form a unified national army. It consists of the Ground Force (which includes the air service), the gendarmerie, and the National Police.

Its disloyalty to the president came to the fore during the mutinies in 1996–1997, and since then has faced internal problems. It has been strongly criticised by human rights organisations due to terrorism, including killings, torture and sexual violence. In 2013 when militants of the Séléka rebel coalition seized power and overthrew President Bozizé they executed many FACA troops.
Krahô
The Krahô (/ˈkrɑːhoʊ/, Portuguese: Craós) are an indigenous Timbira Gê people of northeastern Brazil. The Krahô historically inhabited a portion of modern Maranhão along the Balsas River, but were pushed west by pioneer settlement and cattle farmers. Currently, the Krahô live on the Terra Indígena Kraolândia reservation in Tocantins.

The Krahô have historically been seminomadic, practicing hunting and gathering and shifting cultivation.

Jê peoples
Jê or Gê are the people who traditionally speak Jê languages of the northern South American Caribbean coast and Brazil. In Brazil, the Jê were found in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Piauí, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Tocantins, Maranhão, and as far south as Paraguay.

They include the Timbira, the Kayapó, and the Suyá of the northwestern Jê; the Xavante, the Xerente, and the Akroá of the central Jê; the Karajá; the Jeikó; the Kamakán; Maxakalí; the Guayaná; the Purí (Coroado); the Bororo (Boe); the Gavião, and others. The southern Jê include the Kaingang and the Xokleng.
Trimyristin
Trimyristin is a saturated fat and the triglyceride of myristic acid with the chemical formula C45H86O6. Trimyristin is a white to yellowish-gray solid that is insoluble in water, but soluble in ethanol, acetone, benzene, chloroform, dichloromethane, ether, and TBME.

Triglyceride
A triglyceride (from tri- and glyceride; also TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates as well as vegetable fat.
They are also present in the blood to enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver and are a major component of human skin oils.

Many types of triglycerides exist.  One specific classification focuses on saturated and unsaturated types. Saturated fats have no C=C groups; unsaturated fats feature one or more C=C groups. Unsaturated fats tend to have a lower melting point than saturated analogues; as a result, they are often liquid at room temperature.
Once Again, with Feeling!
Once Again, with Feeling! is a twenty song compilation by recording artist Jim Bianco.  Released August 25, 2009, this compilation features eleven popular tracks from three of Bianco's studio albums and nine previously unreleased tracks from Bianco's collection of demos, alternate versions and B-sides.

This album was released exclusively through NoiseTrade.com.  NoiseTrade, in conjunction with the artist, allows people to tell five friends about the album in exchange for the ability to download the entire collection for free.  NoiseTrade also offers the option to "pay what you want" for the album.

Sing (Jim Bianco album)
Sing is the second official studio album released by recording artist Jim Bianco and the first album to be released on the Hotel Cafe Records label. Bianco has said that most of the songs on this album were composed on the piano at the Hotel Café after regular club hours.

In 2008, "I Got A Thing For You (Remix)" was featured in the national television ad campaign for "Chickdowntown.com" and "To Hell With the Devil" was featured during an episode of Moonlight on CBS. Also in 2008, Bianco performed "I Got A Thing For You" on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, which aired in October. In 2010, four songs from this album were featured in the film Ca$h. In 2012, "I Got A Thing For You" was featured in an episode of NBC's series The Firm.
2014 Shanghai Challenger
The 2014 Shanghai Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Shanghai, China between 1 and 7 September 2014.

2014 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2014 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2014 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 150 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000, which represented an increase of the minimum prize money from $35,000. It was the 37th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 6th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Marthalen railway station
Marthalen is a railway station in the municipality of Marthalen in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. It is located on the Rheinfall line, within fare zone 115 of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV). The station was moved to its current location in 2014.

Schaffhausen railway station
Schaffhausen railway station (German: Bahnhof Schaffhausen) is a railway station in Schaffhausen, the capital of the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen. The station is jointly owned by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS) and Deutsche Bahn (DB), and is served by trains of both national operators, as well as trains of the Swiss regional operator Thurbo.

The station is a major intermediate station on the DB's High Rhine Railway that briefly transits Swiss territory on its route along the northern bank of the High Rhine between Basel and Singen. The station is also linked to the rest of Switzerland by the Rheinfall line to Zürich via Winterthur, the Eglisau to Neuhausen line that crosses German territory (some trains call at Jestetten and Lottstetten in Germany) to reach Eglisau and Zürich, and the Lake line to Rorschach via Stein am Rhein.

It is one of two railway stations in the city of Schaffhausen, the other one being Herblingen.
Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis
The matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis are the reforms of the Canon law of the Catholic Church governing such trials, made public on 8 September 2015. The reforms were effected by two separate apostolic letters from Pope Francis: the motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus amending the 1983 Code of Canon Law, and the motu proprio Mitis et misericors Iesus amending the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. This was in response to the bishops who, during the 2014 Synod on the Family, called for the simplification of the procedure whereby a canonically invalid marriage is declared null.

At the press conference announcing the reforms, Cardinal Francesco Coccopalmerio, the president of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts, emphasized that the church does not decree the "annulment" of a legally valid marriage, but rather declares the "nullity" of a legally invalid marriage.

Annulment
Annulment is a legal procedure within secular and religious legal systems for declaring a marriage null and void. Unlike divorce, it is usually retroactive, meaning that an annulled marriage is considered to be invalid from the beginning almost as if it had never taken place. In legal terminology, an annulment makes a void marriage or a voidable marriage null.
Ammon (Book of Mormon missionary)
In the Book of Mormon, Ammon (/ˈæmən/) is a prominent Nephite missionary and a son of King Mosiah. He originally opposes the church, but along with his brothers and Alma the Younger, is miraculously converted. Following his conversion he serves a mission to the Lamanites and converts Lamoni and his people.

Alma the Younger
In the Book of Mormon, Alma, the son of Alma (/ˈælmə/) is a Nephite prophet often referred to as Alma the Younger to distinguish him from his father, who is often referred to as Alma the Elder. These appellations, "the Younger" and "the Elder," are not used in the Book of Mormon; they are distinctions made by scholars, useful because both individuals were prominent during the same portion of the Book of Mormon's narrative and filled a similar cultural and religious role. Alma is the namesake of the Book of Alma.
Hämäläis-Osakunta
Hämäläis-Osakunta (HO, colloquially Hämis) is one of the 15 student nations at the University of Helsinki, Finnish-speaking and established in 1653 at The Royal Academy of Turku. In 1828, the academy moved to Helsinki adopting the name university and Hämäläis-Osakunta moved there along with the other nations. HO represents the historic region of Tavastia (nowadays, roughly Pirkanmaa, Tavastia Proper and Päijänne Tavastia), so it recruits its members actively there. The building of the nation, built in 1931, is located in Kamppi, on Urho Kekkosen katu.

Royal Academy of Turku
The Royal Academy of Turku or the Royal Academy of Åbo was the first university in Finland, and the only Finnish university that was founded when the country still was a part of Sweden. It was founded in 1640. In 1809, after Finland became a grand duchy within the Russian Empire, it was renamed the Imperial Academy of Turku. In 1828, after the Great Fire of Turku, the institution was moved to Helsinki, in line with the relocation of the capital of the grand duchy. It was finally renamed the University of Helsinki when Finland declared independence in 1917.
Schaumburg High School
Schaumburg High School, also known as SHS, is a public four-year high school located in Schaumburg, Illinois, a northwest suburb of Chicago, United States. The school is part of Township High School District 211, which also includes William Fremd High School, Hoffman Estates High School, Palatine High School, and James B. Conant High School.

Township High School District 211
Township High School District 211 is a school district located in Cook County, Illinois, and is the largest high school district in Illinois. District 211 serves the communities of Hoffman Estates, Inverness, Palatine, and Schaumburg, and portions of Arlington Heights, Elk Grove, Hanover Park, Roselle,  Rolling Meadows, Streamwood, and South Barrington in the northwest suburbs of Chicago.
Sekkemo Church
Sekkemo Church (Norwegian: Sekkemo kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Kvænangen Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located in the village of Sekkemo. It is one of the churches for the Kvænangen parish which is part of the Nord-Troms prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1956 using plans drawn up by the architect Olaug Kaasen. The church seats about 330 people.

Kvænangen Municipality
Kvænangen (Northern Sami: Návuotna; Kven: Naavuono) is a municipality in Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Burfjord. Other notable villages in the municipality include Alteidet, Badderen, Kjækan, and Sekkemo. The European route E6 highway goes through the municipality and over the Sørstraumen Bridge, and many people stop at the Kvænangsfjellet pass to view the scenery of the Kvænangen fjord.

The 2,109-square-kilometre (814 sq mi) municipality is the 32nd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Kvænangen is the 324th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,157. The municipality's population density is 0.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (1.3/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 6.2% over the previous 10-year period.
Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum
Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

Type strain: strain PCP-I = ATCC 49826 = CIP 104189 = DSM 43826 = HAMBI 2278 = IEGM 559 = IFO (now NBRC) 15527 = JCM 7439 = NRRL B-16528.

Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is a genus of over 190 species of  Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and leprosy (M. leprae) in humans. The Greek prefix myco- means 'fungus', alluding to this genus's mold-like colony surfaces. Since this genus has cell walls with a waxy lipid-rich outer layer containing high concentrations of mycolic acid, acid-fast staining is used to emphasize their resistance to acids, compared to other cell types.

Mycobacterial species are generally aerobic, non-motile, and capable of growing with minimal nutrition. The genus is divided based on each species's pigment production and growth rate. While most Mycobacterium species are non-pathogenic, the genus's characteristic complex cell wall contributes to evasion from host defenses.
Annadale, South Australia
Annadale is a locality in South Australia. It is located on the plains east of the Mount Lofty Ranges astride the Sturt Highway 110 kilometres (68 mi) from Adelaide, between Truro and Blanchetown, South Australia. Halfway House Road is a heavy vehicle detour route that runs south from the Sturt Highway at Annadale. Annadale occupies the central part of the hundred of Anna.

Annadale was established as a private subdivision laid out by a farmer named Joseph W Vigar in 1881. Its name was adopted from a well in the area.

Annadale is the site of the Truro Flat Airpark (ICAO: YTFA) owned by the Barossa Birdmen.

Blanchetown
Blanchetown is a small township in South Australia, on the (west) bank of the Murray River, 130 kilometres (81 mi) northeast of Adelaide. The Blanchetown Bridge is the westernmost (and farthest downstream) of the four crossings of the Sturt Highway over the Murray River. During the nineteenth century it was an important transportation centre on the lower Murray. In the early 21st century, Blanchetown has been described as "a strange mixture of historic buildings and temporary shacks built by holidaymakers on the banks of the river". Blanchetown is widely regarded as the entrance to the Riverland district.
Swift Reservoir
Swift Reservoir is a reservoir on the Lewis River in the U.S. state of Washington. It is located in Skamania County. It was created in 1958 with the construction of Swift Dam. It has a singular island by the name of Sensi Island.

Skamania County, Washington
Skamania County (/skəˈmeɪniə/ skə-MAY-nee-ə) is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,036. The county seat and largest incorporated city is Stevenson, although the Carson River Valley CDP is more populous. Skamania County is included in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Critical rationalism
Critical rationalism is Karl Popper's answer to what he considered the most important problems of epistemology and philosophy  of science: the problems of the growth of knowledge, notably by induction, and the demarcation of science.  He adopted a fallibilist approach to these problems, especially that of induction, without falling into skepticism. His approach was to put in perspective the distinctive role of deductive logic in the development of knowledge, especially in science, in the context of a less rigorous methodology based on critical thinking.  The central technical concept in the application of critical rationalism to science is falsifiability. Popper first mentioned the term "critical rationalism" in The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945), and also later in Conjectures and Refutations (1963), Unended Quest (1976), and The Myth of the Framework (1994).

The Logic of Scientific Discovery
The Logic of Scientific Discovery is a 1959 book about the philosophy of science by the philosopher Karl Popper. Popper rewrote his book in English from the 1934 (imprint '1935') German original, titled Logik der Forschung. Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft, which literally translates as, "Logic of Research: On the Epistemology of Modern Natural Science"'.
Another Lonely Hitman
Another Lonely Hitman (新・悲しきヒットマン, Shin kanashiki hittoman) is a 1995 Japanese yakuza film directed by Rokurō Mochizuki starring Ryo Ishibashi and Asami Sawaki, who was making her film debut. The film was based on a novel by Yukio Yamanouchi who also appears as an actor in the film. The Japanese title of the film begins with the character 新, shin (new), to distinguish this movie from a 1989 film 悲しきヒットマン (Lonely or Sad Hitman), also based on a novel by Yamanouchi but unrelated in plot.

Yakuza film
Yakuza film (Japanese: ヤクザ映画, Hepburn: Yakuza eiga) is a popular film genre in Japanese cinema which focuses on the lives and dealings of yakuza, Japanese organized crime syndicates. In the silent film era, depictions of bakuto (precursors to modern yakuza) as sympathetic Robin Hood-like characters were common.

Two types of yakuza films emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. The Nikkatsu studio was known for modern yakuza films inspired by Hollywood gangster films, while Toei was the main producer of what is known as ninkyo eiga (仁侠映画; "chivalry films"). Set in the Meiji and Taishō eras, ninkyo eiga depict honorable outlaws torn between giri (duty) and ninjo (personal feelings).

In contrast to ninkyo eiga, jitsuroku eiga (実録映画; "actual record films") based on real crime stories became popular in the 1970s. These portrayed modern yakuza not as honorable heirs to the samurai code, but as ruthless street thugs living for their own desires.
Mantius (spider)
Mantius is a spider genus of the jumping spider family, Salticidae.

There is no recent information on any of the five described species from south east Asia. The genus is said to be close to Ptocasius.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.