hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Operation Lumberjack
Operation Lumberjack was a military operation with the goal of capturing the west bank of the Rhine River and seizing key German cities, near the end of World War II in Europe. The First United States Army launched the operation in March 1945 to capture strategic cities in Nazi Germany and to give the Allies a foothold along the Rhine.

One unexpected outcome was the capture of the Ludendorff bridge, a strategic railroad bridge across the Rhine, in the Battle of Remagen. Despite German attempts to destroy the bridge, Allied forces captured it intact and were able to use it along with pontoon and treadway bridges to establish a bridgehead. The bridge finally collapsed at 3:00 PM on 17 March 1945 after ten days of aircraft bombing, direct artillery hits, near misses, and demolition attempts.

Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF; /ˈʃeɪf/ SHAYF) was the headquarters of the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force (SCAEF), in northwest Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. US General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the commander in SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles.
Duffy Dyer
Donald Robert "Duffy" Dyer (born August 15, 1945) is an American former professional baseball player and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1968 to 1981, most prominently as a member of the New York Mets team that won two National League pennants and won the World Series in 1969. He also played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Montreal Expos, and the Detroit Tigers. After his playing career, Dyer coached with several major league organizations and served as a minor league manager.

1981 Major League Baseball season
The 1981 Major League Baseball season culminated with the Los Angeles Dodgers defeating the New York Yankees in the World Series, capturing the franchise's fifth World Series title. The season had a players' strike, which lasted from June 12 to July 31, and split the season into two halves. Teams that won their division in each half of the season advanced to the playoffs. This was the first split season in American League history, and second for the National League, which had played a split season in 1892.

The All-Star Game was originally scheduled for July 14, but was postponed due to the strike. It was ultimately played on August 9, as a prelude to the second half of the season, which began the following day.
1991 Singapore Open
The 1991 Singapore Open (also known as the Konica Cup) was a four-star badminton tournament that took place at the Singapore Indoor Stadium in Singapore, from July 17 to July 21, 1991.  The total prize money on offer was US$90,000.

Singapore Open (badminton)
The Singapore Open is a badminton event held annually in Singapore since 1929. Since 2023, the Badminton World Federation (BWF) categorised the Singapore Open as one of the six BWF World Tour Super 750 events within its tournament structure.

In 1929, the Singapore Badminton Association (SBA) was formed to promote the sport and organize competitions. The first official annual open championships were held in the same year and the best players were selected to represent Singapore in regional tournaments. In 1957, it became an open invitation championship and was held annually until 1973.

In 1987–1989, the tournament was known as the Konica Cup, an invitation-only championship for Asian players, and in 1990, it joined the International Badminton Federation Grand Prix circuit for the first time. In 2007, the Singapore Open became part of the BWF Super Series. In 2018, it was designated as a Super 500 event. In 2023, it was further upgraded into a Super 750 event.
Cryptovenator
Cryptovenator (Crypto, from Greek kryptos (hidden, secret); venator, from Latin (hunter)) is an extinct genus of sphenacodontid "pelycosaurs" which existed in Germany during the latest Carboniferous (late Gzhelian age, 300 Ma ± 2.4 Ma). It is known from the holotype LFN−PW 2008/5599−LS, an anterior right mandible fragment, recovered from a dark, fine grained sandstone of the middle Remigiusberg Formation. It was first named by Jörg Fröbisch, Rainer R. Schoch, Johannes Müller, Thomas Schindler and Dieter Schweiss in 2011 and the type species is Cryptovenator hirschbergeri.

Sphenacodontidae
Sphenacodontidae (Greek: "wedge point tooth family") is an extinct family of sphenacodontoid synapsids. Small to large, advanced, carnivorous, Late Pennsylvanian to middle Permian "pelycosaurs". The most recent one, Dimetrodon angelensis, is from the latest Kungurian or, more likely, early Roadian San Angelo Formation. However, given the notorious incompleteness of the fossil record, a recent study concluded that the Sphenacodontidae may have become extinct as recently as the early Capitanian. Primitive forms were generally small (60 cm to 1 meter), but during the later part of the early Permian these animals grew progressively larger (up to 3 meters or more), to become the top predators of terrestrial environments. Sphenacodontid fossils are so far known only from North America and Europe.
Buzzards Bay station
Buzzards Bay station is a train station located on Main Street in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The site also contains an interlocking tower. The Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge is adjacent.

Buzzards Bay is an intermediate stop on the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority's CapeFLYER summer weekend passenger service.  It is also the westernmost stop of Cape Cod Central Railroad tourist service. Extension of MBTA Commuter Rail service on the Middleborough/Lakeville Line to the station has been proposed on several occasions, but never enacted.

Cape Cod Central Railroad
The Cape Cod Central Railroad is a heritage railroad located on Cape Cod, Massachusetts.  It operates on a rail line known as the Cape Main Line, which is owned by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation.  The line was previously owned and operated by the Cape Cod Railroad, the Old Colony Railroad, and later the New Haven Railroad, each of which operated passenger trains on the line from 1854 to 1959.  Although its namesake is the former Cape Cod Central Railroad (1861–1868), the two companies are unrelated.
Timeline of chemistry
This timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.

Known as "the central science", the study of chemistry is strongly influenced by, and exerts a strong influence on, many other scientific and technological fields.  Many historical developments that are considered to have had a significant impact upon our modern understanding of chemistry are also considered to have been key discoveries in such fields as physics, biology, astronomy, geology, and materials science.

Charles's law
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is:

When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion.

This relationship of direct proportion can be written as:

So this means:

where:

V is the volume of the gas,

T is the temperature of the gas (measured in kelvins), and

k is a constant for a particular pressure and amount of gas.

This law describes how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in volume. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:

The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion.
John May (police officer)
Superintendent John May (1775–1855) was the first commander of the Metropolitan Police "A" Division, which policed the Whitehall area of London. Since the divisional station house was adjacent to the offices of the Joint Commissioners, Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, May began to serve as unofficial second-in-command of the force, providing a link between the Commissioners and their men. It was he who interviewed the first candidates for the force, sifting them before Rowan and Mayne made their final selection.

Before joining the police, May was a sergeant major in the Grenadier Guards.

He was the father of Edmund George May (1821?–1880) and Charles May. The latter also initially served in the Metropolitan Police, but made his name as the head of the police in Hong Kong.

Charles Rowan
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Rowan KCB (c. 1782 – 8 May 1852) was an officer in the British Army, serving in the Peninsular War and Waterloo and the joint first Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, head of the London Metropolitan Police.
Munnekemoer
Munnekemoer is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is a part of the municipality of Westerwolde, and lies about 14 km northeast of Emmen.

The hamlet was first mentioned in 1781 as 't Munneke Moer, and means "moorland of the monks" which is a reference to the nearby Ter Apel Monastery. The postal authorities have placed it under Ter Apel. Munnekemoer has place name signs.

Ter Apel Monastery
Ter Apel Monastery (Dutch: Klooster Ter Apel) is a former monastery in the village of Ter Apel in the northeastern Dutch province of Groningen. It is the only monastery in the larger area of Friesland and Groningen that survived the Reformation in a decent condition, and the only remaining rural monastery from the Middle Ages in the Netherlands. The convent buildings house a museum for monastery and church history and for religious art, as well as two contemporary art galleries. The former lay church of the monastery still functions as a reformed church.

The monastery is located in the extreme southeast of the province of Groningen on a forested sand ridge along the ancient trade route from Münster to Groningen. For passing travelers and pilgrims, the monastery was a place of hospitality and dedication. Ter Apel is the last monastery founded in Groningen, and of 34 monasteries in the province it is the only one still recognizable as a convent.
Sir Nicholas Colthurst, 3rd Baronet
Sir Nicholas Colthurst, 3rd Baronet (died July 1795) was an Anglo-Irish member of the Irish House of Commons for St Johnstown in 1783–1790 and Clonakilty in 1792–1795.

In 1788 he served as High Sheriff of County Cork - a position that his father and brother (the 2nd Baronet) had also held.

He was the younger son of Sir John Colthurst, 1st Baronet and Lady Charlotte FitzMaurice. He married Harriet La Touche, the daughter of Rt. Hon. David La Touche, on 8 May 1788. They had three children, Elizabeth, Charlotte and Sir Nicholas Conway Colthurst, 4th Baronet. Elizabeth married Edward St Lawrence, Archdeacon of Ross.

High Sheriff of County Cork
The Sheriff (later High Sheriff) of County Cork was an official in County Cork from the county's creation in the early 13th century until the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. Within each Irish county, the high sheriff was the primary judicial representative of the English (later British) monarch, who was Lord of Ireland, later King/Queen of Ireland, and finally monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1608, Cork city was made a county corporate separate from County Cork, after which separate sheriffs of Cork City were appointed by the city corporation.
2009 Danmark Rundt
The 2009 Danmark Rundt was a men's road bicycle race held from 29 July to 2 August 2009. It was the 19th edition of the men's stage race, which was established in 1985. The race was won by Danish rider Jakob Fuglsang of Team Saxo Bank, making this his second consecutive victory in the race. Maurizio Biondo of Ceramica Flaminia finished second by just three seconds with Roger Hammond of Cervélo third.

Danmark Rundt
Danmark Rundt is a Danish multi-day professional road cycling race. It is currently sponsored by the Danish national postal agency, PostNord, and the race is therefore also known as PostNord Danmark Rundt. The race is sometimes called the Tour of Denmark in English language media. The race has been on the UCI ProSeries calendar since 2021, after being cancelled in 2020.
Pūkio Stream
Pūkio Stream, formerly Nigger Stream until 2016, is a river in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. It flows from The Candlesticks range of the Southern Alps to the Esk River. The underfit stream cuts through terraces of glacial outwash gravels in its course, culminating in a 120-metre-deep (400 ft) incised gorge near to its confluence with the Esk.

Southern Alps
The Southern Alps (Māori: Kā Tiritiri o te Moana; officially Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana) is a mountain range extending along much of the length of New Zealand's South Island, reaching its greatest elevations near the range's western side. The name "Southern Alps" generally refers to the entire range, although separate names are given to many of the smaller ranges that form part of it.

The range includes the South Island's Main Divide, which separates the water catchments of the more heavily populated eastern side of the island from those on the west coast. Politically, the Main Divide forms the boundary between the Marlborough, Canterbury and Otago regions to the southeast and the Tasman and West Coast regions to the northwest.
Arrondissements of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department
The 4 arrondissements of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department are:

Arrondissement of Lunéville (subprefecture: Lunéville), with 162 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 74,722 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Nancy (prefecture of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department: Nancy), with 196 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 427,697 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Toul (subprefecture: Toul), with 118 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 65,665 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Val-de-Briey (subprefecture: Val de Briey), with 115 communes.  The population of the arrondissement was 164,402 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Nancy
The arrondissement of Nancy is an arrondissement of France in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in the Grand Est region. It has 196 communes. Its population is 427,697 (2021), and its area is 1,583.9 km2 (611.5 sq mi).
What a Pleasure
What a Pleasure (1965-1983) was a Thoroughbred stallion bred at Claiborne Farm in Kentucky for the Wheatley Stables of Glady Phipps. Sired by the leading stallion Bold Ruler, and out of a Mahmoud mare Grey Flight, he excelled on the track and in his stud career. Like his sire, he would go on to become a leading North American stallion; producing Eclipse Award winners and Kentucky Derby winners.

Wheatley Stable
Wheatley Stable was the nom de course  for the thoroughbred horse racing partnership formed by Gladys Mills Phipps and her brother, Ogden Livingston Mills. The horses were raised at Claiborne Farm near Paris, Kentucky.
Thomas Pelham (of Lewes, senior)
Thomas Pelham (c.1678–1759) was an English politician, a member of the Pelham family of Sussex. Returned on the family's electoral interest at Lewes in 1705, he provided a reliable Whig vote in the House of Commons, and a rather more sporadic attendance on the Board of Trade. Due to his neglect of the family electoral interest, he was nearly turned out in the 1734 election, and stood down in favor of his eldest son at the next election in 1741.

Lewes
Lewes (/ˈluːɪs/ ⓘ) is the county town of East Sussex, England. The town is the administrative centre of the wider district of the same name. It lies on the River Ouse at the point where the river cuts through the South Downs.

A traditional market town and centre of communications, in 1264 it was the site of the Battle of Lewes. The town's landmarks include Lewes Castle, Lewes Priory, Bull House (the former home of Thomas Paine), Southover Grange and public gardens, and a 16th-century timber-framed Wealden hall house known as Anne of Cleves House. Other notable features of the area include the Glyndebourne festival, the Lewes Bonfire celebrations and the Lewes Pound.
Yi Geon
Colonel Prince Yi Geon (October 28, 1909 – December 21, 1990), also Ri Ken and Kenichi Momoyama (桃山 虔一, Momoyama Ken'ichi), was a Korean prince and a cavalry officer in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The first son of Prince Yi Kang of Korea by Lady Jeong, he was a grandson of Emperor Gwangmu. His Korean name was Yi Geon (이건, 李鍵), and his birth name was Yong-gil (용길).

Kim Su-deok
Kim Su-deok (Korean: 김수덕; Hanja: 金修德; 22 December 1880 – 14 January 1964), posthumously known as Lady Kim of Deokindang Hall (덕인당 김씨; 德仁堂 金氏), was the wife of Yi Kang, Imperial Prince Ui of Korea. After the Korean independence of 1945, she lived in her own palace in Seoul.
Lyndsay Wheelans
Lyndsay Wheelans is a former Canadian national level ringette athlete and coach who was born in Calgary, Alberta, and raised in Edmonton. She played successfully for the Canadian national ringette team and coached both Team Canada and Team Finland in the World Ringette Championships (WRC). She was Head Coach of Team Canada from 2006 - 2011 (5 years). For over 25 years, Wheelans has been playing ringette and coaching at both national and international levels, starting in 1988.

Wheelans has been inducted into the Ringette Canada Hall of Fame (RCHoF) three times: twice as a member of separate Canadian world title winning teams, and once as a coach.

1990 World Ringette Championships
The 1990 World Ringette Championship (1990 WRC) was an international ringette tournament and the first World Ringette Championship in history. Three countries took part: Canada, Finland, and the United States. The tournament was organized by the World Ringette Council, the precursor to the International Ringette Federation (IRF). The event was held in the Canadian city of Gloucester, Ontario from January 29 to February 3, 1990, with eight competing teams at Earl Armstrong Arena.
Japanese destroyer Susuki (1921)
The Japanese destroyer Susuki (薄) was one of 21 Momi-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1910s. In 1940, she was converted into a No.31-class patrol boat  and renamed Patrol Boat No.34 (第三十四号哨戒艇, Dai-34-Gō shōkaitei). She was sunk by American aircraft in July 1944.

Momi-class destroyer
The Momi-class destroyers were a class of twenty-one second-class destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. All were named for plants. Obsolete by the beginning of the Pacific War, the Momis were relegated to mostly secondary roles, with some vessels serving throughout the war as patrol vessels or high speed transports.
Papegem
Papegem is a village in the municipality of Lede located in the Belgian province of East Flanders in the Denderstreek. It has an area of 0.58 km². The Wellebeek (a brook) which flows there belongs to the basin of the Molenbeek which originates from the Upper Scheldt, and flows through Erpe-Mere. In the past the Wellebeek was called the Papegemsche beek. It is bordered by the sub-municipalities of Oordegem, Smetlede and Impe, as well as the municipalities of Sint-Lievens-Houtem (sub-municipality Vlierzele) and Erpe-Mere (sub-municipality Erondegem, despite the small size of Papegem. In Papegem the Sint-Macharius Chapel can be found. Papegem belongs to the deanery of Herzele-Houtem.

Erondegem
Erondegem is a sub-municipality of Erpe-Mere in Flanders, Belgium. It is located on the Molenbeek in the Denderstreek, southeast of East Flanders and belongs to the Arrondissement of Aalst. It is bordered by the sub-municipalities of Erpe and Ottergem and the municipalities of Sint-Lievens-Houtem (sub-municipality Vlierzele) and Lede (sub-municipality Impe). Erondegem has 1628 inhabitants as of 1 January 2003 and an area of 3.17 km. The population density is 513 inhabitants / km ².
Crash (fabric)
Crash is a coarse fabric with a rough, irregular surface, made from thick, uneven yarns. Crash fabric is coarse linen-based rugged material made from both dyed and raw yarns. The yarns used are often grey or white in color. Crash fabrics are indistinct woven. Linen is generally used for the warp, while blends of linen and jute, cotton, and wool, etc. were used for the filling. The weave structure may vary from plain, twill to fancy. Crash fabric was very thick, strong, rough and because of linen's characteristics it is absorbent also.

The coarsest type was called Russian crash, made of Russian flax, flax grown in Russia of the Motchenetz  (water-retted) and Slanetz (dew retted ) varieties. The fabric was strong and absorbent. It was used for towels, sportswear and Russian cross stitch.

Woven fabric
Woven fabric is any textile formed by weaving. Woven fabrics, often created on a loom, are made of many threads woven in a warp and weft. Technically, a woven fabric is any fabric made by interlacing two or more threads at right angles to one another. Woven fabrics can be made of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or a mixture of both, such as cotton and polyester. Woven fabrics are used for clothing, garments, decorations, furniture, carpets and other uses.
× Gasteraloe
× Gasteraloe (× Gastrolea) is a nothogenus of hybrid plants, from crosses between species in the genera Gasteria and Aloe or Aristaloe. Since the plants originated as hybrids, and accordingly are not true species in the sense of formal Plant taxonomy, Gasteraloe is not technically a true genus, but a "nothogenus", whether the plants' gametes are sterile or not.

Gonialoe variegata
Gonialoe variegata (syn. Aloe variegata), also known as tiger aloe and partridge-breasted aloe, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae. It is an evergreen succulent perennial  indigenous to South Africa and Namibia. It is common in cultivation.
2023 Big Ten Wrestling Championships – 149 lbs
The 149-pound competition at the 2023 Big Ten Wrestling Championships in Ann Arbor, Michigan, took place from March 4–5, 2023 at the Crisler Center.

The competition consisted of a triple-elimination tournament to determine the top ten wrestlers of the Big Ten's 149-pound weight class. The top nine wrestlers would qualify for the 2023 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships.

2023 Big Ten Wrestling Championships
The 2023 Big Ten Wrestling Championships took place from March 4–5, 2023, in Ann Arbor, Michigan at the Crisler Center.

Penn State under head coach Cael Sanderson won their seventh Big Ten Championship title with individual titles from Roman Bravo-Young (133 lbs), Levi Haines (157 lbs), Carter Starocci (174 lbs), and Aaron Brooks (184 lbs).
Paul Leni
Paul Leni (born Paul Josef Levi, 8 July 1885 – 2 September 1929) was a German filmmaker and a key figure in German Expressionism, making Hintertreppe (1921) and Waxworks (1924) in Germany, and The Cat and the Canary (1927), The Chinese Parrot (1927), The Man Who Laughs (1928), and The Last Warning (1928) in the United States.

Ernst Lubitsch
Ernst Lubitsch (/ˈluːbɪtʃ/; January 29, 1892 – November 30, 1947) was a German and American film director, producer, writer, and actor. His urbane comedies of manners gave him the reputation of being Hollywood's most elegant and sophisticated director; as his prestige grew, his films were promoted as having "the Lubitsch touch". Among his best known works are Trouble in Paradise (1932), Design for Living (1933), Ninotchka (1939), The Shop Around the Corner (1940), To Be or Not to Be (1942) and Heaven Can Wait (1943).

He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director three times, for The Patriot (1928), The Love Parade (1929), and Heaven Can Wait (1943); his pictures The Smiling Lieutenant and One Hour with You were also nominated for Outstanding Production in 1932. In 1946, he received an Honorary Academy Award for his distinguished contributions to the art of the motion picture.