hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Klasik Çağ) concerns the history of the Ottoman Empire from the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until the second half of the sixteenth century, roughly the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566). During this period a system of patrimonial rule based on the absolute authority of the sultan reached its apex, and the empire developed the institutional foundations which it would maintain, in modified form, for several centuries. The territory of the Ottoman Empire greatly expanded, and led to what some historians have called the Pax Ottomana. The process of centralization undergone by the empire prior to 1453 was brought to completion in the reign of Mehmed II.

Buda
Buda (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbudɒ], German: Ofen) is the part of Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, that lies on the western bank of the Danube. Historically, "Buda" referred only to the royal walled city on Castle Hill (Hungarian: Várhegy), which was constructed by Béla IV between 1247 and 1249 and subsequently served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1361 to 1873. In 1873, Buda was administratively unified with Pest and Óbuda to form modern Budapest.

Royal Buda is called the Várnegyed (lit. 'Castle Quarter') today, while "Buda" pars pro toto denotes Budapest's I., II., III., XI., XII. and XXII. districts. This colloquial definition thus includes medieval Óbuda and amounts to a third of the city's total area, much of it forested. Buda's landmarks include the Royal Palace, Matthias Church, the Citadella, Gellért Baths, the Buda Hills, the Carmelite Monastery of Buda, and the residence of the President of Hungary, Sándor Palace.
Antonio Lukich
Antonio Lukić (Ukrainian: Антоніо Лукіч), known professionally as Antonio Lukich, is a Ukrainian filmmaker who was born in Uzhhorod, Ukraine. Throughout his career, Antonio has achieved much success, gaining awards at an international and nationally recognised level. One such award is the Merited Artist of Ukraine awarded to him in March, 2021. This state honorary decoration is awarded to those who make significant contributions and achieve notable success in film and art for the country of Ukraine.

Merited Artist of Ukraine
Honored Artist of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Заслужений артист України, romanized: Zasluzhenyi artyst Ukrainy; also translated as Honored (Performing) Artist of Ukraine or Merited (Performing) Artist of Ukraine) is a state honorary title of decoration of the Ukrainian government.  Originally awarded by the Ukrainian SSR, the award continued after Ukraine regained independence, recognizing outstanding achievement in the performing arts. The Law of Ukraine regulates it Regarding the State Awards of Ukraine (#1549-14).
HNU College of Law
Holy Name University College of Law or HNU-COL is a department of the Holy Name University, formerly Divine Word College of Tagbilaran (DWC-T), an institution of higher learning, located in Tagbilaran, Bohol, Philippines. The College offers a Baccalaureate course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Laws or LLB. The degree is preparatory to taking the Philippine Bar Examination every September.

Its Law course is under the supervision of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and the Commission on Higher Education (Philippines) (CHED). It is also a member of the Philippine Association of Law Schools (PALS).

Supreme Court of the Philippines
The Supreme Court (Filipino: Kataas-taasang Hukuman), colloquially referred to as the Korte Suprema (also used in formal writing), is the highest court in the Philippines. It was established by the Taft Commission in June 11, 1901, through the enactment of Act No. 136, which abolished the Real Audiencia of Manila, the predecessor of the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court compound is located in what was formerly a part of the University of the Philippines Manila campus. It occupies the corner of Padre Faura Street and Taft Avenue in Ermita, Manila, with the main building sited directly in front of Philippine General Hospital's cancer institute.
Katama Airpark
Katama Airpark (FAA LID: 1B2) is a public airport in the Katama section of Edgartown, Massachusetts, in Dukes County on the island of Martha's Vineyard. The airport, owned by the Town of Edgartown, has three runways, averages 22 takeoffs and landings per day, and has one aircraft based on its field.

Katama is one of three airports on the island. The main airport Martha's Vineyard Airport (MVY) is the only one with commercial service and handles the majority of the island's general aviation traffic. The third airport is the smaller Trade Wind Airport, a grass airfield in Oak Bluffs.

Katama
Katama (Amharic: ከተማ kätäma) is the word for a fortified Ethiopian military encampment, that was typically situated on top of an amba. These royal military camps served as the capital of the empire and was an important element of the political and social organization of the Ethiopian state until the 17th century. Later the term was used in the 19th and 20th centuries as any kind of dense urban settlement that functioned as a center of an administrative unit.
Iwase-Senzuka Kofun Cluster
Iwase-Senzuka Kofun Cluster (岩橋千塚古墳群, Iwase-Senzuka kofun gun) is a cluster of Kofun period burial mounds that is located in the Wakayama, in the Kansai region of Japan. One of the largest concentrations of burial mounds in Japan, it consist of over 900 tumuli. It is designated as a National Historic Site in 1931, upgraded to a Special National Historic Site in 1952, and the area under designation expanded in 2016.

Kansai region
The Kansai region (関西地方, Kansai Chihō; [kaꜜɰ̃.sai, kaɰ̃.sai tɕiꜜ.hoː] ⓘ) (also known as the Kinki region (近畿地方, Kinki Chihō; Japanese pronunciation: [kʲiꜜŋ.ki, kʲiŋ.ki̥ tɕiꜜ.hoː])) is a region of Japan that lies in the southern-central portion of Japan's main island, Honshū. The region consists of the prefectures of Hyōgo, Kyoto, Mie, Nara, Osaka, Shiga, and Wakayama.  Additionally, the prefectures of Fukui, Tokushima and Tottori are sometimes associated with Kansai.

Kansai is the second-most populated region of Japan (after Kantō), and contains the metropolitan region of Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto (Keihanshin region), which is the second-most populated metropolitan region in Japan (after the Greater Tokyo Area).
Acne miliaris necrotica
Acne miliaris necrotica is a severe form of folliculitis of typically the scalp. It presents as multiple fluid-filled bumps, sometimes occurring as solitary lesions that are usually very itchy. Shortly after appearing, the bumps burst and dry up. There may be scarring.

Papule
A papule is a small, well-defined bump in the skin. It may have a rounded, pointed or flat top, and may have a dip. It can appear with a stalk, be thread-like or look warty. It can be soft or firm and its surface may be rough or smooth. Some have crusts or scales. A papule can be flesh colored, yellow, white, brown, red, blue or purplish. There may be just one or many, and they may occur irregularly in different parts of the body or appear in clusters. It does not contain fluid but may progress to a pustule or vesicle. A papule is smaller than a nodule; it can be as tiny as a pinhead and is typically less than 1 cm in width, according to some sources, and 0.5 cm according to others. When merged together, it appears as a plaque.

A papule's colour might indicate its cause, such as white in milia, red in eczema, yellowish in xanthoma and black in melanoma. They may open when scratched and become infected and crusty.
Xanathar's Guide to Everything
Xanathar's Guide to Everything is a sourcebook published in 2017 for the 5th edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. It acts as a supplement to the 5th edition Dungeon Master's Guide and the Player's Handbook.

Splatbook
A splatbook or sourcebook is a supplement for a particular role-playing game (RPG) that is not needed for basic play, but is devoted to a particular facet, such as a character class or fictional faction, providing additional background details, scenarios, rules options, or other materials that players can use to extend or enhance the central game. For example, a "swords and sorcery" fantasy game might offer splatbooks for each of the races in the setting: humans, dwarves, elves, and others. A splatbook supplements the core materials of a game, which are typically given in a basic  publication known as the core rulebook or by other names — these core books might also be referred to as sourcebooks, occasionally. Splatbooks may also be offered for other types of games, such as wargames or other tabletop games.
Caloptilia querci
Caloptilia querci or Povolnya querci is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Japan (Hokkaidō, Honshū, Kyūshū, the Ryukyu Islands) and Korea.

The wingspan is 12–14 mm. The larvae feed on Castanea crenata, Castanopsis cuspidata, Quercus acutissima, Quercus glauca, and Quercus mongolica. They mine the leaves of their host plant during early instars and roll the leaves during late instars.

Quercus mongolica
Quercus mongolica, commonly known as Mongolian oak, is a species of oak native to Japan, China, Korea, Mongolia, and Siberia. The species can grow to be 30 metres (98 feet) tall.

The flavono-ellagitannins mongolicin A and B can be found in Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata.

Extrafloral nectaries have been reported on the leaf buds of this species.
First Balgimbayev Government
The First Balgimbayev Government was the third government of Kazakhstan, led by Prime Minister Nurlan Balgimbayev. The government was formed after Prime Minister Akezhan Kazhegeldin resigned on 10 October 1997 due to apparent health reasons. That same day, President Nursultan Nazarbayev appointed Balgimbayev as Prime Minister, and he was promptly approved by the Parliament.

Balgimbayev focused on addressing economic challenges, particularly following the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which significantly affected Kazakhstan's economy. His handling of the situation drew criticism, leading to an attempted motion of no confidence against him in October 1998. Following the 1999 presidential election, Balgimbayev resigned on 21 January 1999 but was reappointed shortly after, leading the newly formed government.

1999 Kazakh presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Kazakhstan on 10 January 1999. Incumbent president Nursultan Nazarbayev won the election with over 80% of the vote, and was sworn into office on 20 January 1999. Most observers viewed the election as blatantly unfair, further confirming that Nazarbayev was not interested in promoting a democratic system of government. Voter turnout was reported to be 87%.
Commando (film series)
Commando is a series of Indian Hindi-language action thriller films produced by Vipul Amrutlal Shah under the banner of Sunshine Pictures. The film series is co-produced and distributed by Reliance Entertainment.

The first film Commando: A One Man Army directed by Dilip Ghosh was released in 2013, The second film Commando 2: The Black Money Trail directed by Deven Bhojani released in 2017 and the third film Commando 3 directed by Aditya Datt released in 2019. The series follows the story of an Indian Commando named Karanveer 'Karan' Singh Dogra (Vidyut Jammwal) and his missions.

The protagonist's name is inspired by Karan Singh, the Dogra dynasty ex-crown prince of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammwal, who is trained in the Indian martial arts of Kalaripayattu, performs his own stunts and martial arts in the film's action sequences. Commando 2 is the only film in the series to be released along with its Tamil and Telugu dubbed versions.

Dilip Ghosh (film director)
Dilip Ghosh is an Indian film director and producer. He received Special Mention along with Siddharth Kak, Naresh Saxena and Raj Gopal Rao in the 1990 National Film Award for his 1990 documentary Children of the Silver Screen (Hindi: Aadhi Haqueeqat Aadha Fasana). After making advertising and documentary films for over 25 years, he made his mainstream directorial debut through Commando (2013), which was a box office success.
Johan Melander
Johan Arnt Melander (27 April 1910 – 1 December 1989) was a Norwegian banker. He was born in Kristiania. He was CEO of Den norske Creditbank from 1954 to 1980. From 1957 to 1958 he chaired the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) committee that worded the Treaty of the European Free Trade Association. He was decorated Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 1976.

Den norske Creditbank
Den norske Creditbank or DnC is a defunct Norwegian commercial bank created in 1857. In 1990 it merged with Bergen Bank to create Den norske Bank (DnB). The bank was based in Oslo and listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange.
Western Lakes Activities Association
The Western Lakes Activities Association was an athletic conference for high schools located in western Wayne and southern Oakland Counties in Michigan from 1982 through 2007.  The twelve schools of the WLAA merged with the Kensington Valley Conference, schools from the Oakland Activities Association, and newly opening schools to form the Kensington Lakes Activities Association in 2008.

Oakland County, Michigan
Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a principal county of the Detroit metropolitan area, containing the bulk of Detroit's northern suburbs. Its county seat is Pontiac, and its largest city is Troy. As of the 2020 census, its population 1,274,395, making it the second-most populous county in Michigan (behind neighboring Wayne County), and the most populous county in the United States without a city of 100,000 residents.

Founded in 1819 and organized the following year, Oakland County is composed of 62 cities, villages, and townships. In 2010, Oakland County was among the ten wealthiest counties in the United States to have over one million residents. It is also home to Oakland University, a large public institution that straddles the border between the cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills.
Ellen Uuspõld
Ellen Uuspõld (19 April 1927 – 7 June 2019) was an Estonian linguist.

In 1953 she graduated from Tartu University in Estonian philology. Since 1967 she taught at the University of Tartu. From 1980 until 1983, she taught the Estonian language at Tampere University.

Her scientific work was focused on the structure of Estonian language.

Tampere University
Tampere University (Finnish: Tampereen yliopisto, shortened TAU) is a multidisclipinary public university located in the city of Tampere, Finland. It is the second largest university in the country by student enrollment.

The university was established on January 1, 2019, as a merger between the former University of Tampere and Tampere University of Technology. The new university is also the major shareholder of Tampere University of Applied Sciences.
Nothing Lasts Forever (The X-Files)
"Nothing Lasts Forever" is the ninth episode of the eleventh season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files. The episode was written by Karen Nielsen, and directed by James Wong. It aired on March 14, 2018, on Fox. The episode is the series last monster of the week tale unconnected to the series overarching  Mythology.

The show centers on FBI special agents who work on unsolved paranormal cases called X-Files; focusing on the investigations of Fox Mulder (David Duchovny), and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) after their reinstatement in the FBI. In this episode, Mulder and Scully, while investigating human organ theft, uncover a mysterious cult consumed with macabre rituals.  The tagline for this episode is "I want to be beautiful."

The X-Files season 11
The eleventh and final season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files premiered on January 3, 2018, on Fox. The season consists of ten episodes and concluded on March 21, 2018. It follows newly re-instated Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson). The season's storyline picks up directly after last season's finale and the search for Mulder and Scully's son William is the main story arc of the season.
Tatsuya Murasa
Tatsuya Murasa (村佐達也, Murasa Tatsuya; born 27 March 2007) is a Japanese competitive swimmer. He competed in the men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay at the 2024 Summer Olympics and won a bronze medal at the men's 200 metre freestyle at the 2025 World Aquatics Championships.

Swimming at the 2025 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle
The men's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2025 World Aquatics Championships was held from 28 to 29 July 2025 at the World Aquatics Championships Arena at the Singapore Sports Hub in Kallang, Singapore.
Stephanie Foo
Stephanie Foo is a Malaysia-born American radio journalist, producer and author. She has worked for Snap Judgment and This American Life. In 2022, she published What My Bones Know, a memoir about healing from complex PTSD.

Malaysian Americans
Malaysian Americans (Malay: Orang Amerika Malaysia) are Americans of Malaysian ancestry. Rather than a single ethnic group, Malaysian Americans descend from a variety of ethnic groups that inhabit the Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, all of which speak different languages and profess different cultures and beliefs, including Malay, Chinese and Tamil, as Malaysian is primarily a national identification. According to answers provided to an open-ended question included in the 2019 US Census, 38,227 people said that their ancestry or ethnic origin was Malaysian.
East Side (Melrose)
The East Side is a Melrose, Massachusetts neighborhood located on the east side of the city. It stretches roughly from Lebanon Street east to the Saugus, Massachusetts line and is positioned in between the Mount Hood Golf Club neighborhood (to the south) and the Horace Mann neighborhood (to the north).

Saugus, Massachusetts
Saugus (/ˈsɔː.ɡəs/, SAW-gəs) is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. The population was 28,619 at the 2020 census. Saugus is known as the site of the first integrated iron works in North America.
Sporopodium isidiatum
Sporopodium isidiatum is a species of lichen-forming fungus in the family Ectolechiaceae. It grows as small, rounded, pale green to grey patches that are densely covered with tiny upright finger-like outgrowths (isidia), on living leaves in tropical montane (mountain) forests and on bark in lowland areas. It is distinguished by large, dark, hood-shaped asexual structures, and by a characteristic set of lichen substances, including yellow pigments. It was formally described in 2008 from specimens collected in Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka. These widely separated records suggest that it may be more widespread in tropical south-east Asia than the current records show.

Lichen product
Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol derivatives, chromones, xanthones, depsides, and depsidones. Over 1000 lichen products of known chemical structure have been reported in the scientific literature, and most of these compounds are exclusively found in lichens. Examples of lichen products include usnic acid (a dibenzofuran), atranorin (a depside), lichexanthone (a xanthone), salazinic acid (a depsidone), and isolichenan, an α-glucan. Many lichen products have biological activity, and research into these effects is ongoing.
King's Pyon
King's Pyon is a village and civil parish in the county of Herefordshire, England, and is approximately 8 miles (13 km) north-west from the city and county town of Hereford. The closest large town is the market town of Leominster, 6 miles (10 km) to the north-west. The parish includes the Grade I listed church of St Mary the Virgin.

County town
In Great Britain and Ireland, a county town is usually the location of administrative or judicial functions within a county, and the place where public representatives are elected to parliament. Following the establishment of county councils in England in 1889, the headquarters of the new councils were usually established in the county town of each county; however, the concept of a county town pre-dates these councils.

The concept of a county town is ill-defined and unofficial. Some counties in Great Britain have their administrative bodies housed elsewhere. For example, Lancaster is the county town of Lancashire, but the county council is in Preston. Owing to the creation of unitary authorities, some county towns in Great Britain are administratively separate from the county. For example, Nottingham is separated from the rest of Nottinghamshire, and Brighton and Hove is separate from East Sussex. On a ceremonial level, both are in their own respective counties geographically.
2006–07 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season
The 2006–07 season was the 108th season of competitive league football in the history of English football club Wolverhampton Wanderers. They played the season in the second tier of the English football system, the Football League Championship.

Penalty card
Penalty cards are used in many sports as a means of warning, reprimanding or penalising a player, coach or team official. Penalty cards are most commonly used by referees or umpires to indicate that a player has committed an offence. The official will hold the card above their head while looking or pointing toward the player who has committed the offence. This action makes the decision clear to all players, as well as spectators and other officials in a manner that is language-neutral. The colour or shape of the card used by the official indicates the type or seriousness of the offence and the level of punishment that is to be applied. Yellow and red cards are the most common, typically indicating, respectively, cautions and dismissals.
Kibbe (surname)
Kibbe is the surname of:

Alice L. Kibbe (1881–1969), American botanist and professor of biology

Matt Kibbe, American political activist

Roger Kibbe (1939–2021), American serial killer known as the "I-5 Strangler"

Trudie Kibbe Reed, American academic administrator

William Chauncey Kibbe (1822–1904), California pioneer and third Adjutant General of California

Alice L. Kibbe
Dr. Alice Lovina Kibbe (June 27, 1881 – January 21, 1969) was an American botanist, and Professor and Chair of Biology at Carthage College in Carthage, Illinois from 1920 to 1956. She was noted in the region as a natural historian, philanthropist and traveler, and for her role as an early female academic leader.
Dyffrynnoedd Nedd a Mellte, a Moel Penderyn
Dyffrynnoedd Nedd a Mellte, a Moel Penderyn (grid reference SN921090) is a 421.1 hectare biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the border of Neath Port Talbot and Powys, Wales, notified in 1954.

The name of the site means "The valleys of Nedd and Mellte and Moel Penderyn".

This site includes the wooded valleys of the rivers Nedd and Mellte and their tributaries above Pontneddfechan as they pass through a millstone grit and limestone plateau, and the hill of Moel Penderyn, which lies to the east. The rivers have eroded deep, narrow valleys in the plateau, which lies some 300 m above sea level, with gorges, river cliffs, block scree, and waterfalls.

Millstone Grit
Millstone Grit is any of a number of coarse-grained sandstones of Carboniferous age which occur in the British Isles. The name derives from its use in earlier times as a source of millstones for use principally in watermills. Geologists refer to the whole suite of rocks that encompass the individual limestone beds and the intervening mudstones as the Millstone Grit Group. The term Millstone Grit Series was formerly used to refer to the rocks now included within the Millstone Grit Group together with the underlying Edale Shale Group.

The term gritstone describes any sandstone composed of coarse angular grains, and specifically refers to such sandstones within the Pennines and neighbouring areas of Northern England.