hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1,2-rearrangement
A 1,2-rearrangement or 1,2-migration or 1,2-shift or Whitmore 1,2-shift is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift the movement involves two adjacent atoms but moves over larger distances are possible. In the example below the substituent R moves from carbon atom C2 to C3.

The rearrangement is intramolecular and the starting compound and reaction product are structural isomers. The 1,2-rearrangement belongs to a broad class of chemical reactions called rearrangement reactions.

A rearrangement involving a hydrogen atom is called a 1,2-hydride shift.  If the substituent being rearranged is an alkyl group, it is named according to the alkyl group's anion: i.e. 1,2-methanide shift, 1,2-ethanide shift, etc.

Transition state
In chemistry, the transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is defined as the state corresponding to the highest potential energy along this reaction coordinate.  It is often marked with the double dagger (‡) symbol.

As an example, the transition state shown below occurs during the SN2 reaction of bromoethane with a hydroxide anion:

The activated complex of a reaction can refer to either the transition state or to other states along the reaction coordinate between reactants and products, especially those close to the transition state.

According to the transition state theory, once the reactants have passed through the transition state configuration, they always continue to form products.
Retreat & Reflection Garden
The Retreat & Reflection Garden (Chinese: 退思园; pinyin: Tuìsī Yuán; Suzhou Wu, Wugniu: the5 sy1 yoe2, Wu Chinese pronunciation: [tʰe̞ sz̩ ɦyø]) is a notable classical garden in China. It is located in Tongli, Wujiang, Jiangsu, China. In 2001, it was recognized with the other Classical Gardens of Suzhou as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Wujiang, Suzhou
Wujiang District (simplified Chinese: 吴江区; traditional Chinese: 吳江區; pinyin: Wújiāng Qū; Suzhounese, Wugniu: Ghou2 kaon1 chiu1, Wu Chinese pronunciation: [ɦəu kɑ̃ tɕʰyⱼ]), formerly Wujiang City, is one of five urban districts in Suzhou, Jiangsu province. As the southernmost county-level division of Jiangsu, it borders Shanghai to the northeast and Zhejiang province to the south and southwest. The total area of Wujiang is 1176.68 square kilometers, with a population of 1.5 million. Wujiang is currently one of the most economically successful cities in China. Songling (松陵), a town located at the centre of Wujiang, serves as the seat of the district government.
Super Love (Exile song)
"Super Love", also titled "I Got Love (Super-Duper Love)", is a song written by J.P. Pennington and Sonny LeMaire, and recorded by American country music group Exile.  It was released in April 1986 as the third single from the album Hang On to Your Heart.  The song reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

J.P. Pennington
James Preston Pennington (born January 22, 1949) is an American musician, known primarily as the guitarist and co-lead vocalist of the country pop band Exile. Pennington was one of the early members and one of the lead singers of the group until departing in 1989, though he would later reform the band in 1995, before reuniting the mid-80's country lineup in 2008. After leaving Exile, he signed to MCA Records as a solo artist. There, he released three singles and one album, Whatever It Takes, in 1991. Pennington re-established the band in 1995, together with guitarist Les Taylor.
Richard Tait (footballer)
Richard Neil Peter Tait (born 2 December 1989) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a full-back.

He played professionally for Nottingham Forest, Cambridge United, Grimsby Town, Motherwell and St. Mirren. He has also played non-league football for Curzon Ashton and Tamworth.

2008–09 Football Conference
The 2008–09 Football Conference season was the fifth season with the Conference consisting of three divisions, and the thirtieth season overall. The Conference covers the top two levels of Non-League football in England. The Conference Premier was the fifth highest level of the overall pyramid, while the Conference North and Conference South existed at the sixth level.  The top team and the winner of the playoff of the National division were promoted to Football League Two, while the bottom four were relegated to the North or South divisions. The champions of the North and South divisions were promoted to the National division, alongside the play-off winners from each division. The bottom three in each of the North and South divisions were relegated to the premier divisions of the Northern Premier League, Isthmian League or Southern League. For sponsorship reasons, the Conference Premier was frequently referred to as the Blue Square Premier.
Monster Clown
Rafael Ramírez Solorza (born February 24, 1976) is a Mexican luchador, better known by the ring name Monster Clown  and previously worked as  Aliens between 2004 and 2007 before adopting his current ring name. He is currently under contract with Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide.

He is best known as Monster Clown, being part of Los Psycho Circus along with Psycho Clown and Murder Clown where they portray a trio of "evil clowns". Ramirez previously worked under the ring names Highlander and Aliens before becoming a part of Los Psycho Circus. In the summer of 2009 he was forced to change his ring name from Zombie Clown to Monster Clown due to copyright problems.

AAA World Tag Team Championship
The AAA World Tag Team Championship (Campeonato en Parejas AAA in Spanish) is the main tag team title contested for in the Mexican lucha libre promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) and WWE. Pagano and Psycho Clown are the current champions, who are in their first reign as a team and the second individually. They won the titles by defeating Los Garza (Angel and Berto) in a Street Fight at Triplemanía Regia III on June 15, 2025.
Sindija Bukša
Sindija Bukša (born 14 December 1997) is a Latvian sprinter. She represented her country at the 2017 World Championships without advancing from the first round. She won a gold medal at the European U23 Championships.

2017 World Championships in Athletics
The 2017 IAAF World Championships, the sixteenth edition of the IAAF World Championships, were held from 4 to 13 August at London Stadium in London, United Kingdom. London was officially awarded the championships on 11 November 2011.
Fernando Heydrich
Fernando Heydrich Klein (26 January 1827 – April 1, 1903) was a German businessman, politician, engineer and sculptor who lived in Matanzas, Cuba. Builder of the Aqueduct of Matanzas, he was politically engaged, playing a significant role during the Ten Years' War in Cuba.

Married to Maria-Candelaria Martínez y Valdez, he was father of American Consul Alfredo Heydrich and Emilio Heydrich; he was also an ancestor of the artists Daniel Garbade and Juan Esnard Heydrich. He died in 1903, and was laid to rest at the Necropolis San Carlos Borromeo, Matanzas.

Matanzas Province
Matanzas (Latin American Spanish pronunciation: [maˈtansas]) is one of the provinces of Cuba.  Major towns in the province include Cárdenas, Colón, Jovellanos and the capital of the same name, Matanzas. The resort town of Varadero is also located in this province.

Among Cuban provinces, Matanzas is one of the most industrialized, with petroleum wells, refineries, supertanker facilities, and 21 sugar mills to process the harvests of the fields of sugarcane in the province.
Dave Campbell (Irish footballer)
David Martin Campbell (born 13 September 1969) is an Irish football coach and former player. He is opposition analyst and head of recruitment at Sligo Rovers.

Campbell was a defender who started his career with Stella Maris 
and went on to play for Bohemians, Shamrock Rovers, St Patrick's Athletic, Shelbourne, Bray Wanderers and Dublin City during his career in the League of Ireland. He also had a spell on loan to Newry Town in the Irish League.

Bray Wanderers F.C.
Bray Wanderers Football Club are an Irish association football club playing in the League of Ireland First Division. The club in its present form was founded in 1942 in Bray, and was known until 2010 as Bray Wanderers A.F.C. It was elected to the league in 1985, and plays its home matches at the Carlisle Grounds. The club colours are green and white, and it goes by the nickname "The Seagulls".
Charles Smith (mathematician)
Charles Smith (b Huntingdon, 11 May 1844; d Cambridge 13 November 1916) was a 20th-century British academic.

Smith was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He became a Fellow of Sidney Sussex in 1868; Tutor in 1875; and Master in 1890. He was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1895 to 1897.

Tutoring
Tutoring is private academic help, usually provided by an expert teacher; someone with deep knowledge or defined expertise in a particular subject or set of subjects.

A tutor, formally also called an academic tutor, is a person who provides assistance or tutelage to one or more people on certain subject areas or skills. The tutor spends a few hours on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis to transfer their expertise on the topic or skill to the student (also called a tutee). Tutoring can take place in different settings.
Bruno Zapelli
Bruno Zapelli (born 16 May 2002) is a professional footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Brazilian club Athletico Paranaense. Born in Argentina, he is an Italian youth international. Besides, he was honored by AFA like the most important player in Argentina

Club Athletico Paranaense
Club Athletico Paranaense (abbreviated CAP, commonly known as Athletico Paranaense and up to 2019 known as Atlético Paranaense) is a Brazilian football team from the city of Curitiba, capital city of the Brazilian state of Paraná, founded on 26 March 1924.

The team's most important titles have been winning the 2001 Série A, the Copa Sudamericana in 2018 and 2021, making it the only team from Paraná to win international titles. It won the Copa do Brasil in 2019. In the Copa Libertadores, they have finished runner-up twice, in 2005 and 2022.

They are considered the strongest team in Brazil outside of the Big 12, at times even surpassing them.
Katić
Katić (pronounced [kǎːtitɕ], Serbian Cyrillic: Катић) is a Serbo-Croatian surname. It is sometimes transcribed as Katich. It's formed from the given name Kata and the matronymic -ić.

Notable people with the name include:

Branka Katić (born 1970), Serbian actress

Ilija Katić (born 1945), Serbian football player

Janko Katić (fl. 1804–1806), Serbian revolutionary

Mark Katic (born 1989), Canadian ice hockey player

Mike Katic (born 2000), American football player and sports media personality

Milan Katić (born 1993), Serbian volleyball player

Miro Katić (born 1974), Bosnian football player

Nikola Katić (born 1996), Croatian football player

Raško Katić (born 1980), Serbian basketball player

Stana Katic (born 1978), Canadian actress

Toni Katić, Croatian basketball player

Simon Katich, Australian cricketer

Raško Katić
Raško Katić (Serbian: Рашко Катић, born 8 December 1980) is a Serbian professional basketball player for  Sloga Batočina of the Second Regional Basketball League of Serbia. He represented the Serbian national basketball team internationally. Standing at 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in), he played the center position.
Gorf
Gorf is a 1981 fixed shooter video game developed by Dave Nutting Associates and published by Midway Manufacturing for arcades. It features five distinct levels, the first of which is based on Space Invaders and another on Galaxian. The game makes use of synthesized speech for the Gorfian robot which taunts the player, powered by a speech chip. Gorf allows the player to buy two additional lives per quarter before starting the game, for a maximum of seven lives.

The home ports omit the Galaxians stage because Japanese developer Namco (now Bandai Namco Entertainment) owns the rights to the Galaxian franchise.

Bandai Namco Entertainment
Bandai Namco Entertainment Inc. is a Japanese multinational video game publisher, and the video game branch of the wider Bandai Namco Holdings group. Founded in 2006 as Namco Bandai Games Inc., it is the successor to Namco's home and arcade video game business, as well as Bandai's former equivalent division. Development operations were spun off into a new company in 2012, Namco Bandai Studios, now called Bandai Namco Studios.

Bandai Namco Entertainment owns several multi-million video game franchises, including Pac-Man,  Tekken, Soulcalibur, Tales, Ace Combat, Taiko no Tatsujin, The Idolmaster, Ridge Racer, Dark Souls, .hack and Little Nightmares. Pac-Man himself serves as the official mascot of the company. The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises, such as Shonen Jump, Gundam, Kamen Rider, Super Sentai, Sword Art Online, and the Ultra Series.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences
"The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences" was the title of the 1959 Richard Courant Lecture in Mathematical Sciences, delivered at New York University by the physicist Eugene Wigner, and published in Communication in Pure and Applied Mathematics in 1960. In it, Wigner observes that pure mathematical concepts that have been developed and studied independently of physics, often so mathematicians can show their “ingenuity and sense of formal beauty”, nevertheless often find applications in physics. The mathematical structure of theoretical physics often points the way to further advances in that theory and has empirical predictive power in describing nature. Albert Einstein and the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead had previously thought that the success of abstract mathematics in physical science was a mystery that required explanation, but Wigner's lecture became the classic statement of the problem.

Max Tegmark
Max Tegmark (born 5 May 1967) is a Swedish-American physicist, machine learning researcher and author. He is a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He co-founded and leads the Future of Life Institute, a nonprofit focused on reducing global catastrophic risks from advanced technologies.

Originally a cosmologist, Tegmark's focus shifted toward artificial intelligence (AI). His 2017 book Life 3.0 presents scenarios for what the world might look like as AI continues to develop. Tegmark advocates for a halt on the development of artificial superintelligence.
Bridget Shamim Bangi
Bridget Shamim Bangi (born 6 July 1993) is a Ugandan badminton player. who started playing badminton at age 13 at Mariam High School. At the age of 21 she finished her degree in Insurance and Banking at Ndejje university  She competed at the 2010 and 2018 Commonwealth Games.

Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Badminton events at the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast, Australia took place between Thursday 5 April and Sunday 15 April at the Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre.

Badminton is one of ten core sports at the Commonwealth Games and has been continuously held at the Games since its first appearance at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica. The badminton programme in 2018 included men's and women's singles competitions; men's, women's and mixed doubles competitions alongside a mixed team event throughout the 11 days of competition. The draw for the mixed team event was held on 6 February at The Star Gold Coast.
Sir Samuel Roberts, 2nd Baronet
Sir Samuel Roberts, 2nd Baronet JP (2 September 1882 – 13 December 1955) was a British politician.

Son of the Sheffield Ecclesall MP Samuel Roberts, Roberts grew up at Queen's Tower in Norfolk Park, Sheffield.  He attended Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge before becoming a solicitor.

In 1913, Roberts became a Justice of the Peace, and in 1919, the Lord Mayor of Sheffield.  In 1921, he was elected as the Conservative Party MP for Hereford, and at the 1929 general election he switched to represent his father's former constituency of Sheffield Ecclesall.  He stood down at the 1935 general election, serving that year as the Master Cutler.

Sheffield Ecclesall
Sheffield Ecclesall was a Parliamentary constituency represented by a single Member of Parliament in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1950. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.
Order of the Crown (Iran)
The Order of the Crown (Persian: نشان تاج, romanized: Neshan-e Taj) was founded in 1913 (1332 AH) by Ahmad Shah Qajar before his coronation as the highest dynastic and state order. Until 1926 it existed in two classes (with breast star and sash for both). The 1st class had a collar (neck chain with badge as a pendant) reserved for the Shahanshah and the Crown-Prince. The Order was preserved in Iran after the fall of the Qajar dynasty.

The first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, Reza Shah, reformed the order at the end of the year in 1938/39. Until then, the sash was blue with thin green-white borders but, after the reform, it became corn-yellow with sky-blue edges.The order was the senior one after the dynastic Order of Pahlavi. It was abolished in 1979 following the Iranian revolution.

Ahmad Shah Qajar
Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: احمد شاه قاجار‎; 21 January 1898 – 21 February 1930) was the shah of Iran (Persia) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the seventh and final ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.

Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended the throne at the age of 11 after the removal of his father Mohammad Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali-Reza Khan, took charge of state affairs as Regent. Upon reaching the age of majority, Ahmad Shah was formally crowned on 21 July 1914.
BJ Crook
Brendon-John Crook (born 29 June 1984) is a New Zealand cricketer. He played in nine first-class, twelve List A, and six Twenty20 matches for Wellington between the 2007–08 and 2009–10 seasons.

Crook was born at Lower Hutt in 1984 and educated at Hutt Valley High School.

Crook now plays Football for the Petone Stonecutters in Wellingtons Capital 3 division

Hutt Valley High School
Hutt Valley High School is a state coeducational secondary school located in central Lower Hutt, New Zealand. A total of  1,903 students from Years 9 to 13 (ages 12 to 18) attend the school as of October 2025, making the school one of the largest in the Wellington metropolitan area.
Frederick Walker Baldwin
Frederick Walker Baldwin (January 2, 1882 – August 7, 1948), also known as Casey Baldwin, paternal grandson of Canadian reform leader Robert Baldwin, was a hydrofoil and aviation pioneer and partner of the famous inventor Alexander Graham Bell. He was manager of Graham Bell Laboratories from 1909 to 1932, and represented Victoria in the Nova Scotia Legislature from 1933 to 1937, where he was instrumental in bringing about the creation of Cape Breton Highlands National Park. In 1908, he became the first Canadian and British subject to fly an airplane.

Cape Breton Highlands National Park
Cape Breton Highlands National Park is a Canadian national park on northern Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia.   The park was the first national park in the Atlantic provinces of Canada and covers an area of 948 square kilometres (366 mi2).  It is one of 42 in Canada's system of national parks.

It consists of mountains, valleys, waterfalls, rocky coastlines and the Cape Breton Highlands, a tundra-esque plateau. Forest types include Acadian and Boreal. The park includes the highest point in Nova Scotia, White Hill, at 533.5 m (1,750 ft) above sea level.

Rivers in the park include the Chéticamp River and the North Aspy River.

In 2014, Parks Canada started a four-year project with the Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources, among other partners, to begin regional boreal forest restorations within this park.
Mount Kinabalu International Climbathon
The Mount Kinabalu International Climbathon is an international skyrunning competition held for the first time in 1987 (went international in 1988). It runs every year on Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia, in October, within the Kinabalu Park, with the race part of the Skyrunner World Series until 2010.

Skyrunning
Skyrunning is a sport of mountain running above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) where the minimum average incline is 6% over the total distance and at least 5% has an incline of 30% or more. The climbing difficulty does not exceed II grade UIAA. Poles, crampons, and hands may be used to aid progress. The governing body is the International Skyrunning Federation.

The sport comprises a number of different disciplines from the short, steep Vertical Kilometer to the more popular SkyRace and SkyMarathon. Ultra SkyMarathons are becoming increasingly popular as are short vertical SkySpeed races which include skyscraper racing.
Donafenib
Donafenib, sold under the brand name Zepsun, is a pharmaceutical drug for the treatment of cancer.

In China, donafenib is approved for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in patients who have not previously received systemic treatment.

Donafenib is a kinase inhibitor that targets Raf kinase and various receptor tyrosine kinases.  It is a deuterated derivative of sorafenib with improved pharmacokinetic properties.

Receptor tyrosine kinase
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. Of the 90 unique tyrosine kinase genes identified in the human genome, 58 encode receptor tyrosine kinase proteins.
Receptor tyrosine kinases have been shown not only to be key regulators of normal cellular processes but also to have a critical role in the development and progression of many types of cancer. Mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases lead to activation of a series of signalling cascades which have numerous effects on protein expression. The receptors are generally activated by dimerization and substrate presentation. Receptor tyrosine kinases are part of the larger family of protein tyrosine kinases, encompassing the receptor tyrosine kinase proteins which contain a transmembrane domain, as well as the non-receptor tyrosine kinases which do not possess transmembrane domains.
Kufungisisa
Kufungisisa is a culture-bound syndrome prevalent in Zimbabwe similar to anxiety disorders and depression.

Among the Shona, who make up a large part of Zimbabwe's population, kufungisisa is characterized by thinking too much or overthinking a situation. There is a widespread belief that such behavior not only contributes to mental illnesses, but also causes physical discomfort.

Kufungisisa is not listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Idiom
An idiom is a phrase or expression that largely or exclusively carries a figurative or non-literal meaning, rather than making any literal sense.  Categorized as formulaic language, an idiomatic expression's meaning is different from the literal meanings of each word inside it.

Idioms occur frequently in all languages. In English alone there are an estimated twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions. Some well known idioms in English are "spill the beans" (meaning "reveal secret information"), "it's raining cats and dogs" (meaning "it's raining intensely"), and "break a leg" (meaning "good luck").