hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vladimir Batagelj
Vladimir Batagelj (born June 14, 1948 in Idrija, Yugoslavia) is a Slovenian mathematician and an emeritus professor of mathematics at the University of Ljubljana.  He is known for his work in discrete mathematics and combinatorial optimization, particularly analysis of social networks and other large networks (blockmodeling).

Idrija
Idrija (pronounced [ˈìːdɾija] ⓘ, in older sources Zgornja Idrija; German: (Ober)idria, Italian: Idria) is a town in western Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Idrija. It is notable for its mercury mine with stores and infrastructure, as well as miners' living quarters, and a miners' theatre. Together with the Spanish mine at Almadén, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2012. Idrija is also known for Idrija Lace, a bobbin tape lace which is registered under protected geographical indication by the Slovenian Intellectual Property Office. In 2011, Idrija was given the Alpine Town of the Year award.
Paopi 6
Paopi 5 – Coptic calendar – Paopi 7

The sixth day of the Coptic month of Paopi, the second month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to October 3, of the Julian calendar, and October 16, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.

Season of the Inundation
The Season of the Inundation or Flood (Akhet in Egyptian) (Ancient Egyptian: Ꜣḫt) was the first season of the lunar and civil Egyptian calendars. It fell after the intercalary month of Days over the Year (Ḥryw Rnpt) and before the Season of the Emergence (Prt). In the Coptic and Egyptian calendars this season begins at the start of the month of Thout (about 11 September), continues through the months of Paopi and Hathor, before concluding at the end of Koiak (about 8 January).: 453
Sanctity of life
In religion and ethics, the sanctity of life, sometimes described as the inviolability of life, is a principle of implied protection regarding aspects of sentient life that are said to be holy, sacred, or otherwise of such value that they are not to be violated. This can be applied to humans, animals or (in the practice of Ahimsa) even micro-organisms. Sanctity of life sits at the centre of debate over abortion and euthanasia.

Sentience
Sentience is the ability to experience feelings and sensations. It may not necessarily imply higher cognitive functions such as awareness, reasoning, or complex thought processes. Some theorists define sentience exclusively as the capacity for valenced (positive or negative) mental experiences, such as pain and pleasure.

Sentience is an important concept in ethics, as the ability to experience happiness or suffering often forms a basis for determining which entities deserve moral consideration, particularly in utilitarianism.

The word "sentience" has been used to translate a variety of concepts in Asian religions. In science fiction, "sentience" is sometimes used interchangeably with "sapience", "self-awareness", or "consciousness".
Scott Brinker
Scott Brinker, born 28 September 1971 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, is a computer programmer and entrepreneur. He currently serves as the VP of platform ecosystem of HubSpot, a customer relationship management (CRM) platform and is known for his marketing technology "supergraphic."

Programmer
A programmer, computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming.
The professional titles software developer and software engineer may be used for jobs that require a programmer.
Ivan Gevorkyan
Ivan Khristoforovich Gevorkyan, born Hovannes Khachaturi Gevorkyan (Armenian: Հովհաննես Խաչատուրի Գևորգյան; Russian: Иван Христофорович Геворкян; March 28, 1907 – October 19, 1989), was a Soviet Armenian surgeon and scientist who published 10 monographs and more than 230 scientific papers. His main research was dedicated to anesthesia, blood transfusion, the treatment of endarteritis of extremities and other surgical illnesses.

Obliterating endarteritis
Obliterating endarteritis  is severe proliferating endarteritis (inflammation of the intima or inner lining of an artery) that results in an occlusion of the lumen of the artery.  Obliterating endarteritis can occur due to a variety of medical conditions such as a complication of radiation poisoning, a late side effect of radiation therapy treatments, tuberculosis meningitis or a syphilis infection.
Gornji Suhor pri Vinici
Gornji Suhor pri Vinici (pronounced [ˈɡoːɾnji ˈsuːxɔɾ pɾi ˈʋiːnitsi]; German: Obersuchor) is a village on the route from Dragatuš to Vinica in the Municipality of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Municipality of Črnomelj
The Municipality of Črnomelj (pronounced [tʃəɾˈnoːməl]; Slovene: Občina Črnomelj) is a municipality in southeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Črnomelj. The municipality is at the heart of the area of White Carniola, the southeastern part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It borders Croatia on the Kolpa River.
Boloria alaskensis
Boloria alaskensis, the mountain fritillary or Alaskan fritillary, is a species of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by William Jacob Holland in 1900 and is found in North America and North European Russia. The MONA or Hodges number for Boloria alaskensis is 4462. The larvae feed on false bistort (Polygonum bistortoides) and alpine smartweed (P. viviparum).

It is very similar to Boloria pales.

William Jacob Holland
Rev William Jacob Holland FRSE LLD (August 16, 1848 – December 13, 1932) was the eighth Chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh (1891–1901) and Director of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh. He was an accomplished lepidopterist, zoologist, and paleontologist, as well as an ordained Presbyterian minister.
Sayansk
Sayansk (Russian: Саянск, IPA: [sɐˈjansk]) is a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River (Angara River's basin) 270 kilometers (170 mi) northwest of Irkutsk. Population:  40,800 (2010 Census); 43,468 (2002 Census); 38,169 (1989 Soviet census).

Angara
The Angara (/ˌæŋɡəˈrɑː, ˌɑːŋ-/; Russian: Ангара [ənɡɐˈra]) or Angar (Russian Buryat: Ангар [ˈaɴɢɐr] мүрэн) is a major river in Siberia, which traces a course through Russia's Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. It drains out of Lake Baikal and is the headwater tributary of the Yenisey. It is 1,849 kilometres (1,149 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 1,039,000 square kilometres (401,000 sq mi). It was formerly known as the Lower or Nizhnyaya Angara (distinguishing it from the Upper Angara). Below its junction with the Ilim, it was formerly known as the Upper Tunguska (Russian: Верхняя Тунгуска, Verhnyaya Tunguska, distinguishing it from the Lower Tunguska) and, with the names reversed, as the Lower Tunguska.
Francesco da Urbino
Francesco da Urbino (1545–1582) was an Italian painter and artist.

Francesco was born in Urbino. He specialized in religious themed paintings. He died in 1582. One of his works can be found at the Art Institute of Chicago.

Urbino
Urbino (UK: /ɜːrˈbiːnoʊ/ ur-BEE-noh, Italian: [urˈbiːno] ⓘ; Romagnol: Urbìn) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Marche, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially under the patronage of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino from 1444 to 1482.

The town, nestled on a high sloping hillside, retains much of its picturesque medieval aspect. It hosts the University of Urbino, founded in 1506, and is the seat of the Archbishop of Urbino. Its best-known architectural piece is the Palazzo Ducale, rebuilt by Luciano Laurana.
Perfectoid space
In mathematics, perfectoid spaces are adic spaces of special kind, which occur in the study of problems of "mixed characteristic", such as local fields of characteristic zero which have residue fields of characteristic prime p.

A perfectoid field is a complete topological field K whose topology is induced by a nondiscrete valuation of rank 1, such that the Frobenius endomorphism Φ is surjective on K°/p where K° denotes the ring of power-bounded elements.

Perfectoid spaces may be used to (and were invented in order to) compare mixed characteristic situations with purely finite characteristic ones. Technical tools for making this precise are the tilting equivalence and the almost purity theorem. The notions were introduced in 2012 by Peter Scholze.

Characteristic (algebra)
In mathematics, the characteristic of a ring R, often denoted char(R), is defined to be the smallest positive number of copies of the ring's multiplicative identity (1) that will sum to the additive identity (0). If no such number exists, the ring is said to have characteristic zero.

That is, char(R) is the smallest positive number n such that:(p 198, Thm. 23.14)

if such a number n exists, and 0 otherwise.
Grand River Academy
Grand River Academy, formerly known as the Ashtabula County Institute of Science and Industry and then the Grand River Institute, is an independent, nonsectarian, boarding high school for boys located in Austinburg, Ohio. It serves students in grades eight through twelve, with a post-graduate option.

Austinburg, Ohio
Austinburg is a census-designated place in northern Austinburg Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States.  It lies at the intersection of State Routes 45 and 307. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 505, out of a total population of 2,197 in Austinburg Township.
Austinburg was laid out ca. 1800 by Judge Eliphalet Austin, and named for him.

Austinburg is home to a large white wooden rocking chair, measuring approximately 25 feet tall.
2008 French municipal elections
The French municipal elections of 2008 were held on 9 and 16 March to elect the municipal councils of France's 36,782 communes. The first task of each newly constituted municipal council was to elect a mayor.

Municipal councilors, and the mayors they elect, ordinarily serve a term of six years. However those who took office following the last municipal elections, held on 11 and 18 March 2001, had their terms extended to seven years by an Act of the French parliament designed to avoid an overloading of the electoral calendar in 2007.

Rachida Dati
Rachida Dati ([ʁaʃida dati] ⓘ; born 27 November 1965) is a French politician, lawyer and magistrate who served as Minister of Culture from 2024 to 2026 in the government of Gabriel Attal, government of Michel Barnier, government of François Bayrou and the first and second governments of Sébastien Lecornu. She previously was Minister of Justice from 2007 to 2009 under Prime Minister François Fillon.

A member of The Republicans (LR), Dati was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2009 to 2019, representing Île-de-France. She was a spokesperson for Nicolas Sarkozy during his 2007 presidential campaign; following his victory, he appointed her to the Government.

Dati was elected to the mayorship of the 7th arrondissement of Paris in 2008, when she also entered the Council of Paris. In the 2020 Paris municipal election, she unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of Paris against incumbent Anne Hidalgo. Following the election, she was installed as opposition leader in the Council of Paris.
Robert Pfaller
Robert Pfaller (born 1962 in Vienna) is an Austrian professor of philosophy.

Pfaller initially taught as a professor of philosophy and cultural studies at the University of Art and Design Linz and at the Vienna University of Technology. From 2009 to October 2014, he was professor of philosophy at the University of Applied Arts Vienna. Since 2019, he has been professor of philosophy at the University of Art and Design Linz.

TU Wien
TU Wien (German: Technische Universität Wien) is a public research university in Vienna, Austria.

The university's teaching and research are focused on engineering, computer science, and natural sciences. It currently has about 28,100 students (29% women), eight faculties, and about 5,000 staff members (3,800 academics).
University of Warwick Boat Club
The University of Warwick Boat Club is the rowing club of the University of Warwick. The club was founded in 1967 and as of 2025 has over 125 members. It rows out of a boathouse on a 3.5 km stretch of the River Avon, Warwickshire. It caters for all levels of rowers from novices to experienced oarsman. The club regularly attends races throughout the United Kingdom, including Pairs Head, Fours Head, Eights Head, BUCS Head, BUCS Regatta, Marlow Regatta and Henley.

Notable former members include Oxford University Boat Club member and Boat Race winner Ben Ellison, Olympian Tom Solesbury, and Team GB para-rowing coxswain Oliver James MBE.

The club was known internationally for the nude wall calendars produced by its members, first as 'Warwick Rowers' later as 'Worldwide Roar'. However, the club and the calendar are no longer affiliated.

Marlow Regatta
The Marlow Regatta is an international rowing regatta, that takes place annually at Dorney Lake, Buckinghamshire near Eton next to the River Thames in southern England. It attracts crews from schools, clubs and universities from around the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States. The regatta takes place on the same weekend as Henley Women's Regatta and two weeks before Henley Royal Regatta.
Terry Reese
Terry Reese (born June 20, 1967) is an American male former track and field hurdler who specialized in the 110-meter hurdles. His best season came in 1997: that year he had his only top three finish at national level at the 1997 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, placed sixth in the final at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics, and set a lifetime best of 13.22 seconds in Cologne, Germany. He had his highest global ranking that year, at ninth overall. He was a finalist at national level in other years, taking fourth in 1995 and sixth in 2001 and 2002.

Born in Orlando, Florida, he attended North Carolina State University and competed for their NC State Wolfpack team. His younger brother Kelvin was also a hurdler for the institution. His best while there was seventh at the NCAA outdoors in his final year. He had little success until pairing with coach Trevor Graham in 1995. His performances greatly improved thereafter.

Trevor Graham
Trevor Graham (born 20 August 1963) is a Jamaican-born American former sprinter and athletics coach. Following the BALCO scandal, the US Olympic Committee barred him indefinitely from all its training sites.
Kévin Tillie
Kévin Peter Patrice Tillie (born 2 November 1990) is a French professional volleyball player who plays as an outside hitter for Projekt Warsaw and the France national team.  Tillie won a gold medal in the men's tournament at both the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 and Paris 2024, and the European Champion title in 2015.

Volleyball at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
The men's tournament in volleyball at the 2020 Summer Olympics  was the 15th edition of the event at the Summer Olympics, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held in Tokyo, Japan from 24 July to 7 August 2021. It was originally scheduled to take place from 25 July to 8 August 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the IOC and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee announced on 24 March 2020 that the 2020 Summer Olympics would be delayed to 2021. Because of this pandemic, all matches were played behind closed doors.

France won their first gold and overall medal with a 3–2 win over the Russian team that competed as the ROC. Argentina won the bronze medal in a narrow 3–2 victory over Brazil.

The medals for the competition were presented by Bernard Rajzman, IOC Member, Olympian, and Silver Medalist, Brazil; and the medalists' bouquets were presented by Ary Graça, FIVB President; Brazil.
Miss Understood
Miss Understood (born Alexander Heimberg) is an American drag queen originally from Levittown, New York, who has been based in New York City since the late 1980s. She was a prominent figure in the East Village drag scene of the early 1990s which revolved around the legendary Pyramid Club and Wigstock, an annual open air drag festival.

Her film and television appearances include The Brenda and Glennda Show; To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar; HBO's Dragtime; TLC's Faking It; Wigstock, The Movie; Project Runway; and Sex and the City.  In Josh Kilmer-Purcell's New York Times Bestselling Memoir I'm Not Myself These Days, one of the first competitions that Kilmer-Purcell's enters is one of Miss Understood's in New York City's "Lucky Chengs", a drag queen theme restaurant.

Wigstock
Wigstock was an annual outdoor drag festival that began in 1984 in Manhattan's East Village that took place on Labor Day. Continuing, with a few gaps, until 2005, the festival would traditionally act as the unofficial end to the summer for the gay community of New York City. After a 12-year gap, the festival was revived by Lady Bunny and Neil Patrick Harris on September 1, 2018 at Pier 17 of the South Street Seaport in New York City. The name refers to the 1969 Woodstock Festival.
Martin Earwicker
Martin John Earwicker FREng CCMI (born 11 May 1948) was Director of the National Museum of Science and Industry group of British museums (including the Science Museum, the National Railway Museum, and the National Media Museum) from 2006 until 2009.  Prior to taking on this role, he was Chief Executive of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl).

Earwicker graduated with a degree in physics from the University of Surrey. He previously worked as Managing Director of the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency and head of Science and Engineering at the Office of Science and Technology‚ part of the Department of Trade and Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2000.

From April 2009 until 2013, Earwicker was Vice-Chancellor of London South Bank University, replacing Deian Hopkin on his retirement.

Royal Academy of Engineering
The Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) is the United Kingdom's national academy of engineering.

The Academy was founded in June 1976 as the Fellowship of Engineering with support from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who became the first senior fellow and remained so until his death. The Fellowship was incorporated and granted a royal charter on 17 May 1983 and became the Royal Academy of Engineering on 16 March 1992. It is governed according to the charter and associated statutes and regulations (as amended from time to time). In June 2024 His Majesty the King became Patron of the Academy.
Frog and Toad All Year
Frog and Toad All Year is an American picture book written and illustrated by Arnold Lobel, published by Harper & Row in 1976. It is the third book in the Frog and Toad series, whose four books completed by Lobel each comprises five easy-to-read short stories.

Harper (publisher)
Harper is an American publishing house, the flagship imprint of global publisher HarperCollins, based in New York City. Founded in New York in 1817 by James Harper and his brother John, the company operated as J. & J. Harper until 1833, when it changed its name to Harper & Brothers, reflecting the inclusion of Joseph and Fletcher Harper. Harper began publishing Harper's Magazine, Harper's Weekly, and other periodicals beginning in the 1850s. From 1962 to 1990, the company was known as Harper & Row after its merger with Row, Peterson & Company. Harper & Row was purchased in 1987 by News Corporation and combined with William Collins, Sons, its United Kingdom counterpart, in 1990 to form HarperCollins, although the Harper name has been used in its place since 2007.
Takashi Gojobori
Takashi Gojobori (五條堀 孝, Gojobori Takashi; born October 24, 1951, Fukuoka) is a Japanese molecular biologist who is vice director of the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) at NIG in Mishima, Japan. Gojobori is a distinguished professor at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. He is a professor of bioscience and acting director at the Computational Bioscience Research Center at KAUST.

He has also been co-appointed as the special research consultant of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and acts as a visiting professor at Keio University, University of Tokyo, and Tokyo Institute of Technology.

He is an associate member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), a member of Academia Europea and an academician member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican.

National Institute of Genetics
35°07′04″N 138°56′19″E﻿ / ﻿35.117778°N 138.9385°E﻿ / 35.117778; 138.9385

The National Institute of Genetics (国立遺伝学研究所) is a Japanese institution founded in 1949. The institute is located in Mishima, Shizuoka.

It hosts the DNA Data Bank of Japan.
Fuchs Ice Piedmont
Fuchs Ice Piedmont (67°10′S 68°40′W﻿ / ﻿67.167°S 68.667°W﻿ / -67.167; -68.667) is an ice piedmont 70 nautical miles (130 km) long, extending in a northeast–southwest direction along the entire west coast of Adelaide Island. It was first mapped in 1909 by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot. It was named by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) for Sir Vivian E. Fuchs, FIDS base leader and geologist at Stonington Island in 1948–49.

Near the southeast end of the piedmont, 3 nmi (5.6 km) west-northwest of the summit of Mount Ditte, Window Buttress rises to about 800 m (2,600 ft) high.
It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1982, from the window-like structure near the top of the cliff, which is visible only from the southwest.

Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition
The Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) was an aerial survey of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and the Antarctic Peninsula which took place in the 1955–56 and 1956–57 southern summers.

Funded by the Colonial Office and organized by Peter Mott, the survey was carried out by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd.  The expedition was based at Deception Island and utilized the Oluf Sven, two Canso flying-boats, and several helicopters.

The photographic collection, held by the British Antarctic Survey as the United Kingdom Antarctic Mapping Centre, comprises about 12,800 frames taken on 26,700 kilometers of ground track.
Tauschia kelloggii
Tauschia kelloggii is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name Kellogg's umbrellawort. It is native to the mountains of Oregon and the northern half of California, where it grows in chaparral, woodlands, forest, and other types of habitat. It is a perennial herb growing up to 70 centimeters tall. The leaves have blades which are divided into toothed or serrated leaflets, and sometimes subdivided further. The inflorescence is a compound umbel of yellow flowers with 10 to 20 rays measuring 2 to 12 centimeters long each. The fruit is somewhat rounded in shape, ribbed, and up to half a centimeter long.

Umbel
In botany, an umbel is an inflorescence that consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) that spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin umbella "parasol, sunshade". The arrangement can vary from being flat-topped to almost spherical. Umbels can be simple or compound. The secondary umbels of compound umbels are known as umbellules or umbellets. A small umbel is called an umbellule. The arrangement of the inflorescence in umbels is referred to as umbellate, or occasionally subumbellate (almost umbellate).

Umbels are a characteristic of plants such as carrot, parsley, dill, and fennel in the family Apiaceae; ivy, Aralia and Fatsia in the family Araliaceae; and onion (Allium) in the family Alliaceae.

An umbel is a type of indeterminate inflorescence.
A compressed cyme, which is a determinate inflorescence, is called umbelliform if it resembles an umbel.