hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Social Dynamics: A Journal of African Studies
Social Dynamics: A Journal of African Studies is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by Routledge in association with the Centre for African Studies (University of Cape Town). It was established in 1975 and covers African studies. The editors-in-chief are Christopher Ouma (University of Cape Town), Bernard Dubbeld (Stellenbosch University), and Lauren Paremoer (University of Cape Town).

African studies
African studies is the study of Africa, especially the continent's cultures and societies (as opposed to its geology, geography, zoology, etc.). The field includes the study of Africa's history (pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial), demography (ethnic groups), culture, politics, economy, languages, and religion (Islam, Christianity, traditional religions). A specialist in African studies is often referred to as an "Africanist".

Africanists argue that there is a need to "deexoticize" Africa and banalise it, rather than understand Africa as exceptionalized and exoticized. African scholars, in recent times, have focused on decolonizing African studies, and reconfiguring it to reflect the African experience through an African lens.
Tolmachev Dol
Tolmachev Dol (Russian: Толмачёв Дол) (Tolmachev Plateau) is a volcanic highland located in the southern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, northeast of Opala volcano. The cones and lava fields cover a broad area around Tolmachev Lake within the  intermountain Tolmachev depression of area about 650 sq.km.

Tolmachev Dol is a large volcanic field, consisting of cinder cones and lava flows (GVP). It has principally erupted andesite and dacite. The Tolmachev Depression resulted from sagging a major lava province.

The stratovolcano Tolmachev Volcano is nearby.

Activity in the volcanic field commenced during the Pleistocene (GVP). The Chasha crater was the site of a large eruption about 4,609 ± 33 years before present, which ejected about 1.1 cubic kilometres (0.26 cu mi) of ash over an area of 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi). This ash was formerly attributed to the Opala volcano. 300 CE, the last eruption took place (GVP).

Before Present
Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year". The abbreviation "BP" has been interpreted retrospectively as "Before Physics", which refers to the time before nuclear weapons testing artificially altered the proportion of the carbon isotopes in the atmosphere, which scientists must account for when using radiocarbon dating for dates of origin that may fall after this year.

In a convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation "RCYBP" stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present".
Léo Rispal
Léo Rispal (born 3 August 2000 in Roanne) is a French child singer and winner of second season of the French reality television series L'École des stars broadcast in 2009 with the final broadcast on 25 December 2009 on French television station Direct 8.

Direct 8
Direct 8 was a national French television channel, owned by Vincent Bolloré. It was available through digital terrestrial television network and the Astra 1H satellite position.

As the name suggests ('direct' is French for 'live'), Direct 8 was originally intended to broadcast live shows only (except during night times and holiday seasons). This is no longer the case.

Following its purchase by Canal Group, the channel was rebranded on 7 October 2012 and relaunched as D8.
Mittai
Mittai (transl. Candy) is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by M. S. Anbu. The film stars Santhosh, Prabha and Unni Maya, with Vijayakumar, Mahanadi Shankar, A. C. Murali Mohan, Bharathi, Boys Rajan, Meera Krishnan, Singamuthu, Nellai Siva, Swaminathan and Chaams playing supporting roles. The film had musical score by Sabesh–Murali and was released on 19 August 2011.

Nellai Siva
Sivanathan Shanmugavelan Ramamoorthy (16 January 1952 – 11 May 2021), better known by his stage name Nellai Siva, was an Indian comedian and actor, who predominantly worked in Tamil cinema. He worked mostly in comedy scenes. His first film was Aan Paavam released in 1985. He appeared in popular movies like Mahaprabhu, Vetri Kodi Kattu, Kannum Kannum. His way of speaking in the movies is completely of Nellai slang, which shows him unique to other supporting actors. He has acted in over 500 films in his career.
2023 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
The 2023 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships  (2023 WJHC) was the 47th edition of the Ice Hockey World Junior Championship, held from 26 December 2022 to 5 January 2023. It was won by Canada, in overtime of the gold-medal game. Czechia won the silver, their first medal since 2005.

Austria men's national junior ice hockey team
The Austrian men's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in Austria. The team represents Austria at the International Ice Hockey Federation's IIHF World Junior Championship.
Barford Wood and Meadows
Barford Wood and Meadows or Barford Meadow Nature Reserve is a 36 hectare nature reserve east of Rushton in Northamptonshire. It is managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire. The north-eastern end is part of the River Ise and Meadows Site of Special Scientific Interest.

The site was formerly part of the medieval Royal Forest of Rockingham. It has diverse habitats, with hay meadows, parkland and recently planted woodland. There are many butterflies such as large skippers, orange-tips, small skippers and small coppers. Mammals include baders and red foxes.

There is access by a footpath from Rushton.

Lycaena phlaeas
Lycaena phlaeas, the small copper, American copper, or common copper, is a butterfly of the Lycaenids or gossamer-winged butterfly family.  According to Guppy and Shepard (2001), its specific name phlaeas is said to be derived either from the Greek φλέγω (phlégo), "to burn up", or from the Latin floreo, "to flourish".
Speed limits in Australia
Speed limits in Australia range from 5 km/h (3.1 mph) shared zones to 130 km/h (81 mph). Speed limit signage is in km/h since metrication on 1 July 1974. All speed limits, with the sole exception of the South Australian school and roadworks zones, which are signposted at 25 km/h, are multiples of 10 km/h – the last digit in all speed signs is zero. Speed limits are set by state and territory legislation albeit with co-ordination and discussion between governments.

Australia's default speed limit of 50 km/h "is at odds with the place function and safety of" local roads and streets.: 11

Metrication
Metrication or metrification is the act or process of converting to the metric system of measurement. All over the world, countries have transitioned from local and traditional units of measurement to the metric system. This process began in France during the 1790s, and has persistently advanced over two centuries, accumulating into 95% of the world officially exclusively using the modern metric system. Nonetheless, this also highlights that certain countries and sectors are either still transitioning or have chosen not to fully adopt the metric system.
2025 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 2025. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.

Maalaala Mo Kaya season 31
Maalaala Mo Kaya (transl. Would you remember?; abbreviated MMK), also known as Memories in English, is a Philippine anthology series, which was first aired on May 15, 1991. MMK is the longest-running drama anthology on Philippine television. The 31st season is a limited series that was released on iWantTFC (now iWant) from April 24 to July 23, 2025 with a director's cut version and aired on Kapamilya Channel, A2Z and All TV from April 26 to July 26. The series consists of 13 episodes.
Asanka Nawaratne
Asanka Samithajeewa Navarathne (born 9 January 1981) is a Sri Lankan politician, former provincial councillor and former Member of Parliament.

Nawaratne was born on 9 January 1981. He is leader of the Sri Lanka People's Party. He was a member of Kurunegala Divisional Council and the North Western Provincial Council. He contested the 2015 parliamentary election as one of the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) electoral alliance's candidates in Kurunegala District but failed to get elected after coming 17th amongst the UPFA candidates. He contested the 2020 parliamentary election as a Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance electoral alliance candidate in Kurunegala District and was elected to the Parliament of Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance
The Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance (abbreviated SLPFA; Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පොදුජන සන්ධානය, romanized: Śrī Laṃkā Nidahas Podujana Sandhānaya; Tamil: ஶ்ரீ லங்கா பொதுஜன சுதந்திர கூட்டமைப்பு, romanized: Śrī laṅkā Potujaṉa Cutantira Kūṭṭamaippu) was a political alliance led by the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna formed in 2019. Initially, the alliance consisted of the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP), the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) and fifteen smaller parties.

Since 5 April 2022, the alliance has been functionally dissolved, after many of the SLPP's former allies left the SLFPA to join the opposition amidst the Sri Lankan economic crisis and 2022 Sri Lankan political crisis.
Celeste Liddle
Celeste Liddle (born 1978) is an Aboriginal Australian unionist, writer, and Indigenous feminist of the Arrernte people of Central Australia. Having first risen to prominence via her personal blog, Rantings of an Aboriginal Feminist, Liddle has written opinion and commentary for several media publications and anthologies.

Arrernte people
The Arrernte (/ˈʌrəndə/) people, (also Aranda, Arunta or Arrarnta), are a group of Aboriginal Australian peoples who live in the Arrernte lands, at Mparntwe (Alice Springs) and surrounding areas of the Central Australia region of the Northern Territory. Many still speak one of the various Arrernte dialects. Some Arrernte live in other areas far from their homeland, including the major Australian cities and overseas.

Arrernte spirituality focuses on the landscape and The Dreaming which the Arrernte name for is Altyerre. Altjira is the creator being of the Inapertwa that became all living creatures. Tjurunga are objects of religious significance.

The Arrernte Council is the representative and administrative body for the Arrernte Lands and is part of the Central Land Council.

Tourism is important to the economy of Alice Springs and surrounding communities.
Boston Mwanza
Boston Mwanza (born 26 December 1977) is a Zambian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played in four matches for the Zambia national team in 2001 and 2002. He was also named in Zambia's squad for the 2002 African Cup of Nations tournament.

2002 African Cup of Nations
The 2002 African Cup of Nations was the 23rd edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the association football championship of Africa (CAF). It was hosted by Mali. Just like in 2000, the field of sixteen teams was split into four groups of four. Cameroon won its fourth championship (repeating as champions), beating Senegal on penalty kicks 3–2 after a goalless draw.
Band V
Band V (meaning Band 5) is the name of a radio frequency range within the ultra high frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is not to be confused with the V band in the ultra high frequency part of the spectrum.

Sources differ on the exact frequency range of UHF Band V. For example, the Broadcast engineer's reference book and the BBC define the range as 614 to 854 MHz. The IPTV India Forum define the range as 582 to 806 MHz and the DVB Worldwide website refers to the range as 585 to 806 MHz. Band V is primarily used for analogue and digital (DVB-T & ATSC) television broadcasting, as well as radio microphones and  services intended for mobile devices such as DVB-H.  With the close-down of analog television services most countries have auctioned off frequencies from 694 MHz and up to 4G cellular network providers.

DVB-T
DVB-T, short for Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial, is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February 1998. This system transmits compressed digital audio, digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream, using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (COFDM or OFDM) modulation. It is also the format widely used worldwide (including North America) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point.
It is also used in the US by amateur television operators.
1932 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The 1932 New Year Honours in New Zealand were awards by King George V, announced on 1 January 1932, of the King's Police Medal to two police officers in recognition of their gallantry during the rescue of crew from the steamer Progress, which was wrecked in Ōwhiro Bay, Wellington, on 1 May 1931. The New Zealand government declined to make recommendations for the appointment of New Zealanders to other orders and honours, with prime minister George Forbes saying that the country was preoccupied with the 1931 general election campaign at the time when recommendations were due to be made.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.

Ōwhiro Bay
Ōwhiro Bay is a southern suburb of Wellington, New Zealand, that overlooks Cook Strait. It is situated west of the larger suburb of Island Bay.
The official name of the suburb was changed from Owhiro Bay to Ōwhiro Bay (with macron) by the New Zealand Geographic Board on 21 June 2019. The Bay and stream are named after the navigator Whiro, who landed the waka Nukutere there, and has been historically settled by the Kāti Māmoe, Ngāti Ira and Ngāi Tara tribes.

The suburb has been an industrial area of southern Wellington since the 1950s with the opening of Bata Shoes and the Southern Landfill (1976).
Aidalai
Aidalai is an album by pop group Mecano. It was released in 1991 and produced by the group. Its launch was in the middle of rumors of the separation of the group due to differences between Nacho Cano and José María Cano. It was their third release with Ariola Records. The title is a play on words: Aidalai → ¡Ay Dalai!, meaning in English something like Oh Dalai!.

Sony BMG
Sony BMG Music Entertainment was an American record company owned as a 50–50 joint venture between Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann. The venture's successor, the revived Sony Music, is wholly owned by Sony, following their buyout of the remaining 50% held by Bertelsmann. BMG was instead rebuilt as BMG Rights Management on the basis of the remaining 200 artists.
Perivitellins
Perivitellins are egg proteins found in the perivitelline fluid of many gastropods. They are multifunctional complexes providing the developing embryo with nutrition,  protection from the environment, and defense against predators.

Despite the central role perivitellins play in reproduction and development, there is little information about their role in gastropod Molluscs. Most studies of perivitellins have been performed in eggs of Ampullaridae, a family of freshwater snails (Caenogastropoda), notably the Pomacea genus, mostly those of Pomacea canaliculata, Pomacea scalaris and Pomacea maculata.

Apple snail
Ampullariidae (commonly known as apple snails), is a family of large freshwater snails that includes the mystery snail species. They present an operculum and simultaneously have a gill and a lung as respiratory structures, which are separated by a division of the mantle cavity. This adaptation allows these animals to be amphibious. Species in this family are considered gonochoristic, meaning that each individual is either male or female.
Kiko Seike
Kiko Seike (清家 貴子, Seike Kiko; IPA: [seːke kiko]; born 8 August 1996) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Women's Super League club Brighton & Hove Albion and the Japan national team.

Nadeshiko League Cup
The Nadeshiko League Cup (Japanese: なでしこリーグカップ) is a cup competition for women's football clubs in Japan. The competition began as the L.League Cup in 1996 and it was abolished after the 1999 edition. It reappeared on the occasion of the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, under the name Nadeshiko League Cup.
The WE League, a professional women's football league, was launched in 2021, and the Nadeshiko League Cup ended in 2020.
Kang Sin-young
Kang Sin-young (also Kang Sin-yeong, Korean: 강신영; born March 20, 1977) is a South Korean judoka, who played in the lightweight category. She won a silver medal for her division at the 2008 Asian Judo Championships in Jeju City, and bronze at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar.

Kang represented South Korea at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed for the women's lightweight class (57 kg). She lost the first preliminary round match to Brazil's Ketleyn Quadros, who successfully scored a yuko and a te gatame (hand armlock), at the end of the five-minute period.

Ude hishigi te gatame
Ude-Hishigi-Te-Gatame (腕挫手固) is one of the official 29 grappling techniques of Kodokan Judo. It is one of the nine joint techniques of the Kansetsu-waza list, one of the three grappling lists in Judo's Katame-waza enumerating 29 grappling techniques.
2025 Guangzhou Open – Singles
Ann Li defeated Lulu Sun in the final, 7–6(8–6), 6–2 to win the singles tennis title at the 2025 Guangzhou Open. She did not drop a set en route to her second WTA Tour title, and first since 2021.

Olga Danilović was the reigning champion, but did not participate this year.

Tiantsoa Sarah Rakotomanga Rajaonah
Tiantsoa Sarah "Titi" Rakotomanga Rajaonah (born 15 December 2005) is a French professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 116, achieved on 2 February 2026, by the WTA, and a best doubles ranking of No. 154, reached on 16 February 2026. She has won one title on the WTA Tour in São Paulo in 2025.
Amnesia (Hamlet album)
Amnesia is the tenth studio album by Spanish metal band Hamlet. The album was recorded and produced in Spain with producer Carlos Santos at Sadman Studios, and mixed and mastered in Sweden by Fredrik Nordström and Henrik Udd at Studio Fredman (In Flames, Soilwork, Opeth).

Soilwork
Soilwork is a Swedish melodic death metal band from Helsingborg. They have released twelve studio albums. Formed in late 1995 by Björn Strid and Peter Wichers, the band was originally known as Inferior Breed. In late 1996, they changed their name to Soilwork, which means "working from the ground up".
Coldwater Beds
The Coldwater Beds are a geologic formation of the Okanagan Highlands in British Columbia, Canada. They preserve fossils dating back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene period, or Wasatchian in the NALMA classification.

The formation comprises mudstones, shales and tuffs deposited in a lacustrine environment and has provided many insect fossils, as well as indeterminate birds and fossil flora.

North American land mammal age
The North American land mammal ages (NALMA) establishes a geologic timescale for North American fauna beginning during the Late Cretaceous and continuing through to the present. These periods are referred to as ages or intervals (or stages when referring to the rock strata of that age) and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials were obtained.
The Adventures of Ook and Gluk
The Adventures of Ook and Gluk: Kung-Fu Cavemen from the Future (or simply The Adventures of Ook and Gluk) is a graphic novel written by Dav Pilkey, the second spin-off of the Captain Underpants series. The book is credited to Captain Underpants characters "George Beard" as the author and "Harold Hutchins" as the illustrator.

The plot of the book involves George and Harold, the lead characters from Pilkey's Captain Underpants series, complaining that scientists do not know everything, so they make a comic book about science facts.

In March 2021, Pilkey and the publisher announced that the book would be removed from the market in response to a petition claiming it perpetuated racist stereotypes.

Chinese martial arts
Chinese martial arts, commonly referred to with umbrella terms kung fu (/ˈkʌŋ ˈfuː/; Chinese: 功夫; pinyin: gōngfu; Jyutping: gung1 fu1; Cantonese Yale: gūng fū), kuoshu (Chinese: 國術; pinyin: guóshù; Jyutping: gwok3 seot6) or wushu (Chinese: 武術; pinyin: wǔshù; Jyutping: mou5 seot6), are multiple fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in Greater China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" of martial arts. Examples of such traits include Shaolinquan  (少林拳) physical exercises involving Five Animals (五形) mimicry or training methods inspired by Old Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are called internal (内家拳; nèijiāquán), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called external (外家拳; wàijiāquán). Geographical associations, as in northern (北拳; běiquán) and southern (南拳; nánquán), is another popular classification method.
Richard Dunn (politician)
Richard L. Dunn (November 13, 1905 – October 20, 1988) was an American politician from Maine. Dunn, a Republican from Denmark, Maine, served 5 terms (10 years) in the Maine Legislature, including 3 terms (1962–1968) in the Maine House of Representatives and 2 terms (1968–1972) in the Maine Senate.

During his first term in the Senate, Dunn was appointed by the Senate President to the Agriculture and the Appropriations and Financial Affairs Committees.

In his second and final term, Dunn was appointed to the Appropriations and Financial Affairs Committee once more.

Maine Republican Party
The Maine Republican Party is an affiliate of the United States Republican Party in Maine. It was founded in Strong, Maine, on August 7, 1854. The party currently does not control the governor's office or either chamber of the Maine Legislature, nor either of Maine's two U.S. House. The only federal elected office that the party controls is one of Maine's two U.S. Senate seats, currently held by Susan Collins.
2012 John Newcombe Women's Pro Challenge
The 2012 John Newcombe Women's Pro Challenge was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in New Braunfels, Texas, United States, on 29 October–4 November 2012.

Mariana Duque Mariño
Mariana Duque Mariño (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈɾjana ˈðuke maˈriɲo]; born 12 August 1989) is a Colombian former tennis player. Having turned professional in 2005, she reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 66 in October 2015.

Duque debuted on the ITF Junior Circuit in 2004. As a junior, she reached the final of the girls' singles tournament at the 2007 French Open. She defeated the tenth-seeded Ksenia Pervak in the first round, and ousted juniors' world No. 1, Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, in the semifinals. Duque lost in the final to Alizé Cornet in three sets. She had some setbacks during the tournament, due to losing her tennis rackets at the airport. Without money to buy replacements, she had to play with borrowed rackets.

She won her first professional tournament in May 2006, in Mazatlán, Mexico. Her biggest win in senior competition is defeating 26th seed Anna Chakvetadze in the opening round of the 2009 French Open, in three sets.