hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Saxon Switzerland climbing region
Saxon Switzerland (German: Sächsische Schweiz) is the largest and one of the best-known rock climbing regions in Germany, located in the Free State of Saxony. The region is largely coterminous with the natural region of the same name, Saxon Switzerland, but extends well beyond the territory of the National Park within it. It includes the western part of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains and is the oldest non-Alpine rock climbing region in Germany. Its history of climbing dates back to the first ascent in modern times of the Falkenstein by Bad Schandau gymnasts in 1864. Currently, there are over 1,100 peaks with more than 17,000 climbing routes in the Saxon Switzerland area.

Spring-loaded camming device
A spring-loaded camming device (also SLCD, cam or friend) is a piece of rock climbing or mountaineering protection equipment. It consists of two, three, or four cams mounted on a common axle or two adjacent axles, so that pulling on the axle forces the cams to spread further apart. It is then attached to a sling and carabiner at the end of the stem. The SLCD is used by pulling on the "trigger" (a small handle) so that the cams retract together, then inserting it into a crack or pocket in the rock and releasing the trigger to allow the cams to expand. A pull on the rope, such as that generated by a climber falling, will cause a properly placed SLCD to convert the pulling force along the stem of the unit into outwards pressure on the rock, producing massive amounts of friction and preventing the removal of the unit from the rock. Due to the large forces exerted on the rock when an SLCD is fallen on, it is very important that SLCDs are only placed in solid, strong rock.
Bird migration
Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year. It is typically from north to south or from south to north. Migration is inherently risky, due to predation and mortality.

The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses, such as albatrosses, circle the Earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, while longer ones are not. The shorter migrations include altitudinal migrations on mountains, including the Andes and Himalayas.

The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the Sun and stars, the Earth's magnetic field, and mental maps.

Gilbert White
Gilbert White (18 July 1720 – 26 June 1793) was a "parson-naturalist", a pioneering English naturalist, ecologist, and ornithologist. He is best known for his Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne.
Cynthia Cranz
Cynthia Cranz is an American voice actress. She is best known as the teenage and adult voice of Chi-Chi in the Dragon Ball series, Botan in Yu Yu Hakusho, Pipimi in Pop Team Epic from Ep. 11A, Mitzi Nohara in Shin-chan, and Mitch Tennison in Case Closed.

Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi, released in Japan as Dragon Ball Z: Sparking! (ドラゴンボールZ Sparking!), is a series of fighting games developed by Spike based on the Dragon Ball franchise by Akira Toriyama. The series was published by Namco Bandai Games in Japan and Europe, and by Atari in North America and Australia until 2008. Since the third game, Bandai Namco has handled Dragon Ball game publishing in all regions, effectively ending Atari's involvement.

The original game was released in 2005 as a PlayStation 2 exclusive, while the second and third installments were released for PlayStation 2 and Wii in 2006 and 2007, respectively. A spin-off titled Tenkaichi Tag Team was released on PlayStation Portable in 2010. A new installment, Dragon Ball: Sparking! Zero, was announced in March 2023 and released in October 2024 for PlayStation 5, Windows and Xbox Series X/S.
New Hampshire statistical areas
The U.S. State of New Hampshire currently has eight statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On July 21, 2023, the OMB delineated two combined statistical areas, two metropolitan statistical areas, and four micropolitan statistical areas in New Hampshire. As of 2023, the largest of these is the Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH CSA, comprising the area around Boston; this area includes Manchester, New Hampshire's largest city, and Concord, its capital.

Core-based statistical area
A core-based statistical area (CBSA) is a U.S. geographic area defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). It contains a large population nucleus, or urban area, and adjacent communities that have a high degree of integration with that nucleus.

On July 15, 2015, the OMB released new standards based on the 2010 census. These standards are used to replace the definitions of metropolitan areas from the 2010 United States census data.
NMS Amiral Murgescu
NMS Amiral Murgescu was a minelayer and convoy escort of the Romanian Navy, the first sea-going warship built in Romania and the largest Romanian-built warship of World War II. She laid numerous minefields, from the Bulgarian port of Burgas to the Crimean port of Sevastopol, which inflicted significant losses to the Soviet Black Sea Fleet. She also carried out numerous convoy escort missions and took part in the Axis evacuation of the Crimea in May 1944. Due to her success in combat, she was decorated twice by May 1944. She was captured by the Soviet Union in September 1944 and served until 1988, when she was scrapped.

Regele Ferdinand-class destroyer
The Regele Ferdinand class was a pair of destroyers built in Italy for the Romanian Navy during the late 1920s. The sister ships were the most modern and powerful warships of the Axis powers in the Black Sea during World War II. During the war they participated in the 1941 Raid on Constanța and the 1944 evacuation of the Crimea, although they spent the vast majority of the war escorting convoys in the Black Sea. The Romanians claimed that they sank two submarines during the war, but Soviet records do not confirm their claims. Following King Michael's Coup, where Romania switched sides and joined the Allies in late 1944, the two ships were seized and incorporated into the Soviet Black Sea Fleet. They were returned to Romania in 1951 and served until 1961 when they were scrapped.
2021 Taiwanese referendum
A four-question referendum was held in Taiwan on 18 December 2021. The vote was originally scheduled to take place on 28 August 2021, but was postponed to December due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All four questions were popular initiatives. According to the Referendum Act, referendums can be held once every two years on the fourth Saturday of August and questions must gather a number of signatures equivalent to 1.5% of eligible voters (280,000) in order to qualify.

All four proposals were rejected.

In Hsinchu, a local referendum on the issue of wastewater management was passed. Subsequently, on 15 April 2022, the Hsinchu City Council passed the Hsinchu City Ordinance on Wastewater Discharge.

2018 Taiwanese referendum
A multi-question referendum was held in Taiwan on 24 November 2018 alongside local elections. The referendum was the first since the December 2017 reform to the Referendum Act, which reduced the threshold for submitting questions to the ballot; under the new system, signatures from 1.5 percent of the electorate (around 280,000 people) were required to successfully put a question on the ballot, reduced from 5 percent previously.

In the referendum, 67% of Taiwan voters rejected legalising same-sex marriage. However, less than a year later, lawmakers of the majority Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) legalised same-sex marriage in May 2019.
2024 FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup
The 2024 FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup (Spanish: Copa Mundial de Baloncesto Femenino Sub-17 FIBA 2024) was the eighth edition of the FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup, the biennial international women's youth basketball championship. The tournament was hosted in Mexico from 13 to 21 July 2024. This marked the first time that Mexico had host a FIBA global tournament. It was also the first time the tournament was held outside of Europe.

To be eligible for this competition, players must be born on or after 1 January 2007.

The United States won their sixth world cup title, after defeated Canada 84–64 in final.

FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup
The FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup (formerly FIBA Under-17 World Championship for Women) is the women's international under-17 basketball championship organised by FIBA. The inaugural tournament was in July 2010, and is held biennially.
Service statelessness principle
Service statelessness is a design principle that is applied within the service-orientation design paradigm, in order to design scalable services by separating them from their state data whenever possible. This results in reduction of the resources consumed by a service as the actual state data management is delegated to an external component or to an architectural extension. By reducing resource consumption, the service can handle more requests in a reliable manner.

Service (systems architecture)
In the contexts of software architecture, service-orientation and service-oriented architecture, the term service refers to a software functionality, or a set of software functionalities (such as the retrieval of specified information or the execution of a set of operations) with a purpose that different  clients can reuse for different purposes, together with the policies that should control its usage (based on the identity of the client requesting the service, for example).

OASIS defines a service as "a mechanism to enable access to one or more capabilities, where the access is provided using a prescribed interface and is exercised consistent with constraints and policies as specified by the service description".
May Tao Secret Zone
The May Tao Secret Zone was located in the Mây Tào Mountains of South Vietnam, a heavily forested area located at the intersection of Long Khánh, Phước Tuy and Bình Tuy Provinces, that served as a Viet Cong (VC) divisional sanctuary. The zone was the location of the headquarters for the VC 5th Division and 275th Regiment.

It was the site of numerous U.S., and Australia and New Zealand military operations during the Vietnam War.

Phước Tuy province
Phước Tuy was a province of the former South Vietnam.

It now mostly corresponds to Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, just southeast of Ho Chi Minh City in reunified Vietnam.

During the Vietnam War it was the main region of operations for the 1st Australian Task Force.

1 ATF was based in a rubber plantation at Nui Dat, about 8 kilometers north of Ba Ria.

In 1975, Phước Tuy was one among five last Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) fronts defending Saigon against the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces before its fall on 30 April.: 464–6  The ARVN 3rd Infantry Division and the 1st Airborne Brigade there had fought fiercely with the PAVN 3rd Division (Sao Vàng) before being overrun at noon of 30 April.: 177 : 476
Jesus Christians
The Jesus Christians are a Christian millennialist network of intentional communities with groups on six continents, centered on a direct application of Jesus' teachings. In particular, they are known for their communal living, "forsaking all" personal possessions, "living by faith", and engaging in live altruistic organ donation to strangers; practices which have generated various controversies throughout their history.

Volunteering
Volunteering is an optional and freely chosen act of an individual or group giving their time and labor, often for community service. Many volunteers have specialized training in the fields that they work in, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others provide their services as needed, such as in response to a natural disaster.
Liz Smith (actress)
Betty Gleadle (11 December 1921 – 24 December 2016), known by the stage name Liz Smith, was an  English actress. She was known for her roles in BBC sitcoms, including as Annie Brandon in I Didn't Know You Cared (1975–1979), the sisters Bette and Belle in 2point4 Children (1991–1999), Letitia Cropley in The Vicar of Dibley (1994–1996) and Norma ("Nana") in The Royle Family (1998–2006). For the latter, Smith was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Comedy Performance in 2007. She also played Zillah in Lark Rise to Candleford (2008) and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her portrayal of Mother in the film A Private Function (1984).

BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Best Actress in a Supporting Role is a British Academy Film Award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognize an actress who has delivered an outstanding supporting performance in a film.

The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for film, television, children's film and television, and interactive media. Since 1968, selected actresses have been awarded with the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role at an annual ceremony.

In the following lists, the titles and names in bold with a gold background are the winners and recipients respectively; those not in bold are the nominees. The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released, not the year of the ceremony, which always takes place the following year.
Mohammadgarh State
Mohammadgarh State, also spelt as 'Muhammadgarh', was a former princely state in Central India, under the Bhopal Agency during the British Raj. It was situated in the Malwa Plateau. The state had an area of 29 square miles (75 km2), and a population of 2,944 (as of 1901). Its headquarters were at Mohammadgarh town.

Pathans of Madhya Pradesh
The Pathans of Madhya Pradesh are an Urdu-speaking Pashtun community settled in the present-day Indian state of Madhya Pradesh as well as a small minority of internal migrants and their descendants in neighbouring Chhattisgarh state, which was partitioned in 2000.
Farum
Farum is a town on the northeast of the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark, 20 km northwest of Copenhagen.  The town has a population of 20,369 (1 January 2025). The town is part of Furesø Municipality.  Until 2006, it constituted Farum Municipality.

Furesø Municipality
Furesø Municipality (Danish: Furesø Kommune) is a municipality (Danish: kommune) in Denmark. It has a population of 42,540 (1 January 2025) and a total area of 55.68 km2 (21.50 sq.mi.) with water and forest making up around 10 and 15 km2, respectively. The municipality belongs to the Copenhagen Capital Region and lies 20 km northwest of Copenhagen. Its mayor is Ole Bondo Christensen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. It is a municipality with much forest and access to several lakes, of which it is named after the largest, Furesøen, which has a popular beach with rest rooms, a small candy/ice shop and in addition sportsboat (competition) clubs and a restaurant open all year.
The Conquering Tide
The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944 is the second volume in the Pacific War trilogy written by best selling author and historian Ian W. Toll. The book is a narrative history of the middle phase of the Pacific War, which took place in the central and southern Pacific between the Allies and the Empire of Japan. It was published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2015 (hardcover and Kindle) and 2016 (paperback). It was released as an audiobook narrated by P. J. Ochlan by Recorded Books in 2015. The first volume in the trilogy, Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942, was published in 2011; the final volume in the trilogy, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945, was published in 2020.

W. W. Norton & Company
W. W. Norton & Company is an American publishing company based in New York City. Established in 1923, it has been owned wholly by its employees since the early 1960s. The company is known for its Norton Anthologies (particularly The Norton Anthology of English Literature) and its texts in the Norton Critical Editions series, both of which are frequently assigned in university literature courses.
Battle of Karanovac
The Battle of Karanovac (Serbian: Бој на Карановцу/Boj na Karanovcu) was undertaken by the Serbian rebel army led by Karađorđe and Radič Petrović against the town of Karanovac (now Kraljevo), in the hands of the Dahije (renegade Janissaries) supported by the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. Karanovac was an important city in the province, laying in the south of rebel territory and serving as a reinforcement point of the Dahije and their allies. Left without support, the town surrendered after ten days and was handed over to the Serbs with the agreed emigration of the Muslim population to Novi Pazar.

Serbian epic poetry
Serbian epic poetry (Serbian: Српске епске народне песме, romanized: Srpske epske narodne pesme) is a form of epic poetry created by Serbs originating in today's Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and North Macedonia. The main cycles were composed by unknown Serb authors between the 14th and 19th centuries. They are largely concerned with historical events and personages. The instrument accompanying the epic poetry is the gusle.

Serbian epic poetry helped in developing the Serbian national consciousness. The cycles of Prince Marko, the Hajduks and Uskoks inspired the Serbs to restore freedom and their heroic past. The Hajduks in particular, are seen as an integral part of national identity; in stories, the hajduks were heroes: they had played the role of the Serbian elite during Ottoman rule, they had defended the Serbs against Ottoman oppression, and prepared for the national liberation and contributed to it in the Serbian Revolution.
History of experiments
The history of experimental research is long and varied. Indeed, the definition of an experiment itself has changed in responses to changing norms and practices within particular fields of study. This article documents the history and development of experimental research from its origins in Galileo's study of gravity into the diversely applied method in use today.

Emission theory (vision)
Emission theory or extramission theory (variants: extromission) or extromissionism is the proposal that visual perception is accomplished by eye beams emitted by the eyes. This theory has been replaced by intromission theory (or intromissionism), which is that visual perception comes from something representative of the object (later established to be rays of light reflected from it) entering the eyes. Modern physics has confirmed that light is physically transmitted by photons from a light source, such as the sun, to visible objects, and finishing with the detector, such as a human eye or camera.
Michaelson Road Bridge
Michaelson Road Bridge is a road bridge connecting Central Barrow to Barrow Island in south Cumbria, England. The original high-level bridge was a swing bridge and then replaced by a pair of lift and roll bridges constructed between 1800 and 1884 then superseded by a more modern pair of bascule bridges in the mid-1960s. It was built at a time when Barrow Island was actually an island and there was strong call for road access between mainland Barrow at the shipyard on Barrow Island. Traffic on the bridge was soon relieved when an old Victorian dock was filled in and space was created for the huge Devonshire Dock Hall complex, traffic now runs along the north side of the building on the A590.

Trams formerly operated across the bridge, but now it solely used for vehicles and pedestrians. A second Devonshire Dock footbridge is planned in the multimillion-pound Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness development.

Devonshire Dock Hall
Devonshire Dock Hall (often abbreviated to DDH) is a large indoor shipbuilding and assembly complex that forms part of the BAE Systems shipyard in the Barrow Island area of Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, England.
Control valve
A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller. This enables the direct control of flow rate and the consequential control of process quantities such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level.

In automatic control terminology, a control valve is termed a "final control element".

Profibus
Profibus (usually styled as PROFIBUS, as a portmanteau for Process Field Bus) is a standard for fieldbus communication in automation technology and was first promoted in 1989 by BMBF (German department of education and research) and then used by Siemens. It should not be confused with the Profinet standard for Industrial Ethernet. Profibus is openly published as type 3 of IEC 61158/61784-1.
Marek Kuchciński
Marek Tadeusz Kuchciński (born 9 August 1955) is a Polish politician and member of the Sejm, first elected in 2001. Prior to 2015, he served as one of the Deputy Marshals of the Sejm, nominated by the Law and Justice (PiS) parliamentary club, and also held the position of head of the party's parliamentary caucus. From 2015 to 2019, during the period when Law and Justice held a majority in both houses of parliament, he served as Marshal of the Sejm.

2011 Polish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 9 October 2011. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate were elected. The ruling Civic Platform (PO) won a plurality of seats and Tusk became the first Polish prime minister to be appointed for a second consecutive term since the fall of communism. Both the Civic Platform and its junior partner, the Polish People's Party (PSL), agreed to continue their governing coalition after the election.
Anakannon Kofun
Anakannon Kofun (穴観音古墳)  is a Kofun period Decorated kofun burial mound, located in the Kōno neighborhood of the city of Hita on the island of Kyushu, Japan. The tumulus was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1933.

Hita, Ōita
Hita (日田市, Hita-shi) is a city located in Ōita Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 November 2023, the city had an estimated population of 61,148 in 27,556 households, and a  population density of 96 persons per km2.  The total area of the city is 666.03 km2 (257.16 sq mi).
Prophalangopsidae
The family Prophalangopsidae are insects belonging to the order Orthoptera. They are the only extant members of the superfamily Hagloidea. There is only one extant genus in North America, where they are known as grigs, four genera in Asia, and many extinct genera (see below).

The earliest fossils of the family date to the Early Jurassic around 200 million years ago, and the family exhibited great diversity between the Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous, with their fossil record after that time being sparse.

The closest living relatives to the Prophalangopsidae are the family Tettigoniidae (katydids or bush-crickets), but the evolutionary split occurred more than 230 million years ago in the Permian.

The female of the species consumes the wings of the male during mating.

Haglidae is often used as a synonym of the family, but is used to refer to a distinct grouping of extinct hagloids by paleontologists.

Tettigoniidae
Insects in the family Tettigoniidae are commonly called katydids (especially in North America) or bush crickets. They have previously been known as "long-horned grasshoppers". More than 8,000 species are known. Part of the suborder Ensifera, the Tettigoniidae are the only extant (living) family in the superfamily Tettigonioidea.

Many species are nocturnal in habit, having strident mating calls and may exhibit mimicry or camouflage, commonly with shapes and colours similar to leaves.