hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Decolonization of knowledge
Decolonization of knowledge (also epistemic decolonization or epistemological decolonization) is a concept advanced in decolonial scholarship that critiques the perceived hegemony of Western knowledge systems. It seeks to construct and legitimize other knowledge systems by exploring alternative epistemologies, ontologies and methodologies. It is also an intellectual project that aims to "disinfect" academic activities that are believed to have little connection with the objective pursuit of knowledge and truth. The presumption is that if curricula, theories, and knowledge are colonized, it means they have been partly influenced by political, economic, social and cultural considerations. The decolonial knowledge perspective covers a wide variety of subjects including philosophy (epistemology in particular), science, history of science, and other fundamental categories in social science.

Aníbal Quijano
Aníbal Quijano (17 November 1928 – 31 May 2018) was a Peruvian sociologist and humanist thinker, known for having developed the concepts of "coloniality of power" and "coloniality of knowledge". His body of work has been influential in the fields of decolonial studies and critical theory.
Al-Rifai family
The Al-Rifai (El-Rifai, El-Refai, Rifai) family (Arabic: ٱلرِّفَاعِي, romanized: al-Rifāʿī) is a widely attested Arab family and lineage historically connected to the Rifaʽi tariqa, a prominent Sufi order founded by the Iraqi saint Sayyid Ahmad al-Rifaʽi (d. 1183). In medieval and early modern sources the order is associated with the marshlands of Iraq between Wasit and Basra, expanding into Syria and Egypt and developing multiple regional branches.

While many contemporary bearers of the surname al-Rifaʽi trace their origin to the saint's progeny as Sayyids (descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through al-Husayn ibn Ali), modern genealogical scholarship urges caution: claims of uninterrupted descent for dispersed branches often lack documentary chains over several centuries. Despite this claimed Husaynid lineage which is traced back to the Twelver Shia Imam Musa al-Kazim, the al-Rifaʽis are Sunni Muslims.

Zawiya (institution)
A zawiya or zaouia (Arabic: زاوية, romanized: zāwiyah, lit. 'corner'; Turkish: zaviye; also spelled zawiyah or zawiyya) is a building and institution associated with Sufis in the Islamic world. It can serve a variety of functions such a place of worship, school, monastery and/or mausoleum. In some regions the term is interchangeable with the term khanqah, which serves a similar purpose. In the Maghreb, the term is often used for a place where the founder of a Sufi order or a local saint or holy man (e.g. a wali) lived and was buried. In the Maghreb the word can also be used to refer to the wider tariqa (Sufi order or brotherhood) and its membership.
Trigamma function
In mathematics, the trigamma function, denoted ψ1(z) or ψ(1)(z), is the second of the polygamma functions, and is defined by

.

It follows from this definition that

where ψ(z) is the digamma function. It may also be defined as the sum of the series

making it a special case of the Hurwitz zeta function

Note that the last two formulas are valid when 1 − z is not a natural number.

Hurwitz zeta function
In mathematics, the Hurwitz zeta function is one of the many zeta functions. It is formally defined for complex variables s with Re(s) > 1 and a ≠ 0, −1, −2, ... by

This series is absolutely convergent for the given values of s and a and can be extended to a meromorphic function defined for all s ≠ 1. The Riemann zeta function is ζ(s, 1). The Hurwitz zeta function is named after Adolf Hurwitz, who introduced it in 1882.
Gioacchino Navarro
Gioacchino Navarro (1748 – 1 January 1813) was a Maltese cleric, archaeologist, linguist and librarian. He is historically significant as the author of the earliest printed poems in the Maltese language, which appeared in François-Emmanuel de Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest's book Malte par un Voyageur Français (1791).

Navarro is mainly known for his It-Tliet Għanjiet bil-Malti (The Three Rhymes in Maltese), which are the earliest known printed poems in the Maltese language. These were first published in 1791 in the book Malte par un Voyageur Français by François-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest. In Msida, Malta, there is a street named after this poet, called "Triq Gioacchino Navarro".

Maltese people
The Maltese (Maltese: Maltin) people are an ethnic group native to Malta who speak Maltese, a Semitic language descended from Siculo-Arabic with a substantial Romance superstratum, and share a common Maltese history and culture characterised by Latin Catholicism, which remains the state religion. Malta, an island country in the Mediterranean Sea, is an archipelago that also includes an island of the same name together with the islands of Gozo (Maltese: Għawdex) and Comino (Maltese: Kemmuna); people of Gozo, Gozitans (Maltese: Għawdxin) are considered a subgroup of the Maltese.
Puchong Perdana
Puchong Perdana is one of the earliest housing estates in Puchong, Petaling District, Selangor, Malaysia. Construction started in the late 1980s. Puchong Perdana at this time was developing rapidly, with such a balanced development of other developed areas in the Klang Valley.
Prior to the entrance area of Puchong Perdana is an imposing mosque on the edge of the lake. Facilities that they have in Puchong Perdana is Petronas petrol station, Caltex and Esso. and franchise restaurants like McDonald's and KFC are also found in Puchong.

There is a middle school and two primary schools in the area of Puchong Perdana SMK Puchong Perdana, SK Puchong Perdana and SK Puchong Indah.

Esso
Esso (/ˈɛsoʊ/) is a trading name for ExxonMobil. Originally, the name was primarily used by its predecessor Standard Oil of New Jersey after the breakup of the original Standard Oil company in 1911. The company adopted the name "Esso" (from the phonetic pronunciation of Standard Oil's initials and as an acronym of Eastern States Standard Oil), to which the other Standard Oil companies would later object.

Standard Oil of New Jersey started marketing its products under the Esso brand in 1926. In 1972, the name Esso was largely replaced in the U.S. by the Exxon brand after the Standard Oil of New Jersey bought Humble Oil, while the Esso name remained widely used elsewhere. In most of the world, the Esso brand and the Mobil brand are the primary brand names of ExxonMobil, while the Exxon brand is used only in the United States alongside Mobil.
Richard von Frankenberg
Richard von Frankenberg (4 March 1922 in Darmstadt – 11 November 1973 in Beilstein) was a German journalist and race car driver.

In 1952 he created and published the (later) official Porsche magazine Christophorus (magazine). The visuals of the magazine were created by graphic artist Erich Strenger.For many years he remained editor-in-chief.

He took part in many 24 Hours of Le Mans in the 1950s, as well as in races at Mille Miglia, Montlhery, Monza and Nürburgring, often with a Porsche 550, the type of car he became famous for, when crashing over the banking of the AVUS in Berlin. The Porsche slid over the top and Frankenberg was thrown out, which was caught on photos like this one. He survived with minor injuries – unlike Jean Behra who was killed in a similar accident in 1959.

Frankenberg was killed in a roadway accident in 1973 at age 51.

Porsche 550
The Porsche 550 is a racing sports car produced by Porsche from 1953 until 1956. In that time only 90 Porsche 550s were produced, and they quickly established dominance in the 1.1- and 1.5- liter classes. The Porsche 550 is a mid-engine car with an air-cooled four-cylinder engine, following the precedent of the 1948 Porsche 356/1 prototype designed by Ferry Porsche.  The mid-engine racing design was further developed with Porsche's 718 model; its advantages led to it becoming the dominant design for top-level racing cars by the mid-1960s.

The Porsche 550 has a solid racing history; it won the Nürburgring Eifel Race in May 1953, the first race it entered. The 550 Spyder usually finished in the top three in its class. Each Spyder was designed and customized to be raced.

A 1958 Porsche 550A Spyder sold at auction in 2018 by Bonhams for $5,170,000 (£4,115,763); it was the highest price for a 550 at auction.
2019 Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament
The 2019 Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament was an edition of the Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament, a cricket tournament in Afghanistan. It was the third edition of the competition to be played with first-class status. The tournament was split into two phases, with the first half of the competition taking place in April and May 2019, and the second half taking place during November and December 2019.

Six regional teams competed in the tournament, with Band-e-Amir Region being the defending champions. The first round of the tournament started on 4 April 2019 and finished on 2 May 2019. Following the conclusion of the first round of fixtures, Speen Ghar Region were leading the tournament, finishing three points ahead of Amo Region. Kabul Region did not take part in the second round of matches in the tournament. After the completion of the second round of matches, Speen Ghar Region maintained their lead at the top of the table to win the tournament.

Amo Sharks
Amo Sharks (Pashto: امو نهنګان Amō Nahangān; Dari: آمو نهنگان) or Amo Region is one of eight regional first-class cricket teams in Afghanistan. The regional side represents the following provinces in the north of Afghanistan: Balkh, Faryab, Jowzjan, Samangan, and Sar-i-Pul. The team is named after the Amo, a river in northern Afghanistan and Central Asia.

Amo Region compete in the Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament, which has had first-class status from 2017 onwards. In October 2017, they lost their opening fixture of the tournament, against Speen Ghar Region, by an innings and 46 runs.

They also play in the Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament, which was granted List A status from 2017., and the Afghan Shpageeza Cricket League Twenty20 competition (which has Twenty20 status from 2017) using the name Amo Sharks. They also take part in the Qosh Tepa National T20 Cup, the first edition of which will be held in April 2024.
Tarazuea
Tarazuea is a census village in the Sopore tehsil of Baramulla district, Jammu & Kashmir, India. As per the 2011 Census of India, Tarazuea has a total population of 6,910 people including 3,504 males and 3,406 with a literacy rate of 53.01%.

Baramulla district
Baramulla district (or Varmul, in Kashmiri) is one of the 20 districts in the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) in the disputed Kashmir region. Baramulla town is the administrative headquarters of this district. The district covered an area of 4,588 km2 (1,771 sq mi) in 2001, but it was reduced to 4,243 km2 (1,638 sq mi) at the time of 2011 census.  In 2016, the district administration said that the area was 4,190 km2 (1,620 sq mi). Muslims constitute about 98% of the population.
Erica bolusiae
Erica bolusiae is a plant that belongs to the genus Erica and forms part of the fynbos. The plant is endemic to the Western Cape where it occurs from Yzerfontein to Kraaifontein. The plant's habitat is threatened by suburban development, agricultural activities, overgrazing and invasive plants such as the acacia species. There are currently only 250 individuals left.

Two varieties are accepted:

Erica bolusiae var. bolusiae

Erica bolusiae var. cyathiformis H.A.Baker

Overgrazing
Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves, or nature reserves. It can also be caused by immobile, travel restricted populations of native or non-native wild animals.

Overgrazing reduces the usefulness, productivity and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion. Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive species of non-native plants and of weeds. Degrading land, emissions from animal agriculture and reducing the biomass in a ecosystem contribute directly to climate change between grazing events.
Ollie's Pack
Ollie's Pack is a Canadian animated comedy television series created by Pedro Eboli and Graham Peterson and directed by Adrian Thatcher. It was produced by Nelvana and aired on YTV in Canada. In the United States, it premiered on Nickelodeon on April 6, 2020. The final few episodes aired on Nicktoons from May 3 to 6, 2021.

On March 28, 2024, the series was removed from Paramount+ as part of a "strategic decision to focus on content with mass global appeal."

Television comedy
Television comedy is a category of broadcasting that has been present since the early days of entertainment media. While there are several genres of comedy, some of the first ones aired were variety shows. One of the first United States television programs was the comedy-variety show Texaco Star Theater, which was most prominent in the years that it featured Milton Berle (from 1948 to 1956). The range of television comedy has become broader, with the addition of sitcoms, improvisational comedy, and stand-up comedy, while also adding comedic aspects into other television genres, including drama and news. Television comedy provides opportunities for viewers to relate the content in these shows to society. Some audience members may have similar views about certain comedic aspects of shows, while others will take different perspectives. This also relates to developing new social norms, sometimes acting as the medium that introduces these transitions.
Alfa Romeo Stelvio
The Alfa Romeo Stelvio (Type 949) is a car produced by the Italian manufacturer Alfa Romeo since 2016. As a D-segment model it slots above the smaller Tonale model in the marque's SUV range. A compact crossover SUV, it was first revealed at the 2016 Los Angeles Auto Show and entered production at the Cassino Plant at the end of 2016. In 2018 it was Alfa Romeo's best-selling model, with roughly 43,000 sold that year. In 2024, it had fallen behind the Tonale in the U.S. as sales dropped to just 3,162 from 12,043 in 2018.

The Stelvio uses FCA's Giorgio platform, shared with the D-segment Giulia saloon. The name Stelvio derives from the Stelvio Pass, Italy's highest mountain pass, noted for its 48 circuitous switchbacks.

D-segment
The D-segment is the 4th category of the European segments for passenger cars, and is described as "large cars".

It is equivalent to the Euro NCAP "large family car" size class, and the present-day definition of the mid-size car category used in North America. Compact executive cars are part of the D-segment size category.

D-segment sales represented about 7% of the market in the 2010s.
Hans-Lukas Teuber
Hans-Lukas Teuber (August 7, 1916 – January 4, 1977) was a professor of psychology and head of the psychology department at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was one of the founders of neuropsychology and studied perception. He coined the term double dissociation. He also introduced the "Corollary Discharge" hypothesis. He gave the classic definition of agnosia as "a normal percept stripped of its meaning".

He was the recipient of the Karl Spencer Lashley Award in 1966.

Agnosia
Agnosia is a neurological disorder characterized by an inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is neither defective nor is there any significant memory loss. It is usually associated with brain injury or neurological illness, particularly after damage to the occipitotemporal border, which is part of the ventral stream.  Agnosia affects only a single modality, such as vision or hearing. More recently, a top-down interruption is considered to cause the disturbance of handling perceptual information.
Magarat
Magarat is a name for the area settled and inhabited by Magars, one of the oldest and the largest indigenous ethnic groups of Nepal. It is a geographical cluster in Nepal that existed in the modern territory of Nepal before the Unification of Nepal. It extended westward from the Budhi Gandaki River and encompasses mordern-day districts like Palpa, Rukum, Rolpa, Myagdi, Baglung, Pyuthan, Arghakhanchi  and many more.

Palpa district, Eastern Rukum and Rolpa of Nepal (majority of Kham Magars), located in Province 5 of Nepal, are the top three districts of Nepal with the highest indigenous Magar population, with significant population also in Baglung, Myagdi district and Parbat, and they are located in Gandaki Province in western Nepal.

Budhi Gandaki River
The Budhi Gandaki River (Nepali: बूढीगण्डकी नदी) is a tributary of Gandaki River in Nepal. It meets the Trishuli at Benighat, astride the Dhading and Gorkha Districts.

As of 2017, Nepal plans to build a dam with associated electricity transformers and pylons that would cost $2.5 billion.  Such a dam on the river and its reservoir would straddle the Dhading and Gorkha districts.
The Realm of the Unreal
"The Realm of the Unreal" is a short story by American Civil War soldier, wit, and writer Ambrose Bierce. It appeared in The San Francisco Examiner on July 20, 1890 and was reprinted in the 1893 collection Can Such Things Be?

The story elaborates the idea of "the realm of the unreal" introduced by Bierce in the 1879 story My Shipwreck.

San Francisco Examiner
The San Francisco Examiner is a newspaper distributed in and around San Francisco, California, and has been published since 1863. Once self-dubbed the "Monarch of the Dailies" by then-owner William Randolph Hearst and the flagship of the Hearst chain, the Examiner converted to free distribution early in the 21st century and is owned by Clint Reilly Communications, which bought the newspaper at the end of 2020 along with the SF Weekly.
Monastir offensive
The Monastir offensive was an Allied military operation against the forces of the Central Powers during World War I, intended to break the deadlock on the Macedonian front by forcing the capitulation of Bulgaria and relieving the pressure on Romania. The offensive took the shape of a large battle and lasted for three months and ended with the capture of the town of Monastir. On an average depth of 50km, the Bulgarian First Army (from the end of September German Eleventh Army) gave battle on six occasions, being forced to retreat five times.

Joseph Joffre
Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre LH OM GCB (French: [ʒozɛf ʒɔfʁ]; 12 January 1852 – 3 January 1931) was a French general who served as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front from the start of World War I until the end of 1916. He is best known for regrouping the retreating allied armies to defeat the Germans at the strategically decisive First Battle of the Marne in September 1914.

His political position waned after unsuccessful offensives in 1915, the German attack on Verdun in 1916, and the disappointing results of the Anglo-French offensive on the Somme in 1916. At the end of 1916 he was promoted to Marshal of France, the first such elevation under the Third Republic, and moved to an advisory role, from which he quickly resigned. Later in the war he led an important mission to the United States.
2018 CONCACAF Champions League final
The 2018 CONCACAF Champions League final was the final round of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League, the championship for association football clubs in CONCACAF, representing North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. The 2018 edition was the tenth edition of the CONCACAF Champions League under its current name and first since being re-organized into a single-year tournament.

The final was contested in a two-legged series between Toronto FC from Canada and Guadalajara from Mexico. The first leg was hosted in Toronto on 27 April 2018, at BMO Field in Toronto, while the second leg was hosted in Guadalajara on 25 April 2018, at the Estadio Akron in Guadalajara. Guadalajara won the final 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out after the series was tied 3–3 on aggregate. As a result, they earned the right to represent CONCACAF at the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup, entering at the second round.

Canadian Soccer Association
The Canadian Soccer Association (French: Association canadienne de soccer; branded as Canada Soccer) is the governing body for soccer in Canada. Headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, the federation is a full member of FIFA and governs Canadian soccer at the international, professional, and amateur levels, including: the men's and women's national teams, youth organizations, beach soccer, futsal, Paralympic and deaf national teams. The Canadian Soccer Association also administers and operates the Canadian Premier League, the Canadian Championship, and the Futsal Canadian Championship.
Nepenthes glabrata
Nepenthes glabrata /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ɡlæˈbrɑːtə/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sulawesi. The species grows in open, high forest at elevations of 1,600 to 2,100 m. It produces dainty, colourful pitchers reaching only a few centimetres in height. These traps are red speckled on a yellowish background, giving them a "hand painted" appearance.

The specific epithet glabrata is derived from the Latin word glaber, meaning "hairless", and refers to the mostly glabrous nature of this species.

Pitcher plant
Pitcher plants are  carnivorous plants that have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—prey-trapping mechanisms featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher plants are formed by specialized leaves. The plants attract and drown the prey with nectar.
Convento de los Agustinos Recoletos (Madrid)
The Convento de los Agustinos Recoletos or Convento de Copacabana, in the city of Madrid, was a convent located in the land now occupied by the National Library, the Museo Arqueológico Nacional, and several city blocks. This convent named the known Paseo de Recoletos of Madrid, name that refers to the Augustinian Recollects (Agustinos Recoletos), former owners of the convent and of the adjacent properties. In this convent the painter Francisco de Zurbarán was buried.

Francisco de Zurbarán
Francisco de Zurbarán (/ˌzʊərbəˈrɑːn/ ZOOR-bə-RAHN, Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko ðe θuɾβaˈɾan]; baptized 7 November 1598 – 27 August 1664) was a Spanish painter. He is known primarily for his religious paintings depicting monks, nuns, and martyrs, and for his still-lifes. Zurbarán gained the nickname "Spanish Caravaggio", owing to the forceful use of chiaroscuro in which he excelled.

He was the father of the painter Juan de Zurbarán.
Fairmont State Fighting Falcons football
The Fairmont State Fighting Falcons football team represents Fairmont State University, located in Fairmont, West Virginia, in NCAA Division II college football.

The Fighting Falcons, who began playing football in 1909, compete as members of the Mountain East Conference.

Fairmont State have won one national championship, in 1967.

Fairmont, West Virginia
Fairmont is a city in Marion County, West Virginia, United States, and its county seat. The population was 18,313 at the 2020 census, making it the eighth-most populous city in the state. It is the principal city of the Fairmont micropolitan area, which includes all of Marion County in North Central West Virginia and had a population of 56,205 in 2020. Fairmont is also a principal city of the larger Morgantown–Fairmont combined statistical area. The city is home to Fairmont State University, serving more than 3,000 students.