hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dương Ngạn Địch
Dương Ngạn Địch (chữ Hán: 楊彥迪, pinyin: Yáng Yàndí, Khmer: ឌួង ង៉ានឌីច, ?–1688) was a Chinese exile and seafarer who migrated to Đại Việt in the late 17th century.

Dương Ngạn Địch was a general of Ming China, native to Guangdong, and swore allegiance to Koxinga. His position was Chief Commander of Longmen (龍門總兵, a place in modern Qinzhou, Guangxi). In 1679, after the Revolt of the Three Feudatories was put down by the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, he led 3,000 soldiers and 50 ships that came to Đà Nẵng together with Hoàng Tiến (黃進), Trần Thượng Xuyên and Trần An Bình (陳安平), and "surrendered" to Nguyễn Phúc Tần (although there is scholarly consensus that Phúc Tần had little choice in the matter).

Dương Ngạn Địch and Hoàng Tiến were sponsored to Mỹ Tho by Phúc Tần, where Địch served as chief of a small Chinese community. Địch was murdered by his assistant Hoàng Tiến in 1688. Tiến then revolted against the new Nguyễn lord, Nguyễn Phúc Thái, but was eventually put down.

Chữ Hán
Chữ Hán (Vietnamese: 𡨸漢 [t͡ɕɯ˦ˀ˥ haːn˧˦] ⓘ, lit. 'Han characters') are the Chinese characters that were used to write Literary Chinese (Hán văn; 漢文) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnamese. They were officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region was annexed into the Han dynasty and continued to be used until the early 20th century.
Battle of Acosta Ñu
The Battle of Acosta Ñu (Guarani: Acosta Ñu ñorairõ), also known as the Children's Battle (Spanish: Batalla de los Niños) in Paraguay and the Battle of Campo Grande (Portuguese: Batalha de Campo Grande) in Brazil, took place on 16 August 1869. It was the last major engagement of the Paraguayan War between the Triple Alliance and Paraguay. The 3,500 poorly armed Paraguayans, mostly boys between nine and fifteen years old, old men and wounded combatants, confronted 20,000 Brazilian and Argentine veteran soldiers.: 104

Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay
Alfredo Maria Adriano d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay (22 February 1843 – 25 January 1899), was a Brazilian writer, musician, professor, military engineer, historian, politician, sociologist and nobleman. He is famous for the regionalist novel Inocência, considered a major forerunner of naturalism in Brazil, and for A Retirada da Laguna (1874; originally written in 1872 in French as Le retraite de Laguna), an account of an episode in the Paraguayan War. The Brazilianist Leslie Bethell has described it as "the one undoubted literary masterpiece produced by the Paraguayan War".

He founded and occupied the 13th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1899.
Etenraku
Etenraku (越天楽, literally music brought from heaven) is a Japanese gagaku melody and dance. It is usually played with a hichiriki or ryūteki, and is accompanied by other traditional instruments such as the shō, koto and kakko.

Koto (instrument)
The koto (箏 or 琴) is a Japanese plucked half-tube zither instrument, and the national instrument of Japan. It is derived from the Chinese zheng and se, and similar to the Mongolian yatga, the Korean gayageum and ajaeng, the Vietnamese đàn tranh, the Sundanese kacapi and the Kazakh jetigen. Koto are roughly 180 centimetres (6 ft) in length, and made from Paulownia wood (Paulownia tomentosa, known as kiri). The most common type uses 13 strings strung over movable bridges used for tuning, different pieces possibly requiring different tuning. Seventeen-string koto are also common, and act as bass in ensembles. Koto strings are generally plucked using three fingerpicks (tsume), worn on the first three fingers of the right hand.
Shehu Nicholas Garba
Shehu Nicholas Garba is a Nigerian politician who served as a member representing Jema'a/Sanga Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives. Born in 1960, he hails from Kaduna State. He completed his elementary education at Rimi College Kaduna, before earning a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting from the University of Ibadan. He also holds a Master’s degree in Banking and Finance from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. He was first elected into the House of Assembly in 2011, re-elected in 2015, and again in 2019 for a third term under the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). He served as the Committee Chairman on anti-corruption and appointed 79 aides to assist his government.

House of Representatives (Nigeria)
The House of Representatives (also called Green Chamber) is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper chamber.

The Green Chamber has 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the plurality (or first-past-the-post) system, most recently in 2023. Members serve four-year terms. The presiding officer of the house is the Speaker, currently Tajudden Abbas (as of May 2024).
RuneQuest
RuneQuest (commonly abbreviated as RQ) is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game originally designed by Steve Perrin, Ray Turney, Steve Henderson, and Warren James, and set in Greg Stafford's mythical world of Glorantha. It was first published in 1978 by The Chaosium. Beginning in 1984, publication passed between a number of companies, including Avalon Hill, Mongoose Publishing, and The Design Mechanism, before finally returning to Chaosium in 2016. RuneQuest is notable for its system, designed around percentile dice and an early implementation of skill rules, which became the basis for numerous other games. There have been several editions of the game.

The Space Gamer
The Space Gamer was a magazine dedicated to the subject of science fiction and fantasy board games and tabletop role-playing games. It quickly grew in importance and was an important and influential magazine in its subject matter from the late 1970s through the mid-1980s. The magazine is no longer published, but the rights holders maintain a web presence using its final title Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer.
McKean, Pennsylvania
McKean is a borough in Erie County, Pennsylvania. The population was 475 at the time of the 2020 census. It is part of the Erie–Meadville combined statistical area. McKean was known as "Middleboro" until it officially changed its name in 1970.

Borough (Pennsylvania)
In the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a borough (sometimes spelled boro) is a self-governing municipal entity, equivalent to a town in most jurisdictions, usually smaller than a city, but with a similar population density in its residential areas.  Sometimes thought of as "junior cities", boroughs generally have fewer powers and responsibilities than full-fledged cities.
Moritz Schreber
Daniel Gottlob Moritz Schreber (15 October 1808 – 10 November 1861) was a German physician and university lecturer at the University of Leipzig. In 1844, he became director of the Leipzig Heilanstalt (sanatorium). His publications predominantly dealt with the subject of children's health and the social consequences of urbanization at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution.

Die Eigenthümlichkeiten des kindlichen Organismus im gesunden und kranken Zustande (1839), literally: "Peculiarities of the child's organism in health and illness"

Der Hausfreund als Erzieher und Führer zu Familienglück und Menschenveredelung (1861), "The friend of the family as an educator and leader to family happiness and human refinement"

Die ärztliche Zimmergymnastik (1855), "Medical indoor gymnastics", his best selling piece of work

Sanatorium
A sanatorium (from Latin sānāre 'to heal'), also sanitarium or sanitorium, is a historic name for a specialised hospital for the treatment of specific diseases, related ailments, and convalescence.

Sanatoria were often in a healthy climate, usually in the countryside. The idea of healing was an important reason for the historical wave of establishments of sanatoria, especially at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The most common issue treated at sanatoria was tuberculosis (before the discovery of antibiotics). Some sanatoria also treated alcoholism as well as hysteria, masturbation, fatigue and emotional exhaustion. Facility operators were often charitable associations, such as the Order of St. John and the newly founded social welfare insurance companies.

Sanatoria should not be confused with the Russian sanatoria from the time of the Soviet Union, which were a type of sanatorium resort residence for workers.
Bulumgavhan
21°38′14″N 76°59′56″E﻿ / ﻿21.6373437°N 76.9990153°E﻿ / 21.6373437; 76.9990153

Bulumgavhan is a village in the Dharni taluka, Melghat area of Amravati district in Maharashtra state.

Electricity became available on 14 April 2018. As the then Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis appointed the rural development fellow under the Maharashtra Village Social Transformation Foundation. One of the CM fellows, Anand Arun Joshi, worked on it with the help of local government.

Melghat
Melghat was among the first nine tiger reserves of India to be notified in 1973 under Project Tiger. It is located in the northern part of Amravati District of Maharashtra. Melghat Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as in 1985. The total area of the reserve is 2,768 square kilometres.
History of Freeform
American cable and satellite television network Freeform was originally launched as the CBN Satellite Service on April 29, 1977, and has gone through four different owners and six different name changes during its history. This article details the network's existence from its founding by the Christian Broadcasting Network to its current ownership by The Walt Disney Company, which renamed the network to Freeform on January 12, 2016.

Haim Saban
Haim Saban  (/səˈbɑːn/; Hebrew: חיים סבן; born October 15, 1944) is an Israeli and American media proprietor, investor, musical composer and producer of records, film, and television. A businessman with interests in financial services, entertainment, and media, and an estimated net worth of $2.8 billion, he is ranked by Forbes as the 232nd richest person in America. Saban is the founder of Saban Entertainment, producer and distributor of children's television programs in the US such as Power Rangers.  He headed up consortiums which purchased the broadcasters ProSiebenSat.1 Media and Univision Communications.  He is a major donor to the United States Democratic Party and active in pro-Israel political efforts in the United States. In March 2017, Saban was honored with the 2,605th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his achievements in television.
Gray Tollison
Grady Franklin "Gray" Tollison (born September 8, 1964) is a Republican member of the Mississippi Senate, representing District 9 since 1996.  In January 2012, Tollison was appointed Chairman of the Senate Education Committee by Lt. Governor Tate Reeves.  From 2004 until 2012, he served as Chairman of the Judiciary, Division “B” Committee under the leadership of Lt. Governor Phil Bryant and Lt. Gov. Amy Tuck. He also serves as a member of the Rules, Finance, Public Health and Welfare, Universities and Colleges, and Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks Committees.

Tollison switched to the Republican Party on November 11, 2011, two days after winning his fifth election as a Democrat in the Mississippi Senate. This occurred only after Mississippi Republicans concurrently seized the control of House of Representatives & State Senate for the first time since the 1800s.

Tollison is a graduate of Oxford High School, Rhodes College and the University of Mississippi School of Law.

Phil Bryant
Dewey Phillip Bryant (born December 9, 1954) is an American politician who served as the 64th governor of Mississippi from 2012 to 2020. A member of the Republican Party, he was the 31st lieutenant governor of Mississippi from 2008 to 2012 and 40th state auditor of Mississippi from 1996 to 2008. Bryant was elected governor in 2011, defeating the Democratic nominee Mayor Johnny DuPree of Hattiesburg. He was re-elected in 2015, defeating Democratic nominee Robert Gray.
Neutral Farm Pit, Butley
Neutral Farm Pit, Butley is a 1.1-hectare (2.7-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Butley, east of Woodbridge in Suffolk. It is a Geological Conservation Review site, and is in the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

This is described by Natural England as a classic site in the study of the Early Pleistocene in East Anglia. It was used by the nineteenth-century geologist Frederick W. Harmer to define his Butley division of the Red Crag Formation, and it has many fossils of marine molluscs.

There is access to the site from Mill Lane.

Woodbridge, Suffolk
Woodbridge is a port town and civil parish in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk, England. It is 8 miles (13 km) up the River Deben from the sea. It lies 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Ipswich and around 74 miles (119 km) north-east of London. In 2011 it had a population of 7,749.

The town is close to some major archaeological sites of the Anglo-Saxon period, including the Sutton Hoo burial ship. It is well known for its boating harbour and tide mill next to the River Deben, in the Suffolk & Essex Coast & Heaths National Landscape. Several festivals are held. As a "gem in Suffolk's crown" (according to The Suffolk Coast tourist site) it has been named the best place to live in the East of England.
Vatican Gallery of Maps
The Gallery of Maps (Italian: Galleria delle carte geografiche) is a gallery located on the west side of the Belvedere Courtyard in the Vatican containing a series of painted topographical maps of Italy based on drawings by friar and geographer Ignazio Danti.

The gallery was commissioned in 1580 by Pope Gregory XIII as part of other artistic works commissioned by the Pope to decorate the Vatican. It took Danti three years (1580–1583) to complete the 40 panels of the 120 m long gallery. The painter was Antonio Danti, brother of Ignazio.

Apostolic Palace
The Apostolic Palace is the official residence of the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church, located in Vatican City. It is also known as the Papal Palace, the Palace of the Vatican and the Vatican Palace. The Vatican itself refers to the building as the Palace of Sixtus V, in honor of Pope Sixtus V, who built most of the present form of the palace.

The building contains the papal apartments, various offices of the Catholic Church and the Holy See, private and public chapels, the Vatican Museums, and the Vatican Library, including the Sistine Chapel, Raphael Rooms, and the Borgia Apartments. Tourists can see this part of the palace, but other parts, such as the Sala Regia (Regal Room) and Cappella Paolina, had long been closed to tourists, though the Sala Regia allowed occasional tourism by 2019. The Scala Regia (Regal Staircase) can be viewed from one end and used to enter the Sala Regia. The Cappella Paolina remains closed to tourists.
Alondra Carrillo
Alondra Carrillo Vidal (born 23 June 1991) is a Chilean feminist psychologist, and independent politician.

She served as a member of the Constitutional Convention between 2021 and 2022, representing the 12th District of the Santiago Metropolitan Region.

Santiago Metropolitan Region
Santiago Metropolitan Region (Spanish: Región Metropolitana de Santiago) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It is the country's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation's capital, Santiago. Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region, including Chile's main international airport, Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.

With an area of 15,403.2 km2 (5,947 sq mi) and population over seven million, it is Chile's most populated and most densely populated region. It is also the most developed subdivision in all of South America with a very high HDI of 0.908.
Stein Mountain
Stein Mountain, elev. 2761 m (9058 feet), is a mountain in the Lillooet Ranges of southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located northwest of the confluence of the Stein and Fraser Rivers, which is just upstream from the town of Lytton.  Its name derives from that of the Stein River.

Fraser River
The Fraser River (/ˈfreɪzər/) is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia just south of the City of Vancouver. The river's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres (27 mi3) or 3,550 cubic metres per second (125,000 cu ft/s), and each year, it discharges about 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean.
Urban Health Resource Centre
The Urban Health Resource Centre (UHRC) is a non-government organization in India that works towards improving the health, nutrition, well-being and social organization among poor urban communities.  Established in 2005 in New Delhi, UHRC works in Indore, Agra and Delhi.

UHRCO works through demand-supply improvement, community-provider linkages, and demonstration programs  The UHRC's demonstration programs utilize community organizing to establish women's community groups consisting of slum-dwelling women who advocate for community-level infrastructure improvements.

Workshop
Beginning with the Industrial Revolution era, a workshop may be a room, rooms or building which provides both the area and tools (or machinery) that may be required for the manufacture or repair of manufactured goods. Workshops were the only places of production until the advent of industrialization and the development of larger factories. In the 20th and 21st century, many Western homes contained a workshop in either the garage, basement, or an external shed. Home workshops typically contain a workbench, hand tools, power tools, and other hardware. Along with the practical application of repairing goods, workshops are often used to tinker and make prototypes.

Some workshops focus exclusively on automotive repair or restoration although there are a variety of workshops in existence today.  Woodworking, metalworking, electronics, and other types of electronic prototyping workshops are among the most common.
The Private Life of the Kingfisher
"The Private Life of the Kingfisher" is a 1966 television episode of the nature series Look, was the first BBC natural history film to be shown in colour.

Depicting a pair of common kingfishers at their underground nest on the River Test in Hampshire, England, it was filmed and directed by Ronald and Rosemary Eastman, (Ron doing the photography and Rosemary the sound), written and produced by Jeffery Boswall, and narrated by Peter Scott.

The Eastmans originally submitted footage as an amateur contribution, but were commissioned by the BBC Natural History Unit to re-film it on a professional basis. The film proved so popular, that it was repeated eight times. It won the silver medal at the 1967 Moscow Film Festival.

Boswall subsequently commissioned a full series of similar Private Life of... films. Rosemary Eastman wrote about making the film in her 1969 book, The Kingfisher.

In 2012, the Eastman's daughter, Liz Bayliss, was interviewed about the film, on the BBC's Countryfile.

Common kingfisher
The common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), also known as the Eurasian kingfisher and river kingfisher, is a small kingfisher with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident in much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.

This sparrow-sized bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish, caught by diving, and has special visual adaptations to enable it to see prey under water. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a burrow in a riverbank.
Ubaldo Aquino
Ubaldo Aquino Valenzano (born May 2, 1958) is a retired football referee from Paraguay, best known for supervising two matches (Germany-Saudi Arabia and Sweden-Senegal) during the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan.

Aquino is known to have served as a FIFA referee during the period from 1995 to 2003. He officiated in numerous international competitions, including the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup, 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship, and qualifying matches for the 1998, 2002, and 2006 World Cups. Aquino also served as a referee in the 1999 and 2001 Copa América competitions, officiating the final in 2001.

After retiring from his career as a match official, Aquino has worked as referee coordinator for the Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol.

2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)
Listed below are the dates and results for the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds for South America.  10 teams took part, all in a single group.  The rules were very simple: the teams would play against each other in a home-and-away basis, with the four teams with most points qualifying to the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The fifth ranked team would have to play-off against the best team from Oceania, with the winner of this play-off also qualifying. For the first time, defending champions Brazil was required to go through the qualifying process and did not automatically qualify for the tournament.
Craig Thyssen
Craig Andre Thyssen (born 25 March 1984 in Port Elizabeth) is a South African first class cricketer for the Warriors. He is a right-handed middle-order batsman and occasional right arm medium pace bowler. He achieved his highest first class score of 200 against the Chevrolet Knights (formerly Eagles) in Kimberly.

Warriors (cricket team)
The Warriors are a Division 1 cricket team representing the Eastern Cape in South African domestic competitions. The Warriors take part in the CSA 4-Day Series first-class competition, the Momentum One-Day Cup and CSA T20 Challenge. The team's home venue is St George's Park in Port Elizabeth, as well as Buffalo Park in East London.
Tereza Mirzoyan
Tereza Gaikovna Mirzoyan (Armenian: Թերեզա Միրզոյան; 11 August 1922 in Kirovokan, Soviet Union – 7 August 2016 in Yerevan, Armenia) was an Armenian sculptor. A member of the Artists' Union of the USSR, she was an Honored Artist of the Armenian SSR (1967) and Honored Art Worker of the Armenian SSR (1986), as well as a teacher and professor.

Vanadzor
Vanadzor (Armenian: Վանաձոր, IPA: [vɑnɑˈd͡zɔɾ]) is an urban municipal community and the third-largest city in Armenia, serving as the capital of Lori Province in the northern part of the country. It is located about 128 kilometres (80 miles) north of the capital Yerevan. As of the 2011 census, the city had a population of 86,199, down from 148,876 reported at the 1979 official census. Currently, the town has a population of approximately 75,186 as of the 2022 census. Vanadzor is the seat of the Diocese of Gougark of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Covering problems
In combinatorics and computer science, covering problems are computational problems that ask whether a certain combinatorial structure 'covers' another, or how large the structure has to be to do that. Covering problems are minimization problems and usually integer linear programs, whose dual problems are called packing problems.

The most prominent examples of covering problems are the set cover problem, which is equivalent to the hitting set problem, and its special cases, the vertex cover problem and the edge cover problem.

Covering problems allow the covering primitives to overlap; the process of covering something with non-overlapping primitives is called decomposition.

Duality (optimization)
In mathematical optimization theory, duality or the duality principle is the principle that optimization problems may be viewed from either of two perspectives, the primal problem or the dual problem. If the primal is a minimization problem then the dual is a maximization problem (and vice versa). Any feasible solution to the primal (minimization) problem is at least as large as any feasible solution to the dual (maximization) problem. Therefore, the solution to the primal is an upper bound to the solution of the dual, and the solution of the dual is a lower bound to the solution of the primal. This fact is called weak duality.

In general, the optimal values of the primal and dual problems need not be equal. Their difference is called the duality gap. For convex optimization problems, the duality gap is zero under a constraint qualification condition. This fact is called strong duality.