hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hélène Rytmann
Hélène Rytmann (15 October 1910 – 16 November 1980) was a French revolutionary and sociologist. She was active as a communist militant in the French resistance to Nazism. A member of the French Communist Party, she was expelled after accusations of Trotskyism and having participated in summary executions of former Nazi collaborators.

Rytmann was murdered by strangulation in 1980 by her husband Louis Althusser. Her murder attracted much attention from the French media and there were requests to sentence Althusser as an ordinary criminal, but he was instead declared unfit to stand trial by reason of insanity and committed to a psychiatric institution for three years.

Summary execution
In civil and military jurisprudence, summary execution is the putting to death of a person accused of a crime without the benefit of a free and fair trial. The term results from the legal concept of summary justice to punish a summary offense, as in the case of a drumhead court-martial, but the term usually denotes the summary execution of a sentence of death. Under international law, it is defined as a combatant's refusal to accept an opponent's lawful surrender and the combatant's provision of no quarter, by killing the surrendering opponents.

Summary executions have been practiced by governments and paramilitary organizations during both peacetime and war, and are usually associated with war crimes and political persecution.
Ossett Academy
Ossett Academy and Sixth Form College, formerly Ossett Grammar School, is the only secondary school, and also a sixth form college, in Ossett, a town in the county of West Yorkshire, England. The school is an academy.

Sixth form college
A sixth form college is an educational institution, where students aged 16 to 19 study typically for advanced post-school level qualifications such as A Levels, Business and Technology Education Council level 3 (BTEC), and the International Baccalaureate Diploma, or school-level qualifications such as General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations and BTEC level 2 qualifications. In many countries this type of educational institute is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the phrase 'sixth form college' as the English name for a lycée (high school).
PVRTC
PVRTC (PowerVR Texture Compression) and PVRTC2 are a family of lossy, fixed-rate texture compression formats used in PowerVR's MBX (PVRTC only), SGX and Rogue technologies. The PVRTC algorithm is documented in Simon Fenney's paper "Texture Compression using Low-Frequency Signal Modulation"  that was presented (slides) at Graphics Hardware 2003.

These differ from strictly block-based texture formats such as S3TC and Ericsson Texture Compression (ETC) in that the compressed image is represented by two lower resolution images which are bilinearly upscaled and then blended according to low precision, per-pixel weights. They also differ in that they support ARGB data in both 4-bpp and 2-bpp modes.

PVRTC is the compressed texture format used in the Nokia N9 and all generations of the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. It is also supported in certain Android devices, that use PowerVR GPUs.

RGBA color model
RGBA stands for red green blue alpha. While it is sometimes described as a color space, it is actually a three-channel RGB color model supplemented with a fourth alpha channel. Alpha indicates how opaque each pixel is and allows an image to be combined over others using alpha compositing, with transparent areas and anti-aliasing of the edges of opaque regions. Each pixel is a 4D vector.

The term does not define what RGB color space is being used. It also does not state whether or not the colors are premultiplied by the alpha value, and if they are it does not state what color space that premultiplication was done in. This means more information than just "RGBA" is needed to determine how to handle an image.

In some contexts the abbreviation "RGBA" means a specific memory layout (called RGBA8888 below), with other terms such as "BGRA" used for alternatives. In other contexts "RGBA" means any layout.
Coull
Coull is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cynthia Coull (born 1965), Canadian figure skater

Gary Coull (1954–2006), Canadian businessman

George Coull (1862–1934), Scottish pharmaceutical chemist

Joanna Coull (b. 1973), British swimmer

Robert Coull (b. 1966), British cyclist

Joanna Coull
Joanna Coull (born 4 February 1973) is a retired British international swimmer. Coull competed in two events at the 1988 Summer Olympics. She represented England in the 200 metres and 400 metres freestyle and won a silver medal in the 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay, at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand. She also won the 1989 ASA National Championship title in the 200 metres freestyle.
Chibalo
Chibalo was the system of debt bondage or forced labour in the Ultramar Português (the Portuguese overseas provinces in Africa and Asia), most notably in Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique (unlike most other European overseas possessions of the 20th century, the Portuguese ones were not considered colonies, but full-fledged provinces of Portugal proper).

In 1869 Portugal officially abolished slavery, but in practice, it continued nonetheless. Chibalo was used to build the infrastructure of the African provinces, as only Portuguese settlers and assimilados received an education, making them exempt from this forced labour.

Slavery in Portugal
Slavery in Portugal existed since before the country's formation. During the pre-independence period, inhabitants of the current Portuguese territory were often enslaved and they enslaved others. After independence, during the existence of the Kingdom of Portugal, the country played a leading role in the Atlantic slave trade, which involved the mass trade and transportation of slaves from Africa and other parts of the world to the Americas. The import of black slaves was banned in European Portugal in 1761 by the Marquis of Pombal, and at the same time, the trade of black slaves to Brazil was encouraged, with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis.  Slavery in Portugal was only abolished in 1869.

The Atlantic slave trade began circa 1336 or 1341, when Portuguese traders brought the first Canarian slaves to Europe. In 1526, Portuguese mariners carried the first shipload of African slaves to Brazil in the Americas, establishing the triangular Atlantic slave trade.
David A. Secombe
David Adam Secombe (May 25, 1827 – March 25, 1892) was a lawyer and Republican politician in Minnesota. He served as mayor of St. Anthony, as a delegate at the state's constitutional convention and in the Minnesota House of Representatives.

St. Anthony, Minnesota
St. Anthony, also known as Saint Anthony Village, is a city in Hennepin and Ramsey counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The population was 9,257 at the 2020 census, of whom 5,621 lived in the larger Hennepin County part of the city and 3,654 in the Ramsey County part. The city is run by a five-member council consisting of a mayor and four council members who serve four-year terms.
Henrich Mayorov
Henrich Aleksandrovich Mayorov (Russian: Гeнрих Александрович Майоров; 6 September 1936 – 3 April 2022) was a Russian-Ukrainian choreographer, ballet dancer, and artistic director whose work played a significant role in the development of narrative ballet in the late Soviet period. He was a laureate of the USSR State Prize (1976) and was awarded the honorary titles of Honoured Artist of the Russian Federation and Honoured Artist of the Republic of Buryatia.

Merited Artist of the Russian Federation
Merited Artist of the Russian Federation (Russian: Заслуженный артист Российской Федерации, Zasluzhenny artist Rossiyskoy Federatsii), also known as Honored Artist of Russia, is an honorary title in the Russian Federation. The title is awarded to actors, directors, filmmakers, writers, dancers, and singers for exceptional achievements in the arts.

The honorary title was originally modeled after the German honorific title for distinguished opera singers. Historically, the title was bestowed by princes or kings, when it was styled Hofkammersänger(in). In Imperial Russia before 1917, several stars of stage and film were honored with the title "Imperial singer", but after the October Revolution of 1917, the new regime made changes and established the title of the Merited Artist of Russia (Russian SFSR and Soviet Union).

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russian president Boris Yeltsin created a new award, first presented on 30 December 1995.
Supraśl Orthodox Monastery
The Monastery of the Annunciation in Supraśl (Polish: Monaster Zwiastowania Najświętszej Marii Panny w Supraślu; Belarusian: Супрасльскі Дабравешчанскі манастыр; Russian: Супрасльский Благовещенский монастырь), also known as the Supraśl Lavra is a monastery in Supraśl in north-eastern Poland in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Today it belongs to the autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church and is one of six Eastern Orthodox Christian men's monasteries in Poland. In 2023, the monastery was designated an official Polish Historic Monument.

Autocephaly
Autocephaly (/ɔːtəˈsɛfəli/; from Greek  αὐτοκεφαλία (autokephalia) 'self-headed') is the status of a hierarchical Christian church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop. The term is primarily used in Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches. The status has been compared with that of the churches (provinces) within the Anglican Communion.
1994 Cork South-Central by-election
A by-election was held in the Dáil Éireann constituency of Cork South-Central in Ireland on Thursday, 10 November 1994. It followed the resignation of Pat Cox TD in June 1994 on his re-election to the European Parliament.

The election was won by former TD Hugh Coveney of Fine Gael.

Among the candidates were Cork City Councillor and former and future TD John Dennehy, Cork City Councillor Dan Boyle, former Senator Brendan Ryan and Cork City Councillor Joe O'Flynn.

On the same day, a by-election took place in Cork North-Central.

Cork City Council
Cork City Council (Irish: Comhairle Cathrach Chorcaí) is the local authority of the city of Cork in Ireland. As a city council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. Before 1 January 2002, the council was known as Cork Corporation. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, environment and the management of some emergency services (including Cork City Fire Brigade). The council has 31 elected members. Elections are held every five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council is elected on an annual basis and has the honorific title of Lord Mayor. The city administration is headed by a chief executive, Valerie O'Sullivan. The council meets at City Hall, Cork.
Cecil de Blaquiere Howard
Cecil de Blaquiere Howard, sometimes Cecil Howard, (April 2, 1888 – September 5, 1956), born in Clifton, Welland County, Ontario, Canada (today Niagara Falls) was an American painter and sculptor.

The sculptor devoted his work to the presentation of the human body in various circumstances and styles, in sports or at rest, experimenting with figurative, polychrome sculptures, cubism, traditional African art, art deco, classicism or neoclassicism. Using different techniques, including modeling and direct carving, he worked with a range of materials, including clay, stone, marble, wood, plasticine, terracotta, plaster, wax, bronze and silver.

Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris
Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris (French pronunciation: [myze daʁ mɔdɛʁn də paʁi], in full the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, the Museum of Modern Art of the City of Paris) or MAM Paris, is a major municipal museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art of the 20th and 21st centuries, including monumental murals by Raoul Dufy, Gaston Suisse, and Henri Matisse. It is located at 11, Avenue du Président Wilson in the 16th arrondissement of Paris.

The museum is one of the 14 City of Paris' Museums that have been incorporated since 1 January 2013 in the public institution Paris Musées.
Shima-no-kami District Office and Temple Site
The Shima-no-kami Gunga site and associated temple ruins (嶋上郡衙跡附寺跡, Shima no kami gunga ato tsuketari tera ato) is an archaeological site with the ruins of  late Nara period to Heian period government administrative complex and official temple located in the Kawanishi-cho, Seifukuji-cho, and Gunge-shinmachi neighborhoods of the city of Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1971.

Buddhist temples in Japan
Buddhist temples or monasteries are (along with Shinto shrines) the most numerous, famous, and important religious buildings in Japan. The shogunates or leaders of Japan have made it a priority to update and rebuild Buddhist temples since the Momoyama period (late 16th century). The Japanese word for a Buddhist monastery is tera (寺) (kun reading), and the same kanji also has the pronunciation ji (on reading), so temple names frequently end in -dera (voiced) or -ji. Another ending, -in (院), is normally used to refer to minor temples. Examples of temple names that have these suffixes are Kiyomizu-dera, Enryaku-ji and Kōtoku-in.
Bont Dolgadfan
Bont Dolgadfan or Bontdolgadfan is a small village off the B4518 road in Powys, Wales. It is part of the community of Llanbrynmair and forms a community ward for elections to the community council.

There are two major estates in Bont Dolgadfan, Dolgadfan itself and Plas Llwyn Owen. The area has in the past been used for hunting game.

The Bont Dolgadfan bridge (Pont is Welsh for "bridge") is in the centre of the hamlet crossing the Afon Twymyn. It probably dates from the 18th century and was an important river crossing for the droveroad to Talerddig. The bridge is a Grade II listed structure.

Famous former residents include the late High Court Judge Wintringham Norton Stable.

Wintringham Stable
Sir Wintringham Norton Stable, MC (19 March 1888 – 23 November 1977) was a British High Court judge from 1938 to 1968.

Stable, known as "Owlie", was admitted to the Middle Temple on 13 November 1908, was called to the bar on 27 January 1913, and was appointed to the Bench of the High Court on 26 November 1938.

He was head of chambers at 2, Crown Office Row, which towards the end of his life moved premises and became known as Fountain Court Chambers. He admitted colleagues who gained his set a strong reputation for commercial litigation, especially Melford Stevenson QC, who succeeded him as head of chambers, Leslie Scarman QC, and Alan Orr QC.
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency is an autosomal recessive
metabolic disorder in which there is absent or significantly decreased activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of uracil and thymine.

Individuals with this condition may develop life-threatening toxicity following exposure to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapy drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. Beside 5-FU, widely prescribed oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine (Xeloda) could put DPD-deficient patients at risk of experiencing severe or lethal toxicities as well.

Thymine
Thymine (/ˈθaɪmiːn/) (symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. In RNA, thymine is replaced by the nucleobase uracil.  Thymine was first isolated in 1893 by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann from calf thymus glands, hence its name.
Metalasia fastigiata
Metalasia fastigiata is a flowering semi-shrub that is part of the Asteraceae family. The species is endemic to the Western Cape. The plant occurs from Calvinia and Nieuwoudtville, southwards to Wellington. It is especially abundant in the Olifants River Mountains and around Piketberg.

It grows in sandy soil from 700-1100 m and is part of the fynbos.

Calvinia
Calvinia is a regional town in the Northern Cape province of South Africa named after the French religious reformer Jean Calvin. The town falls under the Hantam Local Municipality which forms part of the Namakwa District Municipality. The Calvinia district is part of the Great Karoo region of South Africa. The town is just south of the Hantam mountains on the banks of the Oorlogskloof (meaning "War Ravine") River.

Calvinia enjoys 80% starlight and is renowned for its kaleidoscope of spring wildflowers coinciding with the Namaqualand wildflower spectacle.

An asteroid (1245 Calvinia) is named after the town.
Stephen Brunt (athlete)
Stephen Brunt MBE (born 21 July 1960) is a paralympic athlete from Great Britain competing mainly in category T12 distance runner events.

Brunt has run at four Paralympics.  He competed in the 5000m in both the 1988 and 1992 Summer Paralympics, but it was in the marathon where he won medals, he won gold in 1988 and defended it in 1992, he failed to medal in the 1996 Summer Paralympics but came back and won a silver medal in the 2000 Summer Paralympics.

Brunt was appointed MBE in the 1996 New Year Honours.

1988 Summer Paralympics
The 1988 Summer Paralympics (Korean: 1988년 하계 패럴림픽; RR: Cheon gubaek palsip-pal nyeon hagye paereollimpik) were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games. They took place in Seoul, South Korea. This was the first time the term "Paralympic" was used officially.
Society of the Divine Word
The Society of the Divine Word (Latin: Societas Verbi Divini), abbreviated SVD and popularly called the Verbites or the Divine Word Missionaries, and sometimes the Steyler Missionaries, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men. As of 2020, it consisted of 5,965 members composed of priests and religious brothers working in more than 70 countries, now part of VIVAT international. It is one of the largest missionary congregations in the Catholic Church. Its members add the nominal letters SVD after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation. The superior general is Anselmo Ricardo Ribeiro, who hails from Brazil.

Superior general (Christianity)
A superior general or general superior is the leader or head of an 'order' of religious persons (nuns, priests, friars, etc) or, in other words, of a 'religious institute' in the Catholic Church, and in some other Christian denominations. The superior general usually holds supreme 'executive' authority in the religious community, subject only to the Pope in the case of Catholic orders, while the general chapter has 'legislative' authority. Many Catholic superiors general are elected (directly or indirectly) by their order's membership, and are based in Rome, and thus facilitate their order's engagement with other elements of church leadership (the Pope; the Roman Curia; other orders' leadership).
Eduard Gübelin
Eduard Josef Gübelin (1913 – 2005), also known as Edward Joseph Gübelin was a Swiss gemstone researcher.

Gübelin's studies on gemstone inclusions laid the groundwork for the microscopic identification of gemstones. Gübelin used poetry to validate gemstones, as noted in the book Emeralds A Passionate Guide.

Gubelin was one of the first gemologists to recognise the butterfly wing effect in Colombian emeralds.

He also founded Gübelin Gem Lab.

Emerald
Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium or sometimes vanadium. Beryl has a hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale. Most emeralds have many inclusions, so their toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is a cyclosilicate. It occurs mainly in association with quartz, muscovite, albite, schorl, microcline, fluorite, smoky quartz and elbaite.
Assault on Bützfleth redoubt
The assault on Bützfleth redoubt occurred on 28 July 1657 during the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658, when a Swedish force of 1,800 men under the command of Carl Gustaf Wrangel successfully assaulted the Danish-held redoubt at Bützfleth, garrisoned by 450–500 men commanded by Mogens Krag.

After having bombarded Danish defenses with artillery, Swedish troops advanced along a dam, eventually forcing the Danes to surrender after inflicting 150–300 killed and wounded. Mogens Krag, along with the remaining Danish troops, fell into Swedish captivity and in August Wrangel assaulted Lehe sconce as well.

Bremervörde
Bremervörde (German pronunciation: [ˌbʁeːmɐˈføːɐ̯də] ⓘ) is a town in the north of the district (Landkreis) of Rotenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the Oste river near the centre of the "triangle" formed by the rivers Weser and Elbe, roughly equidistant from the cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Cuxhaven.
Thout 16
Thout 15 – Coptic calendar – Thout 17

The sixteenth day of the Coptic month of Thout, the first month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to September 13, of the Julian calendar, and September 26, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.

Coptic calendar
The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the farming populace in Egypt and used by the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). Like the Julian calendar (and unlike the international Gregorian calendar), the Coptic calendar has a leap year every four years invariably; it does not skip leap years three times every 400 years.
2001 Global Crossing at the Glen
The 2001 Global Crossing at the Glen was the 22nd stock car race of the 2001 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 16th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, August 12, 2001, at the shortened layout of Watkins Glen International, a 2.454 miles (3.949 km) permanent road course layout. The race took the scheduled 90 laps to complete. For the final two restarts, Hendrick Motorsports, driver Jeff Gordon would fend off against eventual second-place finisher, Roush Racing driver Jeff Burton to win a close race. The win was Gordon's 57th career victory and his fifth of the season. To fill out the podium, Jeremy Mayfield, driving for Penske Racing South, would finish third.

Team Penske
Team Penske (formerly known as Penske Racing) is an American professional auto racing organization that competes in the IndyCar Series, NASCAR Cup Series, IMSA SportsCar Championship, and the FIA World Endurance Championship. The team made its competitive debut at the 1966 24 Hours of Daytona and has since participated in a wide range of professional motorsport disciplines, including Formula One, Can-Am, Trans-Am, and Australia's Supercars Championship. Over the course of its history, Team Penske has amassed more than 500 race victories and secured over 40 championships across various categories of auto racing. The team operates as a division of Penske Corporation and is owned and chaired by Roger Penske.
Iten
Iten{/itɛn/} is a small town in Elgeyo-Marakwet County in the Republic of Kenya. It is one of the largest urban centers.
The town is located along the road between Eldoret and Kabarnet at the junction of the road heading to Kapsowar town at the western escarpment of the Gregory Rift at an altitude of 2400m. Elgeyo escarpment and Kerio River are located east of Iten. The slow growing town had a population of 42,312 at the 2019 consensus.

It forms a common local authority (Iten/Tambach town council) with Tambach, a small town in the vicinity. Iten was the headquarters of the former Elgeyo-Marakwet District since 1966, when it replaced Tambach.

Sally Barsosio
Sally Barsosio (born 21 March 1978 in Keiyo District) is a Kenyan distance runner. As of 2015, Barsosio is the youngest ever medallist at the World Junior Championships in Athletics, at 14 years and 182 days.