hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sard's theorem
In mathematics, Sard's theorem, also known as Sard's lemma or the Morse–Sard theorem, is a result in mathematical analysis that asserts that the set of critical values (that is, the image of the set of critical points) of a smooth function f from one Euclidean space or manifold to another is a null set, i.e., it has Lebesgue measure 0. This makes the set of critical values "small" in the sense of a generic property. The theorem is named for Anthony Morse and Arthur Sard.

Lebesgue measure
In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, the Lebesgue measure, named after French mathematician Henri Lebesgue, is the standard way of assigning a measure to subsets of higher dimensional Euclidean n-spaces. For lower dimensions , it coincides with the standard measure of length, area, or volume. In general, it is also called n-dimensional volume, n-volume, hypervolume, or simply volume. It is used throughout real analysis, in particular to define Lebesgue integration. Sets that can be assigned a Lebesgue measure are called Lebesgue-measurable; the measure of the Lebesgue-measurable set  is here denoted by .

Henri Lebesgue described this measure in the year 1901 which, a year after, was followed up by his description of the Lebesgue integral. Both were published as part of his dissertation Intégrale, Longueur, Aire in 1902.
Benjamin Zander
Benjamin Zander (born 9 March 1939 in Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, England) is an English conductor, who is musical director of the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra and the Boston Philharmonic Youth Orchestra.

New England Conservatory of Music
The New England Conservatory of Music (NEC) is a private music school in Boston, Massachusetts. The conservatory is located on Huntington Avenue along the Avenue of the Arts near Boston Symphony Hall, and is home to approximately 750 students pursuing undergraduate and graduate studies, and 1,500 more in its Preparatory School and School of Continuing Education. NEC offers bachelor's degrees in instrumental and vocal classical music performance, contemporary musical arts, composition, jazz studies, music history, and music theory, as well as graduate degrees in collaborative piano, conducting, and musicology. The conservatory has also partnered with Harvard University and Tufts University to create joint double-degree, five-year programs.
Herman S. Bloch
Herman Samuel Bloch (June 15, 1912 – June 16, 1990) was an American chemist and an inventor. Bloch invented the catalytic converter, a device that removes pollutants from automobile exhaust fumes. Bloch held more than 270 patents. He was the deputy director of research of the aerospace company AlliedSignal Inc, and chairman of the Cook County Housing Authority. He received the Chemical Pioneer Award in 1989 from the American Institute of Chemists. He received the Ernest J. Houdry Award in Applied Catalysis, the E. V. Murphree Award in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry in 1974, and the Richard J. Kokes Memorial Award and Lectureship from Johns Hopkins University in 1971. Bloch was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1975.

American Institute of Chemists
The American Institute of Chemists (AIC) is an organization founded in 1923 with the goal of advancing the chemistry profession in the United States. The institute is known for its yearly awards recognizing contributions of individuals in this field of work.

The American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal, given since 1926, is the institute's highest award and is awarded annually to a person who has promoted activity of service to the science or profession of chemist or chemical engineer in the United States of America.

The Chemical Pioneer Award, first given in 1966, recognizes chemists or chemical engineers who have made outstanding contributions to advances in chemistry or the chemical profession.

Former Presidents of the Institute include Gustav Egloff who served from 1942 to 1946.
Sir Gustavus Hume, 3rd Baronet
Sir Gustavus Hume, 3rd Baronet, of Castle Hume, (c.1670 – 25 October 1731) was an Irish landowner and politician.

Hume was the son of Sir John Hume, 2nd Baronet and Sydney Hamilton, and in 1695 he succeeded to his father's baronetcy. He was High Sheriff of Fermanagh in 1701. He was the Member of Parliament for County Fermanagh in the Irish House of Commons between 1713 and his death in 1731. In 1714 he was made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. From 1715 to 1727 he was a Groom of the Chamber to George I of Great Britain. Hume was succeeded in his title by his cousin, Charles Hume.

Irish House of Commons
The Irish House of Commons (Irish: Teach na gComóntach, Teach na dTeachtaí) was the lower house of the Parliament of Ireland that existed from 1297 until the end of 1800. The upper house was the House of Lords. The membership of the House of Commons was directly elected, but on a highly restrictive franchise, similar to the unreformed House of Commons in contemporary Great Britain. Catholics were disqualified from sitting in the Irish parliament from 1691, even though they comprised the vast majority of the Irish population.

The Irish executive, known as the Dublin Castle administration, under the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, was not answerable to the House of Commons but to the British government. However, the Chief Secretary for Ireland was usually a member of the Irish parliament. In the Commons, business was presided over by the Speaker.

From 1 January 1801, it ceased to exist and was succeeded by the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
Floyd Landis doping case
The Floyd Landis doping case was a doping scandal that featured Floyd Landis, the initial winner of the 2006 Tour de France. After a meltdown in Stage 16, where he had lost ten minutes, Landis came back in Stage 17, riding solo and passing his whole team. However, a urine sample taken from Landis immediately after his Stage 17 win twice tested positive for banned synthetic testosterone as well as a ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone nearly three times the limit allowed by World Anti-Doping Agency rules. The International Cycling Union stripped him of his 2006 Tour title. Second place finisher Óscar Pereiro was officially declared the winner. The only previous Tour de France winner to be disqualified at the time was the 1904 Tour's winner, Maurice Garin; however, in the following years Alberto Contador and Lance Armstrong would have tour wins revoked.

1904 Tour de France
The 1904 Tour de France was the second Tour de France, held from 2 to 24 July. With a route similar to its previous edition, 1903 Tour de France winner Maurice Garin seemed to have repeated his win by a small margin over Lucien Pothier, while Hippolyte Aucouturier won four of the six stages. But the race became a victim of its own success, plagued by scandals; cyclists were accused of having taken trains during the race. Twelve cyclists, including the first four of the final classification and all stage winners, were disqualified by the Union Vélocipédique Française (UVF). Henri Cornet, originally the fifth-place finisher, was awarded the victory four months after the race. The problems caused the Tour de France to be provisionally cancelled, and subsequently the 1905 Tour de France was run with different rules from the 1903 and 1904 editions.
Lorenzo Avagnina
Lorenzo Avagnina (born 14 November 1980) is an Italian professional baseball outfielder, for San Marino Baseball Club in the Italian Baseball League.

He played for Montepaschi Grosseto and Rimini Baseball Club before joining San Marino in 2011.

He also played for the Italy national baseball team in the 2006 Intercontinental Cup, 2007 European Baseball Championship, 2007 Baseball World Cup, 2008 European Cup, 2010 European Cup, 2010 European Baseball Championship, 2011 Baseball World Cup, 2012 European Baseball Championship and 2013 World Baseball Classic.

2006 Intercontinental Cup (baseball)
The 2006 IBAF Intercontinental Cup was held in Taichung, Taiwan from November 9 through the 19th.  Eight countries contested the tournament, which was played at Taichung Baseball Field and the newly built Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium.  The participating countries were Cuba, Australia, Italy, the Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines in addition to the hosts from Chinese Taipei (Taiwan).  The tournament was sanctioned by the International Baseball Federation.
Mason Reese
Mason Reese (born April 11, 1965) is an American former child actor and restaurant entrepreneur who appeared in numerous television commercials in the 1970s, including Underwood Deviled Ham, Ivory Snow, Dunkin' Donuts, and Post Raisin Bran.

Child actor
A child actor or child actress is a child acting on stage, television or in movies. An adult who began their acting career as a child may also be called a child actor or a "former child actor". Closely associated terms include teenage actor or teen actor, which refer to an actor who gained popularity as a teenager.

Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults, mainly due to typecasting. Macaulay Culkin and Lindsay Lohan are two particularly famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at an early age. Some child actors have successful acting careers as adults; for example Mickey Rooney, Elizabeth Taylor, Jodie Foster, Christian Bale, Drew Barrymore, Saoirse Ronan. Other child actors have gone on to successful careers in other fields, including director Ron Howard, politicians Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński, James Jebbia, and singer Jenny Lewis.
Knowledge Nation
Knowledge Nation was the education policy of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), launched just before the 2001 Federal Election at Victoria University's St Albans campus, by then ALP leader Kim Beazley.

Barry Jones was the principal planner of the Knowledge Nation blueprint, as chair of the Chifley Research Centre's Knowledge Nation Taskforce.

The most remembered element is a chart with many nodes and many tangled lines connecting these nodes, representing the many components of Australia's education system. This complicated chart prompted the ALP's opposing parties to dub the policy "Noodle Nation".

The policy was developed by the ALP's Chifley Research Centre policy institute.

Australia's dominant news organisation News Limited offered to promote the package for $447,406. This included both advertising and favourable editorial. The ALP declined this offer.

Victoria University (Australia)
Victoria University (VU or Vic Uni) is an Australian public research university based in Melbourne, Victoria. It is a dual-sector university, providing courses in both higher education and technical and further education (TAFE).

The university has several campuses in Melbourne Central Business District, Melbourne Western Region, Sydney, Brisbane, as well as Online.
Michal Smolen
Michal Smolen (born Michał Smoleń, September 13, 1993) is a Polish-American slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 2008 for the United States.

He won a bronze medal in the K1 event at the 2015 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in London.

Smolen participated at two Olympic Games. He finished 12th in the K1 event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He qualified to represent the United States again at the delayed 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, where he finished 5th in the K1 event.

Smolen's first major victory came at the 2014 Under 23 World Championship in Penrith where he won gold in the K1 event.

His father Rafał represented Poland in canoe slalom and his mother Agnieszka was a Polish national team handball player.

Canoeing at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's slalom K-1
The men's K-1 slalom canoeing event at the 2020 Summer Olympics took place on 28 and 30 July 2021 at the Kasai Canoe Slalom Course. 24 canoeists from 24 nations competed. Jiří Prskavec from the Czech Republic won the event, Jakub Grigar from Slovakia was second, and Hannes Aigner from Germany third. Prskavec and Aigner were bronze medalists in this event at the 2016 and 2012 Olympics, respectively; for Grigar, this is the first Olympic medal.
Dumbbell Indemnity
"Dumbbell Indemnity" is the sixteenth episode of the ninth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 1, 1998. It was written by Ron Hauge and directed by Dominic Polcino. The episode sees Moe spending large amounts of money to impress his new girlfriend, which leads him to commit insurance fraud once his finances begin to dwindle. Homer helps him, but is caught and sent to jail, and attempts to take revenge on Moe when he does not bail him out. Helen Hunt makes a guest appearance as Moe's girlfriend, Renee. The episode contains several cultural references and was generally well received.

Showrunner
A showrunner is the top-level executive producer of a television series. The position outranks other creative and management personnel, including episode directors, in contrast to feature films, in which the director has creative control over the production, and the executive producer's role is limited to investing. In scripted comedy and drama TV shows, the showrunner also usually serves as the head writer (or its most prolific writer). The role of a showrunner is not present on all television series, especially outside the United States; this article describes the nature of the role where it is present.
Runyakitara language
Runyakitara is a standardized language based on four closely related languages of western Uganda:

Nyoro or Runyoro

Kiga (Chiga) or Rukiga

Nkore or Runyankole

Tooro or Rutooro

Jouni Filip Maho's 2009 New Updated Guthrie List Online calls it an artificial language, while Ethnologue calls it "standardized" and "hybrid".

The Google interface was translated into Kitara in February 2010 by the Faculty of Computing and IT, Makerere University. It is also used in the Orumuri newspaper, published by New Vision Group.

Artificial language
Artificial languages are languages of a typically very limited size which emerge either in computer simulations between artificial agents, robot interactions or controlled psychological experiments with humans. They are different from both constructed languages and formal languages in that they have not been consciously devised by an individual or group but are the result of (distributed) conventionalisation processes, much like natural languages. Opposed to the idea of a central designer, the field of artificial language evolution in which artificial languages are studied can be regarded as a sub-part of the more general cultural evolution studies.
Si Racha Junction railway station
Si Racha Junction Railway Junction is a railway station located in Surasak Subdistrict, Si Racha District, Chon Buri. It is a class 3 railway station located 130.605 km (81.2 mi) from Bangkok railway station. It opened in July 1989 as part of the Chachoengsao Junction–Sattahip Port section. Later, the Laem Chabang Port Line, for freight trains only, opened in 1992, thus turning this station into a junction.

Sattahip district
Sattahip (Thai: สัตหีบ, pronounced [sàt.tā.hìːp]) is a district (amphoe) in Chonburi province, Thailand. It is at the southern tip of the province southeast of Bangkok. In 2014, the district had a population of 157,000 in an area of 348.122 km2.
1992 Eastwood District Council election
The 1992 Eastwood District Council election for the Eastwood District Council took place in May 1992, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts.

The Conservatives again maintained their dominance of the council, winning 56% of the vote and two-thirds of the Districts' seats.

Eastwood, Strathclyde
55°48′25″N 4°17′42″W﻿ / ﻿55.807°N 4.295°W﻿ / 55.807; -4.295

Eastwood was a local government district in the Strathclyde region. It was derived from the civil parish of Eastwood which had been within the county of Renfrewshire, though latterly included areas which had become annexed Lanarkshire and the expanding city of Glasgow. Established in 1975, it covered the parts of the parish outside Glasgow, plus adjoining areas to the south; it was abolished in 1996 to become part of East Renfrewshire.
NNT
NNT could refer to:

Nan Airport, Thailand; IATA airport code NNT

The Nakai–Nam Theun National Biodiversity Conservation Area in Laos

Nassim Nicholas Taleb

Number needed to treat, an epidemiological measure

Nunthorpe railway station, England;  National Rail station code NNT

NAD(P) transhydrogenase, a human mitochondria|mitochondrial enzyme encoded by the NNT gene

Nan Nakhon Airport
Nan Nakhon Airport (IATA: NNT, ICAO: VTCN) is in Tambon Pha Sing, Amphoe Mueang Nan, Nan province in Northern Thailand. Flights are only offered to Bangkok (DMK).

In 2014, a new terminal was built further down the airport road replacing the old terminal, but using the existing runway. Upon arrival and departure, passengers are required to walk to the terminal or the plane, as there are no jet bridges.
Vatten (song)
"Vatten" ("Water") is a Swedish song about Stockholm by Robert Broberg, released in 1981 on his album Kvinna eller man. The lyrics includes places in Stockholm County, among them Café Opera, Karlberg, Stockholms skärgård, Djurgårdsfärjan, Haga slott and Lidingöbro.

The song charted at number 10 in Svensktoppen in May 1981.

Karlberg Palace
Karlberg Palace (Swedish: [kaɭˈbærj]) is a palace by the Karlberg Canal in Solna Municipality in Sweden, adjacent to Stockholm's Vasastaden district. The palace, built in 1630, today houses the Military Academy Karlberg.

In the palace park are found, among other things, a "temple of Diana" (originally dedicated to Neptune) and the burial site of Pompe, the dog of King Charles XII.

Notwithstanding that the palace remains a military institution, the palace park is accessible to the public and is open daily between 6 AM and 10 PM.
TBZ
TBZ, tbz, or TbZ can refer to:

A computer file, the result of tar and bzip2 operations.

Tetrabenazine, a drug

Thiabendazole, a parasiticide

Tabriz International Airport

Tahnoun bin Zayed Al Nahyan (national security advisor), National Security Advisor of UAE

The ICAO Airline Designator of Iranian ATA Airlines

Tabriz Shahid Madani International Airport
Tabriz Shahid Madani International Airport (Persian: فرودگاه بین‌المللی شهید مدنی تبریز) (IATA: TBZ, ICAO: OITT) is an airport that serves the Iranian city of Tabriz. It is the primary airport of this city in the East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran. The runway of the airport is also used by Tactical Air Base 2 of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.

The airport has been damaged from Israeli airstrikes on 13 June 2025 leading to a full closure that lasted 23 days. The airport reopened for both domestic and international operations on 5 July 2025.
1999 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1999 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 71st staging of the Railway Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1927. The cup began on 7 November 1999 and ended on 21 November 1999.

Leinster were the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Connacht in the semi-final.

On 21 November 1999, Connacht won the cup after a 2-13 to 1–15 defeat of Munster in the final at Semple Stadium. This was their 10th Railway Cup title overall and their first title since 1994.

Semple Stadium
FBD Semple Stadium is the home of hurling and Gaelic football for Tipperary GAA and for the province of Munster. Located in Thurles, County Tipperary, it is the second largest GAA stadium in Ireland (after Croke Park), with a capacity of 45,690 and named after Tom Semple, the captain of the Thurles "Blues". He won All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship medals in 1900, 1906, and 1908.

The stadium is the leading venue for Munster hurling followers, having hosted the Munster Hurling Final on many memorable occasions.
William Tavaré
William Andrew Tavaré (born 1 January 1990) is an English former cricketer who played for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club.  Tavaré is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace.  He was born in Bristol and educated at Bristol Grammar School. He retired from cricket following the 2019 County Championship.

While studying for his degree in human biology at Loughborough University, Tavaré made his first-class debut for Loughborough MCCU against Kent in 2010.  He has made two further first-class appearances for Loughborough MCCU, against Yorkshire in 2010 and Kent in 2011.

On 28 September 2013, Tavaré signed for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club after impressing for the county's second XI during the 2013 season.

He is the nephew of both former England cricketer Chris Tavaré and business executive Simon Lee.

Simon Lee (businessman)
Simon Philip Guy Lee (born 4 March 1961) is a British business executive. He was the chief executive (CEO) of RSA Insurance Group, a British multinational general insurance company, until 13 December 2013, when he was succeeded by Stephen Hester.
Victor de Cottens
Victor de Cottens (21 August 1862 – 26 February 1956) was a French dramatist, librettist, stage director, and theatre critic.

De Cottens was born in Paris. For the Folies Bergère, he directed every edition of the Revue des Folies-Bergère produced by Émile and Vincent Isola; each of these revues offered various acts linked by two commentators, the commère and compère. Between 1908 and 1911, he and H. B. Marinelli ran the Olympia music hall in Paris. He and E. Danancier collaborated as interim directors of the Théâtre du Vaudeville in Paris when that theatre, closed at the beginning of the First World War, reopened on 2 April 1915.

He died in Paris in 1956.

Vincent Isola
Vincent Isola (24 July 1862 in Blida, Algeria – 31 August 1947 in Paris) was a French theatre director. Along with his older brother Émile Isola with whose life and career he was closely involved, he was a conjurer and theatre director in Paris; they were known as the Frères Isola – the Isola Brothers.
Aerofilms
Aerofilms Ltd was the UK's first commercial aerial photography company, founded in 1919 by Francis Wills and Claude Graham White. Wills had served as an Observer with the Royal Naval Air Service during World War I, and was the driving force behind the expansion of the company from an office and a bathroom (for developing films) in Hendon to a business with major contracts in Africa and Asia as well as in the UK. Co-founder Graham-White was a pioneer aviator who had achieved fame by making the first night flight in 1910.

Royal Naval Air Service
The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy, under the direction of the Admiralty's Air Department, and existed formally from 1 July 1914 to 1 April 1918, when it was merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force (RAF), the world's first independent air force.

It was replaced by the Fleet Air Arm, initially consisting of those RAF units that normally operated from ships, but emerging as a separate unit similar to the original RNAS by the time of the Second World War.
The Snowman (picture book)
The Snowman is a wordless children's picture book by British author Raymond Briggs, first published in 1978 by Hamish Hamilton in the United Kingdom, and published by Random House in the United States in November of the same year. The book won a number of awards and was adapted into an animated television film in 1982 which is an annual fixture at Christmas.

The book is entirely wordless, and illustrated with only coloured pencils. Briggs said that it was partly inspired by his previous book Fungus the Bogeyman: "For two years I worked on Fungus, buried amongst muck, slime and words, so... I wanted to do something which was clean, pleasant, fresh and wordless and quick."

Hamish Hamilton
Hamish Hamilton Limited is a publishing imprint and originally a British publishing house, founded in 1931 eponymously by the half-Scot half-American Jamie Hamilton (Hamish is the vocative form of the Gaelic Seumas [meaning James], James the English form – which was also his given name, and Jamie the diminutive form). Jamie Hamilton was often referred to as Hamish Hamilton.

The Hamish Hamilton imprint is now part of the Penguin Random House group.