hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wilder Observatory
Wilder Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned by Amherst College. It is located on Snell Street in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States, and was designed by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White. It was renovated in 2001, along with the telescope. The Amherst Area Amateur Astronomers Association offers observing nights at the Observatory.

Observatory
An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial, marine, or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geophysics, oceanography and volcanology are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed.

The term observatoire has been used in French since at least 1976 to denote any institution that compiles and presents data on a particular subject (such as public health observatory) or for a particular geographic area (European Audiovisual Observatory).
UpStairs Lounge arson attack
The UpStairs Lounge arson attack, sometimes called the UpStairs Lounge Fire, occurred on June 24, 1973, at a gay bar called the UpStairs (or Up Stairs) Lounge located on the 2nd floor of the 3-story building at 604 Iberville Street in New Orleans, Louisiana, in the United States. Thirty-two people died and 15 were injured as a result of fire or smoke inhalation. The official cause is still listed as "undetermined origin". The primary suspect, a gay man with a history of psychiatric impairment named Roger Dale Nunez who had been ejected from the bar earlier in the day, was never charged and died by suicide in November 1974.

Until the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, in which 49 people were murdered, the UpStairs Lounge arson attack was the deadliest attack on a gay club in U.S. history.

Gay bar
A gay bar is a drinking establishment that caters to an exclusively or predominantly lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer (LGBTQ+) clientele; the term gay is used as a broadly inclusive concept for LGBTQ+ communities.

Gay bars once served as the centre of gay culture and were one of the few places people with same-sex orientations and gender-variant identities could openly socialize. Other names used to describe these establishments include boy bar, girl bar, gay club, gay pub, queer bar, lesbian bar, drag bar, and dyke bar, depending on the communities that they serve.

With the advent of the Internet and an increasing acceptance of LGBTQ+ people across the Western world, the relevance of gay bars in the LGBTQ+ community has somewhat diminished. In areas without a gay bar, certain establishments may hold a gay night instead.
Roy D. Chapin Jr.
Roy Dikeman Chapin Jr. (September 21, 1915 – August 5, 2001) was the chairman and chief executive officer of American Motors Corporation (AMC). Chapin's father, Roy D. Chapin Sr., was one of the co-founders of the Hudson Motor Car Company; Hudson later merged with Nash-Kelvinator Corporation in 1954 to form American Motors. Roy D. Chapin Jr. was instrumental in introducing many successful lines of cars by American Motors that included the Gremlin, Hornet, and Javelin, as well as the purchase of Kaiser Jeep by the automaker.

AMC Javelin
The AMC Javelin is an American front-engine, rear-wheel-drive, two-door hardtop automobile manufactured by American Motors Corporation (AMC) across two generations, 1968 through 1970 and 1971 through 1974 model years. The car was positioned and marketed in the pony car market segment.

Styled by Dick Teague, the Javelin was available in a range of trim and engine levels, from economical pony car to muscle car variants. In addition to manufacture in Kenosha, Wisconsin, Javelins were assembled under license in Germany, Mexico, Philippines, Venezuela, as well as Australia – and were marketed globally. American Motors also offered discounts to U.S. military personnel, and cars were taken overseas.

The Javelin won the Trans-Am race series in 1971, 1972, and 1976. The second-generation AMX variant was the first pony car used as a standard vehicle for highway police car duties by an American law enforcement agency.
Guo Qiqi
Guo Qiqi (Chinese: 郭崎琪; born 7 August 1998) is a Chinese rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2024 Olympic group all-around champion and the 2023 World group all-around silver medalist. She competed in the group all-around at the 2020 Olympic Games where the Chinese group finished fourth.

Gymnastics at the 2024 Summer Olympics
Gymnastics competitions at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris were contested in three categories: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampolining. The artistic (27 July to 5 August) and trampoline (2 August) events took place at the Accor Arena (referred to as the Bercy Arena due to IOC sponsorship rules), with the rhythmic events staged at Porte de La Chapelle Arena from 8 to 10 August.
Portrait of Prince Edward, Duke of York
Portrait of the Duke of York is a 1764 portrait painting by the Italian artist Pompeo Batoni depicting Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany. York was the younger brother of George III and had been heir presumptive to the throne from 1760 until the birth of his nephew George, Prince of Wales in 1762. From 1763 to 1764 following the end of the Seven Years' War, York went on a Grand Tour around Continental Europe. While in Rome he sat for Batoni, a leading portraitist who specialised in painting visiting Britons. York is shown in the uniform of a Flag officer of the Royal Navy and the Order of the Garter, with the Colosseum visible behind him.

York gave the painting to Horace Mann, the British ambassador in Florence. His nephew presented the work to George III in 1787. By 1819 it was hanging in the Coffee Room at Buckingham Palace. It remains in the Royal Collection today.

Heir presumptive
An heir presumptive is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of a person with a better claim to the position in question. This is in contrast to an heir apparent, whose claim on the position cannot be displaced in this manner.
Eureka Spurs
The Eureka Spurs (72°42′S 166°0′E﻿ / ﻿72.700°S 166.000°E﻿ / -72.700; 166.000) are several rock spurs exposed along the east side of the head of Mariner Glacier, 8 nautical miles (15 km) southwest of Mount McCarthy, in Victoria Land. They were so named, after the ancient Greek word eureka, by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition field party to Evans Neve, 1971–72, on the occasion of fossil discoveries made in the area.

Thick sections of sedimentary strata of the Spurs Formation are exposed in Eureka Spurs. These outcrops exposed Cambrian submarine channel-fills in the Spurs Formation that exhibit unique meter-scale sedimentary cyclic layers of breccia and diamictite. In addition, these outcrops have yielded rare, identifiable fossils, including trilobites, that typically are absent in lower Paleozoic sedimentary strata in Victoria Land.

Stratum
In geology and related fields, a stratum (pl.: strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as either bedding surfaces or bedding planes. Prior to the publication of the International Stratigraphic Guide, older publications have defined a stratum as being either equivalent to a single bed or composed of a number of beds; as a layer greater than 1 cm in thickness and constituting a part of a bed; or a general term that includes both bed and lamina. Related terms are substrate and substratum (pl.substrata), a stratum underlying another stratum.
The Forsaken (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
"The Forsaken" is the 17th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures on Deep Space Nine, a space station located near a stable wormhole between the Alpha and Gamma quadrants of the Milky Way Galaxy,  in orbit of the planet Bajor.  In this episode, Dr. Julian Bashir is assigned "babysitting" duty for four visiting ambassadors, Chief Miles O'Brien deals with an alien computer program downloaded from a probe, and Odo copes with a deeply infatuated Lwaxana Troi.

This episode aired in broadcast syndication on May 24, 1993.

Wormhole
A wormhole is a hypothetical structure that connects disparate points in spacetime. It can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations.
Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity, but whether they actually exist is unknown. Many physicists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of a fourth spatial dimension, analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object.

In 1995, Matt Visser suggested there may be many wormholes in the universe if cosmic strings with negative mass were generated in the early universe. Some physicists, such as Kip Thorne, have suggested how to create wormholes artificially.
2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries
The 2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries and caucuses were a series of electoral contests to indicate non-binding preferences for the Libertarian Party's presidential candidate in the 2020 United States presidential election. These differed from the Republican or Democratic presidential primaries and caucuses in that they do not appoint delegates to represent a candidate at the party's convention to select the party's presidential nominee.

The party's nominee was subsequently chosen directly by registered delegates at the 2020 Libertarian National Convention, held through an online convention from May 22 to May 24. Jo Jorgensen was chosen as the party's presidential nominee, becoming the first woman to receive the Libertarian nomination, after four rounds of voting. Spike Cohen was nominated for vice president.

Larry Sharpe (political activist)
Larry David Sharpe (born July 12, 1968) is an American business consultant, entrepreneur, political activist, and podcaster. He was a candidate for the Libertarian Party nomination for vice president of the United States in 2016, losing to former Massachusetts governor Bill Weld. Sharpe was the Libertarian nominee for Governor of New York in the 2018 gubernatorial election. He again received that party's gubernatorial nomination for the 2022 New York gubernatorial election, but did not meet the qualifications to be listed on the general election ballot and consequently ran as a write-in candidate. He is again the Libertarian gubernatorial nominee in the 2026 New York gubernatorial election, as well as the nominee of the We The People Party; he is concurrently running for the nomination of the Republican Party.
Locations in New Zealand with a Scottish name
This is a list of placenames in Scotland which have subsequently been applied to parts of New Zealand by Scottish emigrants or explorers.

The South Island also contains the Strath-Taieri and the Ben Ohau Range of mountains, both combining Scots Gaelic and Māori origins, as does Glentaki, in the lower valley of the Waitaki River. Invercargill has the appearance of a Scottish name, since it combines the Scottish prefix "Inver" (Inbhir), meaning a river's mouth, with "Cargill", the name of Scottish early settler William Cargill. (Invercargill's main streets are named after Scottish rivers, e.g., Dee, Tay, Spey, Esk, Don, Doon, Clyde.) Inchbonnie is a hybrid of Lowland Scots and Scottish Gaelic.

Glendowie, New Zealand
Glendowie is a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand. It is under the local governance of Auckland Council. It was under Auckland City Council from 1989 until the merger of all of Auckland's councils into the "super city" in 2010.
St Piran's Church, Perranarworthal
St Piran's Church is an active Anglican parish church in Perranarworthal, Cornwall, England. It is part of a united benefice consisting of eight churches, the Eight Saints Cluster, in the parishes of Stithians with Perran-Ar-Worthal and Gwennap. The benefice has four licensed clergy and four readers.  The church, dedicated to Saint Piran, is in the Carnmarth, North deanery, the archdeaconry of Cornwall and the Diocese of Truro.  The church was granted Grade II* listed status in May 1967. The churchyard contains several listed chest tombs and headstones.

Licensed lay minister
In Anglicanism, a licensed lay minister (LLM) or lay reader (in some jurisdictions simply reader) is a person authorised by a bishop to lead certain services of worship (or parts of the service), to preach and to carry out pastoral and teaching functions. They are formally trained and admitted to the office, but they remain part of the laity, not of the clergy.
Democratic Patriots' Unified Party
The Democratic Patriots' Unified Party (Arabic: حزب الوطنيين الديمقراطيين الموحد), formerly the Democratic Patriots' Movement, is a communist party in Tunisia. Established in 1981, the movement was only legalised in 2011 after the Tunisian Revolution. The movement primarily advocates a parliamentary system, the balanced development of the peasantry and light industry, and campaigns against the exploitation of the working classes of Tunisia. In the 2011 elections, they won one seat in the Constituent Assembly of Tunisia, Mongi Rahoui from Jendouba Constituency. In October 2012, the party formed a leftist coalition, the Popular Front, with the Workers' Party, the Tunisian Green Party, the Movement of Socialist Democrats, the Tunisian Ba'ath Movement (an Iraqi-led branch of the Ba'ath Party), and other Progressive parties. The Movement is strongly anti-Islamist.

Its secretary-general, Chokri Belaid, was shot dead on 6 February 2013.

Criticism of Islamism
The ideas and practices of the leaders, preachers, and movements of the Islamic revival movement known as Islamism (also referred to as Political Islam) have been criticized by non-Muslims and Muslims (often Islamic modernists and liberals).

Among those authors, scholars and leaders who have criticized Islamism, or some element of it, are Maajid Nawaz, Reza Aslan, Abdelwahab Meddeb, Muhammad Sa'id al-'Ashmawi, Khaled Abu al-Fadl, Gilles Kepel, Matthias Küntzel, Joseph E. B. Lumbard, Olivier Roy, and Indonesian Islamic group Nahdlatul Ulama.

Tenets of the Islamist movement that have come under criticism include: restrictions on freedom of expression to prevent apostasy from and insults to Islam; that Islam is not only a religion but a governing system; that historical Sharia, or Islamic law, is one, universal system of law, accessible to humanity, and necessary to enforcement for Islam to be truly practiced.
Liberty Highway
The Liberty Highway was an auto trail in the United States linking New York City with Cleveland, Ohio. It passed through Binghamton, New York; Elmira, New York; Jamestown, New York; and Erie, Pennsylvania. First signed in 1918, it was named after the village of Liberty, New York.

Through New Jersey and New York, the route of the Liberty Highway was designated as Route 17. Today, much of these routes have been bypassed by freeways, most notably by Interstate 86. Throughout much of the Catskills and the Southern Tier of New York, old portions of the road are still named Liberty Highway or Old Route 17.

Harriman, New York
Harriman is a village in Orange County, New York, United States. It is in the southeastern section of the town of Monroe, with a small portion in the town of Woodbury. The population was 2,714 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area.
Monnè, outrages et defis
Monnè, outrages et defis is a novel by Ivorian author Ahmadou Kourouma. It was first published in 1990 by Éditions du Seuil in its original language. In 1993, Mercury House published the English translation, Monnew, by Nidra Poller. The word "monnew" is derived from the pre-existing Malinke term monnè and has a variety of meanings such as "humiliation, insult, outrage, contempt, fury," and more. It won the Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire in 1990.

The novel depicts how underdeveloped Africa was subjected to constant pillage by colonial France through a fictional land called Soba. They are a closed society that carries on elaborate ritualistic traditions. Their modes of living is disrupted with the arrival of French colonisers. The plot is built upon what the Djigui Keita and people of Soba endures within this period.

Maninka language
Maninka (also known as Malinke), or more precisely Eastern Maninka, is the name of several closely related languages and dialects of the southeastern Manding subgroup of the Mande language family (itself, possibly linked to the Niger–Congo phylum). It is the mother tongue of the Malinké people in Guinea, where it is spoken by 3.1 million people and is the main language in the Upper Guinea region, and in Mali, where the closely related Bambara is a national language, as well as in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast, where it has no official status. It was the language of court and government during the Mali Empire.
1932 College Football All-Southern Team
The 1932 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations for the 1932 Southern Conference football season. Tennessee won the Southern championship.

1932 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1932 Tennessee Volunteers football team (variously "Tennessee", "UT" or the "Vols") represented the University of Tennessee in the 1932 Southern Conference football season. Playing as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon), the team was led by head coach Robert Neyland, in his seventh year, and played their home games at Shields–Watkins Field in Knoxville, Tennessee.

The 1932 Vols won nine, lost zero and tied one game (9–0–1 overall, 7–0–1 in the SoCon) and were Southern Conference champions.  It was their last year in the conference before moving to the newly formed Southeastern Conference. The team was led by its backfield with Deke Brackett and Beattie Feathers.
Build Thy House
Build Thy House is a 1920 British silent film directed by Fred Goodwins, and starring Henry Ainley, Ann Trevor, Reginald Bach and Claude Rains in his film debut. The screenplay was written by Eliot Stannard from the story by S. Trevor Jones.

The film was the winner of a £200 scenario writing contest.

Fred Goodwins
Fred Goodwins (26 February 1891 – 22 August 1923) was an English actor, film director and screenwriter of the silent era. He appeared in 24 films between 1915 and 1921. He most notably worked with Charlie Chaplin during Chaplin's Mutual period, and wrote a series of articles detailing the production process of the period which were published in the magazine Red Letter in 1916, and later compiled in a book titled "Charlie Chaplin's Red Letter Days".
Donald Mackay, Baron Mackay of Drumadoon
Donald Sage Mackay, Baron Mackay of Drumadoon, PC (30 January 1946 – 21 August 2018) was a British judge of the Supreme Courts of Scotland, and a Lord Advocate, the country's senior Law Officer. He was also one of five additional Lords of Appeal in the House of Lords, where he sat as a crossbencher.

Lord President of the Court of Session
The Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General (Scottish Gaelic: Àrd-mhorair Cùirt an t-Seisein) is the most senior judge in Scotland, the head of the judiciary, and the presiding judge of the College of Justice, the Court of Session, and the High Court of Justiciary. The Lord President holds the title of Lord Justice General of Scotland and the head of the High Court of Justiciary ex officio, as the two offices were combined in 1836.  The Lord President has authority over any court established under Scots law, except for the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and the Court of the Lord Lyon.

The current Lord President of the Court of Session is Lord Pentland, who was appointed to the position on 3 February 2025 succeeding Lord Carloway They are paid according to salary group 1.1 of the Judicial Salaries Scale, which in 2016 was £222,862.
Orange-billed nightingale-thrush
The orange-billed nightingale-thrush (Catharus aurantiirostris) is a species of bird in the family Turdidae, the thrushes and allies. It is found from northern Mexico through Central America (except Belize) into northern South America. In addition it has been documented in Brazil and as a vagrant to the United States.

Vagrancy (biology)
Vagrancy is a phenomenon in biology whereby an individual animal (usually a bird) appears well outside its normal range; they are known as vagrants. The term accidental is sometimes also used. There are a number of poorly understood factors which might cause an animal to become a vagrant, including internal causes such as navigation errors (endogenous vagrancy)  and external causes such as severe weather (exogenous vagrancy). Vagrancy events may lead to colonisation and eventually to speciation.
Fortune 1000
The Fortune 1000 are the 1,000 largest American companies ranked by revenues, as compiled by the American business magazine Fortune. It only includes companies which are incorporated or authorized to do business in the United States, and for which revenues are publicly available (regardless of whether they are public companies listed on a stock market). The Fortune 500 is the subset of the list that is its 500 largest companies.

The list draws the attention of business readers seeking to learn the influential players in the American economy and prospective sales targets, as these companies tend to have large budgets and staff needs. Walmart was number one on the list for five of the seven years from 2007 to 2014, interrupted only by ExxonMobil in 2009 and 2012.

The following is a list of urban areas by the number of companies on the 2014 Fortune 1000 list that are located there:

Incorporation (business)
Incorporation is the formation of a new corporate body. The body may be a business corporation, a nonprofit organization, sports club or similar. The term also applied in local government to the formation of a new city or town.
Hallands Nyheter
Hallands Nyheter is a Swedish newspaper, founded by Artur Lagerihn in 1905. The newspaper is published in Falkenberg. It has a daily circulation of 31,600 and is owned by Stampen AB. The editorial page supports Centerpartiet. It is printed six days a week, daily except Sunday.

The paper employs about 150 people and has annual revenue of 130 million Swedish kronor. Bengt Wendle is the CEO, while AnnaKarin Lith is chief editor. It is mainly distributed in the municipalities of Falkenberg and Varberg, where over 70% of the households subscribe. The paper has editorial offices in Falkenberg, Varberg, Kungsbacka and Halmstad. It is distributed as a talking magazine as well.

Stampen AB bought it from Centertidningar AB in 2005. Originally published under the label Falkenbergs-Posten, it changed its name to Hallands Nyheter in 1919.

Varberg Municipality
Varberg Municipality (Swedish: Varbergs kommun) is a municipality in Halland County, in southwest Sweden. Its seat is in Varberg.

It was formed in 1971 through the amalgamation of the City of Varberg and the surrounding rural municipalities. There are 25 original local government entities included in the municipality.

5,000 people are commuting out from the municipality, mainly to Gothenburg and Falkenberg. 3,200 people are commuting into Falkenberg.