hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Modified Ashworth scale
The Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) measures resistance during passive soft-tissue stretching and is used as a simple measure of spasticity.
Scoring (taken from Bohannon and Smith, 1987):

0: No increase in muscle tone

1: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of the range of motion when the affected part(s) is moved in flexion or extension

1+: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of the ROM

2: More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected part(s) easily moved

3: Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult

4: Affected part(s) rigid in flexion or extension

Range of motion
Range of motion (or ROM) is the linear or angular distance that a moving object may normally travel while properly attached to another.

In biomechanics and strength training, ROM refers to the angular distance and direction a joint can move between the flexed position and the extended position. The act of attempting to increase this distance through therapeutic exercises (range of motion therapy—stretching from flexion to extension for physiological gain) is also sometimes called range of motion.

In mechanical engineering, it is (also called range of travel or ROT) used particularly when talking about mechanical devices, such as a sound volume control knob.
1916 Wisconsin Supreme Court election
The 1916 Wisconsin Supreme Court election was held on Tuesday, April 4, 1916, to elect a justice to the Wisconsin Supreme Court for a ten-year term. Circuit court judge Franz C. Eschweiler prevailed in a five-candidate race, winning a plurality of the vote.

Incumbent first-term justice William H. Timlin did not seek re-election, and would ultimately die soon after the election (shortly before his term would have expired).

Wisconsin Supreme Court
The Wisconsin Supreme Court is the highest and final court of appeals in the state judicial system of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In addition to hearing appeals of lower Wisconsin court decisions, the Wisconsin Supreme Court also has the option to take original jurisdiction of cases, and serves as a regulator and administrator of judicial conduct and the practice of law in Wisconsin.

Justices on the Wisconsin Supreme Court are elected. The two most recent elections (2023 and 2025) received national attention. They both broke records for the most expensive judicial elections in U.S. history.
Udayamperoor Old Church
Gervasis and Prothasis Church, popularly called the Udayamperoor Old Church  or the Udayamperoor Synodal Church, is a Syro-Malabar church located in Udayamperoor, Kerala, India. This is one of the prominent church buildings of Saint Thomas Christians and was the venue of the Udayamperoor Synod, held under Alexis Menezes in 1599. It is a parish church under the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archeparchy of the Syro-Malabar Church. Adjacent to the old church, there is a museum, and a newer church building also operates within the church premises.

Synod of Diamper
The Synod of Diamper (Malayalam: ഉദയംപേരൂർ സൂനഹദോസ്, romanized: Udayampērūṟ Sūnahadōs) was a Catholic diocesan synod held at Udayamperoor (Diamper in non-vernacular sources) in June 1599 that created rules and regulations for the ancient Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Mar Thoma Nasranis) of the Malabar Coast, a part of modern-day Kerala, India. The synod formally subjugated them to Latin Catholic authorities, downgrading the Metropolitanate of India to the Archdiocese of Angamalé, a suffragan see to the Archdiocese of Goa, which was administered by Portuguese Padroado missionaries. The synod also forced liturgical latinisation and the eschewal of local practices and beliefs, leading to a significant protest known as the Coonan Cross Oath and a subsequent schism in the mid-17th century.
Career in C Major
Career in C Major is an opera-themed novella by American writer James M. Cain, first published in 1938.
First appearing as a serial in The American Magazine entitled "Two Can Sing", this comic romance is a departure from Cain's first novels, The Postman Always Rings Twice  (1934) and Double Indemnity (1936), both hardboiled crime stories that included premeditated murder. Redbook magazine, disappointed that Cain had exchanged his hard-boiled themes involving sex and murder for a "comedic adventure", declined to purchase the novella but Liberty obtained the piece and carried it as a serial in 1935.

The story was included with two of Cain's depression era novels in 1943 in a collection entitled Three of a Kind.
Career in C Major was adapted to film in 1938 by Twentieth Century Fox as Wife, Husband and Friend, and again in 1949 as Everybody Does It.

Redbook
Redbook is an American women's fashion magazine that is published by the Hearst magazine division. It is one of the "Seven Sisters", a group of women's service magazines.  It ceased print publication after January 2019 and now operates exclusively online.
2020 Oaxaca earthquake
An earthquake struck the Mexican state of Oaxaca at 10:29 local time on June 23, 2020, with a magnitude of 7.4 Mw. The epicenter was 19 miles (31 km) from San Miguel del Puerto and 7.5 miles (12.1 km) south-southwest of Santa María Zapotitlán. The quake was felt by an estimated 49 million people in Mexico and Guatemala, with some tremors felt as far away as 640 kilometers (400 mi). Thousands of houses in Oaxaca were damaged and 10 deaths were reported. A tsunami warning was issued for southern Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.

San Miguel del Puerto
San Miguel del Puerto  is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 488.6  km2. 
It is part of the Pochutla District in the east of the Costa Region.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 7,510.
Twelve Metal Colossi
The Twelve Metal Colossi (Chinese: 十二金人) were twelve bronze monumental statues cast after 221 BCE in the Qin dynasty by the order of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. After defeating the other six Warring States during Qin's wars of unification, Qin Shi Huang had their bronze weapons collected and melted them down to be recast as bells and statues. Particularly noteworthy among them were twelve human statues, each said to have weighed a thousand dan [about 30 tons]. The Emperor displayed them in the palace. Sima Qian considered the casting of these monumental statues as one of the great achievements of the Emperor, on a par with the "unification of the law, weights and measurements, standardization of the axle width of carriages, and standardization of the writing system". The last of the statues were destroyed in the 4th century CE. No illustrations have survived.

Lintao County
Lintao County (simplified Chinese: 临洮县; traditional Chinese: 臨洮縣; pinyin: Líntáo Xiàn) is administratively under the control of Dingxi, Gansu province, China. In ancient times, Lintao was centered on present day Min County.
Mississippi World War II Army Airfields
During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) established numerous airfields in Mississippi for antisubmarine defense in the Gulf of Mexico and for training pilots and aircrews of USAAF fighters and bombers.

Most of these airfields were under the command of Third Air Force or the Army Air Forces Training Command (AAFTC) (A predecessor of the current-day United States Air Force Air Education and Training Command).  However the other USAAF support commands (Air Technical Service Command (ATSC); Air Transport Command (ATC) or Troop Carrier Command operated a significant number of airfields in support roles.

It is still possible to find remnants of these wartime airfields. Many were converted into municipal airports, some were returned to agriculture and several were retained as United States Air Force installations and were front-line bases during the Cold War. Hundreds of the temporary buildings that were used survive today, and are being used for other purposes.

Air Transport Command
Air Transport Command (ATC) was a United States Air Force unit that was created during World War II as the strategic airlift component of the United States Army Air Forces.

It had two main missions, the first being the delivery of supplies and equipment between the United States and the overseas combat theaters;  the second was the ferrying of aircraft from the manufacturing plants in the United States to where they were needed for training or for operational use in combat. ATC also operated a worldwide air transportation system for military personnel.

Inactivated on 1 June 1948, Air Transport Command was the precursor to what became the Military Air Transport Service in 1948 and was redesignated Military Airlift Command (MAC) in 1966.  It was consolidated with MAC in 1982, providing a continuous history of long range airlift through 1992 when the mission was transferred to today's Air Mobility Command.
Psilogaster
Psilogaster is a monotypic moth genus in the family Lasiocampidae, first described by Reichenbach in 1817. Its only species, Psilogaster loti, described by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1810, is found in south-western Europe and North Africa.

The wingspan is 27–35 mm.

The larvae feed on Cistus salvifolius, Cistus albidus, Cistus populifolius, Cistus ladanifer, Cistus laurifolius, Cistus clusii and possibly Rosmarinus officinalis and Helianthemum.

Lasiocampidae
The Lasiocampidae are a family of moths also known as eggars, tent caterpillars, snout moths (although this also refers to the Pyralidae), or lappet moths. Over 2,000 species occur worldwide, and probably not all have been named or studied. It is the sole family in superfamily Lasiocampoidea.
Press-Telegram
The Press-Telegram is a paid daily newspaper published in Long Beach, California. Coverage area for the Press-Telegram includes Long Beach, Lakewood, Signal Hill, Artesia, Bellflower, Cerritos, Compton, Downey, Hawaiian Gardens, Lynwood, Norwalk and Paramount.

Signal Hill, California
Signal Hill is a city 2.2 mi2 (5.7 km2) in area in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Partially high on an eponymous hill, the city is an enclave completely surrounded by the city of Long Beach. Signal Hill was incorporated on April 22, 1924, roughly three years after oil was discovered there. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,848, up from 11,016 at the 2010 census.
Sher Singh Rana
Pankaj Singh Pundir (born 17 May 1976), popularly known as Sher Singh Rana or S. Rana, is an Indian politician who was sentenced for the 2001 vendetta-related assassination of Indian dacoit-turned-parliamentarian Phoolan Devi. In August 2014, Rana was sentenced to life imprisonment and a fine of ₹100,000 (approximately US$1,600) for Devi's assassination, as well as charges of conspiracy, after a 10-year trial. He was released from jail in 2016 after the court granted him bail.

Dacoity
Dacoity is a term used for "banditry" in the Indian subcontinent. The spelling is the anglicised version of the Hindi word ḍākū; "dacoit" /dəˈkɔɪt/ is a colloquial Indian English word with the meaning "a robber belonging to an armed gang". It appears in the Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases (1903). Banditry is a criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. The East India Company established the Thuggee and Dacoity Department in 1830, and the Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–1848 were enacted in British India under East India Company rule.  Areas with ravines or forests, such as Chambal and Chilapata Forests, were once known for dacoits.
Vancouver-Little Mountain
Vancouver-Little Mountain is a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia.

It first appeared on the hustings in the general election of 1966 as a two-member seat. It returned as a two-member seat until 1986 and became a one-member seat thereafter. After the 1996 election, the areas it comprised were redistributed. Successor ridings, roughly, were Vancouver-Fraserview, Vancouver-Mount Pleasant, Vancouver-Fairview and Vancouver-Langara.

Under the new representation order of the 2021 British Columbia electoral redistribution approved in 2023, the Vancouver-Little Mountain name was revived, with the new electoral district taking territory from the existing Vancouver-Mount Pleasant, Vancouver-Fairview, Vancouver-False Creek, Vancouver-Langara, and Vancouver-Kensington ridings.

In the 2024 British Columbia general election, it was won by NDP candidate Christine Boyle.

Husting
A husting originally referred to a native Germanic governing assembly, the thing. By metonymy, the term may now refer to any event (such as debates or speeches) during an election campaign where one or more of the candidates are present.
Essex SX 200
The SX 200 was a specialized single-chip 4-bit microcontroller from Essex International (today part of Superior Essex), first announced in February 1976. Best known as a supplier of wire and cable, Essex garnered some press coverage for the SX 200 at the time, but the company was unable to market it successfully and withdrew it from public offering the following year; it remained in production for OEM applications well into the 1980's

The system combined the CPU, 1024 bytes of ROM and 64 nibbles of RAM in a 28-pin dual in-line package (DIP). There was no external memory, so the 4-bit data bus and address bus were internal. This left most of the external pins for input/output use. The customer provided the program that was burned into ROM, as well as the settings for a programmable logic array (PLA) that controlled the output pins.

Superior Essex
Superior Essex is the parent brand of Essex Solutions, Superior Essex Communications, and Essex Brownell. It has over 3,000 employees in 11 countries. Essex is among the leading global manufacturers of magnet wire. It is active in the electrification of the automotive, energy, and industrial sectors.
Alan Lance
Alan George Lance Sr. (born April 27, 1949) is an American attorney, politician, and jurist who serves as a senior judge of the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. Lance previously served as the Idaho Attorney General and as a member of the Idaho House of Representatives.

United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
The United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (in case citations, Vet. App.) is a federal court of record that was established under Article I of the United States Constitution, and is thus referred to as an Article I tribunal (court).  The court has exclusive national jurisdiction to provide independent federal judicial oversight and review of final decisions of the Board of Veterans' Appeals.
Victory Tischler-Blue
Victory Tischler-Blue (born September 16, 1959) is an American film producer, director, writer, musician and photographer. She was born and raised in Newport Beach, California. Tischler-Blue began working in the entertainment industry at age 17, using the name Vicki Blue as the bassist in the American all-girl teenage rock band the Runaways. After the demise of the band, she was cast as Cindy by director Rob Reiner in the 1984 film This Is Spinal Tap. Her film Edgeplay (2004) was based on her tenure in the Runaways.

Bassist
A bassist (also known as a bass player or bass guitarist) is a musician who plays a bass instrument such as a double bass (upright bass, contrabass, wood bass), bass guitar (electric bass, acoustic bass), keyboard bass (synth bass) or a low brass instrument such as a tuba or trombone. Many musical genres tend to be associated with at least one or more of these instruments.
Myn Bala
Myn Bala (Kazakh: Жаужүрек мың бала, Jaujürek myñ bala) is a 2011 Kazakh historical dramatic film depicting the eighteenth century war fought between the Kazakhs and the Dzungar Khanate, culminating in the Battle of Añyraqai. The film was made to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Kazakhstan's independence from the Soviet Union. Its production cost over $7 million (USD).

The film was selected as the Kazakhstani entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 85th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist.

Kazakh–Dzungar Wars
The Kazakh–Dzungar Wars were a series of military conflicts between the Kazakh jüzes (three tribal confederations of the Kazakh Khanate) and the Dzungar Khanate lasting from the 17th to the mid-18th century.
Farghamu
Farghamu (Firgāmū, Farghamunj, Fargha Mikh, Farghā Mīkh, Farghāmū, frghamw, فرغامو) is a village in Badakhshan Province in north-eastern Afghanistan. It lies on the left bank of a stream in a valley of the Upper Kokcha River. The ground is generally laid out in fields. It is located on the frontier of the Shia-Posh Kafirs. Around the turn of the 20th century, roughly 30 families lived here. At that time, there was no bridge or ford of the river there.

Kokcha River
The Kokcha River (Dari: رودخانه کوکچه) is located in northeastern Afghanistan. A tributary of the Panj river, it flows through Badakhshan Province in the Hindu Kush. It is named after the Koksha Valley.  The city of Feyzabad lies along the Kokcha. Near the village of Artin Jelow there is a bridge over the river.
1995 Japan Open Tennis Championships – Men's doubles
Henrik Holm and Anders Järryd were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners.

Holm teamed up with Sébastien Lareau and lost in the second round to Jakob Hlasek and David Prinosil.

Järryd teamed up with John Fitzgerald and lost in the final 6–3, 3–6, 7–6 to Mark Knowles and Jonathan Stark.

Anders Järryd
Anders Per Järryd (pronounced [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjæ̂rːyːd]; born 13 July 1961) is a former professional tennis player from Sweden. During his career he won eight Grand Slam doubles titles (three French Open, two Wimbledon, two US Open, one Australian Open), reached the world No. 1 doubles ranking, and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 5.

Järryd was born in Lidköping, Västra Götaland. He also played bandy in Lidköpings AIK, while growing up.
Chipewyan 201D
Chipewyan 201D is an Indian reserve of the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation in Alberta, located within the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo. It is on the east side of Richardson Lake, about 7 miles south of Lake Athabasca.

Lake Athabasca
Lake Athabasca (/ˌæθəˈbæskə/ ATH-ə-BASK-ə; French: lac Athabasca; from Woods Cree: ᐊᖬᐸᐢᑳᐤ aðapaskāw, "[where] there are plants one after another") is in the north-west corner of Saskatchewan and the north-east corner of Alberta between 58° and 60° N in Canada. The lake is about 26% in Alberta and 74% in Saskatchewan.

The lake is fed by the Athabasca River and other rivers, and its water flows northward via the Slave River to the Mackenzie River system, eventually reaching the Arctic Ocean.
New York Executive Law Section 63(12)
New York Executive Law § 63(12), sometimes called simply "63 12" or "63(12)", is a New York law that gives the Attorney General of New York broad powers to investigate and prosecute cases of alleged civil fraud. Due to its broad definitions, section 63(12) provides the AG with far-reaching powers to issue subpoenas, as well as low legal hurdles to do so. The law was passed in 1956, while Jacob Javits was attorney general, and signed by governor Averell Harriman.

Section 63(12) has been used in many high-profile prosecutions, including in People v. Exxon Mobil (2018), during the New York civil investigation of The Trump Organization, and against Martin Shkreli.

Attorney General of New York
The attorney general of New York is the chief legal officer of the U.S. state of New York and head of the Department of Law of the state government. The office has existed in various forms since 1626, originally established under the Dutch colonial government of New Netherland.

Democrat Letitia James currently serves as attorney general, in office since January 1, 2019.
José Celso de Mello Filho
José Celso de Mello Filho (Tatuí, November 1, 1945), is a Brazilian jurist, former member of the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil. He was nominated by President José Sarney in 1989.

He became the youngest President of the Court in 1997.

On September 25, 2020, Celso de Mello announced his early retirement to October 13, before the limit date of November 1, when the dean of the Supreme Court will turn 75.

Tatuí
Tatuí is a city located in São Paulo state, Brazil, part of the Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba. It is known for having the largest music institution in Brazil and one of the largest in Latin America, the Conservatório Dramático e Musical Dr. Carlos de Campos.

Tatuí's population is 122,967 (2020 est.) in an area of 523.75 km2.
Darington Hobson
Darington O'Neal Hobson (born September 29, 1987) is an American professional basketball player for Botafogo of the Novo Basquete Brasil. He played college basketball for the New Mexico Lobos.

Born in Las Vegas, Nevada, Hobson attended five high schools and a junior college before finally becoming eligible to play Division I college basketball. Hobson was drafted in the 2nd round (37th overall) of the 2010 NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks. Hobson was waived on December 2, 2010, due to injury. A year later, Hobson was re-signed by the Bucks for the 2011–12 season. He was waived again on February 3, 2012.

Santa Cruz Warriors
The Santa Cruz Warriors are an American professional basketball team in the NBA G League based in Santa Cruz, California, and are affiliated with the Golden State Warriors. The Warriors play their home games at Kaiser Permanente Arena. Prior to the move to Santa Cruz for the 2012–13 season, the team was known as the Dakota Wizards. The team has won a championship in each of three leagues it has been a part of, and they are the only NBA G League team to reach the championship in three consecutive seasons.
Radio Srbac
Radio Srbac or Радио Србац is a Bosnian local public radio station, broadcasting from Srbac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

It was launched in 1974 by the municipal council of Srbac. In Yugoslavia and in SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was part of local/municipal Radio Sarajevo network affiliate. It broadcasts programs including local news, music, sport and talk shows, mainly produced in Second.

The estimated number of listeners is around 15,707. It is also available in neighboring Croatia.

Srbac
Srbac (Serbian Cyrillic: Србац) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 17,587 inhabitants, while the town of Srbac has a population of 2,707 inhabitants.
Vladimir Serbsky
Vladimir Petrovich Serbsky (Russian: Влади́мир Петро́вич Се́рбский, February 26 [O.S. February 14] 1858 in Bogorodsk – April 18 [O.S. April 14] 1917 in Moscow) was a Russian psychiatrist and one of the founders of forensic psychiatry in Russia. The author of The Forensic Psychopathology, Serbsky thought delinquency to have no congenital basis, considering it to be caused by social reasons.

The Central Institute of Forensic Psychiatry was named after Serbsky in 1921. Now the facility is known as the Serbsky Center (Serbsky State Scientific Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry).

Forensic psychiatry
Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry and is related to criminology. It encompasses the interface between law and psychiatry. According to the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, it is defined as "a subspecialty of psychiatry in which scientific and clinical expertise is applied in legal contexts involving civil, criminal, correctional, regulatory, or legislative matters, and in specialized clinical consultations in areas such as risk assessment or employment". A forensic psychiatrist provides services—such as assessing competency to stand trial—to a court to help with the legal process and provides treatment, including medications and psychotherapy, to offenders.