hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
IQS
IQs is the plural form of intelligence quotient.

IQS or IQs can also refer to:

Chemical Institute of Sarrià (Catalan: Institut Químic de Sarrià, Spanish: Instituto Químico de Sarriá), an institute with the two schools IQS School of Engineering and IQS School of Management

Incident Qualification System, a software developed by the U.S. National Association of State Foresters

Initial Quality Study, an annual automotive industry study which measures problems experienced within the first 90 days of ownership, with a lower number meaning fewer experienced problems

National Association of State Foresters
The National Association of State Foresters (NASF) is a non-profit organization that represents the directors of the 50 state forestry agencies, eight United States territories, and the District of Columbia. State foresters manage and protect state and private forests across the United States, which together encompass two-thirds of the nation's forests.

Through public-private partnerships, NASF seeks to discuss, develop, sponsor and promote programs and activities which will advance the practice of sustainable forestry, the conservation and protection of forest lands and associated resources and the establishment and protection of forests in the urban environment. NASF was established in 1920.

The Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention (CFFP) Program, commonly known as the Smokey Bear program, was created to maintain public awareness of the need to prevent human caused wildfires. It is managed by the United States Forest Service in cooperation with the Ad Council and NASF.
Sulejovice
Sulejovice (German: Sullowitz) is a municipality and village in Litoměřice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.

Sulejovice lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Litoměřice, 18 km (11 mi) south of Ústí nad Labem, and 54 km (34 mi) north-west of Prague.

Litoměřice
Litoměřice (Czech pronunciation: [ˈlɪtomɲɛr̝ɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Leitmeritz) is a town in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 23,000 inhabitants. It is located at the confluence of the Elbe and Ohře rivers. In the Middle Ages, it was a royal town of great political, cultural and economic importance. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation. The town is the seat of the Diocese of Litoměřice.
Infinity Group
Infinity Group is a private equity fund backed by China Development Bank and Clal Industries. The head of Infinity Group is Amir Gal-Or.  Infinity Group manages RMB 10 billion and 100 portfolio companies, through 17 local RMB funds throughout China.

Infinity is headquartered in Tel Aviv with offices in Beijing, Changzhou, Chengdu, Chongqing, Harbin, Hong Kong, Hongze, Jining, New York, Nanjing, Ningbo, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Suqian, Tianjin, Xiamen and Yangzhou. Infinity's funds since 1993 have included the $23 million Nitzanim Fund of 1993, the $90 million Infinity I in 1999, the $64 million Infinity II in 2002, and the $75 million Infinity IDB in 2002. In 2004, the firm partnered with China-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park Ventures Company Ltd., or CSVC, to establish a $15 million Infinity-CSVC fund. In 2006, the firm established the $300 million Infinity I-China fund,  the successor to the Infinity-CSVC fund and its second Israel-China fund.

China Development Bank
China Development Bank (CDB) is a policy bank of China under the State Council. Established in 1994, it has been described as the engine that powers the national government's economic development policies. It has raised funds for numerous large-scale infrastructure projects, including the Three Gorges Dam and the Shanghai Pudong International Airport.

The bank is the second-largest bond issuer in China after the Ministry of Finance. In 2009, it accounted for about a quarter of the country's yuan bonds and is the biggest foreign-currency lender. CDB debt is owned by local banks and treated as a risk-free asset under the proposed People's Republic of China capital adequacy rules (i.e. the same treatment as PRC government bonds).
Firearms Policy Coalition
The Firearms Policy Coalition (FPC) is a gun rights organization in the United States, which aims to advance gun rights in the United States via legal action, in keeping with its stated goal to "restore the essential right to keep and bear arms in the United States." The FPC seeks to approach gun rights advocacy in a more targeted and effective way than the National Rifle Association of America (NRA), specifically by working with targeted legal teams to advance legislation in support of gun rights causes.

California governor Gavin Newsom has described the FPC as a "...leading pro-gun group."

Right to keep and bear arms
The right to keep and bear arms (often referred to as the right to bear arms) is a legal right for people to possess weapons (arms) for the preservation of life, liberty, and property. The purpose of gun rights is for self-defense, as well as hunting and sporting activities.: 96  Countries that guarantee a right to keep and bear arms include Albania, the Czech Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Switzerland, the United States, Algeria and Yemen.
Escadrille Spa.84
Escadrille Spa.84 (originally Escadrille N.84) was a French fighter squadron active in World War I during 1917 and 1918. They were credited with destroying 24 German airplanes and one observation balloon.

SPAD S.VII
The SPAD S.VII C.1 was the first in a series of single-seat biplane fighter aircraft produced by Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés (SPAD) during the First World War. Like its successors, the S.VII was renowned as a sturdy and rugged aircraft with good diving characteristics. It was also a stable gun platform, although pilots used to the more manoeuvrable Nieuport fighters found it heavy on the controls. It was flown by a number of famous aces, such as France's Georges Guynemer, Italy's Francesco Baracca and Australia's Alexander Pentland.
Leeds city centre
Leeds city centre is the central business district of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is roughly bounded by the Inner Ring Road to the north and the River Aire to the south and can be divided into several quarters.

First West Yorkshire
First West Yorkshire operates both local and regional bus services in West Yorkshire, England. It is a subsidiary of the FirstGroup, and is made up of three sub-division brands: First Bradford, First Halifax, Calder Valley & Huddersfield and First Leeds.
John Wild (cricketer)
John Wild is an English former cricketer active from 1953 to 1961 who played for Northamptonshire (Northants). He was born in Northampton on 24 February 1935. He appeared in 41 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled off spin. He scored 664 runs with a highest score of 95 and took 57 wickets with a best performance of four for 44.

Off spin
Off spin is a type of spin bowling in cricket. A bowler who uses this technique is called an off spinner. Off spinners bowl with their right-arm and a  finger spin action. Their normal delivery is called an off break, which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the pitch. For a right-handed batter, the ball breaks towards them from the off side, hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the line and length of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, length and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most wickets in the history of both Test matches and ODIs, Muttiah Muralitharan, was an off spinner.
Ruben Aharonyan
Ruben Mikaeli Aharonyan (born 24 May 1947) is an Armenian classical violinist. Born in Riga, Latvia, He has won second prize at  the Enescu Competition in Bucharest and the Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow (1974, second prize). He is a professor at Yerevan State Conservatory and the first violinist of the Borodin Quartet since 1996.

Aharonyan studied at the Moscow State Conservatory with Yuri Yankelevich, and afterwards became a student of Leonid Kogan. In 1982 Aharonyan became the artistic director of National Chamber Orchestra of Armenia. He has toured throughout Europe, North, and South America.

Moscow Conservatory
The Moscow Conservatory, also officially Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory (Russian: Московская государственная консерватория им. П. И. Чайковского, romanized: Moskovskaya gosudarstvennaya konservatoriya im. P. I. Chaykovskogo) is a higher musical educational institution located in Moscow, Russia. It grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in musical performance and musical research. The conservatory offers various degrees including Bachelor of Music Performance, Master of Music and PhD in research.
Fyodorovsky District, Bashkortostan
Fyodorovsky District (Russian: Фёдоровский райо́н; Bashkir: Фёдоровка районы, Fyodorovka rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the republic and borders with Sterlibashevsky District in the north, Meleuzovsky District in the east, Kuyurgazinsky District in the south, and with Orenburg Oblast in the west. The area of the district is 1,693.24 square kilometers (653.76 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Fyodorovka. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 18,650, with the population of Fyodorovka accounting for 23.1% of that number.

Orenburg Oblast
Orenburg Oblast (also Orenburzhye) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), mainly located in Eastern Europe, with some land in the southern and eastern portions of the oblast falling within Asia. Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name Chkalov Oblast in honor of Valery Chkalov. As of the 2021 Census, the oblast had a population of 1,862,767, down from 2,033,072 in the 2010 Census.
Wenhua Film Company
The Wenhua Film Company (simplified Chinese: 文华影业公司; traditional Chinese: 文華影業公司; pinyin: Wénhuà yǐngyè gōngsī; lit. 'Culture China Film Company') was a Chinese major privately owned film production company headquartered in Shanghai, China. It was founded in 1946 and defunct in 1952 of the immediate post-war period in China.

Production company
A production company, production house, or production studio is a studio that creates works in the fields of performing arts, new media art, film, television, radio, comics, interactive arts, video games, websites, music, and video. These groups consist of technical staff and members to 
produce the media, and are often incorporated as a commercial publisher.

Generally the term refers to all individuals responsible for the technical aspects of creating a particular product, regardless of where in the process their expertise is required, or how long they are involved in the project.  For example, in a theatrical performance, the production team has not only the running crew, but also the theatrical producer, designers, and theatrical direction.
Tahmina Kohistani
Tahmina Kohistani (Dari: تهمینه کوهستانی; born 8 June 1989, Kapisa Province) is an Afghan runner at 100 metres.

Kohistani competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, making a new personal best of 14.42 seconds in the heats of the 100 metres distance. She did not advance to the first round. Her previous personal best at the 100 metres was 15.00 at a competition in Bydgoszcz, Poland in 2008. In 2015, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women.

Afghans
Afghans are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan. Afghans comprise various ethnic groups, of which Tajiks, Pushtuns, Hazaras, and Uzbeks are the largest.

The two main languages spoken among the Afghan people are Dari (a variety of Persian) and Pashto. Historically, the ethnonym "Afghan" used to refer to Pashtuns, but later came to refer to all ethnicities in Afghanistan after the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan proposed by King Mohammad Zahir Shah.
Donald T. Campbell Award
The Donald T. Campbell Award is an annual award presented by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, division 8 of the American Psychological Association, since 1980. It recognizes distinguished researchers in the field of social psychology and is named after social scientist and social psychologist Donald T. Campbell.

Social psychology
Social psychology is the methodical study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Although studying many of the same substantive topics as its counterpart in the field of sociology, psychological social psychology places more emphasis on the individual, rather than society; the influence of social structure and culture on individual outcomes, such as personality, behavior, and one's position in social hierarchies. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables influence social interactions.
Ognjen Ožegović
Ognjen Ožegović (Serbian Cyrillic: Огњен Ожеговић, pronounced [ǒɡɲen oʒêɡoʋitɕ, - ǒʒeː-], born 9 June 1994) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Super League Greece club Levadiakos.

2016–17 Serbian Cup
The 2016–17 Serbian Cup season was the eleventh season of the Serbian national football tournament.

The competition started in September 2016, and ended in May 2017.

The winner of the competition qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League.
Skansen
Skansen (Swedish: [ˈskǎnːsɛn]; "the Sconce") is the oldest open-air museum and zoo in Sweden located on the island Djurgården in Stockholm, Sweden. It was opened on 11 October 1891 by Artur Hazelius (1833–1901) to show the way of life in the different parts of Sweden before the industrial era.

The term "skansen" has become a generic term referring to other open-air museums and collections of historic structures, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, but also in the United States, e.g. Old World Wisconsin and Fairplay, Colorado.

Fairplay, Colorado
Fairplay is the statutory town that is the county seat of and the most populous municipality in Park County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 724 at the 2020 United States census. Fairplay is located in South Park at an elevation of 9,953 feet (3,034 m). The town is the sixth-highest incorporated municipality in the State of Colorado.  Fairplay is a part of the Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor.
210th Coastal Division (Italy)
The 210th Coastal Division (Italian: 210ª Divisione Costiera) was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. Royal Italian Army coastal divisions were second line divisions formed with reservists and equipped with second rate materiel. They were often commanded by officers called out of retirement.

Monteroni di Lecce
Monteroni di Lecce (Salentino: Muntrùni) is a town and comune in the province of Lecce, in Apulia, southern Italy. In 2008, it had 13,800 inhabitants. It is 7 kilometres (4 mi) from Lecce, in the  Salento – the historic Terra d'Otranto.
Dressmaker
A dressmaker, also known as a seamstress, is a person who makes clothing for women, such as dresses, blouses, and evening gowns. Dressmakers were historically known as mantua-makers, and are also known as a modiste or fabrician.

Gown
A gown, from the Latin word, gunna, is a usually loose outer garment from knee-to-full-length worn by people of both sexes in Europe from the Early Middle Ages to the 17th century, and continuing today in certain professions; later, the term gown was applied to any full-length woman's garment consisting of a bodice and an attached skirt. A long, loosely fitted gown called a Banyan was worn by men in the 18th century as an informal coat.

The gowns worn today by academics, judges, and some clergy derive directly from the everyday garments worn by their medieval predecessors, formalised into a uniform in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries.
Nikolaj Pirnat
Nikolaj Pirnat (10 December 1903, Idrija, Austria-Hungary – 9 January 1948, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia) was a Slovene painter and sculptor. He was the earliest exponent of social realism in Slovene fine arts.

Slovenes
The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians (Slovene: Slovenci [slɔˈʋéːntsi]), are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia and adjacent regions in Italy, Austria and Hungary. Slovenes share a common ancestry, culture, and history, and speak Slovene as their native language.

Outside of Slovenia and Europe, Slovenes form diaspora groups in the United States, Canada, Argentina and Australia.
Karachi Express
Karachi Express (Urdu: کراچی ایکسپریس) is a passenger train operated daily by Pakistan Railways between Karachi City and Lahore. The trip takes approximately 18 hours and 30 minutes to cover a published distance of 1,214 kilometres (754 mi), traveling along a stretch of the Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line.

Lahore Junction railway station
Lahore Junction Railway Station (Urdu, Punjabi: لاہور جنکشن ریلوے اسٹیشن), is the main railway station in Lahore, Pakistan. It is among the oldest railway stations of the Indian subcontinent. Construction commenced shortly after the 1857 War of Independence. It was built in the style of a medieval fort with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure.

It is located at the junction between Circular Road and Allama Iqbal Road and bounded on the north side by the old Grand Trunk Road. The station is now owned by Pakistan Railways, and also serves as its headquarters.
Richard Brown (linebacker)
Richard Solomon Brown (born September 21, 1965) is a Samoan former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL).

Brown attended Westminster High School in Westminster, California and played collegiate football at San Diego State University.

Brown signed with the Los Angeles Rams in 1987 as an undrafted free agent. His nine-year career also included stints with the San Diego Chargers, Cleveland Browns, and Minnesota Vikings.

Brown is the uncle of Nephi Sewell, Noah Sewell, and Penei Sewell, all of whom play in the NFL.

1987 NFL draft
The 1987 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 28–29, 1987, at the Marriot Marquis in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season.

With the first overall pick of the draft, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected quarterback Vinny Testaverde.
Cairahuiri
Cairahuiri (possibly from Aymara and Quechua k'ayra frog) is a mountain in the Chila mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) high. It is situated in the Arequipa Region, Caylloma Province, Tapay District. Cairahuiri lies southwest of Minasnioc, northwest of Surihuiri and Minaspata, northeast of Huaillaccocha and west of Huallatane. It stretches along the Cairahuiri River whose waters flow to the Molloco River in the west, a right affluent of the Colca River.

Colca River
Colca River (possibly from Quechua qullqa deposit) which downstream is called Majes and Camaná is a Peruvian river in the Arequipa Region that flows deep in the rugged Andes of southern Peru. It originates south-east of the village Janq'u Lakaya (Ancolaccaya) in the Callalli District of the Caylloma Province. On its way from Chivay to Cabanaconde it flows through one of the deepest canyons of the world known as the Colca Canyon. Near the town of Camaná the river empties into the Pacific Ocean.
The Bard (Martin)
The Bard is an 1817 historical landscape painting by the British artist John Martin. Inspired by the 1757 poem The Bard by Thomas Gray, it depicts a scene during the Conquest of Wales by Edward I. A Welsh bard shouts defiance at the army of Edward from a rock over the River Conwy before throwing himself to his death. Conwy Castle (completed later by Edward) can be seen in the distance.

It featured at the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition of 1817 at Somerset House and at the British Institution the following year. In 1822, it was part of Martin's one-man show at the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly. The painting is in the collection of the Yale Center for British Art in Connecticut.

Yale Center for British Art
The Yale Center for British Art at Yale University in central New Haven, Connecticut, houses the largest and most comprehensive collection of British art outside the United Kingdom. The collection of paintings, sculpture, drawings, prints, rare books, and manuscripts reflects the development of British art and culture from the Elizabethan period onward. Its director is currently Martina Droth.
Rhamnoneuron
Rhamnoneuron balansae is a species of small tree belonging to the family Thymelaeaceae; it is the only species in the genus Rhamnoneuron.  It is native to southeastern Yunnan and northern Vietnam.  In Bac Ninh province, its bast is harvested to make dó paper.

Bắc Ninh province
Bắc Ninh (Vietnamese pronunciation: [ɓɐ̌k˧˥ nīɲ]) is a province of Vietnam, located in the Northern Midlands and Mountains. It borders Hanoi, Hải Phòng, Hưng Yên province, Lạng Sơn province, and Thái Nguyên province. The province covers an area of 822.71 km2 (317.65 mi2) and as of 2022 it had a population of 1.488.250.

The province is known for Quan họ folk music. Quan họ was recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO in 2009. Bắc Ninh has a Human Development Index of 0.779 (high), ranking seventh among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam. It was ranked eighth in Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and third in per capita GRDP among Vietnamese administrative units. The GRDP reached 248.376 trillion Vietnamese Đồng (equivalent to over 10.8 billion USD), with a per capita GRDP of 7,250 USD (equivalent to 167 million Đồng), and a GRDP growth rate of 7.39% in 2022.
Zeuthen–Segre invariant
In algebraic geometry, the Zeuthen–Segre invariant I is an invariant of a projective surface found in a complex projective space which was introduced by Zeuthen (1871) and rediscovered by Corrado Segre (1896).

The invariant I is defined to be d – 4g – b if the surface has a pencil of curves, non-singular of genus g except for d curves with 1 ordinary node, and with b base points where the curves are non-singular and transverse.

Alexander (1914) showed that the Zeuthen–Segre invariant I is χ–4, where χ is the topological Euler–Poincaré characteristic introduced by Poincaré (1895), which is equal to the Chern number c2 of the surface.

Euler characteristic
In mathematics, and more specifically in algebraic topology and polyhedral combinatorics, the Euler characteristic (or Euler number, or Euler–Poincaré characteristic) is a topological invariant, a number that describes a topological space's shape or structure regardless of the way it is bent. It is commonly denoted by  (Greek lower-case letter chi).

The Euler characteristic was originally defined for polyhedra and used to prove various theorems about them, including the classification of the Platonic solids. It was stated for Platonic solids in 1537 in an unpublished manuscript by Francesco Maurolico. Leonhard Euler, for whom the concept is named, introduced it for convex polyhedra more generally but failed to rigorously prove that it is an invariant. In modern mathematics, the Euler characteristic arises from homology and, more abstractly, homological algebra.