hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Human Science Pedagogy
Human Science Pedagogy is the branch of the Human science concerned with education, upbringing, teaching and individual growth or formation (Bildung). It is oriented to teaching and learning practice, to the relational experience of the teacher and student, to questions of ethics, history and to what it is to be human. It was the dominant approach to educational scholarship teacher education, and the philosophy of education, and in Germany from the Weimar Era to the late 1960s. Human Science Pedagogy is based on the educational work of Friedrich Schleiermacher, which was integrated by Wilhelm Dilthey into his conception of a multidisciplinary human science. It was subsequently consolidated by Herman Nohl and developed further by Otto Friedrich Bollnow, Theodore Litt, Jakob Muth and others. Human science pedagogy has endured in the work of Klaus Mollenhauer, Max van Manen and other recent and contemporary scholars.

Teacher education
Teacher education or teacher training refers to programs, policies, procedures, and provision designed to equip (prospective) teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, approaches, methodologies and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the classroom, school, and wider community. The professionals who engage in training the prospective teachers are called teacher educators (or, in some contexts, teacher trainers).

There is a longstanding and ongoing debate about the most appropriate term to describe these activities. The term 'teacher training' (which may give the impression that the activity involves training staff to undertake relatively routine tasks) seems to be losing ground, at least in the U.S., to 'teacher education' (with its connotation of preparing staff for a professional role as a reflective practitioner). The two major components of teacher education are in-service teacher education and pre-service teacher education.
Goldman, Missouri
Goldman is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Missouri, United States, approximately 25 miles south of St. Louis, and five miles north of the county courthouse at Hillsboro. Goldman is located on Old Lemay Ferry Road, an old trade route connecting Hillsboro and St. Louis.

A post office called Goldman was established in 1895, and remained in operation until 1905. The community has the name of the Goldman brothers, local merchants.

Goldman is adjacent to the historic Sandy Creek Covered Bridge, one of only four covered bridges in Missouri and a state historic site.

The town is located near the site where Missouri Governor Mel Carnahan and two other people died on October 16, 2000, in an airplane crash.

Sandy Creek Covered Bridge State Historic Site
Sandy Creek Covered Bridge State Historic Site is a publicly owned property in Jefferson County, Missouri, administered by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, preserving the Sandy Creek Covered Bridge. The bridge is one of four remaining covered bridges in Missouri, which once numbered about 30. It is a relatively rare example of a Howe truss bridge, one of three in Missouri. The covered bridge is named for Sandy Creek, which it crosses, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.
The Open For The Ages
The Open For The Ages is a special made-for-television fictional edition of The Open Championship tournament of golf. Utilizing data analysis, a fan vote and 50 years of Open archive footage, it features 21 famous golfers including previous Open champions from various eras at the peak of their careers competing on the Old Course at St Andrews for the Claret Jug and the title of Champion Golfer. The event aired from 16-19 July 2020 – the same dates that the 2020 Open Championship was supposed to be held at Royal St George's Golf Club before being canceled by the global COVID-19 pandemic, which further led the tournament organizers to create the event.

Nick Dougherty, Ewen Murray and Iona Stephen provided commentary, with highlight videos being released for the first three rounds and the full final round being broadcast on Sunday, including on Sky Sports in the United Kingdom and the Golf Channel on NBC in the United States.

Royal St George's Golf Club
The Royal St George's Golf Club is a golf club located in Sandwich, Kent, England. It is one of the courses on The Open Championship rota, and the only one in South East England. The club has hosted 15 Open championships, the first in 1894 when it became the first club outside Scotland to host the championship. Past champions include Collin Morikawa, Darren Clarke, Ben Curtis, Greg Norman, Sandy Lyle, Bill Rogers, Bobby Locke, Reg Whitcombe, Henry Cotton, Walter Hagen (on two occasions), Harry Vardon (on two occasions), Jack White and John Henry Taylor. In 2021, Royal St. George's saw Collin Morikawa win The Open Championship. It has also hosted The Amateur Championship 14 times.
2014 Macedonian government building attack
On the night of 28 October 2014 at around 22:00, the Macedonian government building was attacked with two projectiles, damaging the walls and roof of the building. No casualties were reported. Speculations have occurred that the event was linked to the then recent proclamation of the so-called Republic of Ilirida. The government building was also attacked by RPG rounds in 2007. A movement calling itself the National Liberation Army (NLA), a militant organization that fought against the Macedonian government during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia, claimed responsibly for the attack. In a press release published by Alsat, and signed by Commander Kushtrim, the organization claimed that the Hasan Prishtina elite force hit the government building in a coordinated action. The organization claims it is "discontented" with the 2001 Ohrid Agreement peace plan, and the following year a battle would erupt in the city of Kumanovo between the NLA and Macedonian security forces.

Alsat
Alsat National Television, or simply Alsat is a generalist television channel that broadcasts throughout the territory of Albania and other Balkan countries. Its programming is transmitted mainly in Albanian, based on the European concepts of information that aim to foster multi-ethnic coexistence in Albania. Alsat has a dynamic range of programming that covers: news, politics, economy, entertainment, music, sports, movies, series and documentaries.

It was founded on March 1, 2006 as Alsat-M by Albanian businessman Vebi Velija, as a sister to the former Alsat (now Albanian Screen).
Zelyony Island (Kuril Islands)
Zelyony (Russian: Остров Зелёный, romanized: Ostrov Zelyony, lit. 'green island', Russian pronunciation: [ˈostrəf zʲɪˈlʲɵnɨj]; Japanese: 志発島, romanized: Shibotsu-tō, Japanese pronunciation: [ɕi̥botsɯ̥toː]) is an unpopulated and uninhabited island in the Kuril Island chain, Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. Although it is administered by Russia and had been previously by the Soviet Union, it has been claimed by Japan since 1945.

Sakhalin Oblast
Sakhalin Oblast (Russian: Сахали́нская о́бласть, romanized: Sakhalinskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [səxɐˈlʲinskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) comprising the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the Russian Far East. The oblast has an area of 87,100 square kilometers (33,600 sq mi). Its administrative center and largest city is Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. As of the 2021 Census, the oblast has a population of 466,609.

The vast majority of the oblast's residents are ethnic Russians, with a small minority of Sakhalin Koreans. Sakhalin Oblast is rich in natural gas and oil, and is Russia's second wealthiest federal subject after the Tyumen Oblast. It borders by sea Khabarovsk Krai to the west and Kamchatka Krai to the north, along with Hokkaido, Japan to the south.
Chicheboville
Chicheboville (French pronunciation: [ʃiʃbɔvil] ⓘ) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Moult-Chicheboville.

Calvados (department)
Calvados (UK: /ˈkælvədɒs/, US: /-doʊs, ˌkælvəˈdoʊs, ˌkɑːlvəˈ-/; French: [kalvados] ⓘ) is a department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the Normandy coast. In 2019, it had a population of 694,905.
2006 PTT Bangkok Open
The 2006 PTT Bangkok Open was a women's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the second edition of the PTT Bangkok Open and was part of the WTA Tier III tournaments on the 2006 WTA Tour. It took place at the Rama Gardens Hotel in Bangkok, Thailand from 9  October through 15 October 2006. Unseeded Vania King won the singles title.

Mariana Díaz Oliva
Mariana Díaz Oliva (born 11 March 1976) is a former professional tennis player from Argentina.

She played professionally from September 1992 until 12 October 2006. Her highest ranks were world No. 42 for singles and No. 93 for doubles, both achieved in 2001. At the 2001 Bol Open, she defeated Kim Clijsters to reach the final, where she lost to Ángeles Montolio. In 2002, she won the Internazionali Femminili di Palermo. In 2003, she also reached the Mexican Open singles final.
Cosimo de Torres
Cosimo de Torres also Cosmo de Torres and Cosma de Torres (1584–1642) was a Roman Catholic cardinal who served as Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1641–1642), Cardinal-Priest of San Pancrazio (1623–1641), Archbishop of Monreale (1634–1642), Bishop of Perugia (1624–1634), Apostolic Nuncio to Poland (1621–1622), and Titular Archbishop of Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto (1621–1622).

Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Catholic-Hierarchy.org is an online database of bishops and dioceses of the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches that are in full communion with Rome. The website, not officially sanctioned by the Church, is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in Kansas City.
Blood Run (poetry collection)
Blood Run is a volume of free verse poetry written by Allison Hedge Coke.  It was published in the UK by Salt Publications in November 2006, and was subsequently published in the US in February 2007.

The book reads as a verse-play regarding the indigenous mound city on the border of Iowa and South Dakota that is today referred to as the Blood Run Site.  Hedge Coke writes of the need to preserve and protect these ruins, which contain the buried remains of native people.

Free verse
Free verse is an open form of poetry which does not use a prescribed or regular meter or rhyme and tends to follow the rhythm of natural or irregular speech. It encompasses a large range of poetic form, and its distinction to other forms (such as prose) is often ambiguous.  In general, the core characteristic of free verse is its flexibility.
Jack chain
A jack chain is a type of chain made of thin wire, with figure-eight-shaped links and loops at right angles to each other. Jack chains are often used to suspend fixtures such as lights or signs, for decorative purposes, or as part of a cable lock.

Jack chain may be manufactured as either single-jack chain or as double-jack chain.  If double-jack, the lower loop is formed of two strands of wire rather than just one as in a single-jack.

Before the days of lavatory cisterns being close to the pan, jack chains were often used to release the cistern plug.

Bicycle lock
A bicycle lock is a security device used to deter bicycle theft, either by simply locking one of the wheels or by fastening the bicycle to a fixed object, e.g., a bike rack.

Locking devices vary in size and security, the most secure tending to be the largest, heaviest and least portable. Thus, like other security equipment, bicycle locks must balance the competing interests of security, portability, and cost. Some are made of particularly expensive materials chosen for their acceptable strength and low density.
Billy Mackesy
William Mackesy (8 April 1880 – 12 November 1956) was an Irish dual player of Gaelic games, a hurler and a footballer. At club level he played with Lees and Blackrock and was a member of the Cork senior teams in both codes. Mackessy is one of only fifteen players to have won All-Ireland medals in both codes.

1903 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 1903 was the 17th series of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Ireland's premier hurling knock-out competition.  Cork won the championship, beating London 3–16 to 1–1 in the final.
Royal Wings
Royal Wings (RW, Arabic: الأجنحة الملكية) was an airline based in Amman, Jordan. It was a Royal Jordanian Group Company and the charter arm of Royal Jordanian. Its main base was at Queen Alia International Airport (AMM), Amman with hubs also at Amman Civil Airport (ADJ), and King Hussein International Airport (AQJ).

Queen Alia International Airport
Queen Alia International Airport (IATA: AMM, ICAO: OJAI) (Arabic: مطار الملكة علياء الدولي, romanized: Maṭār al-Malika ʿAlyāʾ ad-Dawaliyy) is an international airport located in Zizya, 30 kilometers (18 miles) south of Amman, the capital and largest city of Jordan. It is the largest airport in the country, named after Queen Alia (1948–1977), who died in a helicopter crash in 1977. The airport is home to the country's flag carrier, Royal Jordanian, and serves as a hub for Jordan Aviation.
Cosme Rolland de Ravel
Cosme Rolland de Ravel (born 14 June 2004) is a French professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 1143 achieved on 9 February 2026. He plays college tennis for Texas Christian University.

TCU Horned Frogs
The TCU Horned Frogs are the athletic teams that represent Texas Christian University. The 18 varsity teams participate in NCAA Division I and in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) for football, competing mostly in the Big 12 Conference. The school was a founding member of the Southwest Conference and was a member of the Western Athletic Conference, Conference USA (CUSA), and the Mountain West Conference before joining the Big 12. One TCU team participates outside the Big 12 in a sport not sponsored by that conference. The rifle team competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference. The beach volleyball team formerly played in CUSA and the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association prior to the Big 12 sponsoring beach volleyball in 2024-25.

The "horned frog" nickname and mascot refer to the Texas horned lizard, also known as the "horned frog".
Wolica (housing estate)
Wolica (Polish: [vɔˈli.t͡sa]) is a housing estate in Warsaw, Poland, located in the Ursynów district, within the City Information System area of Natolin. It consists of mid- and high-rise apartment buildings and was developed in the 1980s.

Przy Bażantarni Park
The Przy Bażantarni Park is an urban park in Warsaw, Poland, within the district of Ursynów. It is located in the neighbourhood of Natolin, between Rosoła Street, Przy Bażantarni Street, Jeżewskiego Street, and Komisji Edukacji Narodowej Avenue. It was opened in 2008.
D. K. Ravi
Doddakoppalu Kariyappa Ravi (10 June 1979 – 16 March 2015) was an Indian Administrative Service officer of Karnataka cadre, from the 2008 batch. He first came into limelight as a deputy commissioner of the Kolar district, after launching an official crackdown against the encroachment of government lands and rampant illegal sand mining in the district. Following fourteen months of service, he was transferred to Bangalore by the government of Karnataka as Additional Commissioner of Commercial Taxes (Enforcement) in October 2014. After his five months' tenure as additional commissioner which involved tax raids on major tax-evading real estate firms, he was found dead at his residence in Bangalore on 16 March 2015, under suspicious circumstances.

Sand theft
Sand theft or unauthorised or illegal sand mining leads to a relatively unknown global example of natural and non-renewable resource depletion problem comparable in extent to global water scarcity. Beach theft is illegal removal of large quantities of sand from a beach leading to full or partial disappearance of the beach. In India, illegal sand mining is the country's largest organized criminal activity. Sand theft feeds the illegal sand trade, a black market estimated to be worth between $200B and $350B a year. Illegal removal of sand damages river and marine ecosystems.
Cape Robert
Cape Robert (66°23′S 137°39′E﻿ / ﻿66.383°S 137.650°E﻿ / -66.383; 137.650) is an ice-covered point at the west side of Marret Glacier. It was discovered and named by the French expedition under Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1840. The name Robert is the first name of a member of the family of Dumont d'Urville. The point was roughly charted by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition under Mawson, 1911–14, and more recently delineated from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Cape Robert". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Operation Highjump
Operation HIGHJUMP, officially titled The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program, 1946–1947, (also called Task Force 68), was a United States Navy (USN) operation to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV. The operation was organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr., USN, Officer in Charge, Task Force 68, and led by Rear Admiral Ethan Erik Larson, USN, Commanding Officer, Task Force 68. Operation HIGHJUMP commenced 26 August 1946 and ended in late February 1947. Task Force 68 included 4,700 men, 13 ships, and 33 aircraft.
Xylopia maccreae
Xylopia maccreae, commonly known as orange jacket or MacCrea's xylopia, is a plant in the custard apple family Annonaceae found only in coastal areas of north and central Queensland, Australia. It is an evergreen tree up to 10 m (33 ft) tall with small buttresses, and young shoots covered in silky hairs. It was first described in 1868 as Melodorum maccreae by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, and transferred to the genus Xylopia in 1956 by Lindsay Stuart Smith. It is one of the food plants for the green-spotted triangle (Graphium agamemnon).

Buttress root
Buttress roots, also known as plank roots or stilt roots, are large, wide roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree. Typically, they are found in nutrient-poor tropical forest soils that may not be very deep. They may prevent the tree from falling over, hence the name buttress.

Buttresses are tension elements, being larger on the side away from the stress of asymmetrical canopies. The roots may intertwine with buttress roots from other trees and create an intricate mesh, which may help support trees surrounding it. They can grow up to 9 metres (30 ft) tall, spread for 30 m (98 ft) above the soil, and then continue another 30 metres horizontally below ground level. When the roots spread horizontally, they are able to cover a wider area for collecting nutrients. They stay near the upper soil layer because all the main nutrients are found there.
PP405
PP405, or PP-405, is a drug acting as a mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibitor which is under development for the treatment of alopecia (hair loss), specifically androgenic alopecia (pattern hair loss). It is used topically as a 0.05% concentration gel on the scalp once-daily. PP405 is a possible first-in-class drug with a novel mechanism of action in the potential treatment of hair loss.

First-in-class medication
A first-in-class medication is a prototype drug that uses a "new and unique mechanism of action" to treat a particular medical condition. While the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research tracks first-in-class medications and reports on them annually, first-in-class is not considered a regulatory category. Although many first-in-class medications qualify as breakthrough therapies, Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapies and/or orphan drugs, first-in-class status itself has no regulatory effect.
Antonio Leal (fencer)
Antonio Leal (born 25 June 1987) is a Venezuelan foil fencer, Pan American champion in 2010 and bronze medallist at the 2011 Pan American Games. He also won a gold medal in the individual foil event at the 2013 Bolivarian Games, as well as a gold medal in team épée and a silver medal in team foil. He won a gold medal in individual foil at the 2017 Bolivarian Games.

Fencing at the 2011 Pan American Games – Men's foil
The men's foil competition of the fencing events at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, was held on October 25 at the Multipurpose Gymnasium. The defending champion was Andras Horanyi from the United States.

The foil competition consisted of a qualification round followed by a single-elimination bracket with a bronze medal match between the two semifinal losers. Fencing was done to 15 touches or to the completion of three three-minute rounds if neither fencer reached 15 touches by then. At the end of time, the higher-scoring fencer was the winner; a tie resulted in an additional one-minute sudden-death time period. This sudden-death period was further modified by the selection of a draw-winner beforehand; if neither fencer scored a touch during the minute, the predetermined draw-winner won the bout.
Brussels-Chapel railway station
Brussels-Chapel railway station (French: Gare de Bruxelles-Chapelle; Dutch: Station Brussel-Kapellekerk) is a railway station on the North–South connection in the City of Brussels, Belgium. Despite its city centre location and the busy passing railway line, few trains stop there nowadays. The train services are operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium (SNCB/NMBS).

The station was opened in 1952, following construction of the North–South connection, between the stations of Brussels-Central and Brussels-South. It is situated in the Marolles/Marollen district, and takes its name from the neighbouring Church of Our Lady of the Chapel. Also immediately opposite the station is St John Berchmans College.

St John Berchmans College
St John Berchmans College (Dutch: Sint-Jan Berchmanscollege) is a Roman Catholic secondary school founded by the Society of Jesus in Brussels, Belgium. It is situated close to the Church of Our Lady of the Chapel and is named after the Belgian Jesuit Saint John Berchmans.
1980 Australian Hard Court Championships – Doubles
Phil Dent and Bob Giltinan were the defending champions, but none competed this year. Dent entered the Australian Open singles tournament, reaching the quarterfinals.

John James and Chris Kachel won the title by defeating Phil Davies and Brad Guan 6–4, 6–4 in the final.

1979 Australian Open – Men's singles
Defending champion Guillermo Vilas defeated John Sadri in the final, 7–6(7–4), 6–3, 6–2 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1979 Australian Open. It was his second Australian Open title and fourth and last major singles title overall.
G.723
G.723 is an ITU-T standard speech codec using extensions of G.721 providing voice quality covering 300 Hz to 3400 Hz using Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) to 24 and 40 kbit/s for digital circuit multiplication equipment (DCME) applications. The standard G.723 is obsolete and has been superseded by G.726.

Note that this is a completely different codec from G.723.1.

ITU-T
The International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three Sectors (branches) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It is responsible for coordinating standards for telecommunications and Information Communication Technology, such as X.509 for cybersecurity, Y.3172 and Y.3173 for machine learning, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for video compression, between its Member States, Private Sector Members, and Academia Members.

The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), the sector's governing conference, convenes every four years.

ITU-T has a permanent secretariat called the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB), which is based at the ITU headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The current director of the TSB is Seizo Onoe (of Japan), whose 4-year term commenced on 1 January 2023. Seizo Onoe succeeded Chaesub Lee of South Korea, who was director from 1 January 2015 until 31 December 2022.