hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Hamath
The Battle of Hamath, sometimes called the Battle of Hama, took place between the Babylonians and the fleeing remnants of the Egyptian army defeated at Carchemish. It was fought near the ancient city Hamath on the Orontes.

In this battle, Nebuchadnezzar further shattered the remnants of Necho II's Egyptian army that he had previously defeated in the Battle of Carchemish. The battle is mentioned in the Babylonian Chronicles, now housed in the British Museum. In the Chronicles it states that Nebuchadnezzar II killed almost all of the Egyptian combatants, so exhausted that none of them returned to their own country. The Chronicles do not mention Necho and the Bible only mentions 'Necho's army', and it is possible that Necho wasn't present and the Egyptian army was just a garrison army. He was dealing with various rebellions in the delta.

Carchemish
Carchemish (/ˈkɑːrkəmɪʃ/ KAR-kəm-ish or /kɑːrˈkiːmɪʃ/ kar-KEE-mish), also spelled Karkemish (Turkish: Karkamış), was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the region of Syria. At times during its history the city was independent, but it was also part of the Mitanni, Hittite and Neo-Assyrian Empires. Today it is on the frontier between Turkey and Syria.

It was the location of an important battle, about 605 BC, between the Babylonians and Egyptians, mentioned in the Bible (Jer. 46:2, 2 Chron. 35:20). Modern neighbouring cities are Karkamış in Turkey and Jarabulus in Syria (also Djerablus, Jerablus, Jarablos, Jarâblos).
Puppy (2019 film)
Puppy is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film written and directed by Nattu Dev (credited as Morattu Single) in his directorial debut. The film starring Varun in his debut as a lead actor, Samyuktha Hegde and Yogi Babu is produced by Ishari K. Ganesh. The music for the film is composed by Dharan Kumar. The film had its theatrical release on 11 October 2019.

Dharan Kumar
Dharan Kumar (born 8 October 1983) is an Indian music composer, who mainly produces film scores and soundtracks in the Tamil film industry. He made his film debut Parijatham, featuring the single "Unnai Kandene". He credits director and actor K. Bhagyaraj as his guru.
Varzuga (river)
The Varzuga (Russian: Ва́рзуга) is a river in the south of the Kola Peninsula in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is 254 km in length. The area of its basin is 9,840 km2. The Varzuga flows into the White Sea. It freezes up in October and stays under the ice until May.

This is the most prolific atlantic salmon fishing river in the whole of the Kola peninsular. Over the season over 10,000 salmon are caught and returned in this river system.
Favourite Salmon fishing patterns are the Kola Vulcan, Kola Blue Fire, Kola Fire and the Kolalander.

Murmansk Oblast
Murmansk Oblast is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with a total land area of 144,900 square kilometres (55,900 sq mi). Its only internal border is the Republic of Karelia to the south, and it is bordered internationally by Finland to the west and Norway to the northwest and the Barents Sea lies to the north and White Sea lies to the south and east. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409; however, at the 2021 Census, the population had declined to 667,744.
Pontremoli Cathedral
Pontremoli Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Pontremoli; Concattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta, also Santa Maria del Popolo) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Pontremoli, region of Tuscany, Italy. From 1787 to 1988 it was the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Pontremoli; since 1988 it has been a co-cathedral in the Diocese of Massa Carrara-Pontremoli. Saint Geminianus and saint Rose of Lima are the co-owners of the cathedral and the co-patrons of the city.

Rose of Lima
Rose of Lima, TOSD (born Isabel Flores de Oliva; 20 April 1586 – 24 August 1617) (Latin: Rosa Limana, Spanish: Rosa de Lima), was a member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic in Lima, Peru, Spanish Empire, who became known for both her life of severe penance and her care of the poverty stricken of the city through her own private efforts.

Rose of Lima was born to a noble family and is the patron saint of embroidery, gardening, and cultivation of blooming flowers. She was the first person born in the Americas to be canonized as a saint.

As a saint, Rose of Lima has been designated as a co-patroness of the Philippines, along with Pudentiana; both saints were moved to second-class patronage in September 1942 by Pope Pius XII, but Rose remains the primary patroness of Peru and of the local people of Latin America. Her image was formerly featured on the highest-denomination banknote of Peru.
Monograph
A monograph is generally a long-form work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, most often created by a single author or artist. Traditionally it is in written form and published as a book, but it may be an artwork, audiovisual work, or exhibition made up of visual artworks. In library cataloguing, the word has a specific and broader meaning, while in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration uses the term to mean a set of published standards as well as various guidelines.

Scholarly method
The scholarly method or scholarship is the body of principles and practices used by scholars and academics to make their claims about their subjects of expertise. These principles and practices aim to ensure the validity and trustworthiness of the claims, and to disseminate them to the scholarly community. It comprises the methods that systemically advance the teaching, research, and practice of a scholarly or academic field of study through rigorous inquiry. Scholarship is creative, can be documented, can be replicated, or elaborated, and that can be and is peer reviewed through various methods. The scholarly method includes the subcategories of the scientific method, with which scientists use to bolster their claims, and the historical method, with which historians use to verify their claims.
(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride
(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride is an organotitanium compound with the formula Cp*TiCl3 (Cp* = C5(CH3)5).  It is an orange solid.  The compound adopts a piano stool geometry.  An early synthesis involve the combination of lithium pentamethylcyclopentadienide and titanium tetrachloride.

The compound is an intermediate in the synthesis of decamethyltitanocene dichloride.  In the presence of organoaluminium compounds and other additives, it catalyzes the polymerization of alkenes.

Titanium tetrachloride
Titanium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula TiCl4. It is an important intermediate in the production of titanium metal and the pigment titanium dioxide. TiCl4 is a volatile liquid. Upon contact with humid air, it forms thick clouds of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and hydrochloric acid, a reaction that was formerly exploited for use in smoke machines. It is sometimes referred to as "tickle" or "tickle 4", as a phonetic representation of the symbols of its molecular formula (TiCl4).
Prasanna Gettu
Prasanna Gettu is an Indian criminologist, victimologist, and women right's activist from Chennai, India. Gettu is known for her work in supporting survivors of domestic violence and interpersonal violence. She is the co-founder and managing trustee of the International Foundation for Crime Prevention and Victim Care (PCVC), a Chennai-based non-governmental organization. In 2020, she was awarded the Anne Klein Women's Award for her work.

Violence
Violence is characterized as the use of physical force by humans to cause harm to other living beings, such as pain, injury, disablement, death, damage and destruction. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation"; it recognizes the need to include violence not resulting in injury or death.
2012 BFI London Film Festival
The 2012 BFI London Film Festival Awards were held on 20 October 2012 during the BFI London Film Festival, which ran from 10 to 21 October. It was hosted by Sue Perkins at the Banqueting House in London, England. There were four awards presented, along with the BFI Fellowships that went to Tim Burton and Helena Bonham Carter.

Sue Perkins
Susan Elizabeth Perkins (born 22 September 1969) is an English broadcaster, comedian, actress, singer and writer. Originally coming to prominence through her comedy partnership with Mel Giedroyc in Mel and Sue, she progressed into radio and television presenting, notably of The Great British Bake Off (2010–2016), Insert Name Here (2016–2019) and Just a Minute (since 2021) on BBC Radio 4.
Anne B. Young
Anne Buckingham Young is an American physician and neuroscientist who has made major contributions to the study of neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on movement disorders like Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Young completed her undergraduate studies at Vassar College and earned a dual MD/PhD from Johns Hopkins Medical School. She has held faculty positions at University of Michigan and Harvard University. She became the first female chief of service at Massachusetts General Hospital when she was appointed Chief of Neurology in 1991. She retired from this role and from clinical service in 2012. She is a member of many academic societies and has won numerous awards. Young is also the only person to have been president of both the international Society for Neuroscience and the American Neurological Association.

Society for Neuroscience
The Society for Neuroscience (SfN) is a professional society, headquartered in Washington, D.C., for basic scientists and physicians around the world whose research is focused on the study of the brain and nervous system. It is especially well known for its annual meeting, consistently one of the largest scientific conferences in the world.
Ruan Combrinck
Ruan Jacobus Combrinck (born 10 May 1990) is a South African rugby union player. He plays mostly as a wing. He plays for Stade Français in the Top14 in France. He previously played for the Lions in Super Rugby, the Golden Lions and Western Province domestically and Kintetsu Liners in the Japanese Top League.

Hanazono Kintetsu Liners
Hanazono Kintetsu Liners is a Japanese rugby union team owned by Kintetsu Corporation which was founded in 1929. They have won the All-Japan Championship three times as an amateur team. Their home is at Hanazono Rugby Stadium, which was also opened in 1929 and is in Higashiosaka, Japan.

Early in 2008 Kintetsu won promotion back to the Top League for the 2008–9 season, and it was announced that former All Blacks coach Peter Sloane would be head coach. Sloane coached the team for three years before Ryusuke Maeda succeeded him in 2011.

The team rebranded as Hanazono Kintetsu Liners ahead of the rebranding of the Top League to the Japan Rugby League One in 2022.
Apoteri
Apoteri is a village in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region of Guyana, near the confluence of the Rupununi River with the Essequibo, at an altitude of 53 metres (177 feet). Apoteri started to develop as the centre of the balatá industry. The population is mainly Amerindian of the Macushi and Wapishana people.

The village was founded in 1970 by Booker Brothers as a base for balatá production. Workers settled from villages in South Rupununi. In 1973 a school was established in the village.

Wildlife is plentiful in the area, and the village promotes itself for eco-tourism.  The Apoteri Fishing Camp is located at the mouth of the Rupununi River.  The Iwokrama International Centre which aims to conserve the rainforest and provide sustainable development is nearby.

The town is served by Apoteri Airport.

Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo
Upper Takutu-Upper Esequibo (Region 9) is a region of Guyana. It borders the region of Potaro-Siparuni to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, and Brazil to the south and west. It contains the town of Lethem, and the villages of Aishalton, Nappi and Surama. It is also the largest region of Guyana.

The Rupununi savannah, known for its large biodiversity  is located between the Rupununi River and the Brazilian border. Within the Upper Takutu-Upper Esequibo there falls part of the Guianan savanna ecoregion.
2011 I-League 2nd Division final round
2011 I-League 2nd Division final round involved eight teams, two from every group of 2011 I-League 2nd Division plus Shillong Lajong and Sporting Goa. United Sikkim, Southern Samity, Mohammedan, Royal Wahingdoh, Vasco and Ar-Hima qualified for Final round.

The top two teams at the end of final round qualify for 2011-12 I-league only if they complete all AFC requirements.

Rangdajied United FC
Rangdajied United Football Club (formerly known as Ar-Hima) is an Indian professional football club based in Mawngap-Mawphlang, in the south-west of Shillong, East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. The club was founded in 1987, and participated in the I-League 2nd Division. They won the league in the 2012–13 season.

Rangdajied was in the then top tier I-league during the 2013–14 season. The club consecutively participates in the Shillong Premier League, the top tier state football league in Meghalaya.
Penda Hair
Penda D. Hair is an American lawyer. She is the Legal Director of Forward Justice, a law, policy, and strategy center dedicated to advancing racial, social, and economic justice in the U.S. South. A frequent television and radio commentator, she speaks regularly on issues of race and democracy. Previously, she was a founding co-director of the civil rights group Advancement Project.

Advancement Project
The Advancement Project is a politically liberal American nonprofit organization that focuses on racial justice issues. The organization has a national office in Washington, D.C., as well as a California-specific office based in Los Angeles.
History of Sarasota, Florida
The earliest known identification of the area known today as Sarasota, Florida, was identified on a sheepskin Spanish map from 1763 with the word "Zarazote" written over the location of present-day Sarasota and Bradenton. A 1776 British map by Bernard Romans lists a "Boca Sarasota" in the local area.

The municipal government of Sarasota was established when it was incorporated as a town in 1902. Incorporation under the city form of government followed in the next decade. In 1921, Sarasota County was formed out of Manatee County, with Sarasota city serving as the county seat.

Manatee River
The Manatee River is a 36-mile-long (58 km) river in Manatee County, Florida. The river forms in the northeastern corner of Manatee County and flows into the Gulf of Mexico at the southern edge of Tampa Bay.

Wildlife in and around the river includes alligators, herons, manatees, dolphins, and fish such as bass, bluegill, catfish, and gar. Bull sharks are occasionally found in the brackish water near its low-lying outlet. The river includes the Upper Manatee River Canoe Trail for paddlers.
User agent
On the Web, a user agent is a software agent responsible for retrieving and facilitating end-user interaction with Web content. This includes all web browsers, such as Google Chrome and Safari, some email clients, standalone download managers like youtube-dl, and other command-line utilities like cURL.

The user agent is the client in a client–server system. The HTTP User-Agent header is intended to clearly identify the agent to the server. However, this header can be omitted or spoofed, so some websites use other detection methods.

Email client
An email client, email reader, message user agent (MUA), or mail user agent is a computer program used to access and manage a user's email.

A web application which provides message management, composition, and reception functions may act as a webmail client, and a piece of computer hardware or software whose primary or most visible role is to work as an email client may also use the term.
Augustus A. Smith House
Augustus A. Smith House, also known as Germain House, is a historic home located at Attica in Wyoming County, New York. It is a large, irregularly massed Queen Anne style residence constructed in 1890.  It features a large two story, semi-circular window bay on the south facade and other fine architectural details in keeping with its style.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Wyoming County, New York
Wyoming County is a county in the U.S. state of New York in the state's western area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,531. The county seat is Warsaw. The name is modified from a Lenape (Delaware) Native American word meaning "broad bottom lands". Wyoming County was formed from Genesee County in 1841. Wyoming County is one of New York's mostly agricultural counties. With an estimated 47,500 dairy cows in the county, there are more cattle in Wyoming County than people. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.
Sustainability metrics and indices
Sustainability metrics and indices are measures of sustainability, using numbers to quantify environmental, social and economic aspects of the world. There are multiple perspectives on how to measure sustainability as there is no universal standard. Instead, different disciplines and international organizations have offered measures or indicators of how to measure the concept.

While sustainability indicators, indices and reporting systems gained growing popularity in both the public and private sectors, their effectiveness in influencing actual policy and practices often remains limited.

World Business Council for Sustainable Development
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) is a CEO-led organization of over 259 international companies like Amazon, Meta and Apple. The council is also connected to 60 national and regional business councils and partner organizations.

Its origins date back to the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit of 1992, when Stephan Schmidheiny, a Swiss business entrepreneur, was appointed chief adviser for business and industry to the secretary general of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). He created a forum called "Business Council for Sustainable Development", which went on to become Changing Course, a book that coined the concept of eco-efficiency.

The WBCSD was created in 1995 as a merger of the Business Council for Sustainable Development and the World Industry Council for the Environment and is based at the Maison de la paix in Geneva, Switzerland, with offices in New York and New Delhi.
Reunion (Country Joe and the Fish album)
Reunion is the sixth studio album by the American psychedelic rock group Country Joe and the Fish, released in 1977. It constituted a reunion of the 1967 band's members. It was produced by Sam Charters for Fantasy Records and recorded between January and April 1977. The music is not as psychedelic, and several tracks are country rock. The album notably features songs written by every band member.

Samuel Charters
Samuel Barclay Charters IV (August 1, 1929 – March 18, 2015) was an American music historian, writer, record producer, musician, and poet.  He was a widely published author on the subjects of blues and jazz. He also wrote fiction.
Michael Potter (minister)
Michael Potter (c. 1642 - 1718) was a covenanter. He graduated from Edinburgh on 27 July 1663. He was licensed to preach the gospel in 1673. He was a tutor to the family of George, the Laird of Dunglass of that ilk. He was ordained by presbytery for the adherents in the parish of St. Ninians in 1673. He was elected a schoolmaster to Culross by the magistrates. This led to them being summoned before the Privy Council in 1677.

Culross
Culross (/ˈkurəs/; Scottish Gaelic: Cuileann Ros, "holly point") is a village and former royal burgh, and parish, in Fife, Scotland.

According to the 2006 estimate, the village has a population of 395. Originally, Culross served as a port city on the Firth of Forth and is believed to have been founded by Saint Serf during the 6th century.

The civil parish had a population of 4,348 in 2011.
Artan Karapici
Artan Karapici (born 19 April 1980 in Durrës) is an Albanian retired footballer who finished his career at Tërbuni Pukë in the Albanian Superliga. Having begun his career with Erzeni Shijak in 2001, he has since played for Vllaznia Shkodër, Besa Kavajë, Partizani Tirana, KS Kamza and Kastrioti Krujë.

KF Besa Kavajë
Klubi i Futbollit Besa Kavajë is an Albanian professional football club based in Kavajë. They are currently competing in Kategoria e Parë, the second tier of Albanian football. Their home ground is Besa Stadium.
Lowry protein assay
The Lowry protein assay is a biochemical assay for determining the total level of protein in a solution. The total protein concentration is exhibited by a color change of the sample solution in proportion to protein concentration, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques. It is named for the biochemist Oliver H. Lowry who developed the reagent in the 1940s. His 1951 paper describing the technique is the most-highly cited paper ever in the scientific literature, cited over 300,000 times.

Colorimetry
Colorimetry is "the science and technology used to quantify and describe physically the human color perception".
It is similar to spectrophotometry, but is distinguished by its interest in reducing spectra to the physical correlates of color perception, most often the CIE 1931 XYZ color space tristimulus values and related quantities.
Gavin Keane
Gavin Keane (born 5 March 1966) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon and the Brisbane Bears in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL).

Keane, who was recruited from St Bernard's, averaged just under 20 disposals from 16 appearances in 1987, his first league season. He added another 13 games in 1988 but didn't play VFL football in 1989.

Traded to Brisbane at the end of the 1989 season, Keane played seven games at his new club in 1990, all losses.

A wingman, he also spent some time in the Victorian Football Association playing with Williamstown.

Williamstown Football Club
The Williamstown Football Club, nicknamed the Seagulls, is an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Williamstown. The club currently competes in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and VFL Women's (VFLW) competitions.
Kyzyl-Tuu, Kara-Suu
Kyzyl-Tuu (Kyrgyz: Кызыл-Туу) is a village in the Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Kara-Suu District. It lies in the valley of the river Ak-Buura, 5 km south of Papan. Its population was in 2,132 in 2021.

Ak-Buura
The Ak-Buura (Kyrgyz: Ак-Буура) is a river in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. It flows through the city Osh, and discharges into the Shahrixonsoy, one of the canals of the Fergana Valley. The river is formed at the north slopes of Alai Mountains. The river is 148 kilometres (92 mi) long, and the watershed covers 2,530 square kilometres (980 sq mi). The long-term average discharge of the river at Tölöykön gauging post (southern boundary of Osh) is 21.4 cubic metres per second (760 cu ft/s), high-water discharge (June–July) ranging from 50 cubic metres per second (1,800 cu ft/s) to 67 cubic metres per second (2,400 cu ft/s) and low-water discharge (January) from 5 cubic metres per second (180 cu ft/s) to 6 cubic metres per second (210 cu ft/s). The main settlements along the river Ak-Buura are the city Osh and the villages Tölöykön, Turuk and Papan.