hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Union Democracy
Union Democracy: The Internal Politics of the International Typographical Union is a book by Seymour Martin Lipset, Martin Trow and James S. Coleman, originally published by New York Free Press in 1956.

The book is a case study of one particular organization: the International Typographical Union, an organization seen by the authors as the most democratic one in the contemporary (1950s) United States; an organization that seemingly disproved Robert Michels'  Iron law of oligarchy.

Oligarchy
Oligarchy (from Ancient Greek  ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía) 'rule by few'; from  ὀλίγος (olígos) 'few' and  ἄρχω (árkhō) 'to rule, command') is a form of government in which power rests with a small number of people. Leaders of such regimes are often referred to as oligarchs, and generally are characterized by having titles of nobility or high amounts of wealth.
Gary Dahms
Gary H. Dahms (/deɪmz/ DAYMZ; born January 14, 1947) is a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Republican Party of Minnesota, he represents District 15, which includes all or portions of Brown, Lac qui Parle, Lyon, Redwood, Renville, and Yellow Medicine counties in the southwestern part of the state.

Brown County, Minnesota
Brown County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,912. Its county seat is New Ulm. The county was formed in 1855 and organized in 1856.

Brown County comprises the New Ulm, MN Micropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Mankato-New Ulm-North Mankato, MN Combined Statistical Area.
1993 Virginia Slims of Houston – Doubles
Patty Fendick and Mary Joe Fernández were the defending champions, but none competed this year.

Katrina Adams and Manon Bollegraf won the title by defeating Eugenia Maniokova and Radka Zrubáková 6–3, 5–7, 7–6(9–7) in the final.

Manon Bollegraf
Manon Maria Bollegraf (born 10 April 1964) is a former professional tennis player from the Netherlands, who was a quarterfinalist at the singles event of the 1992 French Open, a finalist in doubles at the 1997 Wimbledon Championships, and a four-time mixed doubles Grand Slam champion. She also finished fourth in women's doubles at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
Alejandro Davidovich Fokina
Alejandro Davidovich Fokina (born 5 June 1999) is a Spanish professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 14 achieved on 3 November 2025 and a best doubles ranking of No. 196, reached on 21 February 2022. He is currently the No. 2 singles player from Spain.

Filip Krajinović
Filip Krajinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Крајиновић, pronounced [fǐlip krajǐːnoʋitɕ]; born 27 February 1992) is a Serbian former professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 26 on 23 April 2018.

His best individual result has been a Masters 1000 final, at the 2017 Paris Masters.  He played a Davis Cup semifinal with the Serbian national team.
His ATP Tour debut came at the 2009 Serbia Open.
MRS agar
De Man–Rogosa–Sharpe agar, often abbreviated to MRS, is a selective culture medium designed to favour the luxuriant growth of Lactobacilli for lab study. Developed in 1960, this medium was named for its inventors, Johannes Cornelis de Man, Morrison Rogosa, and Margaret Elisabeth Sharpe. It contains sodium acetate, which suppresses the growth of many competing bacteria (although some other Lactobacillales, like Leuconostoc and Pediococcus, may grow). This medium has a clear brown colour.

Pediococcus
Pediococcus is a genus of gram-positive lactic acid bacteria, placed within the family Lactobacillaceae. They usually occur in pairs or tetrads, and divide along two planes of symmetry, as do the other lactic acid cocci genera Aerococcus and Tetragenococcus.  They are purely homofermentative.
District Administration, Rangamati
District administration is the apex office of a district within the current administrative framework of Bangladesh. It manages affairs within a district, which is the basic territorial unit of administration in the country. At this level, the general public has direct contact with the administration. The district is overseen by a district officer, known as the Deputy Commissioner, District Collector, or District Magistrate, who acts as the representative of the central government at this level. Like other district administrations in the country, the District Administration of Rangamati, commonly referred to as the Office of the Deputy Commissioner, serves as the representative of the cabinet in the Rangamati Hill District.

District magistrate
The district magistrate, also known as the district collector or deputy commissioner, is a career civil servant who serves as the executive head of a district's administration in India. The specific name depends on the state or union territory. Each of these posts has distinct responsibilities, and an officer can assume all of these roles at once. The district magistrate is primarily responsible for maintaining law and order, while the district collector focuses on land revenue administration, and the deputy commissioner is in charge of overseeing developmental activities and coordinates government departments. Additionally, they also serve as election officers, registrar, marriage officer, licensing authority, and managing disaster responses, among other things. While the specific scope of duties may vary from state to state, they are generally similar. The district magistrate comes under the general supervision of divisional commissioner.
Santiago Lazcano
Santiago Lazcano (8 March 1947 in Errezil – 3 February 1985 in San Sebastián) was a Spanish cyclist. He debuted as a professional in 1969 and rode both the Vuelta a España and Tour de France that year. He finished 10th overall in the 1972 Giro d'Italia and his best season was 1973 as he won the Spanish mountain championship, the Villafranca Grand Prix and took 5th overall in the 1973 Giro d'Italia. In 1974 he won stage 17, a high mountain stage in the Giro d'Italia and he finished 10th overall in the 1975 Vuelta a España. He retired as a pro cyclist in 1976 after an accident with a car at a race in The Netherlands. Following his retirement he occasionally commentated on the radio and on a regional TV show called 6 Hours of Euskadi. He died in a motorcycle accident close to his home in Azpeitia.

Errezil
Errezil (Spanish: Régil) is a town in the province of Gipuzkoa in the autonomous community of Basque Country, located in the north of Spain. According to the 2016 Basque sociological survey, Errezil has the largest percentage of Basque language speakers of any municipality in the Basque Country, with over 90% of Errezil respondents reporting Basque as their first language and/or reporting speaking Basque at home.
NDR Chor
The NDR Chor (North German Radio Choir) is the choir of the German broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), based in Hamburg. It was founded in 1946, with Max Thurn as the first director of then 55 singers. The group has participated in premieres of contemporary music, such as the posthumous concert premiere of Schoenberg's opera Moses und Aron. It is also known for a capella music, introduced by Helmut Franz such as a recording of all such works by Johannes Brahms. The current artistic director is Philipp Ahmann, who has held the position from 2008. NDR Chor, now a group of 28 singers, is one of the leading professional chamber choirs in Germany.

Michael Gläser
Michael Gläser (born 2 November 1957) is a German singer, choral conductor and academic teacher. He was artistic director of broadcasters' choirs including the Rundfunkchor Berlin and the choir of the Bayerischer Rundfunk. He has been professor of choral conducting and Protestant church music at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München from 1994. Two recordings for which he conducted a choir were nominated for the Grammy Awards.
1932 United States Senate election in Louisiana
The 1932 United States Senate election in Louisiana was held on November 8, 1932.  Incumbent Democratic Senator Edwin Broussard ran for a third term in office, but was defeated in the primary by U.S. Representative John H. Overton.

On September 13, Overton won the Democratic primary with 61.64% of the vote.

At this time, Louisiana was a one-party state (no other party had run a candidate for Senate since the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment), and the Democratic nomination was tantamount to victory. Overton won the November general election without an opponent.

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the direct election of United States senators in each state. The amendment supersedes Article I, Section 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were appointed by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and became part of the Constitution upon ratification by three-quarters (36) of the state legislatures: on April 8, 1913. Sitting senators were not affected until their existing terms expired. The transition began with two special elections in Georgia and in Maryland, then in earnest with the November 1914 election; it was complete on March 4, 1919, when the senators chosen by the November 1918 election took office.
Central Polk Parkway
The Central Polk Parkway, also known as State Road 570B (SR 570B), is a proposed controlled-access toll road in Polk County, Florida. The proposed road is actually two separate roads—called legs by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). The western segment will connect the Polk Parkway with SR 60 between Bartow and Lake Wales. The eastern leg will start a few miles east of SR 60 and run north, parallel to US Highway 27 (US 27), and terminate at Interstate 4 (I-4) north of Davenport. The most recent, and viable, proposed routing will connect the two legs together near the CSX Intermodal Facility south of Wahneta. In December 2015, FDOT announced the cancellation of any further work on the project, citing insufficient funds (a $1 billion shortfall) and low traffic volume. The project continued to have the support of the local business community and local politicians, however, and it was revived in 2018.

Florida State Road 60
State Road 60 (SR 60) is an east–west route transversing Florida from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean. The western terminus of SR 60 is at the Sunsets at Pier 60 site in Clearwater Beach. The eastern terminus is in Vero Beach near the Atlantic Coast just past State Road A1A.
Courtleigh
Courtleigh is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Robert Courtleigh (1916–2004), American actor

William Courtleigh (1869–1930), American actor

William Courtleigh Jr. (1892–1918), American actor

William Courtleigh Jr.
William Thomas Courtleigh Jr. (March 8, 1892 – March 13, 1918) was an American silent film actor who starred in many films during the 1910s and notably died early into his career as a result of the Spanish flu.
Dysschema boisduvalii
Dysschema boisduvalii is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Jan van der Hoeven in 1840. It is found in Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil and Argentina.

Adults are sexually dimorphic.

The larvae feed on the leaves of Vernonia species.

Vernonia
Vernonia is a genus of about 350 species of forbs and shrubs in the family Asteraceae. Some species of this genus are known as ironweeds. Some species are edible and of economic value. They are known for having intense purple flowers. There have been numerous distinct subgenera and subsections named in this genus, and some botanists have divided the genus into several distinct genera. For instance, the Flora of North America recognizes only about twenty species in Vernonia sensu stricto, seventeen of which are in North America north of Mexico, with the others being found in South America.
Thomas H. Smith (pilot boat)
The Thomas H. Smith, or T. H. Smith, was a 19th-century Sandy Hook pilot boat built for the New York pilots around 1820. She helped transport maritime pilots between inbound or outbound ships coming into the New York Harbor. In 1840, she was one of only eight pilot boats in the New York fleet. In 1857, she went ashore and sank six miles from Barnegat.

Sandy Hook Pilots
Sandy Hook Pilots are licensed maritime pilots that are members of the Sandy Hook Pilots Association for the Port of New York and New Jersey, the Hudson River, and Long Island Sound. Sandy Hook pilots guide oceangoing vessels, passenger liners, freighters, and tankers in and out of the harbor. The peninsulas of Sandy Hook, and Rockaway in Lower New York Bay define the southern entrance to the port at the Atlantic Ocean.
C. Fitz
C. Fitz is an advertising, marketing and filmmaking professional. In her digital work she has produced social media branding campaigns winning four Webby’s for creative content. As a filmmaker, TV showrunner and film director she has won multiple awards for her scripted and unscripted work. She is also an activist and speaker.

BFI London Film Festival
The BFI London Film Festival is an annual film festival held in London, England, in collaboration with the British Film Institute. Founded in 1957, the festival runs for two weeks every October.

In 2016, the BFI estimated that around 240 feature films and 150 short films from more than 70 countries are screened at the festival each year.
Telegraph Spring, Virginia
Telegraph Spring is an unincorporated community in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. Telegraph Spring lies to the south of Hamilton.

Telegraph Spring is named for a naturally occurring spring that still flows today. A small metal pipe protrudes from the east side of Telegraph Springs Road (Route 611) just south of the intersection with Chappelle Hill Road. The water that flows continuously from the pipe is the spring. During the 2007 drought the spring, ceased to flow.

Telegraph Springs Road runs from Purcellville to Philomont. It is also known as State Route 611 and is paved for approximately half the length with the southern half gravel and dirt.

Purcellville, Virginia
Purcellville is a town in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. The population was 8,929 according to the 2020 census. Purcellville is the major population center for Western Loudoun and the Loudoun Valley. Many of the older structures remaining in Purcellville reflect the Victorian architecture popular during the early twentieth century.
Robbie MacDonald
Robert MacDonald (14 February 1870 – 7 March 1946) was an Australian cricketer who played first-class cricket for Queensland and Leicestershire from 1894 to 1903. He was born in Clunes, Victoria, Australia, and died in Victoria, British Columbia. He was a dentist.

Queensland cricket team
The Queensland men's cricket team (also known as the Queensland Bulls) are an Australian men's professional cricket team based in Queensland. The team competes in Sheffield Shield, the highest level of Australia domestic first class cricket, since the 1926–27 season, as well as the One-Day Cup, the highest level of Australian domestic one-day, since its inception in 1969–70. They also competed in the now defunct KFC Twenty20 Big Bash.
Brimmer
Brimmer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew Brimmer (1926–2012), economist, academic, and business leader

Clarence Addison Brimmer Jr. (1922–2014), United States federal judge

David Brimmer, American voice actor and fight choreographer

Esther Brimmer, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for International Organizations

Gabriela Brimmer (1947–2000), Mexican writer and activist for persons with disabilities

Jake Brimmer (born 1998), Australian footballer

Martin Brimmer, American politician and the ninth mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from 1843 to 1844

Philip A. Brimmer (born 1959), United States federal judge

Martin Brimmer
Martin Brimmer (June 8, 1793 – April 25, 1847) was an American businessman and politician, who served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, in the Boston Board of Aldermen, and as the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts.
Gerard Douffet
Gerard Douffet (6 August 1594 – 1660/1661), also known as Doufeet or Duffeit, was a Walloon painter. He was born at Liège in 1594, and studied for some time at Antwerp, Belgium in the school of Rubens, and afterwards in Italy. He composed and designed with good taste, and his historical pictures are much esteemed. 'Pope Nicholas V. at the Tomb of St. Francis of Assisi' (painted in 1627), 'St. Helena and the true Cross' (painted for the Abbaye Saint-Laurent de Liège), and two male portraits (one dated 1624), are in the Munich Gallery. He died at Liège, Belgium in 1660.

Walloons
Walloons (/wɒˈluːnz/ WOL-oonz; French: Wallons [walɔ̃] ⓘ; Walloon: Walons; Dutch: Walen) are a Gallo-Romance ethnic group native to Wallonia, Belgium. Walloons primarily speak langues d'oïl such as Belgian French, Picard and Walloon. Walloons are primarily Roman Catholic, with a historical minority of Protestantism which dates back to the Reformation era.

In modern Belgium, Walloons are, by law, termed a "distinctive linguistic and ethnic community" within the country, as are the neighbouring Flemish, a Dutch (Germanic) speaking community.

When understood as a regional identification, the ethnonym is also extended to refer to the inhabitants of the Walloon region in general, regardless of ethnicity or ancestry.
Telstar 402
Telstar 402 was a communications satellite owned by AT&T Corporation.

Telstar 402 was successfully launched into space on September 9, 1994, by means of an Ariane-42L vehicle from the Kourou Space Center, French Guiana. It had a launch mass of 3,775 kg. The satellite was lost shortly after launch due to an explosion that occurred in the propulsion system that was caused by leakage of hot gases.

AT&T Corporation
AT&T Corporation, an abbreviation of its former name, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, was an American telecommunications company that provided voice, video, data, and Internet telecommunications and professional services to businesses, consumers, and government agencies.

During the Bell System's long history, AT&T was at times the world's largest telecommunications company, the world's largest cable television operator, and a regulated monopoly. At its peak in the 1950s and 1960s, it employed one million people and its revenue ranged between US$3 billion in 1950 ($42.6 billion in present-day terms) and $12 billion in 1966 ($120 billion in present-day terms).

In 2005, AT&T was acquired by "Baby Bell" and former subsidiary SBC Communications for more than $16 billion ($25.8 billion in present-day terms). SBC then changed its name to AT&T Inc., with AT&T Corporation continuing to exist as a long-distance calling subsidiary until its dissolution on May 1, 2024.
Dorothy Donnell Calhoun
Dorothy Donnell Calhoun (died  December 2, 1963) was a writer and a magazine editor.

Born in Maine, her parents were magazine writers and her sister Rachel became a medical doctor. Calhoun graduated from Smith College and later married Harold Calhoun, a New York City lawyer.

Calhoun was the West Coast editor for Motion Picture Magazine and its sister publication Motion Picture Classic from 1927 to 1935. Later, she worked as an assistant to Frances Perkins, the Secretary of Labor under President Franklin Roosevelt, where she produced radio programs. As a writer, Calhoun wrote short stories, including the collection titled "Blue Gingham Folks". She also wrote children's stories and plays and published letters about her travels. She was also involved in the film world writing for publications and selling her work to be adapted to film. She worked on a screenplay for Richard Krebs and was a writer for "Sh Don't Wake the Baby", the 1915 film starring Dorothy Phillips.

Dorothy Phillips
Dorothy Phillips (born Dorothy Gwendolyn Strible, October 30, 1889 – March 1, 1980) was an American stage and film actress. She is known for her emotional performances in melodramas, having played a number of "brow beaten" women on screen, but had a pleasant demeanor off. She garnered little press for anything outside of her work.
Lakshmi Gopalaswamy
Lakshmi Gopalaswamy is an Indian actress from Karnataka and a classical dancer, qualified in Bharatanatyam. She has mainly acted in Malayalam films, while also appearing in few Kannada and Tamil films.

She won the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in her Kannada film Vidaya. Her debut Malayalam film Arayannangalude Veedu alongside Mammootty won her the Kerala State Film Award as the best supporting actor. She was a judge on Asianet's dance show Vodafone Thakadhimi..

Asianet (TV channel)
Asianet is an Indian Malayalam language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Viacom18 and Disney India. It primarily telecasts programs such as serials, reality shows and Malayalam films. Asianet HD is the first High Definition channel in Malayalam and was the Star network's first HD channel in a language other than Hindi or English.
Computer Mah-jong Yakuman
Computer Mah‐jong Yakuman is a handheld electronic game simulating Japanese mahjong, released exclusively in Japan by Nintendo in 1983. Following the success of the simpler Game & Watch series, Nintendo aimed to attract an older audience with this more complex and strategy-driven device. However, its high price and limited functionality hindered its commercial success. Despite this, it introduced key innovations that would later be integral to the success of the Game Boy, including a dot-matrix display and multiplayer gaming via a link cable. It also marked the beginning of Nintendo's long-running series of mahjong video games, which would continue to bring Japanese mahjong to the company's future gaming platforms.

Dot-matrix display
A dot-matrix display is a low-cost electronic digital display device that displays information on machines such as clocks, watches, calculators, and many other devices requiring a simple alphanumeric (and/or graphic) display device of limited resolution.

The display consists of a dot matrix of lights or mechanical indicators arranged in a rectangular configuration (other shapes are also possible, although not common) such that by switching on or off selected dots, text or graphics can be displayed. These displays are normally created using LCD, OLED, or LED technology.  Some later VF Displays also use a dot-matrix instead of a Seven-segment display. A dot-matrix display controller converts instructions from a processor into signals that control the individual dots in the matrix so that the required display is produced.
Ana Vrljić
Ana Vrljić (Croatian pronunciation: [âna ʋr̩̂ːʎitɕ, ǎː-]; born 1 August 1984) is a retired Croatia tennis player.

Vrljić has won four singles and eleven doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 24 June 2013, she reached her highest singles ranking of world No. 180. On 26 August 2013, she peaked at No. 149 in the doubles rankings.

Playing for Croatia Fed Cup team, Vrljić has a win–loss record of 4–3.

WTA rankings
The WTA rankings are the ratings defined by the Women's Tennis Association, introduced in November 1975. The computer that calculates the ranking is nicknamed "Medusa".

Aryna Sabalenka is the current world No. 1 in women's singles.