hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Completeness of the real numbers
Completeness is a property of the real numbers that, intuitively, implies that there are no "gaps" (in Dedekind's terminology) or "missing points" in the real number line.  This contrasts with the rational numbers, whose corresponding number line has a "gap" at each irrational value.  In the decimal number system, completeness is equivalent to the statement that any infinite string of decimal digits is actually a decimal representation for some real number.

Depending on the construction of the real numbers used, completeness may take the form of an axiom (the completeness axiom), or may be a theorem proven from the construction.  There are many equivalent forms of completeness, the most prominent being Dedekind completeness and Cauchy completeness (completeness as a metric space).

Logical equivalence
In logic and mathematics, statements  and  are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. The logical equivalence of  and  is sometimes expressed as , , , or , depending on the notation being used.
However, these symbols are also used for material equivalence, so proper interpretation would depend on the context. Logical equivalence is different from material equivalence, although the two concepts are intrinsically related.
Thomas Marlow
Thomas Marlow (15 December 1878 – 13 August 1954) was an English cricketer. Marlow was a left-handed batsman who bowled left-arm slow-medium. He was born at Anstey, Leicestershire.

Marlow joined the Leicestershire ground staff in 1898, and initially played in the second team. He made his first-class debut against Sussex in the 1900 County Championship at Grace Road. Marlow made fourteen further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Essex in the 1903 County Championship. In his total of fifteen first-class matches, he took 31 wickets at an average of 27.29, with best figures of 6/50. One of two five wicket hauls he took, his best figures came against Hampshire in the 1902 County Championship. A poor tailend batsman, Marlow scored 46 runs at a batting average of 3.28.

He died at Leicester, Leicestershire on 13 August 1954.

Essex County Cricket Club
Essex County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Essex.

Founded in 1876, the club had minor county status until 1894 when it was promoted to first-class status pending its entry into the County Championship in 1895. Since then, the team has played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England.

Essex currently play all their home games at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford. The club has formerly used other venues throughout the county including Lower Castle Park in Colchester, Valentines Park in Ilford, Leyton Cricket Ground, the Gidea Park Sports Ground in Romford, and Garon Park and Southchurch Park, both in Southend.

The limited overs team has previously been known as the Essex Eagles but now play simply as Essex.
Bhupendra Nath Goswami
Bhupendra Nath Goswami (born 1950) is an Indian meteorologist, climatologist, a former director of the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM). and a Pisharoty Chair Professor at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research. He is known for his researches on the Indian monsoon dynamics and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. Indian National Science Academy, Indian Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences, India as well as The World Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1995.

Indian Academy of Sciences
The Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore was founded by Indian Physicist and Nobel Laureate C. V. Raman, and was registered as a society on 27 April 1934. Inaugurated on 31 July 1934, it began with 65 founding fellows. The first general meeting of Fellows, held on the same day, elected Raman as president, and adopted the constitution of the Academy.
Eiichi Takahashi
Eiichi Takahashi is a Japanese geoscientist and academic. He is a research professor at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Takahashi's research encompasses high-pressure experiments and the study of mantle and volcanic rocks to investigate magma genesis, deep mantle processes, and mineral phase transitions. He is a union fellow of the American Geophysical Union and was awarded the F.W. Clarke Medal from the Geochemical Society in 1987, as well as the Japan Medal of Honor with Purple Ribbon in 2018.

American Geophysical Union
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international fields within the Earth and space sciences. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric and ocean sciences; solid-Earth sciences; hydrologic sciences; and space sciences. The organization's headquarters is located on Florida Avenue in Washington, D.C.
Héctor Michel Camarena
Héctor Michel Camarena (born 4 July 1948) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. A lawyer by the University of Colima, he served as a Senator of the LVIII and LIX Legislatures of the Mexican Congress representing Colima.

Colima
Colima, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Colima, is among the 31 states that make up the 32 federated entities of Mexico. It shares its name with its capital and main city, Colima.

Colima is a small state of western Mexico on the central Pacific coast, and includes the four oceanic Revillagigedo Islands. Mainland Colima shares borders with the states of Jalisco and Michoacán. In addition to the capital city of Colima, the main cities are Manzanillo, Villa de Alvarez and Tecomán. Colima is the fourth smallest state in Mexico and has the smallest population, but has one of Mexico's highest standards of living and the lowest unemployment. It is also the state with the highest murder rate per capita and one of the highest crime rates, due to its ports being a contested area for cartels.
Emre Sakçı
Hüseyin Emre Sakçı (born 15 November 1997) is a Turkish swimmer specialized in breaststroke. Sakçı holds the short-course world record in 50 meters breaststroke (24.95) and the Turkish short-course records in 50 meters freestyle, 100 meters freestyle, 200 meters freestyle, 50 meters breaststroke, 100 meters breaststroke, 100 meters individual medley as well as long-course records in 50 meters freestyle, 50 meters breaststroke and 100 meters breaststroke.

Medley swimming
Medley swimming is a combination of four different swimming strokes butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle (usually front crawl), into one race. This race is either swum by one swimmer as individual medley (IM) or by four swimmers as a medley relay.
Ivan Selesnick
Ivan Selesnick is an electrical engineer from the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering in Brooklyn, New York. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for his contributions to wavelet and sparsity based signal processing.

Signal processing
Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals, such as sound, images, potential fields, seismic signals, altimetry processing, and scientific measurements. Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions, digital storage efficiency, correcting distorted signals, improve subjective video quality, and to detect or pinpoint components of interest in a measured signal.
Discocleidion
Discocleidion is a genus of plants in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was first described as a genus in 1914. It contains one accepted species, Discocleidion rufescens, endemic to China.

formerly included

moved to Alchornea

Discocleidion glabrum Merr., synonym of Alchornea glabra (Merr.) Hurus.

Discocleidion ulmifolium (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm., synonym of Alchornea ulmifolia (Müll.Arg.) Hurus.

Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae (/juːˈfɔːrbiˌeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of the type genus of the family. Most spurges, such as Euphorbia paralias, are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are shrubs or trees, such as Hevea brasiliensis. Some, such as Euphorbia canariensis,: 206  are succulent and resemble cacti because of convergent evolution. This family has a cosmopolitan global distribution. The greatest diversity of species is in the tropics; however, the Euphorbiaceae also have many species in nontropical areas of all continents except Antarctica.
George Maran
George Alfred Maran (July 25, 1926 – Nov 26, 2011) was an American opera, oratorio, and concert tenor.  Born near Boston, Massachusetts. Maran attended Harvard University where he and his voice came to the attention of people such as Leonard Bernstein and Paul Hindemith. He first drew international attention when he won the “Mozart-Medaille”(Mozart Medal) from the Mozarteum International Foundation in Salzburg in 1956 on Mozart’s 200th birthday. The same year, and the next forty years thereafter, he was a soloist at the Opera in Darmstadt, Germany. Even so, he continued singing all over Europe and the United States, the world premiere of A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera) with Benjamin Britten conducting as a prime example. He has sung many wide-ranging and varied genres as soloist in opera, operetta, oratorio, and on the concert stage.

A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera)
A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 64, is an opera with music by Benjamin Britten and set to a libretto adapted by the composer and Peter Pears from William Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream. It was premiered on 11 June 1960 at the Aldeburgh Festival, conducted by the composer and with set and costume designs by Carl Toms. Stylistically, the work is typical of Britten, with a highly individual sound-world – not strikingly dissonant or atonal, but replete with subtly atmospheric harmonies and tone painting. The role of Oberon was composed for the countertenor Alfred Deller. Atypically for Britten, the opera did not include a leading role for his partner Pears, who instead was given the comic drag role of Flute/Thisbe.
Without Me (Eminem song)
"Without Me" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album The Eminem Show (2002). "Without Me" was released on May 13, 2002, as the lead single from the album, and re-released on his greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits (2005). "Without Me" is one of Eminem's most successful singles, reaching number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and number one in fifteen countries.

Curtain Call: The Hits
Curtain Call: The Hits is the first greatest hits album by the American rapper Eminem. It was released on December 6, 2005, under Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment, and Interscope Records. The album collects Eminem's most popular singles, as well as three new songs: "Fack", "When I'm Gone", and "Shake That" featuring Nate Dogg. A live version of "Stan" performed with English singer-songwriter Elton John at the 43rd Grammy Awards is also included as a bonus track.

The album was certified Diamond in the United States on March 8, 2022, and quintuple platinum in New Zealand. It reached number one on several charts, including the US Billboard 200 and UK Albums Chart.

On July 11, 2022, Eminem announced a sequel to the album titled Curtain Call 2, which would contain material from his later work. It was released on August 5, 2022.
Uintah meridian
The Uintah meridian, also called the Uintah Special Meridian (USM) has a center point north of Roosevelt, Utah. The Uintah meridian was established in 1875, and governs land surveys in the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation in the state of Utah.

Roosevelt, Utah
Roosevelt is a city in Duchesne County, Utah, United States. The population was 6,747 at the 2020 census, an increase of 701 (11.6%) from the 6,046 counted in the 2010 census.

The proper pronunciation of the city's name /ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ROH-zə-velt is based on how President Theodore Roosevelt pronounced his name: according to the man himself, "pronounced as if it was spelled 'Rosavelt.'"

Roosevelt is home to a regional campus location of Utah State University.
Witheridge Hundred
Witheridge Hundred was the name of one of thirty two ancient administrative units of Devon, England.

The parishes in the hundred were:
Bishops Nympton,
Cheldon,
Chulmleigh,
Creacombe,
Cruwys Morchard,
East Worlington,
Highley St Mary,
Kings Nympton,
Mariansleigh,
Meshaw,
Oakford,
Puddington,
Rackenford,
Romansleigh,
Rose Ash,
Stoodleigh,
Templeton,
Thelbridge,
Washford Pyne,
West Worlington,
Witheridge and
Woolfardisworthy (East)

Creacombe
Creacombe is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Rackenford, in the North Devon district of Devon, England. Its nearest town is Tiverton, which lies approximately 9.4 miles (15.1 km) south-west from the village, just off the A361 road. In 1961 the civil parish had a population of 52. On the 1 April 1986 the civil parish was abolished and merged with Rackenford.
Louta, Morocco
Louta is a small town and rural commune in Al Hoceïma Province of the Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 6,325 people living in 1,035 households.

2004 Moroccan census
The 2004 Moroccan census, formally the General Population and Housing Census for the year 2004, was held in Morocco in 2004, conducted by the High Planning Commission. The previous census was taken in 1994.
RCA Photophone
RCA Photophone was the trade name given to one of four major competing technologies that emerged in the American film industry in the late 1920s for synchronizing electrically recorded audio to a motion picture image. RCA Photophone was an optical sound, "variable-area" film exposure system, in which the modulated area (width) corresponded to the waveform of the audio signal. The four other major technologies were the Warner Bros. Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, as well as three "variable-density" sound-on-film systems, Lee De Forest's Phonofilm, and Fox-Case's Movietone, and the German system Tri-Ergon.

When Joseph P. Kennedy and other investors merged Film Booking Offices of America (FBO) with the Keith-Albee-Orpheum theater chain and Radio Corporation of America; the resulting movie studio RKO Radio Pictures used RCA Photophone as its primary sound system. In March 1929, RKO released Syncopation, the first live-recorded film made with RCA Photophone.

Exposure (photography)
In photography, exposure is the amount of light per unit area reaching a frame of photographic film or the surface of an electronic image sensor. It is determined by exposure time, lens f-number, and scene luminance. Exposure is measured in units of lux-seconds (symbol lx⋅s), and can be computed from exposure value (EV) and scene luminance in a specified region.

An "exposure" is a single shutter cycle. For example, a long exposure refers to a single, long shutter cycle to gather enough dim light, whereas a multiple exposure involves a series of shutter cycles, effectively layering a series of photographs in one image. The accumulated photometric exposure (Hv) is the same so long as the total exposure time is the same.
1968 Peruvian Segunda División
The 1968 Peruvian Segunda División, the second division of Peruvian football (soccer), was played by 10 teams. The tournament winner, Deportivo Municipal was promoted to the 1969 Torneo Descentralizado.

Deportivo Municipal
Club Centro Deportivo Municipal, commonly known as Deportivo Municipal, is a Peruvian football club based in Lima, Peru. They are among Peru's most recognizable clubs and enjoy considerable popularity. The bulk of their success came a few years after the club was founded in 1935. The club was a top-flight contender during this period and won four Primera División titles. The club suffered relegation three times in their history: 1967, 2000, and 2007. They have also been champions of the Segunda División on three occasions: 1968, 2006, and 2014, granting them promotion to the first division. They currently compete in the Peruvian Tercera División.

Deportivo Municipal was one of the first Peruvian clubs to participate in a South American international football competition. In 1948, they were invited to the South American Championship of Champions and finished fourth where clubs from seven of the then nine CONMEBOL football associations participated.
Elmer Forbes
Richard Elmer Forbes (5 December 1894 – 9 December 1978) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Bruce County, Ontario and became a farmer and registered seed grower by career.

He was first elected at the Dauphin riding in the 1958 general election after an initial unsuccessful attempt to win the seat in 1953. He was re-elected in 1962, 1963 and 1965.

After completing his term in the 27th Canadian Parliament in 1968, Forbes left federal politics and did not seek another term in Parliament.

Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette
Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette (formerly known as Dauphin and Dauphin—Swan River) was a federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 2015. Its population in 2011 was 74,800. The riding became known as Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa for the 2015 federal election.
Martti Wallén
Martti Wallén (20 November 1948 – 29 June 2024) was a Finnish operatic bass singer. Born in Helsinki, he performed both internationally and in his native country where he was a visiting soloist at the Finnish National Opera for many years. He created the role of the Judge in the world premiere of Aulis Sallinen's The Horseman at the Savonlinna Opera Festival in 1975. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Opera from 1975 to 2000.

Kullervo (Sallinen)
Kullervo is an opera in two acts, Op. 61, composed by Aulis Sallinen to his own libretto based on the story of Kullervo in the Finnish epic Kalevala. The opera premiered on 25 February 1992 at the Los Angeles Music Center.
Least-squares support vector machine
Least-squares support-vector machines (LS-SVM) for statistics and in statistical modeling, are least-squares versions of support-vector machines (SVM), which are a set of related supervised learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, and which are used for classification and regression analysis.  In this version one finds the solution by solving a set of linear equations instead of a convex quadratic programming (QP) problem for classical SVMs. Least-squares SVM classifiers were proposed by Johan Suykens and Joos Vandewalle. LS-SVMs are a class of kernel-based learning methods.

Positive-definite kernel
In operator theory, a branch of mathematics, a positive-definite kernel is a generalization of a positive-definite function or a positive-definite matrix. It was first introduced by James Mercer in the early 20th century, in the context of solving integral operator equations. Since then, positive-definite functions and their various analogues and generalizations have arisen in diverse parts of mathematics. They occur naturally in Fourier analysis, probability theory, operator theory, complex function-theory, moment problems, integral equations, boundary-value problems for partial differential equations, machine learning, embedding problem, information theory, and other areas.
1989–90 Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball team
The 1989–90 Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball team represented the University of Alabama in the 1989-90 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team's head coach was Wimp Sanderson, who was in his tenth season at Alabama. The team played their home games at Coleman Coliseum in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of 26–9, 12–6 in conference, good for second behind Georgia.

The Tide lost Michael Ansley and Alvin Lee to graduation, but plenty of talent remained in Robert Horry, David Benoit, Keith Askins, and Melvin Cheatum.

The Tide won the 1990 SEC men's basketball tournament, their second straight SEC tournament title, beating Ole Miss in the final and earning another automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.  The Tide advanced all the way to the Sweet 16, defeating Colorado State and Arizona before losing to Loyola Marymount.

1990 SEC men's basketball tournament
The 1990 SEC Men’s Basketball Tournament was held March 8–11, 1990 at the Orlando Arena in Orlando, Florida. The Alabama Crimson Tide won the tournament and received the SEC’s automatic bid to the 1990 NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Tournament by defeating the Ole Miss Rebels by a score of 70–51.

Television coverage of the first round, the quarterfinals, and semifinals were regionally syndicated by Jefferson Pilot Sports, and the championship game was nationally televised on ABC.

Note: The Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team was not qualified to participate in either the SEC or NCAA tournaments of 1990 and 1991 due to NCAA probation.
Lê Quý Đôn High School for the Gifted, Da Nang
Lê Quý Đôn High School for the Gifted, Da Nang (Vietnamese: Trung học Phổ thông Chuyên Lê Quý Đôn, Đà Nẵng) is a highly selective high school in Da Nang city, Vietnam. It was established in 1986 as Quang Nam - Da Nang Gifted School (Secondary and Senior High School). Like other specialized schools nationwide in Vietnam, the school offers advanced and specialized curriculum for gifted students who show their exceptional talents in the Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Humanities.

Currently, this is the only gifted high school in Da Nang, attracting top students from the city as well as the neighbor province Quang Nam. The school has many students who have won awards nationally and medalists from International Science Olympiads (IMO, IOI, IPhO, IBO, APhO).

International Olympiad in Informatics
The International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) is an annual competitive programming competition and one of the International Science Olympiads for secondary school students. The first IOI was held in 1989 in Pravetz, Bulgaria.

Each country sends a team of up to four students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and guests. Students in each country are selected for their country's team through national computing contests. Students at the IOI compete on an individual basis. There is no official team ranking.

The contest consists of two days of solving six complicated algorithmic tasks by writing computer programs in C++. All task materials are published on each year's contest website soon after the competition ends.
Joe Zuppanic
Joe Zuppanic is a paralympic athlete from Canada competing mainly in category C3-4 sprint events.

Joe competed in Barcelona at the 1992 Summer Paralympics.  He competed in the 100m, 200m, 400m 800m winning the bronze medal in the 100m.

1992 Summer Paralympics
The 1992 Summer Paralympics (Spanish: Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1992; Catalan: Jocs Paralímpics d'estiu de 1992) were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In addition, the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympics in the Spanish capital, Madrid.