hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Peremptory plea
In common law systems, the peremptory pleas (pleas in bar) are defensive pleas that set out special reasons for which a trial cannot proceed; they serve to bar the case entirely.  Pleas in bar may be used in civil or criminal cases; they address the substantial merits of the case.

Criminal procedure
Criminal procedure is the adjudication process of the criminal law. While criminal procedure differs dramatically by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge with the person on trial either being free on bail or incarcerated, and results in the conviction or acquittal of the defendant. Criminal procedure can be either in form of inquisitorial or adversarial criminal procedure.
Björk Digital
Björk Digital was an "immersive" virtual reality exhibition by Icelandic musician Björk featuring 360-degree VR music videos from her eighth studio album, Vulnicura. The exhibit debuted at Carriageworks in Sydney, Australia as part of Vivid Sydney on June 4, 2016 and has traveled across the globe. Originally announced as an 18 month tour the exhibit ran until 2020, where it was last presented at the Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Björk has promoted the traveling exhibit with a series of DJ sets and intimate strings-only concerts during her Vulnicura tour, premiering at London's famous Royal Albert Hall on 21 September 2016. Her debut at the Walt Disney Concert Hall, with the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, took place on 30 May 2017.

The virtual reality videos premiered during the exhibition went on to form Vulnicura VR, which was released on Steam for Oculus Rift, Valve Index, HTC Vive on September 6, 2019.

One Little Independent Records
One Little Independent Records (formerly One Little Indian Records) is an English independent record label. It was founded in 1985 by former Flux of Pink Indians bassist Derek Birkett, his wife Sue Birkett and former Flux guitarist Tim Kelly. In the 1990s it set up a number of subsidiary labels.
Hamdard University
Hamdard University (Urdu: جامعہَ ہمدرد) is a private research university with campuses in Karachi and Islamabad, Pakistan. It was founded in 1991 by the philanthropist Hakim Said of the Hamdard Foundation. It is one of the first and oldest private institutions of higher education in Pakistan, and also is the largest private research university in Karachi, with a campus area of over 350 acres.

Hamdard University's central library Bait-ul-Hikmah is one of the largest research libraries in South Asia with a collection of over half a million books, some of them dating back to the 17th century. The university includes eight faculties, nine research institutes, three teaching hospitals, and three affiliated engineering institutes.

Pakistan Medical and Dental Council
Pakistan Medical and Dental Council  is a statutory regulatory authority that maintains the official register of medical practitioners in Pakistan. Its chief function is to establish uniform minimum standards of basic and higher qualifications in medicine and dentistry throughout Pakistan. It also sets the education standards for medical colleges in Pakistan along with the Higher Education Commission.
Omari Brigades
The Omari Brigades was a Syrian rebel group formed in the Lajat region in Daraa Governorate as the first FSA group formed in the province. It received TOW missiles and was supplied and funded by Saudi Arabia. It was part of the Alliance of Southern Forces. The group was named after the Omari Mosque in Daraa city.

Alliance of Southern Forces
The Alliance of Southern Forces was a Syrian rebel coalition consisting of 8 rebel factions from the Free Syrian Army's Southern Front. The group operated in southwestern Syria. The coalition supported the High Negotiations Committee and its participation in the Geneva peace talks on Syria.
Auricular branch of posterior auricular artery
The auricular branch of posterior auricular artery is a small artery in the head.
It branches off the posterior auricular artery and ascends behind the ear, beneath the posterior auricular muscle, and is distributed to the back of the auricula, upon which it ramifies minutely, some branches curving around the margin of the cartilage, others perforating it, to supply the anterior surface. It anastomoses with the parietal and anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal artery.

Posterior auricular artery
The posterior auricular artery is a small artery that arises from the external carotid artery. It ascends along the side of the head. It supplies several muscles of the neck and several structures of the head.
United States v. Price
United States v. Cecil Price, et al., also known as the Mississippi Burning trial or Mississippi Burning case, was a criminal trial where the United States charged a group of 18 men with conspiring in a Ku Klux Klan plot to murder three young civil rights workers (Michael Schwerner, James Chaney, and Andrew Goodman) in Philadelphia, Mississippi on June 21, 1964, during Freedom Summer. The trial, conducted in Meridian, Mississippi with U.S. District Court Judge W. Harold Cox presiding, resulted in convictions of 7 of the 18 defendants. Another defendant, James Edward Jordan, pleaded guilty and testified for the prosecution.

Andrew Goodman (activist)
Andrew Goodman (November 23, 1943 – June 21, 1964) was an American civil rights activist. He was one of three Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) workers murdered in Philadelphia, Mississippi, by members of the Ku Klux Klan in 1964. Goodman and two fellow activists, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, were volunteers for the Freedom Summer campaign that sought to register African Americans to vote in Mississippi and to set up Freedom Schools for black Southerners.
United States District Court for the District of Wyoming
The United States District Court for the District of Wyoming (in case citations, D. Wyo.)  is the federal district court whose jurisdiction comprises the state of Wyoming and those portions of Yellowstone National Park situated in Montana and Idaho; it is the only federal court district that includes portions of more than one state, creating a possible "Zone of Death" where it would be difficult to prosecute crimes. The court has locations in Cheyenne and Casper.

Appeals from this court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The United States Attorney's Office for the District of Wyoming represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court.  As of August 11, 2025, the acting United States attorney is 	Darin Smith.

Casper, Wyoming
Casper is a city in, and the county seat of, Natrona County, Wyoming, United States. Casper is the second-most populous city in the state after Cheyenne, with the population at 59,038 as of the 2020 census. Casper is nicknamed "The Oil City" and has a long history of oil boomtown and cowboy culture, dating back to the development of the nearby Salt Creek Oil Field.

Casper is located in east central Wyoming on the North Platte River.
Safi al-Din Abu Shnaaf
Safi al-Din Abu Shnaaf (January 29, 1931 – March 12, 2018) was an Egyptian military officer who served as the 14th chief of staff of the Egyptian Army from 1987 to 1991. He commanded the 7th Infantry Division before being assigned to a diplomatic mission as part of the Egyptian Military Committee during the Egyptian-Israeli peace negotiations in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt.

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (Egypt)
The Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (Egyptian Arabic: رئيس أركان حرب القوات المسلحة, romanized: Rayiys 'arkan harb alquaat almusalaha) is the second-in-command of the Egyptian Armed Forces, following the Minister of Defense and the President. The Chief of the General Staff typically holds the second-highest military rank in the Armed Forces. The commanders of the Navy, Air Force and Air Defense Forces report to the Chief of the General Staff, while the Army is under the direct command of the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces.
Elephant Hill Provincial Park
Elephant Hill Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, protecting Elephant Hill, a prominent landmark adjacent to the Trans-Canada Highway at the cut-off for the town of Ashcroft, a few miles south of the town of Cache Creek. The park is approximately 968 hectares in area. The park was heavily burned by the 2017 Elephant Hill wildfire.
50°46′00″N 121°18′00″W﻿ / ﻿50.76667°N 121.30000°W﻿ / 50.76667; -121.30000

Cache Creek, British Columbia
50°48′43″N 121°19′24″W﻿ / ﻿50.81194°N 121.32333°W﻿ / 50.81194; -121.32333

Cache Creek is a historic transportation junction and incorporated village 354 kilometres (220 mi) northeast of Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada. It is on the Trans-Canada Highway in the province of British Columbia at a junction with Highway 97.  The same intersection and the town that grew around it was at the point on the Cariboo Wagon Road where a branch road, and previously only a trail, led east to Savona's Ferry on Kamloops Lake. This community is also the point at which a small stream, once known as Riviere de la Cache, joins the Bonaparte River.
Coprinellus heptemerus
Coprinellus heptemerus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described as Coprinus heptemerus by mycologists M. Lange and Alexander H. Smith in 1952, and later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001. It is a coprophilous fungus and it is known to occur on the dung of goats and possibly on that of sheep.

Coprinellus
Coprinellus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Psathyrellaceae. The genus was circumscribed by the Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1879. Most Coprinellus species were transferred from the once large genus Coprinus. Molecular studies published in 2001 redistributed Coprinus species to Psathyrella, or the segregate genera Coprinopsis and Coprinellus.

In 2020, phylogenetic analysis conducted by the German mycologists Dieter Wächter & Andreas Melzer reclassified many Coprinellus species as belonging to the new genus Tulosesus.
Golcheshmeh-ye Bala
Golcheshmeh-ye Bala (Persian: گل چشمه بالا, also Romanized as Golcheshmeh-ye Bālā; also known as Gol Chashmeh, Golcheshmeh, and Gulchashmeh) is a village in Baqerabad Rural District, in the Central District of Mahallat County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 179, in 61 families.

Baqerabad Rural District (Mahallat County)
Baqerabad Rural District (Persian: دهستان باقرآباد) is in the Central District of Mahallat County, Markazi province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Nakhjirvan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Baqerabad.
Hythe railway station (Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway)
Hythe station is the northern terminus of the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway. The station has curved platforms with an overall roof, loco release road, former engine shed (now an independent engineering works), signalbox with 16 lever frame, and a turntable. In terms of passenger bookings Hythe is the busiest station on the railway.

Adjacent to the station the former station master's house is now a private residence. Situated between the station and the Royal Military Canal is The Light Railway Restaurant which was originally built by the railway company but sold before it was even completed. It was finally repurchased by the railway in February 2015.

The station is situated to the south of the town on the A259 road to Folkestone, and follows the same alignment as the Royal Military Canal.

The ancient Cinque Port offers shopping facilities with restaurants, cafes, pubs, banks, supermarkets, antique shops, general shops, swimming baths, gardens, parks and a seafront.

A259 road
The A259 is a road on the south coast of England passing through Hampshire, West Sussex, East Sussex, and Kent, and is the longest Zone 2 A road in Great Britain. The main part of the road connects Brighton, Peacehaven, Eastbourne, Hastings, Rye, and Folkestone.

The road is below the expected standard of a trunk road used by HGVs and a frequent cause of congestion and disruption and has been documented as one of the most dangerous roads in South England.
Álvaro Bautista
Álvaro Bautista Arce (born 21 November 1984) is a Spanish motorcycle road racer. He won the 2022 and 2023 Superbike World Championship with the Ducati factory team. He was the 2006 125cc World Champion and runner-up in 250cc, and finished in the top six in MotoGP in 2012 and 2013. He competed in the MotoGP class from 2010 to 2018.

Bautista competed for the Suzuki team in his first two years after moving to the MotoGP class in 2010. He moved to the Honda-equipped Gresini Racing team in 2012, and continued with the team using Aprilia machinery when the factory returned to MotoGP for the 2015 season. Bautista then rode a Ducati with the Aspar (then Ángel Nieto) MotoGP team in 2017 and 2018, before moving to the Superbike World Championship for 2019.

After the 2019 World Superbike season with the factory Ducati team, for 2020 and 2021 he was contracted to ride the Honda Fireblade in World Superbikes, with the team being run under full HRC control.

2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 62nd F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season. The season consisted out of 18 races for the MotoGP class and 17 for the 125cc and Moto2 classes, beginning with the Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix on 11 April 2010 and ending with the Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix on 7 November. It was the first season for the new Moto2 class.
Resnik, Zreče
Resnik (pronounced [ˈɾeːsnik]) is a settlement in the Pohorje Hills north of Zreče in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the Municipality of Zreče in the Savinja Statistical Region.

The local church is dedicated to Saint James (Slovene: sveti Jakob) and belongs to the Parish of Sveta Kunigunda na Pohorju.  It was built in the late 15th to early 16th centuries, but extensively remodelled in the 18th century.

Gorenje pri Zrečah
Gorenje pri Zrečah (pronounced [ɡɔˈɾeːnjɛ pɾi ˈzɾeːtʃax]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Zreče in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Alabama Claims
The Alabama Claims were a series of demands for damages sought by the government of the United States from the United Kingdom in 1869, for the attacks upon Union merchant ships by Confederate Navy commerce raiders built in British shipyards during the American Civil War. The claims focused chiefly on the most famous of these raiders, the CSS Alabama, which took more than sixty prizes before she was sunk off the French coast in 1864.

After international arbitration endorsed the American position in 1872, Britain settled the matter by paying the United States $15.5 million, ending the dispute and leading to a treaty that restored friendly relations between Britain and the United States. That international arbitration established a precedent, and the case aroused interest in codifying public international law. The case too resulted in the warming of relations between Britain and the US, which had begun the 1800s as rivals, and ended the century as something of partners.

Battle of Cherbourg (1864)
The Battle of Cherbourg, or sometimes the Battle off Cherbourg or the Sinking of CSS Alabama, was a single-ship action fought during the American Civil War between the United States Navy warship, USS Kearsarge, and the Confederate States Navy warship, CSS Alabama, on June 19, 1864, off Cherbourg, France.
Rosella Hightower
Rosella Hightower (January 10, 1920 – November 4, 2008) was an American ballerina and member of the Choctaw Nation. One of the Five Moons, she achieved fame in both the United States and Europe, and later enjoyed a career as an instructor and opera director.

Original Ballet Russe
The Original Ballet Russe (originally named Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo) was a ballet company established in 1931 by René Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil as a successor to the Ballets Russes, founded in 1909 by Sergei Diaghilev. The company assumed the new name Original Ballet Russe after a split between de Basil and Blum. De Basil led the renamed company, while Blum and others founded a new company under the name Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo. It was a large scale professional ballet company which toured extensively in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, the United States, and Central and South America. It closed down operations in 1947.
Allotheria
Allotheria (from Ancient Greek αλλός (allós), meaning "other", and θηρίον (theríon), meaning "beast") is an extinct clade of theriiform mammals known from the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic. Shared characteristics of the group are the presence of lower molariform teeth equipped with longitudinal rows of cusps and enlarged incisors. Typically, the canine teeth are also lost. Allotheria includes Multituberculata, Gondwanatheria (which may be part of Multituberculata, as the sister group to Cimolodonta), and probably Haramiyida, (sometimes only including Euharamiyida) although some studies have recovered haramiyidans to be basal mammaliaforms unrelated to multituberculates. Allotherians are often placed as crown group mammals, more closely related to living marsupials and placentals (Theria) than to monotremes or eutriconodonts, though some studies place the entirety of Allotheria outside of crown Mammalia.

Theria
Theria (/ˈθɪəriə/ or /ˈθɛriə/; from Ancient Greek  θηρίον (thēríon) 'wild beast') is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes. Theria contains the eutherians (which includes placental mammals) and the metatherians (which includes marsupials) but excludes the egg-laying monotremes and various extinct mammals evolving prior to the common ancestor of placentals and marsupials.
1912 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1912 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1912. Incumbent Republican Governor Robert S. Vessey declined to run for re-election to a third term. Lieutenant Governor Frank M. Byrne won the Republican primary to succeed Vessey, and then faced State Senator Edwin S. Johnson, the Democratic nominee, in the general election. Byrne only narrowly defeated Johnson, winning just 49% of the vote to Johnson's 46%, the closest gubernatorial election since 1898.

1898 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1898 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898. Incumbent governor Andrew E. Lee, elected in 1896 as a Populist, he ran for re-election as a Fusion candidate. He was challenged by Republican nominee Kirk G. Phillips, the state treasurer. Lee narrowly defeated Phillips to win his second term as governor, but most of his Fusion allies lost their elections, leaving him as the lone statewide officeholder.
Power supply unit (computer)
A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a desktop computer. Modern personal computers universally use switched-mode power supplies. Some power supplies have a manual switch for selecting input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the main voltage.

Most modern desktop personal computer power supplies conform to the ATX specification, which includes form factor and voltage tolerances. While an ATX power supply is connected to the mains supply, it always provides a 5-volt standby (5VSB) power so that the standby functions on the computer and certain peripherals are powered. ATX power supplies are turned on and off by a signal from the motherboard. They also provide a signal to the motherboard to indicate when the DC voltages are in spec, so that the computer is able to safely power up and boot. The most recent ATX PSU standard is version 3.1 as of mid 2025.

Voltage regulator module
A voltage regulator module (VRM), sometimes called processor power module (PPM), is a buck converter that provides the microprocessor and chipset the appropriate supply voltage, converting +3.3 V, +5 V or +12 V to lower voltages required by the devices, allowing devices with different supply voltages be mounted on the same motherboard. On personal computer (PC) systems, the VRM is typically made up of power MOSFET devices.
Flatiron Building (Novato, California)
The Flatiron Building is a historic building in the "Old Town" of Novato, California. Built in 1908 by Abraham Yelmorini, a Swiss immigrant and dairy farmer, who also operated a saloon behind it. It was designed to attract the attention of passengers arriving at the nearby Novato train station and prevent them from seeing the other saloons in town. After Mr. Yelmorini's saloon ceased operations, a Wells Fargo express office opened in its place. Below street level are several black doors, for purposes unknown.  It served as offices of the local newspaper, the Marin County Banner, and in 1922, for the Novato Advance. In 1918, it housed a market; in 1958, a thrift shop; in 2007, a gift shop; a home furnishings store; and in 2012, a bookshop.

Novato Downtown station
Novato Downtown station is a train station in Novato, California. It opened as an infill station for the Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) service in December 2019. Prior to that, it was in operation from 1879 to 1958 by the Northwestern Pacific Railroad.
2016 Reinert Open
The 2016 Reinert Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and part of the 2016 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Versmold, Germany, on 4–10 July 2016.

2016 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2016 International Tennis Federation (ITF) Women's Circuit is a second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organized by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 to $100,000.
Tiruttani taluk
Tiruttani taluk is a taluk of Tiruvallur district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Tiruttani. Some parts of the taluk including Tiruttani town falls under the jurisdiction of the Greater Chennai Metropolitan Area.

Tiruttani
Tiruttani is a historic temple town situated in the Tiruvallur district and serves as a suburb of Chennai within the Chennai Metropolitan Area in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The town is famous for the Tiruttani Murugan Temple, an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to Kartikeya, also known as Murugan, the Hindu god of war. This temple is one of the Arupadaiveedu, a group of six significant abodes of Murugan. Tiruttani was officially incorporated into the Chennai Metropolitan Area in October 2022, signifying its growing importance and influence within the region.