hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Osteolathyrism
Osteolathyrism, sometimes referred to as odoratism, is a form of the disease Lathyrism. The disease results from the ingestion of Lathyrus odoratus seeds (sweet peas). The toxin found in the sweet peas is (beta-aminopropionitrile), which affects the linking of collagen, a protein of connective tissues. The condition results in damage to bone and mesenchymal connective tissues. Osteolathyrism occurs in people in combination with neurolathyrism and angiolathyrism in areas where famine demands reliance on a crop with known detrimental effects. It occurs in cattle and horses with diets overreliant upon the grass pea. Prominent symptoms include skeletal deformities and bone pain.

Crop
A crop is a plant or plant product harvested for human use. Crops are cultivated at scale to produce food, fiber, fuel, and other products. Crops have been central to human civilization since the first agricultural revolution, a key stage in the broader history of agriculture, when early societies domesticated plants for food and trade. Today, a small number of staple crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and sugarcane account for the majority of global production. Because of their economic importance, crops are studied within several scientific disciplines, including agronomy, agricultural science, horticulture, and forestry.
Viki Saha
Viki Saha (born 31 December 1997) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Tripura. He made his List A debut on 27 February 2014, for Tripura in the 2013–14 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut on 9 January 2016 in the 2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.

2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
The 2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy was the eighth edition of the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, an annual Twenty20 tournament in India. Played from 2 to 20 January 2016, it was contested by all 27 Ranji Trophy teams. Uttar Pradesh won the championship, claiming their first title.
3x3 basketball
3x3 basketball (stylized as ƐX3, pronounced three-ex-three) is a variation of basketball played three-a-side, with one backboard and in a half-court setup. This basketball game format is currently being promoted and structured by FIBA, the sport's governing body. Its primary competition is an annual FIBA 3X3 World Tour, comprising a series of Masters and one Final tournament, and awarding six-figure prize money in US dollars. The FIBA 3x3 World Cups for men and women are the highest tournaments for national 3x3 teams. The 3x3 format has been adopted for both the Olympics and the Commonwealth Games.

Basketball court
In basketball, the basketball court is the playing surface, consisting of a rectangular floor, with baskets at each end. Indoor basketball courts are almost always made of polished wood, usually maple, with 10 feet (3.048 m)-high rims on each basket. Outdoor surfaces are generally made from standard paving materials such as concrete or asphalt. International competitions may use glass basketball courts.
Southeast Polk Community School District
Southeast Polk Community School District, (often shortened to SEP, SE Polk) is a public school district located in suburban Des Moines and rural Polk County, Iowa, including the towns of Altoona, Mitchellville, Pleasant Hill, Runnells, and the surrounding rural areas. The district also stretches into small portions of Jasper and Marion Counties.

The district was formed by a consolidation of several districts (most notably Runnells, Altoona, and Mitchellville; several smaller districts also merged) in 1962.

The district is overseen by a seven-member Board of Education.

The superintendent of schools is Dirk Halupnik.

Mitchellville, Iowa
Mitchellville is a city located in Polk and Jasper counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 2,485 at the time of the 2020 census.

Mitchellville is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The Iowa Correctional Institution for Women is located in Mitchellville.
Bruce Wolosoff
Bruce Wolosoff (born March 27, 1955) is an American classical composer, pianist, and educator. He lives in Shelter Island, New York with his wife, the artist Margaret Garrett. He has two daughters, the singer-songwriter Juliet Garrett and the sculptor and mixed media artist Katya Wolosoff.

New England Conservatory of Music
The New England Conservatory of Music (NEC) is a private music school in Boston, Massachusetts. The conservatory is located on Huntington Avenue along the Avenue of the Arts near Boston Symphony Hall, and is home to approximately 750 students pursuing undergraduate and graduate studies, and 1,500 more in its Preparatory School and School of Continuing Education. NEC offers bachelor's degrees in instrumental and vocal classical music performance, contemporary musical arts, composition, jazz studies, music history, and music theory, as well as graduate degrees in collaborative piano, conducting, and musicology. The conservatory has also partnered with Harvard University and Tufts University to create joint double-degree, five-year programs.
Lake chub
The lake chub (Couesius plumbeus) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Leuciscidae, which includes the daces, Eurasian minnows and related species. This fish is found in Canada and in parts of the United States. Of all North American minnows, it is the one with the northernmost distribution. Its genus, Couesius,  is considered monotypic today. The genus was named after Elliott Coues, who collected the holotype specimen.

Elliott Coues
Elliott Ladd Coues (/ˈkaʊz/; September 9, 1842 – December 25, 1899) was an American army surgeon, historian, ornithologist, and author. He led surveys of the Arizona Territory, and later as secretary of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. He founded the American Ornithological Union in 1883, and was editor of its publication, The Auk.
Chionanthus pygmaeus
Chionanthus pygmaeus is a rare species of flowering plant in the olive family known by the common name pygmy fringetree. It is endemic to Florida, where there are 46 known occurrences as of 2010. The plant is found in increasingly rare habitat in Central Florida that is being consumed for development, and some protected areas are not managed adequately. Most populations are small. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Oleaceae
Oleaceae (/ˌoʊliˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), also known as the olive family or sometimes the lilac family, is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs, trees, and a few lianas in the order Lamiales. It presently comprises 28 genera, one of which is recently extinct. The extant genera include Cartrema, which was resurrected in 2012. The number of species in the Oleaceae is variously estimated in a wide range around 700. The flowers are often numerous and highly odoriferous. The family has a subcosmopolitan distribution, ranging from the subarctic to the southernmost parts of Africa, Australia, and South America. Notable members include olive, ash, jasmine, and several popular ornamental plants including privet, forsythia, fringetrees, and lilac.
Kaafiron Ki Namaaz
Kaafiron Ki Namaaz (transl. Prayer of non-believers) is  a 2016 Hindi-language drama film written and directed by Ram Ramesh Sharma. The film won four awards including the Best Feature Film at the third Ladakh International Film Festival.

Unable to get censor clearance for a theatrical release, the film was released on YouTube on 7 April 2016.

Ladakh International Film Festival
The Ladakh International Film Festival (LIFF) is an international film festival that is held annually in  Ladakh, India. Inaugurated in 2012, it is the first international film festival to be held in Ladakh. It is held in the Himalayan town of Leh, the largest town in Ladakh, at an altitude of more than 11,000 feet (3350 metres), making it the highest-altitude film festival in the world.  A major theme of the festival is wildlife conservation. In partnership with the Snow Leopard Conservancy India Trust, the festival offers the Snow Leopard Trophy for the most educational or inspiring film about an endangered species.

The festival was organized by Kerala-based filmmaker Melwyn Williams Chirayath and his business associate Meghna Dubey, partners at Monasse Films.
Ivar Heming Skre
Ivar Heming Skre (22 March 1897 – 7 September 1943) was a member of the Norwegian resistance during World War II.

Skre was born in Borre. His mother came from Ås and his father from Bremanger. Much of his childhood was spent in Avaldsnes, where he attended a folk high school.

In 1920, Skre married Ingeborg Dalen from Haugesund. They began their life together in Bergen, where Skre found employment as an editor.

Together with his brother Finn Åsmund Skre, born 1904, Skre joined the Kristian Stein group during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. They published and distributed illegal newspapers. Both were arrested in October 1941. Ivar Heming Skre was imprisoned from 9 October to 7 November 1941 in Bergen, then in Ulven concentration camp until 4 May 1942. He was transferred via Kiel to Halle concentration camp, where he was executed in September 1943.

Avaldsnes
Avaldsnes is a village in Karmøy municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The village is located on the northeastern part of the island of Karmøy, along the Karmsundet strait, just south of the town of Haugesund.  The village was an ancient centre of power on the west coast of Norway and is the site of one of Norway's more important areas of cultural history. The trading port of Notow and the Avaldsnes Church are two notable historic sites in Avaldsnes.

The village was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Avaldsnes which existed from 1838 until 1965. The 3.13-square-kilometre (770-acre) village has a population (2019) of 2,890 and a population density of 923 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,390/sq mi).

Avaldsnes has been described as "Norway's oldest capital" because it was the primary residency of Harald Fairhair who unified Norway into one kingdom.
Parish of Alexandria
Alexandria Parish is one of the 57 parishes of Cumberland County, New South Wales, a cadastral unit for use on land titles. It contains the area to the south and east of Sydney city including Bondi, Paddington and Clovelly. It was probably named after the Battle of Alexandria fought in 1801. The Parish of Alexandria roughly corresponds with the "Eastern Suburbs" in the traditional narrow sense of that term. The "Eastern Suburbs" in a wide sense also includes the suburbs immediately to the south, in the Parish of Botany.

33°50′54″S 151°17′04″E﻿ / ﻿33.84833°S 151.28444°E﻿ / -33.84833; 151.28444

Battle of Alexandria (1801)
The Battle of Alexandria (also known as the Battle of Canope/Canopus) was fought on 21 March 1801, where the British army and naval forces repelled an assault by the French army as part of the French invasion of Egypt and Syria. Led by General Sir Ralph Abercromby, the British engaged a French force under Divisional-general Jacques-François Menou near the ruins of Nicopolis, on the narrow spit of land between the Mediterranean Sea and Abukir. The British routed Menou's army after several hours of fierce fighting, though Abercromby was mortally wounded. About half of the French casualties at Alexandria were caused by British naval force. John Hely-Hutchinson, who replaced Abercromby, led the British army to Alexandria and laid siege to the city, which surrendered in September.
Cram school
A cram school (colloquially: crammer, test prep, tuition center, or exam factory) is a specialized school  that trains its students to achieve particular goals, most commonly to pass the entrance examinations of high schools or universities. The English name is derived from the slang term cramming, meaning to study a large amount of material in a short period of time. The word "crammer" may be used to refer to the school or to an individual teacher who assists a student in cramming.

Slang
Slang is a vocabulary (words, phrases, and linguistic usages) of an informal register, common in everyday conversation but avoided in formal writing and speech. It also often refers to the language exclusively used by the members of particular in-groups in order to establish group identity, exclude outsiders, or both. The word itself came about in the 18th century and has been defined in multiple ways since its conception, with no single technical usage in linguistics.
Cushendun
Cushendun (from Irish Cois Abhann Doinne, meaning 'foot of the River Dun'ⓘ) is a small coastal village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It sits off the A2 coast road between Cushendall and Ballycastle. It has a sheltered harbour and lies at the mouth of the River Dun and Glendun, one of the nine Glens of Antrim. The Mull of Kintyre in Scotland is only about 15 miles away across the North Channel and can be seen easily on clear days. In the 2021 census it had a population of 115 people. It is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district. The hamlet of Knocknacarry is nearby.

North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)
The North Channel (known in Irish and Scottish Gaelic as Sruth na Maoile, in Scots as the Sheuch) is the strait between north-eastern Ireland and south-western Scotland. The Firth of Clyde merges with the channel, between the southern tip of the Kintyre peninsula and Corsewall Point on the Rhins of Galloway. Part of the Irish Sea, the channel begins north of the Isle of Man and runs north-west into the Atlantic Ocean. Within the channel is Beaufort's Dyke, the deepest part of which is 312 metres (1,024 ft).
The White Horse Inn (1952 film)
The White Horse Inn (German: Im weißen Rößl) is a 1952 West German musical film directed by Willi Forst and starring Johanna Matz, Johannes Heesters and Walter Müller. It is based on the operetta The White Horse Inn and is part of the operetta film genre.

It was shot in studios in Munich and on location around Lake Kochel in southern Bavaria. The film's sets were designed by Kurt Herlth, Robert Herlth and Willy Schatz. Paula Wessely was originally intended to star, but because she was unavailable, the lead role was rewritten for Johanna Matz.

Kochelsee
Kochelsee (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔxl̩ˌzeː]) or Lake Kochel is a lake 70 kilometres (43 mi) south of Munich on the edge of the Bavarian Alps. The western 1.7 km² or 28.3 percent of the lake lies within the borders of the town of Schlehdorf, while the rest belongs to Kochel am See. The southern edge of the lake lies up against the mountains and the northern shore is bordered by bog lands. The history of the settlement of Kochel (previously Quochcalun) begins with Birg bei Altjoch, a rock extrusion on the shore of the lake. The name Kochel is derived from the Latin cocula meaning head or cone.

The Loisach flows into the lake at Schlehdorf and flows out at Kochel am See. A similar amount of water flows into the lake from the Isar through the Lake Walchen Power Plant.
Samsung Wave III
The Samsung Wave III, more commonly designated as the Samsung S8600 Wave 3, was released in October 2011 as the successor to the Wave 2 line-up (the S5250, S5330, and S7230). It was a mid-range phone, and sold for €150 ($205).

Samsung Wave 533
The Samsung Wave 533 (or Samsung S5330) was a smartphone that was launched by Samsung on October 26, 2010 alongside the Samsung Wave 525. Both hardware and software-wise, the S5330 and Samsung Wave 525 are identical except for the inclusion of a pop-out keyboard on the Samsung Wave 533. The phone initially launched with a price of €150 ($210).
Joe Borowski (politician)
Joseph Paul Borowski (December 12, 1932 – September 23, 1996) was a Canadian politician and activist. From 1969 to 1971, he was a cabinet minister in Manitoba Premier Edward Schreyer's New Democratic Party (NDP) government.  Subsequently, he gained national fame for his opposition to abortion.

New Democratic Party of Manitoba
The New Democratic Party of Manitoba (Manitoba NDP; French: Nouveau Parti démocratique du Manitoba), branded as Manitoba's NDP, is a social democratic political party in Manitoba, Canada. It is the provincial section of the federal New Democratic Party, and is a successor to the Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. It is currently the governing party in Manitoba.
Bodai
Bodai (Arabic: بوداي) is a Lebanese town in Baalbek District, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, situated west of the Litani River in the foothills of Mount Lebanon. Bodai is located 15 km (9 miles) northwest of the ancient city of Baalbek and 26 km (16 miles) from the Lebanese–Syrian border and is 90 kilometers (55.926 mi) away from the capital of Beirut. Bodai, which sits in the foothills of the Mount Lebanon range, has views across the Beqaa Valley toward the city of Baalbek, and the Anti-Lebanon range that divides Lebanon from Syria.

Foothills
Foothills or piedmont are geographically defined as gradual increases in elevation at the base of a mountain range, higher hill range or an upland area. They are a transition zone between plains and low relief hills and the adjacent topographically higher mountains, hills, and uplands.  Frequently foothills consist of alluvial fans, coalesced alluvial fans, and dissected plateaus.
Mersey Tunnels Police
The Mersey Tunnels Police is a small, specialised, non-Home Office police force that provides policing services for the Mersey Tunnels in Merseyside, England. The force, which comprises fifty one officers from Constable to Chief Police Officer is responsible for effective road policing of the Mersey Tunnels, Approach Roads and Exit Roads. It is privately funded by Merseytravel which in turn reports to the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority.

Liverpool City Region Combined Authority
The Liverpool City Region Combined Authority (LCRCA) is the strategic authority for the Liverpool City Region, which comprises the five metropolitan boroughs of the county of Merseyside and the borough of Halton from the county of Cheshire, England. It was established on 1 April 2014 and has since acquired powers and responsibilities over the region's transport, economic development and regeneration, culture and tourism, energy, justice, and health. Bodies such as Merseytravel are responsible for delivery of these services and report to the combined authority.

The combined authority has nine members. The Mayor of the Liverpool City Region leads the authority and is a voting member. Each of the six councils within the city region appoints a voting member, and the Merseyside Police and Crime Commissioner and the chair of the Liverpool City Region Business and Enterprise Board are non-voting members.
Lollypop (video game)
Lollypop is a platform game published in 1994 by Softgold Computerspiele GmbH on CD-ROM for MS-DOS. An Amiga version was released in 1995 by Rainbow Arts.  It was developed by Brain Bug with the music provided by composers from the demogroup Vibrants. The game was rereleased by Ziggurat Interactive through GOG.com and Steam in January 2023.

GOG.com
GOG.com (formerly Good Old Games) is a digital distribution platform for video games and films. It is operated by GOG sp. z o.o., which was a wholly owned subsidiary of CD Projekt until December 2025, based in Warsaw, Poland. CD Projekt sold GOG to co-founder Michał Kiciński in December 2025.

GOG.com delivers DRM-free video games through its digital platform for Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux.
Isomorphism theorems
In mathematics, specifically abstract algebra, the isomorphism theorems (also known as Noether's isomorphism theorems) are theorems that describe the relationship among quotients, homomorphisms, and subobjects.  Versions of the theorems exist for groups, rings, vector spaces, modules, Lie algebras, and other algebraic structures.  In universal algebra, the isomorphism theorems can be generalized to the context of algebras and congruences.

Subobject
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a subobject is, roughly speaking, an object that sits inside another object in the same category.  The notion is a generalization of concepts such as subsets from set theory, subgroups from group theory, and subspaces from topology.  Since the detailed structure of objects is immaterial in category theory, the definition of subobject relies on a morphism that describes how one object sits inside another, rather than relying on the use of elements.

The dual concept to a subobject is a quotient object. This generalizes concepts such as quotient sets, quotient groups, quotient spaces, quotient graphs, etc.
St Michael and St Martin's Church, Eastleach Martin
St Michael and St Martin's Church is a historic Anglican church in Eastleach Martin, Gloucestershire, England under the care of  The Churches Conservation Trust.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.  The church stands close to the River Leach which divides Eastleach Martin from its twin village of Eastleach Turville.  Eastleach Turville's Church of St Andrew stands only 180 metres away from the Church of St Michael and St Martin.

River Leach
The River Leach is a river and upper tributary to the Thames, in England which runs almost entirely in Gloucestershire. It is approximately 18 miles (29 km) long, springing from the limestone uplands of the Cotswolds. In parts it becomes a seasonal bourn, an old concept, meaning only running above ground when there is sufficient rainfall. Despite its small size it gives its name to two towns and a pair of villages.
Paul Gilbert (psychologist)
Paul Raymond Gilbert OBE (born 20 July 1951) is a British clinical psychologist. Gilbert is the founder of compassion focused therapy (CFT), compassionate mind training (CMT) and the author of books such as The Compassionate Mind: A New Approach to Life's Challenges and Overcoming Depression.

Before retirement Gilbert was head of the Mental Health Research Unit, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust.  He remains Professor at the University of Derby. In 2011 Gilbert was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his continued contribution in mental healthcare.

University of Derby
The University of Derby, formerly known as Derby College, is a public university in the city of Derby, England. It traces its history back to the establishment of the Derby Diocesan Institution for the training of schoolmistresses in 1851. It gained university status in 1992.

The university provides over 300 study programmes at undergraduate level. Undergraduate programmes as well as short courses, foundation degrees and postgraduate degrees cover most academic disciplines and sub-disciplines. Currently, the university is home to around 34,000 students in all areas of study.
Charles Sample
Charles Hubert Sample (22 November 1862 – 2 June 1938) was an English international rugby union player.

Sample was born in Castle Ward and educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

A fullback, Sample was described by the Football Annual as a player who was "good at extracting his side from a dilemma", possessing good drop kicking and tackling abilities. He was a Cambridge University blue, represented Northumberland, and was capped three times for England from 1884 to 1886.

Football Annual
The Football Annual was a reference work published annually from 1868 to 1908.  It reported on the various codes of football played in England, and also provided some coverage of the other home nations, supplemented on occasion by reports from around the world.   While association and rugby football provided its main focus, it also included some material on public school football, Sheffield football (until that code merged with association football in 1877), and, on occasion, even Australian and American football.  A typical issue would include laws of the various codes, a summary of the preceding season, a listing of football clubs in England (including such details as each club's ground, secretary, and colours), and essays about aspects of the game.

The Football Annual was edited for almost its entire existence by Charles Alcock.  Upon Alcock's death in early 1907, the two final editions were edited by others.  It ceased publication after the 1908 edition.