hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Land Tenure Reform Association
The Land Tenure Reform Association (LTRA) was a British pressure group for land reform, founded by John Stuart Mill in 1868. The Association opposed primogeniture, and sought legal changes on entails. Its programme fell short of the nationalisation of land demanded by the contemporary Land and Labour League.

Primogeniture
Primogeniture (/ˌpraɪməˈdʒɛnɪtʃər, -oʊ-/) is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit all or most of their parent's estate, as well as succeed their parent as the ruler of a state.

Primogeniture stands in contrast to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative. In most contexts, it means the inheritance of the firstborn son (agnatic primogeniture). It can also mean by the firstborn daughter (matrilineal primogeniture), or firstborn child (absolute primogeniture).

Research shows that authoritarian regimes that rely on primogeniture for succession were more stable than forms of authoritarian rule with alternative succession arrangements. Scholars have linked primogeniture to a decline in regicide, as clear rules of succession reduce the number of people who could (absent a coup d'état) replace a ruler, thus making it less desirable to cause the death of the monarch.
Lukasrand Tower
The Lukasrand Tower (formerly known as the John Vorster Tower) is located on Muckleneuk Hill in the Lukasrand suburb of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. The tower was built in 1978 and its primary purpose is wireless telecommunications (e.g., microwave transmission, mobile phone, etc.). It also features an observation deck.  The tower is dressed with branding signs for Telkom SA. For a time (September 2009 to prior to August 2012), the tower also sported a 24-metre, eight storey high, fibreglass soccer ball, for the 2010 World Cup.

Telkom (South Africa)
Telkom (officially Telkom SA SOC Limited) is a South African wireline and wireless telecommunications provider, operating in more than 38 countries across the African continent. Headquartered in Centurion, Telkom is one of South Africa's largest telecommunications companies by annual revenue.

Telkom is listed on the JSE Limited; South Africa's main stock exchange. As of 2024, the company had a market capitalization of R15.3 billion, and employed around 10,000 individuals.
Gerald Marks
Gerald Marks (October 13, 1900 – January 27, 1997) was an American composer of popular music. He was best known for the 1931 song "All of Me", which he co-wrote with Seymour Simons and has been recorded about 2,000 times. He also wrote the songs "That's What I Want for Christmas" for the film Stowaway starring Shirley Temple, and "Is It True What They Say About Dixie?" recorded by Al Jolson and Rudy Vallee. The success of "All of Me" led him to become a member of ASCAP, and he remained active in the organization for decades, serving on its board of directors from 1970 to 1981.

Marks was married to Edna Berger, a successful newspaperwoman and labor organizer. She preceded him in death.

Stowaway (1936 film)
Stowaway is a 1936 American musical drama film directed by William A. Seiter. The screenplay by William M. Conselman, Nat Perrin, and Arthur Sheekman is based on a story by Samuel G. Engel. The film is about a young orphan called "Ching Ching" (Shirley Temple) who meets wealthy playboy Tommy Randall (Robert Young) in Shanghai and then accidentally stows away on the ocean liner he is travelling on. The film was hugely successful, and is available on videocassette and DVD.
Tamagawa Museum of Modern Art, Imabari
Tamagawa Museum of Modern Art, Imabari (今治市玉川近代美術館, Imabari-shi Tamagawa Kindai Bijutsukan) opened in Tamagawa, now Imabari, Ehime Prefecture, Japan in 1986. The museum also goes by the name of the Tokusei Kinenkan (徳生記念館), after the late Tokusei Tadatsune, who provided the funds. The collection includes works by Gauguin, Dalí, Hiroshige, Kuroda Seiki, and Nakamura Tsune, as well as the National Treasure Artefacts from Mount Narabara Sutra Mound, Iyo Province.

Municipal mergers and dissolutions in Japan
Municipal mergers and dissolutions carried out in Japan (市町村合併, shichōson gappei) have occurred since the Meiji era to join the facilities and legal boundaries of municipal districts, towns, and cities. Often, these mergers are driven by a necessity to consolidate villages and 'natural settlements' into larger-scale cities as modernization progressed and consolidation was promoted to provide greater access to public facilities and schools.
History of education in the Indian subcontinent
Education in the Indian subcontinent began with the teaching of traditional subjects, including Indian religions, mathematics, and logic. Early Hindu and Buddhist centers of learning, such as the ancient Takshashila (in modern-day Pakistan), Nalanda (in India), Mithila (in India and Nepal), Vikramshila, Telhara, and Shaunaka Mahashala in the Naimisharanya forest, served as key sites for education. Islamic education became prominent with the establishment of Islamic empires in the region during the Middle Ages. Later, Europeans introduced Western education during the colonial period in India.

University of Mumbai
University of Mumbai is a public state university in Mumbai. It is one of the largest university systems in the world with over 549,000 students on its campuses and affiliated colleges. As of 2013, the university had 711 affiliated colleges.

It was established in 1857 as the University of Bombay following a dispatch from Sir Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control, to Governor-General Lord Dalhousie. There are courses available covering science, commerce and the arts.
Diyos at Bayan
Diyos at Bayan (transl. God and nation) is a Philippine television public affairs talk show broadcast by ZOE TV/Light TV. Hosted by Bro. Eddie Villanueva, it premiered on August 21, 1998.

The show was broadcast by RPN from 1998 to 2001 and 2002 to 2005 and by NBN from 2001 to 2002.

Diyos at Bayan concluded on June 3, 2019, on GMA Network (from 2006) and GMA News TV (from 2011; formerly QTV/Q from 2005 to 2011 and currently GTV since 2021), due to the termination of the blocktime agreement between GMA Network Inc., Citynet Network Marketing and Productions and ZOE Broadcasting Network on April 24, 2019, which took effect on June 4. On December 12, 2021, the show returned to its original home on Channel 11, this time through A2Z which is a partnership between ZOE Broadcasting Network and ABS-CBN Corporation. At the same time, the show is reformatted as a virtual public affairs talk show.

GMA News TV
GMA News TV (GNTV; visually rendered in uppercase in its logo) is a 24-hour Philippine-based international pay television channel owned by Citynet Network Marketing and Productions Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of GMA Network Inc. It was originally launched in the Philippines on February 28, 2011, as a domestic free-to-air television network, replacing Q. The international pay television channel, GMA News TV International, was launched later in 2011.

Despite in conflicts of blocktime programs during pre-COVID-19 pandemic era (e.g. The World of Gandang Ricky Reyes and #MichaelAngelo series) and intense competition with other minor television networks, GMA News TV ended its Philippine broadcast operations on February 22, 2021, to make way for GTV. GMA News TV International was renamed GMA News TV and continues to broadcast.
Ollie's Bargain Outlet
Ollie's Bargain Outlet is an American discount store chain. It was founded in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1982 by Morton Bernstein, Mark Butler, Harry Coverman, and Oliver "Ollie" Rosenberg, the company's namesake. As of September 2025, the chain has 618 locations in 34 states. Its selection of merchandise comprises a variety of discounted items, mostly overstock or closeout merchandise that is purchased in bulk from other retailers and sold at discounted prices. Ollie's Bargain Outlet stores feature advertisements and signage with caricatures of Rosenberg, and the chain's slogan "good stuff cheap."

Discount store
Discount stores are retail establishments that sell products at prices lower than the standard or recommended retail price. Discounters rely on bulk purchasing and efficient distribution to keep down costs. They include hypermarkets, "category killer" big box stores, warehouse club stores, discount grocery stores, dollar stores and variety stores.
Chaeron of Megalopolis
Chaeron of Megalopolis was the man who, shortly before the birth of Alexander, 356 BC, was sent by Philip to consult the Delphic oracle about the snake which he had seen with Olympias in her chamber and the peculiar dream he had had in which supposedly "a thunderbolt fell into her womb [and]..much fire sprung up". (Plutarch. Alex. 2,3.)

He may be the same person as the Chaeron who, in the speech attributed by some to Demosthenes, is mentioned as having been made tyrant of Pellene by Alexander (comp. Fabric. Bibl. Grace, b. ii. ch. 26), whom Athenaeus (xi. p. 509) describes as having been a pupil both of Plato and Xenocrates. He is said to have conducted himself very tyrannically at Pellene, banishing the chief men of the state, and giving their property and wives to their slaves. Athenaeus speaks of his cruelty and oppression as the natural effect of Plato's principles in the "Republic" and the Laws.

Athenaeus
Athenaeus of Naucratis (/ˌæθəˈniːəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀθήναιος ὁ Nαυκρατίτης or Nαυκράτιος, Athēnaios Naukratitēs or Naukratios; Latin: Athenaeus Naucratita) was an ancient Greek rhetorician and grammarian, flourishing about the end of the 2nd and beginning of the 3rd century AD. The Suda says only that he lived in the times of Marcus Aurelius, but the contempt with which he speaks of Commodus, who died in 192, implies that he survived that emperor. He was a contemporary of Adrantus.

Athenaeus himself states that he was the author of a treatise on the thratta, a type of fish mentioned by Archippus and other comic poets, and of a history of the Syrian kings. Both works are lost. Of his works, only the fifteen-volume Deipnosophistae mostly survives.
Manitoba Provincial Road 304
Provincial Road 304 (PR 304) is a provincial road in the Eastman and NorMan regions of Manitoba, Canada. It begins at PTH 59/PTH 12 south of Grand Beach and runs to Powerview-Pine Falls at the PTH 11 junction. Near the town, PR 304 crosses the Winnipeg River at the Pine Falls Generating Station, operated by Manitoba Hydro. From there, PR 304 heads north and then east to the community of Bissett, before terminating at Provincial Road 314 near the northern boundary of Nopiming Provincial Park.

Provincial Roads 304, 313, 314, and 315, along with PTH 11, form a loop that provides access to several remote communities, First Nations reserves, and provincial parks on the eastern side of Lake Winnipeg. PR 304 is also used as a south terminus for winter roads to northern Manitoba.

Grand Beach (Manitoba)
Grand Beach is a freshwater beach located within the Rural Municipality of St. Clements on the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada. It is located on the northern edge of the town of Grand Marais, Manitoba. Grand Beach is on the historic La Vérendrye Trail
.
Yellanahalli
Yellanahalli is a small town located in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu State, Southern India and is a Revenue Village of Coonoor taluk. It is 10 km beyond Coonoor and 8 km before Ooty on the Coonoor-Ooty NH 67.  It houses the Needle Industries India the manufacturers of the internationally branded ‘Pony Needles’. Near Yellanahalli are another two villages called Ketti and Aruvankadu. The Ketti Valley  is located to the south-west of Yellanahalli and is also sometimes referred to as the Switzerland of Southern India due to the year-round climatic conditions which do not fall into any extremes, during summer and winter.

Summer
Summer or summertime is the hottest and brightest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunrises and latest sunsets also occur near the date of the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to definition, climate, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
Amédée Gibaud
Amédée (Aimé) Gibaud (5 March 1885, in Rochefort-sur-Mer – 18 August 1957, in Rochefort-sur-Mer) was a French chess master.

He won the French Chess Championship four times (1928, 1930, 1935, 1940) and won the French correspondence championship three times (1929, 1931, 1932). He tied for fourth/fifth at Ramsgate 1929 (Premier A, William Gibson won).

Gibaud played for France in 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad at Paris 1924, and 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad at Munich 1936.

Rochefort, Charente-Maritime
Rochefort (French pronunciation: [ʁɔʃfɔʁ] ⓘ; Occitan: Ròchafòrt), unofficially Rochefort-sur-Mer (French pronunciation: [ʁɔʃfɔʁ syʁ mɛʁ]; Occitan: Ròchafòrt de Mar) for disambiguation, is a city and commune in Southwestern France, a port on the Charente estuary. It is a subprefecture of the Charente-Maritime department, located in the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine (before 2015: Poitou-Charentes).
Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
Susquehanna County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,434 Its county seat is Montrose. The county was created on February 21, 1810, from part of Luzerne County and later organized in 1812. It is named for the Susquehanna River. The county is part of the Northeast Pennsylvania region of the state.

Woodbourne Forest and Wildlife Preserve
The Woodbourne Forest and Wildlife Preserve is a protected area that is managed by The Nature Conservancy. It covers 648 acres (262 ha) in northeastern Pennsylvania in the United States.

It is located just south of Montrose, Pennsylvania.
Bellerive Castle
Bellerive Castle (French: Château de Bellerive) is a château in the municipality of Collonge-Bellerive of the Canton of Geneva in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Bellerive Castle was constructed in 1666 for Charles-Emmanuel II. The construction was received with resentment by the locals and led to a war between the Republic of Geneva and the Duchy of Savoy.

The château was formerly the home of Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan. On 31 August 2013, it was the setting for the wedding of Prince Rahim Aga Khan and Kendra Spears, who then became known as Princess Salwa Aga Khan. In 2022 it was reported that Dinara Kulibaeva has bought Bellerive Castle for an alleged price of 106 million Swiss francs.

Sadruddin Aga Khan
Sadruddin Aga Khan (17 January 1933 – 12 May 2003) was a French-born statesman and activist who served as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1966 to 1977. During his tenure, the agency expanded its operational focus to include refugee situations outside Europe.

He married twice, but had no children of his own. Sadruddin died of cancer at the age of 70, and was buried in Switzerland.
ESL Pro League Season 5
ESL Pro League Season 5 (shortened as EPL Season 5) was a Counter-Strike: Global Offensive tournament run by ESL. It is the fifth season of the ESL Pro League, and has an overall prize pool of $1,000,000 . For the first time, the Finals will take place in Dallas, Texas, from May 30 to June 4, in the Verizon Theatre. Teams from two continents, North America and Europe competed in fourteen team leagues to attempt to qualify for the Finals over a ten-week regular season. Europe's season began with Natus Vincere defeating Astralis and ended with Team EnVyUs defeating Astralis. North America's season started with Cloud9 defeating Rush and ended with Renegades defeating Rush. In the finals, G2 Esports was crowned Season 5's champion after winning a best of five series against North.

Astralis
Astralis is a Danish esports organization. Best known for their Counter-Strike 2 team, they also have teams representing other games, such as FIFA and previously Rainbow Six Siege. The parent group of Astralis is the Astralis Group, who previously managed Origen and Future F.C. before the merger of all teams under the Astralis brand. Astralis Group became the first esports organization to conduct an initial public offering, and was formerly traded as ticker Nasdaq Copenhagen: ASTRLS. Astralis's CS:GO team holds the record of the most CS:GO Major Championships won at 4.
Heartsease, Llanddewi Ystradenni
Heartsease is a small settlement or hamlet in the parish and community of Llanddewi Ystradenni in Powys, Wales. It should not be confused with Heartsease near Knighton.

It lies in the historic county of Radnorshire and was formerly part of the cantref of Maelienydd.

Heartsease has a chapel with a cemetery belonging to the Presbyterian Church of Wales.

Historic counties of Wales
The historic counties of Wales (Welsh: siroedd hynafol) were the thirteen sub-divisions used in Wales from 1535 up to their abolition in 1974 when they were replaced by eight larger administrative counties (which in turn were replaced with the current twenty-two). They were used for various functions for several hundred years, with some dating to 1282, but for administrative purposes have been superseded by contemporary sub-national divisions, some of which bear some limited similarity to the historic entities in name and extent. They are alternatively known as ancient counties.
Rivers Angels F.C.
Rivers Angels F.C. (formerly Larry Angels F.C.) is a Nigerian professional football club based in Port Harcourt, Rivers State in Nigeria. They play in the Nigeria Women Premier League, the top flight in the national female soccer league pyramid.

Chioma Ajunwa
Chioma Ajunwa-Opara, née Chioma Ajunwa, Listenⓘ (25 December 1970) is a Nigerian former track and field athlete and football player, notable for being the first Nigerian to win Olympic gold at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, and the first black African woman to win an Olympic gold medal in a field event. A member of the Nigerian Police Force, Ajunwa remains the only woman to compete at both the FIFA Women's World Cup as a footballer and the Olympics as a track and field athlete.

In December 2017, Ajunwa launched the Chioma Ajunwa-Okpara Foundation to discover new Nigerian stars in sports. The Foundation, in collaboration with the Abia State government, sponsored an Under-16 Athletics Championship for Secondary Schools in March 2018.
Torta paesana
Torta paesana (lit. 'village cake'), also known in English as black cake, milk cake or bread cake, is a cake of the Lombard cuisine, notably from Brianza. Its main ingredients are stale bread, milk and cocoa, often enriched with biscuits, amaretti di Saronno, sugar, pine seeds, raisins, candied orange and citron and aromatized with anise. As a traditional cake, without a codified recipe, it presents a great number of variants. It is homemade or sold in bakeries during autumn, for city festivals or religious celebrations.

Bread
Bread is a baked food product made from water, flour, and often yeast. It is a staple food across the world, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diets. It is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of agriculture, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture.

Bread may be leavened by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced yeast, or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. Bread may also be unleavened. In many countries, mass-produced bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of production.
1801 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1801 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1801. The Democratic-Republican candidate David Hall defeated the Federalist prothonotary for Sussex County, Delaware, Nathaniel Mitchell.

Sussex County, Delaware
Sussex County is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of Delaware, on the Delmarva Peninsula. As of the 2020 census, the population was 237,378, making it the state's second most populated county behind New Castle and ahead of Kent. The county seat is Georgetown.

The first European settlement in the state of Delaware was founded by the Dutch in 1631 near the present-day town of Lewes on the Atlantic Coast. However, Sussex County was not organized until 1683 under English colonial rule.

Sussex County forms the Seaford, Delaware, Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Élisabeth Morin
Élisabeth Morin-Chartier (French pronunciation: [elizabɛt mɔʁɛ̃ ʃaʁtje]; born 10 October 1947) is a French politician of the Agir party who served as Member of the European Parliament for the West France constituency from 2009 European election until 2014. Before joining Agir in 2018, she was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement and the Republicans (LR).

European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs
The Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL) is a committee of the European Parliament. It is responsible for issues of employment and social policy, including labour rights, social security, inclusion, free movement for workers and pensioners, professional and vocational training, the European Social Fund, and employment discrimination law. During the Ninth European Parliament (2019–2024), the committee has 55 members. Since July 2024, it is chaired by Li Andersson from Finland.
Iosif Berdiev
Iosif Konstantinovich Berdiev (Russian: Иосиф Константинович Бердиев, 26 November 1924, Poltoratsk - 27 February 1992, Kyiv, Ukraine) was a Soviet gymnast.

Berdiev was High coach school of Leningrad Military Institute of Physical Culture and Sport (1953), competed for SKA (Leningrad).

Ashgabat
Ashgabat is the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan. It lies between the Karakum Desert and the Köpetdag mountain range in Central Asia, approximately 50 km (30 mi) away from the Iran-Turkmenistan border. The city has a population of 1,030,063 (2022 census).

The city was founded in 1881 on the basis of an Ahal Teke tribal village, and made the capital of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924 when it was known as Poltoratsk. Much of the city was destroyed by the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake, but has since been extensively rebuilt under the rule of Saparmyrat Nyýazow's "White City" urban renewal project, resulting in monumental projects sheathed in costly white marble. The Soviet-era Karakum Canal runs through the city, carrying waters from the Amu Darya from east to west.

Today, as the capital of an independent Turkmenistan, Ashgabat retains a multiethnic population, with ethnic Turkmen as the majority. In 2021, it celebrated 140 years of its written history.
Vezet
Vezet (French pronunciation: [vəzɛ]) is a former commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune La Romaine.

Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (French pronunciation: [buʁɡɔɲ fʁɑ̃ʃ kɔ̃te] ⓘ; lit. 'Burgundy-Free County', sometimes abbreviated BFC; Arpitan: Borgogne-Franche-Comtât) is a region in northeastern France created by the 2014 territorial reform of French regions, from a merger of Burgundy and Franche-Comté. The new region came into existence on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections of December 2015, electing 100 members to the Regional Council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

The region covers an area of 47,783 km2 (18,449 sq mi) and eight departments; it had a population of 2,811,423 in 2017. Its prefecture and largest city is Dijon, although the regional council sits in Besançon, making Bourgogne-Franche-Comté one of two regions in France (along with Normandy) in which the prefect does not sit in the same city as the regional council.