hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry (HIBGC) is the scientific study of biological, geological, and chemical processes in the environment using the distribution and relative abundance of hydrogen isotopes. Hydrogen has two stable isotopes, protium 1H and deuterium 2H, which vary in relative abundance on the order of hundreds of permil. The ratio between these two species can be called the hydrogen isotopic signature of a substance. Understanding isotopic fingerprints and the sources of fractionation that lead to variation between them can be applied to address a diverse array of questions ranging from ecology and hydrology to geochemistry and paleoclimate reconstructions. Since specialized techniques are required to measure natural hydrogen isotopic composition (HIC), HIBGC provides uniquely specialized tools to more traditional fields like ecology and geochemistry.

Per mille
The phrase per mille (from Latin  per mīlle 'in each thousand') indicates parts per thousand. The associated symbol is ‰, similar to a per cent sign % but with an extra zero in the divisor.

Major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling, giving other options of per mil, per mill, permil, permill, permille.

The word promille is the cognate in Dutch, German, Finnish, Swedish and Danish and is sometimes seen as a loanword in English with the same meaning as per mille.

The symbol is included in the General Punctuation block of Unicode at U+2030 ‰ PER MILLE SIGN. There is also an Arabic-Indic per mille sign at  U+0609 ؉ ARABIC-INDIC PER MILLE SIGN.
Lithuanian Song and Dance Festival
The Lithuanian Song and Dance Festival (Lithuanian: Lietuvių dainų ir šokių šventė), colloquially known also as the Song Celebration (Lithuanian: Dainų šventė) is a Lithuanian massive traditional song and dance festival. It takes place roughly every four years. The event has been a national celebration throughout the interwar and upon Lithuania regaining its independence in 1990. The main event is traditionally hosted at Vingis Park in Vilnius.

On 7 November 2003, UNESCO proclaimed the tradition of the Song and Dance Celebration in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity and in 2008 added it to the List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Tradition of Song and Dance Celebrations in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are also inscribed into The Intangible Cultural Heritage Inventory of Lithuania as a form of social practice, ritual and festive events.

Vydūnas
Wilhelm Storost, artistic name Vilius Storostas-Vydūnas (22 March 1868 – 20 February 1953), mostly known as Vydūnas, was a Prussian-Lithuanian teacher, poet, humanist, philosopher and Lithuanian
writer, a leader of the Prussian Lithuanian national movement in Lithuania Minor, and one of leaders of the theosophical movement in East Prussia.
Arentz
Arentz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bjarne Arentz (1928–2017), Norwegian alpine skier

Charles Arentz (1878–1968), Norwegian sailor

Dick Arentz (born 1935), American fine art photographer and author

Frederik Arentz (1702–1779), Norwegian Lutheran bishop

Hans Severin Arentz (1806–1875), Norwegian politician

Samuel S. Arentz (1879–1934), American politician

Steven J. Arentz (born 1951), American politician

Steven J. Arentz
Steven James Arentz (born April 17, 1951) is an American politician from the Republican Party who is a member of the Maryland House of Delegates representing the 36th district since 2013. He was previously the president of the Queen Anne's County Board of Commissioners from 2010 to 2013.
Stangl
Stangl is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Christian Stangl (born 1966), Austrian mountain climber

Dalene Stangl, American statistician

Ernst Stangl (fl. 1970s), Austrian luger

Franz Stangl (1908–1971), Austrian-born Nazi SS officer, commandant of Sobibor and Treblinka camps

Johann Stangl (fl. 1950s), Austrian luger

Josef Stangl (1907–1979), Roman Catholic bishop

Karl Stangl (born 1930), Austrian rower

Stefan Stangl (born 1991), Austrian footballer

Thomas Stangl (1854–1921), German classical scholar

Thomas Stangl
Thomas Stangl (21 December 1854 in Aufhausen – 4 August 1921 in Würzburg) was a German classical scholar and text critic. He is found referenced most often for his edition of scholia to Cicero's speeches (Ciceronis orationum scholiastae), especially for his work on Asconius and the Bobbio Scholiast.

In 1883 he obtained his habilitation for classical philology, and served as an associate professor (from 1900) and full professor (from 1919) at the University of Würzburg.
Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration
The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) is an independent tribunal that adjudicates labour disputes in South Africa. It provides free dispute resolution services to both employers and employees. Although it has a wide range of statutory functions, it is best known for resolving labour disputes through conciliation, mediation, and arbitration. Since its inception, it has handled millions of cases, helping to make dispute resolution more accessible to ordinary workers and reducing reliance on the Labour Court system.

Dispute resolution
Dispute resolution or dispute settlement is the process of resolving disputes between parties. The term dispute resolution is conflict resolution through legal means.

Prominent venues for dispute settlement in international law include the International Court of Justice (formerly the Permanent Court of International Justice); the United Nations Human Rights Committee (which operates under the ICCPR) and European Court of Human Rights; the Panels and Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization; and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Half of all international agreements include a dispute settlement mechanism.

States are also known to form their own arbitration tribunals to settle disputes. Prominent private international courts, which adjudicate disputes between commercial private entities, include the International Court of Arbitration (of the International Chamber of Commerce) and the London Court of International Arbitration.
Trolleybus usage by country
As of 2012 there were around 300 cities or metropolitan areas where trolleybuses were operated, and more than 500 additional trolleybus systems have existed in the past. For complete lists of trolleybus systems by location, with dates of opening and (where applicable) closure, see List of trolleybus systems and the related lists indexed there.

The following are summary notes about current and past trolleybus operation, by country, for every country in which trolleybuses have operated (aside from temporary, experimental operations).

Franz Brozincevic Wetzikon
Franz Brozincevic & Cie (FBW) was a Swiss maker of trucks, motorbuses and trolleybuses, founded by Croatian-born engineer and constructor Franjo (Franz) Brozinčević (1874-1933), active between 1922 and 1985 and based in Wetzikon, canton of Zürich.
Qasem-Ali Zahirnejad
Qasem-Ali Zahirnejad (Persian: قاسمعلی ظهیرنژاد; 9 October 1924 – 13 October 1999) was an Iranian military general.

Zahirnejad began studies in the Officers' School in 1951. He retired from the army in 1976 with the rank of colonel. He returned following the Iranian Revolution in 1979 to prevent a rebellion in Kurdistan, becoming the commander of 64th Infantry Division. In 1980, Zahirnejad was promoted to brigadier general, leading the gendarmerie, before being promoted a year later to the position of President of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Throughout the Iran–Iraq War, his insistence on regular military commanders and conventional tactics led to clashes with the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).

Zahirnejad retired on 6 November 1989 with the rank of major general. He died of a stroke in Tehran on 13 October 1999.

Imam Ali Officers' Academy
Imam Ali Officers' University (Persian: دانشگاه افسری امام علی; acronym: دا اف, DĀʿAF), formerly known as Officers' School (Persian: دانشکده افسری) is the military academy of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces, located in Tehran, Iran. Cadets of the academy achieve the second lieutenant rank upon graduation and join the Ground Forces.
Mesembrine
Mesembrine is an alkaloid primarily derived from the plant Sceletium tortuosum, commonly known as kanna. This compound is noted for its psychoactive properties, particularly as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which contributes to its potential use in treating mood disorders and anxiety. Mesembrine has garnered interest in both traditional medicine and modern pharmacology, where it is explored for its effects on enhancing mood and cognitive function.

Kanna itself has a long history of use by indigenous peoples in Southern Africa, who utilized it for its mood-enhancing and stress-relieving effects, often consuming it in various forms such as teas or chews.

Mesembrine has also been identified in Mesembryanthemum cordifolium, Delosperma echinatum, and Oscularia deltoides.

Oscularia deltoides
Oscularia deltoides, the deltoid-leaved dewplant, dassievygie or sandsteenvygie is a species of flowering succulent plant in the fig-marigold family Aizoaceae that is native to the south-western Cape, South Africa.
Øyrlandet
Øyrlandet is a coastal plain and peninsula in Sørkapp Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The plain extends from Kistefjellet and St. Nikolausfjellet to the east, Belopol'skijbreen to the northeast, and Olsokbreen, Olsokneset and Stormbukta to the north. At the southeastern side of Øyrlandet is the bay of Sommerfeldtbukta, and the southernmost tip is the headland Øyrlandsodden.

Olsokneset
Olsokneset is a headland in Sørkapp Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is located at the western shore of Spitsbergen, at the southern front of Olsokbreen. The bay of Stormbukta extends from Olsokneset northwards to Bjørnbeinflya.
Joana Cunha
Joana Filipa da Silva Cunha (born 19 October 1994) is a Portuguese taekwondo female athlete. She won the silver medal at the 2015 Summer Universiade on the Women's featherweight category representing Portugal.

She competed in the women's featherweight event at the 2022 World Taekwondo Championships held in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.

2015 Summer Universiade
The 2015 Summer Universiade (Korean: 2015년 하계 유니버시아드, romanized: Icheon sip-o nyeon Hagye Yunibeosiadeu), officially known as the XXVIII Summer Universiade (Korean: 제28회 하계 유니버시아드, romanized: Jeisippalhoe Hagye Yunibeosiadeu) and also known as Gwangju 2015 (Korean: 광주2015, romanized: Gwangju Icheon sip-o) was a multi-sport event for student and youth athletes sanctioned by the International University Sports Federation (FISU), held in the city of Gwangju, South Korea. It took place from July 3 to July 14, 2015.
Boxing Match; or, Glove Contest
Boxing Match; or, Glove Contest is an 1896 British short black-and-white silent documentary film, produced and directed by Birt Acres for exhibition on Robert W. Paul's peep show Kinetoscopes, featuring a staged boxing match between Sergeant-Instructor Barrett and Sergeant Pope with a round, an interval and a knockout. The film was considered lost until footage from an 1896 Fairground Programme, originally shown in a portable booth at Hull Fair by Midlands photographer George Williams, donated to the National Fairground Archive was identified as being from this film.

Robert W. Paul
Robert William Paul (3 October 1869 – 28 March 1943) was an English pioneer of film and scientific instrument maker.

He made narrative films as early as April 1895, which were shown first in Edison Kinetoscope knockoffs. In 1896 he showed his films projected, at about the time the Lumière brothers were pioneering projected films in France.

His first notably successful scientific device was his Unipivot galvanometer.

In 1999, the British film industry erected a commemorative plaque on his building at 44 Hatton Garden, in central London.
Tony Maher (Gaelic footballer)
Tony Maher (born 25 January 1969) is a former Gaelic footballer from County Laois.

He played for Laois senior football team, primarily in midfield, throughout the 1990s and into the early 2000s.

In 1991, he played on the Laois team beaten by Meath in the final of the Leinster Senior Football Championship.

He was appointed as manager of the Timahoe senior football team in late 2007 and guided them to the 2008 Laois Senior Football Championship final. He then managed them to win the 2010 intermediate title.

In 2013 he was named as the Laois under 21 football team manager and in late 2017 he was appointed as manager of his native club Stradbally for the 2018 season.

Laois GAA
The Laois County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Laois) or Laois GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Laois. The county board is also responsible for the Laois county teams.

The county football team contested the second ever All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) final in 1889. In 1926, the county won the final of the first National Football League competition, defeating Dublin. 1936 brought the team's only other appearance in an All-Ireland SFC decider.

The county hurling team won an All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) in 1915.
Köhler's Medicinal Plants
Köhler's Medicinal Plants (or, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen) is a German herbal written principally by Hermann Adolph Köhler (1834–1879, physician and chemist), and edited after his death by Gustav Pabst. The work was first published in the late 19th century by Franz Eugen Köhler of Gera. Its complete title is Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte : Atlas zur Pharmacopoea germanica, austriaca, belgica, danica, helvetica, hungarica, rossica, suecica, Neerlandica, British pharmacopoeia, zum Codex medicamentarius, sowie zur Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America.

Pharmacopoeia
A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (or the typographically obsolete rendering, pharmacopœia), meaning "drug-making", in its modern technical sense, is a reference work containing directions for the identification of compound medicines. These are published or sanctioned by a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society, giving the work legal authority within a specified jurisdiction. In a broader sense it is a collection of pharmaceutical drug specifications. Descriptions of the individual preparations are called monographs.

There are national, supranational, and international pharmacopoeias.
Via Egnatia
The Via Egnatia was a road constructed by the Romans in the 2nd century BC. It crossed Illyricum, Macedonia, and Thracia, running through territory that is now part of modern Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, and European Turkey as a continuation of the Via Appia.

Starting at Dyrrachium (now Durrës) on the Adriatic Sea, the road followed a difficult route along the river Genusus (Shkumbin), over the Candaviae (Jablanica) mountains and thence to the highlands around Lake Ohrid. It then turned by parts south, following several high mountain passes to reach the northern coastline of the Aegean Sea at Thessalonica. From there it ran through Thrace to the city of Byzantium (later Constantinople, now Istanbul). It covered a total distance of about 1,120 km (696 miles/746 Roman miles). Like other major Roman roads, it was about six metres (19.6 ft) wide, paved with large polygonal stone slabs or covered with a hard layer of sand.

Byzantium
Byzantium (/bɪˈzæntiəm, -ʃəm/) or Byzantion (Ancient Greek: Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and Istanbul in modern times. The Greek name Byzantion and its Latinization Byzantium continued to be used as a name of Constantinople sporadically and to varying degrees during the thousand-year existence of the Eastern Roman Empire, which also became known by the former name of the city as the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium was colonized by Greeks from Megara in the 7th century BCE and remained primarily Greek-speaking until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 CE.
Charles W. L. Hill
Charles W. L. Hill is a British-born academic. As of 2016, he is the Hughes M. and Katherine G. Blake Endowed Professor in Business Administration and Professor of Management and Organization at the University of Washington's Foster School of Business in Seattle, where he has been teaching since 1988.

He previously taught at Michigan State University from 1986 to 1988, and the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, now part of the University of Manchester, from 1983 to 86. He was a visiting professor at Texas A&M University from 1985 to 1986.

In 2004, he co-authored Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach with G. R. Jones. In 2005, he authored International Business: Competing in the Global Market Place .

University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) was a university based in the centre of the city of Manchester in England. It specialised in technical and scientific subjects and was a major centre for research. On 1 October 2004, it amalgamated with the Victoria University of Manchester (commonly called the University of Manchester) to produce a new entity called the University of Manchester.

UMIST gained its royal charter in 1956 and became a fully autonomous university in 1994. Previously its degrees were awarded by the Victoria University of Manchester. The UMIST motto was Scientia et Labore (By Knowledge and Work).
Money, Cash, Hoes
"Money, Cash, Hoes" is a song by American rapper Jay-Z as the third single from his third album Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life (1998). It was released on December 18, 1998.  While the album version features a guest verse from rapper DMX, the remix features fellow rappers and Roc-A-Fella Records artists Memphis Bleek and Beanie Sigel with production by Swizz Beatz. Its beat features a sample of  "Theme of Thief" from the 1989 Sega game Golden Axe. Producer Swizz Beatz stated that the glissando sounds were made by him sliding his hand across a keyboard, originally as a joke. The remix version is featured on the soundtrack to the movie The Corruptor. The music video for the remix version of the track is intertwined with clips from The Corruptor as well. In the end of the track, Pain in Da Ass talks, recreating dialogue from the film Goodfellas.

The Corruptor
The Corruptor is a 1999 American action film directed by James Foley. The film was written by Robert Pucci, and produced by Dan Halsted. The film stars Chow Yun-fat and Mark Wahlberg. The film was released in the United States on March 12, 1999.
AD 20
AD 20 (XX) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 773 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 20 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)
Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (c. 44/43 BC – AD 20) was a Roman statesman during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. He served as consul in 7 BC, after which he was appointed governor of Hispania and consul of Africa. Piso is best known for being accused of poisoning and killing Germanicus, the heir of emperor Tiberius.
Gervasio González
Gervasio González "Strique" Ojarul (1884 – death date unknown) was a Cuban baseball catcher in the Cuban League and Negro leagues. He played from 1901 to 1917 with several ballclubs, including San Francisco, Almendares, Club Fé, Habana, Azul, and the Cuban Stars (West). He was elected to the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.

Almendares (baseball)
The Almendares B.B.C. was one of the oldest and most distinguished baseball teams in the old Cuban League, which existed from 1878 to 1961.  Almendares represented the Almendares District on the outskirts of the old city of Havana—when the league was founded it was still considered a suburban area, but later became a district within the enlarged city.  Almendares was one of the most successful franchises in the Cuban League.  In their early history they were known by their colors as the Azules de Almendares ("Almendares Blues"); later they adopted the name of Alacranes del Almendares (Almendares Scorpions).  Throughout their existence they had a famous rivalry with the Habana baseball club.

Almendares won 24 Cuban League championships (the first during the 1893–94 season and the last and in 1958–59) and two Caribbean Series (in 1949 and 1959).
1977 City of London and Westminster South by-election
The 1977 City of London and Westminster South by-election on 24 February 1977 was held after Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Christopher Tugendhat resigned the seat upon his appointment to the European Commission. A safe Conservative seat, it was won by their candidate, Peter Brooke.

Cities of London and Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)
Cities of London and Westminster (known as City of London and Westminster South from 1974 to 1997) is a constituency returning a single Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons in the United Kingdom Parliament. As with all constituencies, the election is decided using the first-past-the-post system of election. Until the 2024 general election, when the constituency elected Rachel Blake, a Labour Co-op MP, the constituency had always elected the candidate nominated by the Conservative Party.
Pyramidenkogel
Pyramidenkogel is an 851-metre-high (2,792 ft) mountain in Carinthia, Austria. It is located to the south of the Wörthersee and near the town of Maria Wörth, in an area that is a boundary between speakers of German and Slovenian. The old Slovenian name is Jedvovca. The mountain has been a tourist attraction since at least the late 19th century. The view from its top is mentioned in Karl Baedeker's 1879 The Eastern Alps.

Another mountain named Pyramidenkogel can be found in Austrian Totes Gebirge mountain range. Located south-east of the Almsee, its height is 1961 m.

Karl Baedeker
Karl Ludwig Johannes Baedeker (/ˈbeɪdɪkər/ BAY-dik-ər, German: [ˈbɛːdəkɐ]; born Bädeker; 3 November 1801 – 4 October 1859) was a German publisher whose company, Baedeker, set the standard for authoritative guidebooks for tourists.

Karl Baedeker was descended from a long line of printers, booksellers and publishers. He was the eldest of ten children of Gottschalk Diederich Bädeker (1778–1841), who had inherited the publishing house founded by his own father, Zacharias Gerhard Bädeker (1750–1800). The company also published the local newspaper, the Essendische Zeitung, and the family expected that Karl, too, would eventually join the firm.

Karl changed the spelling of the family name from Bädeker with the umlaut to Baedeker around 1850.