hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Open letter to Gorbachev
On November 7, 1990, an open letter to then President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev was published and signed by a rank of thirty Western sources, most of whom were academics. The full title of the document was Socialise the Rent: An Open Letter to Mikhail Gorbachev. The contents of the letter made the argument to the Soviet head of state that while moving the Economy of the Soviet Union away from a centrally planned system towards a free market mixed economy was a step forward, they warned the leader against following through with what the West had done following the end of feudalism; privatising the land itself, instead opting towards a Georgist system of common ownership and the collection of public revenue through land value taxation. Nobel prize-winners Franco Modigliani, James Tobin, Robert Solow and William Vickrey were among the letter's signees.

Common ownership
Common ownership refers to holding the assets of an organization, enterprise, or community indivisibly rather than in the names of the individual members or groups of members as common property. Forms of common ownership exist in every economic system. Common ownership of the means of production is a central goal of socialist political movements as it is seen as a necessary democratic mechanism for the creation and continued function of a communist society. Advocates make a distinction between collective ownership and common property (the commons) as the former refers to property owned jointly by agreement of a set of colleagues, such as producer cooperatives, whereas the latter refers to assets that are completely open for access, such as a public park freely available to everyone.
DeHaan
DeHaan is a concatenated form of the Dutch surname De Haan. Notable people with the surname include:

Allyssa DeHaan (born 1988), American basketball and volleyball player

Dane DeHaan (born 1986), American actor

Kory DeHaan (born 1976), American baseball outfielder

M. R. DeHaan (1891–1965), American Bible teacher

Kory DeHaan
Korwin Jay "Kory" DeHaan (born July 16, 1976) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder.  He is an alumnus of Morningside College.

Drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 7th round of the 1997 MLB amateur draft, DeHaan would make his Major League Baseball debut with the San Diego Padres on April 25, 2000, and appear in his final game on September 29, 2002.

Currently, he is the batting coach of the Bradenton Marauders.
Maksym Yakhno
Maksym Yakhno (Ukrainian: Максим Анатолійович Яхно; born 3 April 1988) is a professional Ukrainian football midfielder who last time played for club FC Helios Kharkiv in the Ukrainian First League.

Yakhno is the product of the Metalist Kharkiv Youth School System. He made his debut for FC Metalist entering as a second-half substitute against FC Kharkiv on 26 May 2009 in Ukrainian Premier League.

He also played one match for Ukrainian national under-17 football team.

Ukrainian First League
The Persha Liha (Ukrainian: Перша ліга [ˈpɛrʃɐ ˈl⁽ʲ⁾iɦɐ]) or Ukrainian First League is a level of national football competitions (second tier) in Ukraine governed by the Professional Football League at the discretion of the Ukrainian Association of Football. Members of the league also participate in the Ukrainian Cup. The league is the intermediate level within the three-tiered "competition pyramid".
Erik Carlgren
Paul Erik Olofsson Carlgren (born 4 December 1946) is a Swedish retired sprinter. He was part of Swedish teams that placed seventh in the 4 × 400 m relay at the 1972 Olympics and 1971 and 1974 European Championships. At the 1974 European Championships he also finished seventh in the individual 400 m event.

Carlgren finished third behind David Jenkins in the 400 metres event at the British 1973 AAA Championships.

Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay
The men's 4 × 400 metres relay was the longer of the two men's relays on the Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics program in Munich.  It was held on 9 September and 10 September 1972.

The United States were heavily favoured in this event.
After the 400 metres final, the IOC banned gold and silver medalists Vince Matthews and Wayne Collett from the Olympics for life after they staged a protest on the podium, talking to each other and failing to stand at attention during the medal ceremony, while the third American in the event, John Smith, had pulled a hamstring as he was leading 80 metres into the final and had been ruled unfit to run.

This left the Americans unable to field a team, and they were forced to scratch, leaving no clear favourite.
Leviathan Wept and Other Stories
Leviathan Wept and Other Stories is a 2010 collection of speculative fiction by American author Daniel Abraham. Published by Subterranean Press, the volume compiles nine of the author's most acclaimed short works originally published between 2001 and 2008.

The collection has been praised by critics for its "humanist" approach to complex systems and its wide range across "fairytale economics," psychological horror, and hard military science fiction. It is frequently cited as a thematic precursor to the internationally bestselling The Expanse series.

Short story collection
A short story collection is a book of short stories and/or novellas by a single author. A short story collection is distinguished from an anthology of fiction, which would contain work by several authors (e.g., Les Soirées de Médan). The stories in a collection may or may not share a tone, theme, setting, or characters with one another.
Christian child's prayer
A Christian child's prayer is Christian prayer recited primarily by children that is typically short, rhyming, or has a memorable tune. It is usually said before bedtime, to give thanks for a meal, or as a nursery rhyme. Many of these prayers are either quotes from the Bible, or set traditional texts.

While termed "Christian child's prayer", the examples here are almost exclusively used and promoted by Protestants. Catholic and Orthodox Christians have their own set of children's prayers, often invoking Mary, Mother of Jesus, angels, or the saints, and including a remembrance of the dead. Some adult prayers are equally popular with children, such as the Golden Rule (Luke 6:31, Matthew 7:12), the Doxology, the Serenity Prayer, John 3:16, Psalm 145:15–16, Psalm 136:1, and for older children, The Lord's Prayer and Psalm 23.

Cecil Frances Alexander
Cecil Frances Alexander (April 1818 – 12 October 1895) was an Anglo-Irish hymnwriter and poet. Amongst other works, she wrote "All Things Bright and Beautiful", "There is a green hill far away" and the Christmas carol "Once in Royal David's City".
Xanthesma eremica
Xanthesma eremica, or Xanthesma (Argohesma) eremica, is a species of bee in the family Colletidae and the subfamily Euryglossinae. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1969 by Australian entomologist Elizabeth Exley.

Euryglossinae
Euryglossinae is a subfamily of plasterer bees endemic to Australia. Most of the 400+ species in the subfamily are very small, with the largest reaching 10 mm in length. Females of this subfamily carry pollen internally, in the crop.
Prusinowiczki
Prusinowiczki [pruɕinɔˈvit͡ʂki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lutomiersk, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south-east of Lutomiersk, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Pabianice, and 17 km (11 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Lutomiersk
Lutomiersk [luˈtɔmjɛrsk] is a town in Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Lutomiersk. It lies approximately 17 km (11 mi) north-west of Pabianice and 19 km (12 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź. It is located in the Sieradz Land.

The town has an approximate population of 2,000.
Michael Danzey
Michael James Danzey (born 8 February 1971) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward in the Football League for Chester City, Peterborough United, Cambridge United and Scunthorpe United. He also played non-league football for Boston United, St Albans City, Farnborough Town, Aylesbury United and Woking.

Farnborough F.C.
Farnborough Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in Farnborough, Hampshire, England. Founded in 1967 as Farnborough Town, they are currently members of the National League South, the sixth tier of English football and play at Cherrywood Road.
Greeting-gift (Shulmani)
The greeting-gift (Šulmānī) were gifts, or presents exchanged between Kings, and rulers of the 1350 BC–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. They are notable in the 382–letter corpus for the variety of the gifts, as well as the involvement of the individuals exchanging the gifts, (their motives).

The "greeting-gifts" were "peace-offerings" between the rulers, and were a function of intrigues, and country/political relationships, or regional 'country'/kingdom relationships.

An example of a discussion of a greeting-gift exchange can be found at one of the authors of the Amarna letters, Zita (Hittite prince). Letter EA 44 is presented, (EA for 'el Amarna'), as an example of the term's usage.

Other notable exchanges of greeting-gifts were with Tushratta of Mittani, Assyria, the King of Ugarit-(letter EA 49, by Niqmaddu II), and the King of Babylon.

Amarna
Amarna (/əˈmɑːrnə/; Arabic: العمارنة, romanized: al-ʿAmārna) is an extensive ancient Egyptian archaeological site containing the ruins of Akhetaten, the capital city during the late Eighteenth Dynasty. The city was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, and abandoned shortly after his death in 1332 BC.

The site is on the east bank of the Nile River, in what today is the Egyptian province of Minya. It is about 58 km (36 mi) south of the city of al-Minya, 312 km (194 mi) south of the Egyptian capital, Cairo, and 402 km (250 mi) north of Luxor (site of the previous capital, Thebes). The city of Deir Mawas lies directly to its west. On the east side of Amarna there are several modern villages, the chief of which are l-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south.

Activity in the region flourished from the Amarna Period until the later Roman era.
Nepalese 1-rupee coin
The Nepalese one-rupee coin (रु 1) is the lowest denomination of the Nepalese rupee and is primarily used for very small transactions or as change in Nepal. Introduced to replace the one-rupee banknote, the coin features national symbols and cultural motifs.

Although its everyday use has declined, the Re. 1 coin remains an official part of Nepal's currency system.

Rupee
Rupee (UK: /ˌruːˈpiː/, US: /ˈruːpiː/) is the common name for the currencies of India,  Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka, and of former currencies of Afghanistan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (as the Gulf rupee), British East Africa, Burma, German East Africa (as Rupie/Rupien), and Tibet. In Indonesia and the Maldives, the unit of currency is known as rupiah and rufiyaa respectively, cognates of the word rupee.

The Indian rupee and Pakistani rupee are subdivided into one hundred paise (singular paisa) or pice. The Nepalese rupee (रू) subdivides into one hundred paisa (singular and plural) or four sukaas. The Mauritian, Seychellois, and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents.
BitTorrent (software)
BitTorrent is a proprietary adware BitTorrent client developed by Bram Cohen and Rainberry, Inc. used for uploading and downloading files via the BitTorrent protocol. BitTorrent was the first client written for the protocol. It is often nicknamed Mainline by developers denoting its official origins. Since version 6.0 the BitTorrent client has been a rebranded version of μTorrent. As a result, it is no longer open source. It is currently available for Microsoft Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS and Android. There are currently two versions of the software, "BitTorrent Classic" which inherits the historical version numbering, and "BitTorrent Web", which uses its own version numbering.

Download
In computer networks, download means to receive data from a remote system, typically a server such as a web server, an FTP server, an email server, or other similar systems. This contrasts with uploading, where data is sent to a remote system.

A download is a file offered for downloading or that has been downloaded, or the process of receiving such a file.
Alejandro Saldaña Villaseñor
Alejandro Saldaña Villaseñor (born 28 March 1950) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). 
In the 2003 mid-terms he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
to represent Michoacán's first district during the 
59th session of Congress (2003–2006). He was succeeded by Antonio Soto Sánchez. In 2011, Villaseñor ran as the PRI candidate for the head of the municipal council of La Piedad; he lost to Hugo Anaya Ávila, the PAN candidate.

Villaseñor currently serves as head of the Regional Land Registry Office in the city of La Piedad.

LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LIX Legislature (59th session) of the Congress of Mexico met from September 2003 to August 2006. All members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) were elected in the elections of July 2003 while members of the upper house (Senate) were elected in the elections of July 2000.
Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship
The Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship is a Swiss not-for-profit organization founded in 1998 that provides platforms at regional, national, and global levels to promote social entrepreneurship. The foundation is under the legal supervision of the Swiss Federal Government. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Each year, it selects 20–25 social entrepreneurs through a global "Social Entrepreneur of the Year" competition.

INSEAD
INSEAD (/ˈɪnsiæd/ IN-see-ad; French: Institut européen d'administration des affaires) is a non-profit business school with locations in France (Fontainebleau), Singapore, the United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) and the United States (San Francisco).

As a graduate-only business school, INSEAD offers a full-time Master of Business Administration, an Executive MBA (EMBA), an Executive Master in Finance, a Master in Management, an Executive Master in Change, a PhD in management, a Business Foundations post-graduate certificate and a variety of Executive education programmes delivered at campuses in France, Singapore and Abu Dhabi.
Noether inequality
In mathematics, the Noether inequality, named after Max Noether, is a property of compact minimal complex surfaces that restricts the topological type of the underlying topological 4-manifold. It holds more generally for minimal projective surfaces of general type over an algebraically closed field.

4-manifold
In mathematics, a 4-manifold is a 4-dimensional topological manifold. A smooth 4-manifold is a 4-manifold with a smooth structure. In dimension four, in marked contrast with lower dimensions, topological and smooth manifolds  are quite different. There exist some topological 4-manifolds which admit no smooth structure, and even if there exists a smooth structure, it need not be unique (i.e. there are smooth 4-manifolds which are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic).

4-manifolds are important in physics because in general relativity, spacetime is modeled as a pseudo-Riemannian 4-manifold.
Nigel McBride
Nigel McBride is a prominent lawyer and businessman who lives and works in South Australia. He is the CEO of Business SA, the South Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and is a member of the State Advisory Council of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA) for South Australia and the Northern Territory.

South Australian Employers' Chamber of Commerce and Industry
The South Australian Employers' Chamber of Commerce and Industry (known as South Australian Business Chamber since 2024) is an independent and non-profit association representing businesses and employers in South Australia. It is a member of the  Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Business SA is South Australia’s largest membership-based employer organisation with over 4,000 members across 19 different industry sectors.

The purpose of the South Australian Business Chamber is to support the business community and help businesses to grow. Business SA offers the following products and services to its members including HR and workplace relations, WHS in the workplace, training courses, business growth and succession, entrepreneur programs, international services, business advice hotline, networking and advocacy.
Terror After Midnight
Terror After Midnight (German: Neunzig Minuten nach Mitternacht) is a 1962 German drama film directed by Jürgen Goslar and starring Christine Kaufmann, Martin Held, and Hilde Krahl. It is based on the novel The Hours After Midnight by Joseph Hayes.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Wolf Englert.

Cinema of Germany
The cinema of Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century. The film industry in Germany made major technical and artistic contributions to early film, broadcasting and television technology. Babelsberg became a household synonym for the early 20th century film industry in Europe, similar to Hollywood later. Early German and German-speaking filmmakers and actors heavily contributed to early Hollywood, many of whom were Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution.

Germany witnessed major changes to its identity during the 20th and 21st century. Those changes determined the periodisation of national cinema into a succession of distinct eras and movements.

German movies and German artists earned 230 Oscar nominations and 54 Oscar wins.
Estômbar
Estômbar is a town in the civil parish of Estômbar e Parchal, in the municipality (concelho) of Lagoa, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 4,985, in an area of 24.21 km2. It is situated just west of the city of Lagoa itself. Its civil status was raised to that of a town on August 16, 1991.

Estômbar is mainly as a bedroom community for Portimão, and many of its residents travel daily across the Rio Arade to work in the neighboring municipality.

Inhabitants are known as Estombarense.

Arade River
The Arade (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈɾaðɨ]) is a river located in the region of the Algarve, southern Portugal. the river's course takes it through the municipalities of Silves, Lagoa and Portimão. The river remains navigable from the breakwaters at Portimao to the town of Silves. The source of the river lies to the southwest of the Serra do Caldeirão mountain ridge, in a valley called Barranco do Pé do Coelho. The river has a total length of 75.0 kilometres (46.6 mi), with its source being 481 metres (1,578 ft) above sea level. The mouth of the river empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the city of Portimão and the freguesia of Ferragudo, in Lagoa Municipality.

From the time of the Moors until the 19th century, the Arade was navigable up to as far as Silves about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi), where an important port used to exist, especially for the cork trade. Nowadays only small boats can go that far.
Pakistan Table Tennis Federation
The Pakistan Table Tennis Federation (PTTF) is the national governing body to develop and promote the sport of Table Tennis in Pakistan. In 1951, Pakistan Table Tennis Federation was formed in Lahore. In the same year, PTTF started its activities for the promotion of Table Tennis in the Country. The first National Table Tennis Championship was held in the Burt Institute, Lahore. The PTTF is the member organization of the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).

Photothermal microspectroscopy
Photothermal microspectroscopy (PTMS), alternatively known as photothermal temperature fluctuation (PTTF), is derived from two parent instrumental techniques: infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In one particular type of AFM, known as scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), the imaging probe is a sub-miniature temperature sensor, which may be a thermocouple or a resistance thermometer. This same type of detector is employed in a PTMS instrument, enabling it to provide AFM/SThM images: However, the chief additional use of PTMS is to yield infrared spectra from sample regions below a micrometer, as outlined below.
Drone racing
Drone racing is a motorsport where participants operate radio-controlled aircraft (typically small  quadcopter drones) equipped with onboard digital video cameras, with the operator looking at a compact flat panel display (typically mounted to the handheld controller) or, more often, wearing a head-mounted display (also called a "FPV goggle") showing live-streamed image feed from the aircraft. Similar to full-size air racing, the goal of the sport is to complete an obstacle course as quickly as possible. Drone racing began in 2011 in Germany with a number of amateur drone controllers getting together for semi-organized races in Karlsruhe.

Goggles
Goggles, or safety glasses, are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes. They are used in chemistry laboratories and in woodworking. They are often used in snow sports as well, and in the sport of swimming. Goggles are often worn when using power tools such as drills or chainsaws to prevent flying particles from damaging the eyes. Many types of goggles are available as prescription goggles for those with vision problems.
Lorrenzo Manzin
Lorrenzo Manzin (born 26 July 1994) is a French cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam Team TotalEnergies.

He joined FDJ in 2015 with a 2-year contract after riding for the team the previous season as a stagiaire. On 26 April 2015, Manzin sprinted to his first professional victory at La Roue Tourangelle. He was named in the start list for the 2015 Vuelta a España, where he withdrew during the tenth stage.

Team TotalEnergies
Team TotalEnergies (UCI team code: TEN) is a professional road bicycle racing team that competes as a UCI ProTeam in UCI Continental Circuits races and UCI World Tour races when invited as a wild card entry. In previous years, the team was known as Brioches La Boulangère, Bonjour, Bouygues Télécom, Bbox Bouygues Telecom, and Europcar. The 2015 season was the last under the sponsorship of Europcar. The team has been sponsored by Direct Énergie since 2016.
McMahon, Saskatchewan
McMahon is a hamlet in Coulee Rural Municipality No. 136, Saskatchewan, Canada. The hamlet is located on Saskatchewan Highway 379, about 40 km southeast of Swift Current. The population at the 1931 census was 88.

Swift Current
Swift Current is the sixth-largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is situated along the Trans Canada Highway, 177 kilometres (110 mi) west of Moose Jaw, 223 kilometres (139 mi) east of Medicine Hat, Alberta, and 254 kilometres (158 mi) west of the provincial capital city, Regina. As of 2021, Swift Current has an estimated population of 16,750, a growth of 0.9% from the 2016 census population of 16,604. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Swift Current No. 137.