hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Surface states
Surface states are electronic states found at the surface of materials. They are formed due to the sharp transition from solid material that ends with a surface and are found only at the atom layers closest to the surface. The termination of a material with a surface leads to a change of the electronic band structure from the bulk material to the vacuum. In the weakened potential at the surface, new electronic states can be formed, so called surface states.

Linear combination of atomic orbitals
A linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry. In quantum mechanics, electron configurations of atoms are described as wavefunctions. In a mathematical sense, these wave functions are the basis set of functions, the basis functions, which describe the electrons of a given atom. In chemical reactions, orbital wavefunctions are modified, i.e. the electron cloud shape is changed, according to the type of atoms participating in the chemical bond.

It was introduced in 1929 by Sir John Lennard-Jones with the description of bonding in the diatomic molecules of the first main row of the periodic table, but had been used earlier by Linus Pauling for H2+.
1995 Orlando Predators season
The 1995 Orlando Predators season was the fifth season for the Orlando Predators. They finished the 1995 Arena Football League season 7–5 and ended the season with a loss in ArenaBowl IX against the Tampa Bay Storm.

ArenaBowl IX
ArenaBowl IX was the Arena Football League's ninth ArenaBowl. The game featured the #6 Orlando Predators (7–5) of the National Conference against the #1 Tampa Bay Storm (10–2), also of the National Conference. This would be the first ArenaBowl to have the "War on I-4" rivalry featured in it. For the Predators, this was their third ArenaBowl appearance in their first five years of existence (having lost ArenaBowls VI and VIII). For the Storm, this was their fourth overall appearance (their second for Tampa Bay) with a chance to get three titles in five years.

The attendance was 25,087, highest in ArenaBowl history and the second-highest ever in the AFL (next to the 28,745 for a regular-season tilt between the Predators and the Storm in 1993.)
Luciano Portolano
Luciano Antonio Portolano (born September 18, 1960) is an Italian Army general who currently serves as the Chief of the Defense Staff since 4 October 2024. Prior to his assumption to the post, General Portolano served as Secretary General of Defence and National Armaments Director, commander of the Joint Operations Command, Chief of Staff of the Allied Joint Force Command Naples, and as commander of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.

NATO Medal
The NATO Medal is an international military decoration which is awarded to various militaries of the world under the authority of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is manufactured by Eekelers-Centini Intl, of Hemiksem, Belgium.
Jake Kumerow
Jake Anthony Kumerow (born February 17, 1992) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini and UW–Whitewater Warhawks, and was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2015. He was also a member of the New England Patriots, Green Bay Packers, New Orleans Saints, and Buffalo Bills.

Josh Allen
Joshua Patrick Allen (born May 21, 1996) is an American professional football quarterback for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). A lightly regarded high school prospect, Allen began his college football career with the Reedley Tigers before transferring to the Wyoming Cowboys. He was selected seventh overall by the Bills in the 2018 NFL draft.

Allen had a breakout season in 2020 when he led the Bills to their first division title and playoff victory since 1995 en route to an AFC Championship Game appearance. As the team's starting quarterback, he has led Buffalo to a total of seven playoff appearances, five consecutive division titles, and two conference championship game berths. He was named NFL Most Valuable Player in 2024 and has also received four Pro Bowl and two second-team All-Pro selections. Allen is regarded as one of the greatest dual-threat quarterbacks of all time.
Streatham Park
Streatham Park is an area of suburban South London that comprises the eastern part of Furzedown ward in the London Borough of Wandsworth, formerly in the historic parish of Streatham. It is bounded by Tooting Bec Common to the north, Thrale Road and West Road to the west and the London to Brighton railway to the east.

The area takes its name from a Georgian country mansion built by the brewer Ralph Thrale. Streatham Park later passed to Ralph's son Henry Thrale, who with his wife, Hester Thrale, entertained many of the leading literary and artistic characters of the day, most notably the lexicographer Samuel Johnson, who was fond of a summer house in the grounds.

South London
South London is the southern part of London, England, mostly south of the River Thames. The region consists of the boroughs, in whole or in part, of Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton and Wandsworth.

South London originally emerged from Southwark, first recorded as Suthriganaweorc, meaning 'fort of the men of Surrey'. From Southwark, London then extended further down into northern Surrey and western Kent.
Palaikastro Kouros
The Palaikastro Kouros (Greek: Κούρος του Παλαίκαστρου) is a chryselephantine statuette of a male youth (kouros) excavated in stages in the modern-day town of Palaikastro on the Greek island of Crete. It has been dated to the Late Minoan 1B period in the mid-15th century BC, during the Bronze Age. It is now on display in the Archaeological Museum of Siteia.  Standing roughly 50 cm (19.5 in) tall, its large size by the standards of other figurines in Minoan art, and the value of its materials may indicate that it was a cult image for worship, the only one known from the Minoan civilization.

Kouros
Kouros (Ancient Greek: κοῦρος, pronounced [kûːros], plural kouroi) is the modern term given to free-standing Ancient Greek sculptures that depict nude male youths. They first appear in the Archaic period in Greece and are prominent in Attica and Boeotia, with a less frequent presence in many other Ancient Greek territories such as Sicily.
Such statues are found across the Greek-speaking world; the preponderance of these were found in sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoion, Boeotia, alone.
These free-standing sculptures were typically marble, but the form is also rendered in limestone, wood, bronze, ivory and terracotta. They are typically life-sized, though early colossal examples are up to 10 feet/3 metres tall.

The female sculptural counterpart of the kouros is the kore.
Amsterdam (Phish album)
Amsterdam is a live album by the rock band Phish. It contains three complete concerts on eight CDs.
It was recorded on February 17, 1997, and July 1 and 2, 1997, at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Packaged as a box set, it was released by JEMP Records on June 16, 2015.

Jon Fishman
Jon Fishman (born February 19, 1965) is an American drummer and co-founder of the band Phish, which was, in part, named after him. He is credited with co-writing nineteen Phish songs, eight with a solo credit.
2016 World Series of Boxing
The 2016 World Series of Boxing is the sixth edition of the World Series of Boxing since its establishment in 2010 and runs from January 18 to May 21 of 2016. The event is organised by the International Boxing Association (AIBA). The sixteen teams, divided into four groups of four, contain a majority of boxers from the country in which they are based along with a smaller number of overseas boxers.

Astana Arlans (Kazakhstan) is the defending champion.

World Series of Boxing
The World Series of Boxing or WSB was an international boxing tournament that allowed amateur boxers to compete professionally while maintaining Olympic eligibility. It was organized by AIBA from 2010 to 2018. AIBA confirmed in 2019 that the league had ceased operations amid mounting financial losses.
Kansas statistical areas
The U.S. State of Kansas currently has 25 statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On July 21, 2023, the OMB delineated three combined statistical areas, seven metropolitan statistical areas, and 15 micropolitan statistical areas in Kansas. As of 2023, the largest of these is the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS CSA, comprising the area around Kansas City, Missouri.

Core-based statistical area
A core-based statistical area (CBSA) is a U.S. geographic area defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). It contains a large population nucleus, or urban area, and adjacent communities that have a high degree of integration with that nucleus.

On July 15, 2015, the OMB released new standards based on the 2010 census. These standards are used to replace the definitions of metropolitan areas from the 2010 United States census data.
Mehdi Azar Yazdi
Mehdi Azar-Yazdi (Persian: مهدی آذریزدی) (18 March 1922 – 9 July 2009) was an Iranian children's writer. He started his career in 1956. His books are adaptations of works of the Classical Persian literature re-written for children in an easy-to-understand style. His most notable book was the award-winning Good Stories for Good Children.

Masnavi
The Masnavi is an extensive Persian masnavi (a poetic form) written  by Rumi, and one of the most influential works in the history of Sufism. It is a series of six books of poetry that together amount to around 25,000 verses or 50,000 lines.

Ascribed to be like a "Quran in Persian", some Muslims regard the Masnavi as one of the most important works of Islamic literature, falling behind only the Quran. It has been viewed by many commentators as the greatest mystical poem in world literature. 
It is a spiritual text that teaches Sufis how to reach their goal of being truly in love with God.
1965 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The 1965 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 44th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912.

Down entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Armagh in the Ulster final.

The All-Ireland final was played on 3 October 1965 at St. Coman's Park in Roscommon, between Roscommon and Armagh, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Roscommon won the match by 3-10 to 2-11 to claim their first championship title.

1912 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The 1912 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the first staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's second tier hurling championship. The championship ended on 23 February 1913.

The All-Ireland final was played on 23 February 1913 at Jones's Road in Dublin, between Cork and Westmeath, in what was their first ever championship meeting. Cork won the match by 3-06 to 2-01 to claim their first championship title.
Vela 4B
Vela 4B (also known Vela 8 and OPS 6679) was an American reconnaissance satellite to detect explosions and nuclear tests on land and in space. It was released together with Vela 4A, ERS 18, OV5 1 and OV5 3.

Environmental Research Satellite
The Environmental Research Satellite (ERS, alternatively Earth Resources Satellite)  program was a series of small satellites  initially operated by the United States Air Force Office of Aerospace Research. Designed to be launched "piggyback" to other satellites during launch, detaching once in orbit, they were the smallest satellites launched to date—what would today be classified as microsatellites. 33 ERS satellites in six different series were launched between 1962 and 1971, conducting scientific research and serving as test beds to investigate the reliability of new spacecraft components.
Passive sampling
Passive sampling is an environmental monitoring technique involving the use of a collecting medium, such as a man-made device or biological organism, to accumulate chemical pollutants in the environment over time. This is in contrast to grab sampling, which involves taking a sample directly from the media of interest at one point in time. In passive sampling, average chemical concentrations are calculated over a device's deployment time, which avoids the need to visit a sampling site multiple times to collect multiple representative samples. Currently, passive samplers have been developed and deployed to detect toxic metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, radionuclides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other organic compounds in water, while some passive samplers can detect hazardous substances in the air.

Fick's laws of diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, D. Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law, which in turn is identical to the diffusion equation.

Fick's first law: Movement of particles from high to low concentration (diffusive flux) is directly proportional to the particle's concentration gradient.

Fick's second law: Prediction of change in concentration gradient with time due to diffusion.

A diffusion process that obeys Fick's laws is called normal or Fickian diffusion; otherwise, it is called anomalous diffusion or non-Fickian diffusion.
Tōrere River
The Tōrere River is a river of the eastern Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows northwest from its sources within Raukumara Forest Park to reach the Bay of Plenty 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of Te Kaha. It is also known to the local Ngaitai tribe as Wainui or Large River.

Te Kaha
Te Kaha is a small New Zealand community situated in the Bay of Plenty near Ōpōtiki. The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "the rope" for Te Kaha. The full name of Te Kaha is Te-Kahanui-A-Tikirākau. Te Kaha is a little outpost that contains a couple of dairies and the Te Kaha resort.
Hans Rådström
Hans Vilhem Rådström (1919–1970) was a Swedish mathematician who worked on complex analysis, continuous groups, convex sets, set-valued analysis, and game theory. From 1952, he was lektor (assistant professor) at Stockholm University, and from 1969, he was Professor of Applied Mathematics at Linköping University.

Banach space
In mathematics, more specifically in functional analysis, a Banach space (/ˈbɑː.nʌx/, Polish pronunciation: [ˈba.nax]) is a complete normed vector space. Thus, a Banach space is a vector space with a metric that allows the computation of vector length and distance between vectors and is complete in the sense that a Cauchy sequence of vectors always converges to a well-defined limit that is within the space.

Banach spaces are named after the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach, who introduced this concept and studied it systematically in 1920–1922 along with Hans Hahn and Eduard Helly.
Maurice René Fréchet was the first to use the term "Banach space" and Banach in turn then coined the term "Fréchet space".
Banach spaces originally grew out of the study of function spaces by Hilbert, Fréchet, and Riesz earlier in the century. Banach spaces play a central role in functional analysis. In other areas of analysis, the spaces under study are often Banach spaces.
Equine industry in Kentucky
The equine industry in Kentucky is a major part of the state's agribusiness, including sectors involved in horse breeding and rearing, racing, buying and selling, and tourism. According to a study by the University of Kentucky, the equine industry contributed $3 billion to the state economy in 2012 and generated 40,665 jobs. Some job estimates range as high as 96,000 when considering secondary impacts such as tourism. Kentucky is the United States' leading producer of horses overall, and the number one producer of Thoroughbreds, with 30% of the national foaling total. In 2009, stud fees and horse sales totaled $4.26 billion, making horses the state's second most profitable agricultural product. Purebred horses exported from Kentucky were worth between approximately 150 and 175 million dollars each year from 2012 to 2015.

In 2010, the Thoroughbred breeding industry alone generated 10,797 jobs, plus an additional 6,860 indirectly related jobs.

Keeneland
Keeneland Association, Inc. is an equine business based in Lexington, Kentucky, United States. It includes two distinct divisions: the Keeneland Race Course, a Thoroughbred racing facility, and Keeneland Sales, a horse auction complex. It is also known for its reference library.

In 2009, the Horseplayers Association of North America introduced a rating system for 65 Thoroughbred racetracks in North America.  Keeneland was ranked #1 of the top ten tracks. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.
Miguel Covarrubias
Miguel Covarrubias, also known as José Miguel Covarrubias Duclaud (22 November 1904 – 4 February 1957), was a Mexican painter, caricaturist, illustrator, ethnologist and art historian. Along with his American colleague Matthew W. Stirling, he was the co-discoverer of the Olmec civilization.

W. C. Handy
William Christopher Handy (November 16, 1873 – March 28, 1958) was an American composer and musician who referred to himself as the Father of the Blues. He was one of the most influential songwriters in the United States. One of many musicians who played the distinctively American blues music, Handy did not create the blues genre but was one of the first to publish music in the blues form, thereby taking the blues from a regional music style (Delta blues) with a limited audience to a new level of popularity.

Handy used elements of folk music in his compositions. He was scrupulous in documenting the sources of his works, which frequently combined stylistic influences from various performers.
Alaska Roadless Rule
The Alaska Roadless Rule is an environmental conservation policy that placed significant restrictions on timber removal and road construction or reconstruction in Inventoried roadless areas, which protects about half of the Tongass National Forest and Chugach National Forest's 17 million acres. The Alaska Roadless Rule stems directly from the Roadless Area Conservation Rule in which the United States Forest Service identified areas of natural importance as Inventoried roadless areas and announced the Forest Service 2001 Roadless Rule.

Inventoried roadless area
Inventoried Roadless Areas are a group of United States Forest Service lands that have been identified by government reviews as lands without existing roads that could be suitable for roadless area conservation as wilderness or other non-standard protections.  The Inventoried Roadless areas include approximately 60,000,000 acres (240,000 km2) of land in 40 states and Puerto Rico.  Most of these lands are in the western portion of the lower 48 states and Alaska. Idaho alone contains over 9 million acres (36,000 km2) of inventoried roadless areas.  The inventoried roadless areas range from large areas with wilderness characteristics to small tracts of land that are immediately adjacent to wilderness areas, parks and other protected lands.
Robin Sirwan Safar
Robin Sirwan Safar (born November 30, 1992) is a Swedish professional boxer ranked who competes in the cruiserweight division. As of 2025, he is ranked No. 9 in the world in his weight class. Safar has been based in Las Vegas, Nevada since 2018 and is currently signed with Golden Boy Promotions.

Known for his power, technical precision, and composure, Safar gained widespread recognition after a commanding victory over former world champion Sergey Kovalev.

Cruiserweight (boxing)
Cruiserweight, also referred to as junior heavyweight, is a weight class in professional boxing between light heavyweight and heavyweight. Before the advent of the current cruiserweight class, "light heavyweight" and "cruiserweight" were sometimes used interchangeably in the United Kingdom.
Gbari, Benin
Gbari  is a town in the Gnonkourakali arrondissement in the Borgou Department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Nikki. According to the population census in 2013, the village had a total population of 3,136.

10°00′36″N 02°55′35″E﻿ / ﻿10.01000°N 2.92639°E﻿ / 10.01000; 2.92639

Borgou Department
Borgou [bɔʁ.ɡu] is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Borgou borders the country of Nigeria and the departments of Alibori, Atakora, Collines and Donga. The capital of Borgou is Parakou. The department of Borgou was bifurcated in 1999, with its northern territory transferred to the newly created Alibori Department.

According to the 2013 census, the total population of the department was 1,214,249, with 607,013 males and 607,236 females. The proportion of women was 50.00%. The total rural population was 56.40%, while the urban population was 43.60%. The total labour force in the department was 271,652, of which 25.20% were women. The proportion of households with no level of education was 64.30%.
Ivie Richardson
Ivie John Richardson (16 January 1895 – 10 January 1960) was a male tennis player from South Africa.

In 1924 Richardson and his compatriot partner Jack Condon competed in the men's doubles event at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and reached the semifinal, defeating the American team of R. Norris Williams and Watson Washburn in the quarterfinal. In the semifinal they were defeated in four sets by the French team of Jacques Brugnon and Henri Cochet and in the bronze medal match lost in straight sets to René Lacoste and Jean Borotra. In the singles event he lost in the third round to Cochet.

In 1924 he played in one tie for the South African Davis Cup team against Great Britain, losing in straight sets to Patrick Wheatly on the grass courts of Yorkshire LTC in Scarborough, England.

In 1925 Richardson won the singles title of the South African Championships, defeating compatriot Charles Winslow in a five set final.

Jean Borotra
Jean Laurent Robert Borotra (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ ʁɔbɛʁ bɔ.ʁotʁa], Basque pronunciation: [borotɾa]; 13 August 1898 – 17 July 1994) was a French tennis champion. He was one of the "Four Musketeers" from his country who dominated tennis in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Borotra was imprisoned in Itter Castle during the latter years of World War II and subsequently fought in the Battle for Castle Itter.
Maine Coon
The Maine Coon is a large domesticated cat breed. The breed is selectively bred from one of the oldest landraces in North America, and is pedigreed in all major cat registries worldwide. It originated in the U.S. state of Maine, where it is the official state cat. The Maine Coon is a large and social cat, commonly referred to as "the gentle giant." The breed is predominantly known for its large size and long, dense coat of fur which helps it survive in the harsh climate of Maine. The Maine Coon is often cited as having "dog-like" characteristics.

The breed was popular in cat shows in the late 19th century, but its existence became threatened when long-haired breeds from overseas were introduced in the early 20th century. The Maine Coon has since made a comeback, and is the most popular cat breed in multiple global cat registries.

Odd-eyed cat
An odd-eyed cat has one blue eye and one eye either green, yellow, amber, or brown. This is a feline form of complete heterochromia, a condition that occurs in some other animals, including humans. There is also sectoral (partial) heterochromia, where two different colours occur within the same iris. The condition most commonly affects solid white cats, but may be found in cats of any coat colour.