hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
MIT Sloan School of Management
The MIT Sloan School of Management (branded as MIT Sloan) is the business school of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

MIT Sloan offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree programs, as well as executive education. Many influential ideas in management and finance originated at the school, including the Black–Scholes model, the random walk hypothesis, the binomial options pricing model, and the field of system dynamics. The faculty has included numerous Nobel laureates in economics and John Bates Clark Medal winners.

John Bates Clark Medal
The John Bates Clark Medal is awarded by the American Economic Association to "that American economist under the age of forty who is adjudged to have made a significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge." The award is named after the American economist John Bates Clark (1847–1938).

According to The Chronicle of Higher Education, it "is widely regarded as one of the field's most prestigious awards... second only to the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences." Many of the recipients went on to receive the Nobel Prizes in their later careers, including the inaugural recipient Paul Samuelson. The award was made biennially until 2007, but from 2009 is now awarded every year because of the growth of the field. Although the Clark medal is billed as a prize for American economists, it is sufficient that the candidates work in the US at the time of the award; US nationality is not necessary to be considered.
Shahid
Shahid or shaheed is an Islamic term of Arabic-origin meaning "martyr", used by Muslims for mujahideen who die while fighting in the way of Allah. The word is used frequently in the Quran in the generic sense of "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); the latter sense acquires wider usage in the hadith. The term is also used in some non-Muslim communities whose cultures were influenced by Islamic persianate empires, such as amongst Hindus and Sikhs in India.

The term is commonly used as a posthumous title for those who are considered to have accepted or even consciously sought out their own death in order to bear witness to their beliefs. Like the English-language word martyr, in the 20th century, the word shahid came to have both religious and non-religious connotations, and has often been used to describe those who died for non-religious ideological causes.

Sumayya
Sumeyah (Arabic: سُمَيَّة; c. 550–615) was the first member of the Ummah (community) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad to be killed for her faith, making her the first female martyr (Arabic: شهيدة, romanized: shahīda) in Islam. Shortly afterward, her husband Yasir ibn Amir was also killed because of his conversion, becoming the first male martyr (Arabic: شهيد, romanized: shahīd). Her full name is given variously as Sumayya bint Khabbat or Sumayya bint Khayyat. She was the mother of Ammar ibn Yasir.
Richard C. Tolman
Richard Chace Tolman (March 4, 1881 – September 5, 1948) was an American mathematical physicist and physical chemist who made many contributions to statistical mechanics and theoretical cosmology. He was a professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
George Riley (Nova Scotia politician)
George Stuart Riley (November 18, 1922 – August 28, 2002) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Halifax Cobequid in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1970 to 1974. He was a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.

Riley was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. A businessman, he attended Daniel Mclntyre Collegiate and the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg. In 1944, he married Margaret Jane Abraham.

Riley entered provincial politics in the 1970 election, defeating Progressive Conservative incumbent Gordon H. Fitzgerald by over 1000 votes in Halifax Cobequid. On November 24, 1971, Riley was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as Minister of Public Works. He resigned from cabinet on May 16, 1972. Riley died on August 28, 2002, at QEII Health Sciences Centre in Halifax.

Halifax Cobequid
Halifax Cobequid was a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elected one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It was formed in 1956 as Halifax Northwest from part of the former district of Halifax West. In 1966, the district was renamed Halifax County North West, and the following year, in 1967 it was renamed Halifax Cobequid. It existed until 1978, when it was redistributed into four new districts: Sackville, Halifax Bedford Basin, Bedford-Musquodoboit Valley, and Cole Harbour.
Promises to Keep (film)
Promises to Keep is a 1988 documentary film produced by Ginny Durrin. Its subject is the advocate Mitch Snyder and the Community for Creative Non-Violence. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film
The Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film is an award for documentary films. In 1941, the first awards for feature-length documentaries were bestowed as Special Awards to Kukan and Target for Tonight. They have since been bestowed competitively each year, with the exception of 1946. Copies of every winning film (along with copies of most nominees) are held by the Academy Film Archive.
VCY America
VCY America, Inc. is a traditional, evangelical, conservative Christian ministry based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The VCY America Radio Network maintains a format of Christian talk and teaching, as well as traditional Christian music through its broadcast outlets.

Christian music
Christian music is a genre of music that has been written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life and faith. Common themes of Christian music include praise, worship, penitence, and lament, and its forms vary widely around the world. Church music, hymnals, gospel, and worship music are a part of Christian media and also include contemporary Christian music which itself supports numerous Christian styles of music, including hip hop, rock, contemporary worship, and urban contemporary gospel.

Like other forms of music the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of Christian music varies according to culture and social context. Christian music can serve various functions, such as ceremonial, educational, aesthetical, or for entertainment purposes.
Écossaises, D 421 (Schubert)
Franz Schubert's Écossaises, D 421, are six short dances for solo piano:

A♭ major

F minor (ends in A ♭ major)

E♭ major

A♭ major

B major

D major (ends in B minor)

The pieces do not have tempo indications, and recordings have ranged from under 2 minutes to over 4 minutes in length for all six pieces.

Schubert wrote these Écossaises in May 1816 during a visit to Josef von Spaun's new home in the Landstraße suburb south-east of Vienna. During the visit, Schubert was locked into his room for a prank, which was that he was to finish a composition before being released. He produced these six Écossaises, and the following words were inscribed on the (now lost) title page: "Composed while confined to my room at Erdberg, May 1816."

F minor
F minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, and E♭. Its key signature consists of four flats. Its relative major is A-flat major and its parallel major is F major.
The F natural minor scale is

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are
Lactobionic acid
Lactobionic acid (4-O-β-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid) is a sugar acid.  It is a disaccharide formed from gluconic acid and galactose.  It can be formed by oxidation of lactose.  The carboxylate anion of lactobionic acid is known as lactobionate.

As an acid, lactobionic acid can form salts with mineral cations such as calcium, potassium, sodium and zinc.  Calcium lactobionate is a food additive used as a stabilizer. Potassium lactobionate is added to organ preservation solutions such as Viaspan or CoStorSol to provide osmotic support and prevent cell swelling. Mineral salts of lactobionic acid are also used for mineral supplementation.

Lactobionic acid is also used in the cosmetics industry as an antioxidant and in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient for formulation. For example, the antibiotic erythromycin is used as the salt erythromycin lactobionate when intravenously delivered.

Pharmaceutical formulation
Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which the active drug or Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is combined with different chemical substances to produce a final medicinal product. The word formulation is often used in a way that includes dosage form.
William Potter (cricketer, born 1847)
William Henry Potter (20 August 1847 – 10 April 1920) was an English cricketer active in 1870 who played for Lancashire. He was born in Gufsey, India, and died in Borehamwood. He appeared in one first-class match, scoring 23 runs with a highest score of 12.

Borehamwood
Borehamwood (/ˌbɔːrəmˈwʊd/, historically also Boreham Wood) is a town in southern Hertfordshire, England, 12 miles (19 km) from Charing Cross. Borehamwood has a population of 36,322, and is within the London commuter belt. The town's film and TV studios are commonly known as Elstree Studios.
Víska u Jevíčka
Víska u Jevíčka is a municipality and village in Svitavy District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Víska u Jevíčka lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-east of Svitavy, 80 km (50 mi) south-east of Pardubice, and 172 km (107 mi) east of Prague.

Pardubice
Pardubice (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpardubɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Pardubitz) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 92,000 inhabitants. It is the capital city of the Pardubice Region and lies on the Elbe River. The historic centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.

Pardubice is known as a centre of industry, with dominant industries being the chemical industry, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. The city is also well known for its sporting events, which include the Velká pardubická (a cross-country steeplechase), the Golden Helmet of Pardubice in motorcycle racing, and the Czech Open international chess and board games festival.
To Hell with the Ugly (film)
To Hell with the Ugly (Spanish: Que se mueran los feos) is a 2010 Spanish romantic comedy film directed by Nacho G. Velilla which stars Javier Cámara and Carmen Machi in the lead roles, also featuring Hugo Silva, Julián López, Ingrid Rubio, Lluís Villanueva, Tristán Ulloa, María Pujalte and Juan Diego.

María Pujalte
María Pujalte Vidal (born 22 December 1966, in A Coruña) is a Spanish actress.

She studied singing, drama and self-expression through movement in Santiago de Compostela and at the Scuola Internazionale dell'Attore Comico from Reggio Emilia with a scholarship of the Deputation of Corunna.

She has been a member of Centro Dramático Galego and of the theatre groups Moucho Clerc and Compañía de Marías.
Banian, Battagram
Banian (Urdu: بانیاں), (Pashto: بانیاں) is a town, and one of the twenty union councils of Battagram District in the Khyber Pukhtunkhwa of Pakistan. The place was named by Bania (caste) of Narrore, while they formerly ruled the Jirgah System Kingdom for centuries. It is located at 34°36'30N 73°3'15E and has an altitude of 1497 metres (4911 feet).

Bania (caste)
Bania (also spelled Baniya, Banija, Banya, Vaniya, Vani, Vania, and Vanya) is a mercantile caste primarily from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat, with significant diasporic communities in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra (particularly Mumbai) and northern states of India.

Traditionally, the Bania community has been associated with occupations such as trade, banking, and money-lending. In modern times, many members of the community are involved in various business and entrepreneurial ventures.
Vidiano
Vidiano (Greek: Βιδιανό) is a white Greek wine grape variety indigenous to Crete, considered as an emerging star of the island's wines.
It is a high-quality wine with moderate acidity, and complex aromas reminiscent of peach, apricot, melon honey and herbs.
The grape is difficult to cultivate and is grown in small scale, primarily in Rethymno and secondarily around Heraklion.
It thrives in modest fertility, dry, calcareous and well-drained soils. The berries ripen early and have thick skin. Vidiano is moderately resistant to downy mildew and sensitive to powdery mildew.
It is genetically close to Thrapsathiri and Vilana.

Rethymno (regional unit)
Rethymno (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ρεθύμνου) is one of the four regional units of Crete, Greece. Its capital is the city of Rethymno. Today, its main income is tourism. The countryside is also based economically on agriculture and herding. The tallest mountains in the regional unit include Mt Psiloritis (Mt Ida) reaching 2,456 metres and Mt Kedros reaching 1,777 metres.
Dimitrios Gravalos
Dimitrios Gravalos (Greek: Δημήτρης Γράβαλος; born April 18, 1984, in Kalamaria) is a Greek sprinter, who specialized in the 400 metres. He won the gold medal for the 400 metres at the 2003 European Junior Championships in Tampere, Finland, with a time of 46.54 seconds.

Gravalos competed for the men's 4 × 400 m relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, along with his teammates Stylianos Dimotsios, Konstadinos Anastasiou, and Pantelis Melachroinoudis. He ran on the second leg of the second heat, with an individual-split time of 45.66 seconds. The team finished the relay in fifteenth place for a seasonal best time of 3:04.30, failing to advance into the final.

Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay
The men's 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on 22 and 23 August at the Beijing National Stadium.

There were 16 NOCs competing at this event. These 16 NOCs were selected by the average of the two best marks at the qualifying period. The final was won by the United States in the new Olympic record time 2:55.39.
Jiří Trvaj
Jiří Trvaj (born 13 April 1974) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender who currently plays with HC Olomouc in the Czech Extraliga.

Trvaj previously played for HC Kometa Brno, HC Havířov, HC Vítkovice, HC Slezan Opava, Lada Togliatti and HC Znojemští Orli.

HC Olomouc
HC Olomouc is a professional ice hockey team in the Czech Extraliga, from the city of Olomouc. They won the Extraliga championship in the 1993/1994 season. In 1997, the club sold the Extraliga license to HC Karlovy Vary, and was thus relegated to the second-level league. They returned to the Extraliga in 2014.
HMCS Ville de Québec
Several Canadian naval units have been named HMCS Ville de Québec (meaning "Quebec City" in English).

HMCS Ville de Québec (K242) (I) was a Flower-class corvette that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War.

HMCS Ville de Québec (FFH 332) (II) is a Halifax-class frigate serving the Canadian Forces from 1993 to present.

HMCS Ville de Québec (FFH 332)
HMCS Ville de Québec (FFH 332)  (commonly referred to as VDQ) is a Halifax-class frigate that has served in the Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Navy since 1993. Ville de Québec is the third vessel in her class which is the name for the Canadian Patrol Frigate Project. The frigate is the second Royal Canadian Navy ship to be named Ville de Québec. She is assigned to Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) and is homeported at CFB Halifax. The vessel serves on MARLANT missions protecting Canada's sovereignty in the Atlantic Ocean and enforcing Canadian laws in its territorial sea and exclusive economic zone.
Hamish Bond
Hamish Bryon Bond CNZM (born 13 February 1986) is a retired New Zealand rower and former road cyclist. He is a three-time Olympic gold medallist at the 2012 London Olympic Games, the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, and at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. He won six consecutive World Rowing Championships gold medals in the coxless pair and set the current world best times in both the coxless and coxed pair. He made a successful transition from rowing to road cycling after the 2016 Summer Olympics, focussing on the road time trial and winning a medal at the Commonwealth Games. He returned to rowing for the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, winning a gold medal in the men's eight. 
In 2024 he was a cyclor in the Team New Zealand team which successfully defended the America's Cup.

New Zealand National Time Trial Championships
The New Zealand National Time Trial Championship is a road bicycle race that takes place inside the New Zealand National Cycling Championship, and decides the best cyclist in this type of race. The first edition took place in 1995. The first race winner of the road race championship was Brian Fowler. The record for the most wins in the men's championship is held by Gordon McCauley (3). The current men's champion is Regan Gough. The women's record is held by Melissa Holt and Georgia Williams with 5 wins.
Tristes Tropiques
Tristes Tropiques (the French title translates literally as "Sad  Tropics") is a memoir, first published in France in 1955, by the anthropologist and structuralist Claude Lévi-Strauss. It documents his travels and anthropological work, focusing principally on Brazil, though it refers to many other places, such as the Caribbean and India. Although ostensibly a travelogue, the work is infused with philosophical reflections and ideas linking many academic disciplines, such as sociology, geology, music, history and literature.  The book was first translated into English by John Russell as A World on the Wane.

Structuralism
Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. It works to uncover the structural patterns that underlie all things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.

Alternatively, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, structuralism is:

"The belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract structure."
Frederick King (politician)
Frederick John King (11 June 1923 – 30 August 2016) was a Canadian politician. He was a Progressive Conservative Party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a farmer, orchardist, and public servant by career.

King was born in Kaleden, British Columbia where he attended public school, then graduated to secondary school in Penticton. He was first elected to national politics at the Okanagan—Similkameen electoral district in the 1979 federal election. He was re-elected there in the 1980 and 1984 federal elections. In the 1988 federal election, when the riding became Okanagan—Similkameen—Merritt, King lost to Jack Whittaker of the New Democratic Party and did not campaign in any further federal elections. He died on 30 August 2016 in Penticton, British Columbia.

Kaleden
Kaleden (/kəˈliːdən/) is an unincorporated community about midway along the western shore of Skaha Lake in the Okanagan region of south central British Columbia. Adjacent to BC Highway 97, the locality is by road about 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Penticton.
Bathurst 24 Hour
The Bathurst 24 Hour was an endurance race for GT and production cars held at the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst, New South Wales in 2002 and 2003. Only two races were held before the collapse of the management organisation PROCAR. Both races were won by V8 Supercar team Garry Rogers Motorsport with Holden Monaros.

Grand tourer
A grand tourer (GT) is a type of car that is designed for high speed, long-distance driving with luxury specifications. The most common format is a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive two-door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement. Grand tourers are often the coupé derivative of luxury saloons or sedans. Some models, such as the Ferrari 250 GT, Jaguar E-Type, and Aston Martin DB5, are considered classic examples of gran turismo cars.

The term is a near-calque from the Italian language phrase gran turismo, which became popular in the English language in the 1950s, evolving from fast touring cars and streamlined closed sports cars during the 1930s.
Philip Markoff
Philip Markoff (February 12, 1986 – August 15, 2010) was an American medical student who was charged with the armed robbery and murder of Julissa Brisman in a Boston hotel on April 14, 2009, and two other armed robberies. 
Markoff maintained his innocence of all charges and pleaded not guilty at his arraignment. A grand jury indicted Markoff for first-degree murder, armed robbery, and other charges.

On August 15, 2010, Markoff committed suicide in Boston's Nashua Street Jail, where he was awaiting trial. Markoff was one of several criminals described by media outlets as the "Craigslist Killer", because the killer met his victims through ads placed on the internet site Craigslist. Two of Markoff's victims were offering erotic services on Craigslist.

Indictment
An indictment (/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ in-DYTE-mənt) is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. In jurisdictions that use the concept of felonies, the most serious criminal offense is a felony. Jurisdictions that do not use that concept often use that of an indictable offence, which is an offence that requires an indictment.
Compton Place (horse)
Compton Place (20 April 1994 – 21 September 2015) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse, best known for his 50/1 upset victory in the 1997 July Cup. As a juvenile in 1996 he won two minor races and finished second in both the Gimcrack Stakes and the Flying Childers Stakes. In the following year he was beaten in his first two starts before defeating a strong field including Royal Applause and Bahamian Bounty to win the July Cup. He failed to display his best form in four subsequent races and was retired in August 1998. He later became a successful breeding stallion.

Temple Stakes
The Temple Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged three years or older. It is run at Haydock Park over a distance of 5 furlongs (1,006 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in May.

The event was established in 1965, and it was originally held at Sandown Park. It was transferred to its present venue in 2008.

The leading horses from the Temple Stakes often go on to compete in the King Charles III Stakes. The last to win both races in the same year was Profitable in 2016.
Elisabeth Glauser
Elisabeth Glauser (born 1 June 1943) is a Swiss operatic mezzo-soprano and an academic teacher of voice. She was engaged at opera houses in Germany and has appeared at international festivals including the Bayreuth Festival and the Glyndebourne Festival. She has focused on roles by Richard Strauss and Richard Wagner, and has created roles in contemporary opera, such as Babette in Henze's Die englische Katze.

Salome (opera)
Salome, Op. 54, is an opera in one act by Richard Strauss. The libretto is Hedwig Lachmann's German translation of the 1891 French play Salomé by Oscar Wilde, edited by the composer. Strauss dedicated the opera to his friend Sir Edgar Speyer.

The opera is famous (at the time of its premiere, infamous) for its "Dance of the Seven Veils". The final scene is frequently heard as a concert-piece for dramatic sopranos.