hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Black Brotherhood
The Black Brotherhood was an urban society (or militia) established in Toulouse in 1211 in response to the White Brotherhood led by the bishop Folquet de Marselha. The Blacks opposed the Albigensian Crusade and supported the Count of Toulouse, Raymond VII.

Unlike the Whites, who were predominantly from the city proper, many of the Blacks came from the suburbs. They were moderate in their political outlook and some may have been Cathars, the very heretics the Whites were set up to destroy. They defended Cathar and Jewish homes and shops from the violence of the Whites and, according to William of Puylaurens, "daily the two parties would clash, banners flying, bristling with weapons, even with cavalry in evidence."

Guillaume de Puylaurens
Guillaume de Puylaurens (in Occitan, Guilhèm de Puèglaurenç; in Latin, Guillelmus de Podio Laurenti; in English, William of Puylaurens) is a 13th-century Latin chronicler, author of a history of Catharism and of the Albigensian Crusade.

He was born soon after 1200 at Toulouse, where he perhaps studied at the nascent university and gained the title of "Master". He worked with bishop Foulques around 1228 to 1230. He was curé at Puylaurens (Tarn) from 1237 to 1240 (whence his name) and during this period was close to Foulques' successor as bishop, Raimond du Fauga. From 1244 onwards he was chaplain to Raymond VII of Toulouse and was present at Raymond's death on September 27, 1249. He lived until 1274 at least, occasionally working for the Inquisition.

His work is entitled simply Cronica (in English, "Chronicle").
Platform gap
A platform gap (also known technically as the platform train interface or PTI in some countries) is the space between a train car (or other mass transit vehicle) and the edge of the station platform, often created by geometric constraints, historic legacies, or use of partially compatible equipment.

Many high-quality bus rapid transit (BRT) systems also use high platforms at station stops to allow fast and efficient level boarding and alighting, but potentially leaving hazardous gaps between the platforms and the buses. Alignment setups such as Kassel curbs help to reduce platform gaps without requiring time-consuming manual alignment at each BRT station stop.

Kassel kerb
A Kassel kerb is a design of kerb (curb in US English) that features a concave-section that allows for an easier alignment for buses. The kerb was first introduced in the German city of Kassel for the low-floor tram system but has since been adopted for use at traffic stops. Kassel kerbs can be part of a bus stop kerb, designed for low-floor buses that serve an elevated bus stop platform.
Coutts Inlet
Coutts Inlet (72°04′N 075°10′W﻿ / ﻿72.067°N 75.167°W﻿ / 72.067; -75.167﻿ (Coutts Inlet)) is a body of water in Nunavut's Qikiqtaaluk Region. It is an arm of Baffin Bay in northeastern Baffin Island. The inlet flows in a southwestern direction and includes a northern arm that juts off the main inlet close to the mouth. Nova Zembla Island and Round Island are located near the mouth of Coutts Inlet.

The inlet is frequented by narwhals.

Baffin Island
Baffin Island (formerly Baffin Land and also James Island), in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, is the largest island in Canada, the second-largest island in the Americas (behind Greenland), and the fifth-largest island in the world. Its area is 507,451 km2 (195,928 sq mi) (slightly smaller than Thailand) with a population density of 0.026/km2 (0.067/sq mi); the population was 13,039 according to the 2021 Canadian census; and it is located at 68°N 70°W﻿ / ﻿68°N 70°W﻿ / 68; -70﻿ (Baffin Island). Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, is located on Frobisher Bay on the southern tip of the island.
Anthosachne kingiana
Anthosachne kingiana, tūtae kurī (Māori), blue grass (Australian), or Phillip Island wheat grass (Australian), is a species of true grass in the tribe Triticeae. It has two identified subspecies:

A. kingiana subsp. kingiana - a subspecies indigenous to Phillip Island, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island.

A. kingiana subsp. multiflora - a subspecies indigenous to Aotearoa/New Zealand and Eastern Australia.

Elymus (plant)
Elymus is a genus of perennial plants with approximately 150 species in the grass family,  related to rye, wheat, and other widely grown cereal grains.

Elymus is a cosmopolitan genus, represented by species across all continents of the world.
Common names include couch grass, wild rye and wheatgrass.

The genus name Elymus comes from the Greek ἔλυμος (élumos) "foxtail millet, Setaria italica".
Ferdinand Isler
Ferdinand Isler (26 December 1866 – 14 December 1951) was a professor at the canton school in Frauenfeld. He was founder member of FC Basel and became the team’s first captain. He later became actuary of the club. He was a great propagandist. He wrote brochures about the football game and translated the English rules of the game into German. He was one of the first sports journalists.

FC Basel
Fussball Club Basel 1893, widely known as FC Basel, FCB, or just Basel, is a Swiss professional football club based in Basel, in the Canton of Basel-Stadt. Formed in 1893, the club has been Swiss national champions 21 times, Swiss Cup winners 14 times, and Swiss League Cup winners once.

Basel competed in UEFA competitions for 25 consecutive seasons between 1999–2000 and 2023–2024. They have qualified for the group stage of the Champions League more times than any other Swiss club – a total of seven times – and are the only Swiss club to have ever qualified to the said phase directly. In 2021, they set the new record for a Swiss team with the most successful international group stage campaign by reaching 14 points in their Europa Conference League group. Since 2001, the club has played its home games at St. Jakob-Park, built on the site of their previous home, St. Jakob Stadium. Their home colours are red and blue, leading to a nickname of RotBlau.
South Hammond station
South Hammond station is a planned South Shore Line rail station in Hammond, Indiana. Constructed as part of the West Lake Corridor project, it is expected to open to revenue service in March 17, 2026. It will feature a 1,000-space park and ride lot and is adjacent to the Monon Trail.

Monon Trail
The Monon Trail (known as the Monon Greenway in Carmel) is a rail trail located entirely within the U.S. state of Indiana. It runs along the main line of the Monon Railroad, a popular railroad line connecting the cities of Chicago and Indianapolis with stops at major locations. After the decline of railroad travel and the sale of the company in 1987, the portion of the line between Indianapolis and Delphi, Indiana, was abandoned.

In Northwest Indiana, the trail is 4.4 miles (7.1 km) long, running through Lake County from Munster to Hammond. In the Indianapolis area, the trail consists of 28.5 miles (45.9 km) running through Hamilton and Marion counties, connecting Indianapolis, Carmel, Westfield, and Sheridan.

The first portions of the trail were created in the late 1990s, but it has been consistently extended in both of its segments since then. The trail is a shared use path complete with trailheads, park amenities and local attractions near it.
The Broken Line
The Broken Line (French: La ligne brisée) is a Canadian sports drama film, directed by Louis Choquette and released in 2008. The film stars David Boutin and Guillaume Lemay-Thivierge as Sébastien Messier and Danny Demers, lifelong friends and competitive boxers whose relationship and career is tested when they accidentally hit a bicyclist with their car after a night of excess partying.

The cast also includes Fanny Mallette, Jacynthe René, Benoît Gouin, Steve Laplante and Germain Houde.

The film received a Genie Award nomination for Best Sound Editing (Robert LaBrosse, France Lévesque, Guy Francoeur, Lucie Fortier, Lori Paquet) at the 29th Genie Awards, and a Jutra Award nomination for Best Cinematography (Ronald Plante) at the 11th Jutra Awards.

Germain Houde
Germain Houde (born December 14, 1952) is a Genie Award-winning Canadian actor from Petit-Saguenay, Quebec. He has usually played tough-guy parts; his screen characters have ranged from cruel criminals to corrupt policemen.

A graduate of the Conservatoire d’Art Dramatique de Québec, Houde spent his early years in theatre including time with an experimental troupe in England. His first cinematic role was in Anne Claire Poirier’s acclaimed A Scream from Silence (Mourir à tue-tête), where he played a vicious rapist.  He has won two Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role for his roles in Good Riddance (Les bons débarras) and Night Zoo (Un Zoo la nuit).

His other roles have included the television series En résidence, Omerta, Les Filles de Caleb, Les Invincibles and Vertige, and the films Prettykill, Love Me (Love-moi), Terminal City Ricochet, Léolo, Jerome's Secret, Fear of Water (La Peur de l'eau) and 2 Frogs in the West.
Soskin
Soskin (masculine, Russian: Соскин) or Soskina (feminine, Russian: Соскина) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Betty Reid Soskin (1921–2025), American ranger

Mark Soskin (born 1953), American jazz pianist

Paul Soskin (1905–1975), Russian–born English screenwriter and film producer

Renee Soskin (1916–1998), British teacher and politician

Selig Soskin (1873–1959), Israeli agronomist

Paul Soskin
Paul Soskin (23 February 1905 – 15 July 1975) was a Russian-born British screenwriter and film producer. Soskin was born in the Crimea, which was then part of the Russian Empire. His first few films in Britain were low-budget quota quickies, but his breakthrough came with the 1941 comedy Quiet Wedding starring Margaret Lockwood. In 1948, he produced director Roy Ward Baker's drama The Weaker Sex for Two Cities Films.

His daughter Tatiana married Roddy Llewellyn.
Mycobacterium gastri
Mycobacterium gastri is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

Middlebrook 7H10 Agar
Middlebrook 7H10 Agar is a solid growth medium specially used for culture of Mycobacterium, notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has been reported that the 7H10 medium tends to grow fewer contaminants than the egg-based media commonly used for the cultivation of mycobacteria.
1966 Davis Cup Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1966 Davis Cup.

32 teams entered the Europe Zone in total. For this year's tournament the Europe Zone was split into two sub-zones, with the winners of each sub-zone going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the America Zone and Eastern Zone.

Brazil defeated France in the Zone A final, and West Germany defeated South Africa in the Zone B final, resulting in both Brazil and West Germany progressing to the Inter-Zonal Zone.

Germany Davis Cup team
The Germany Davis Cup team represents Germany in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the German Tennis Federation. As East Germany never participated in the Davis Cup, and the Deutscher Tennisbund remained the same organization throughout the century, the West German Davis Cup team is included in this article.

Germany has won the Davis Cup three times (1988, 1989, 1993) and finished as runners-up twice (1970, 1985).
Patent misuse
In United States patent law, patent misuse is a patent holder's use of a patent to restrain trade beyond enforcing the exclusive rights that a lawfully obtained patent provides. If a court finds that a patent holder committed patent misuse, the court may rule that the patent holder has lost the right to enforce the patent. Patent misuse that restrains economic competition substantially can also violate United States antitrust law.

Title 35 of the United States Code
Title 35 of the United States Code is a title of United States Code regarding patent law. The sections of Title 35 govern all aspects of patent law in the United States. There are currently 37 chapters, which include 376 sections (149 of which are used), in Title 35.

Federally recognized forms of intellectual property are scattered throughout the United States Code. Copyrights are covered under Title 17. Trademark and unfair competition law is defined in Chapter 22 of Title 15. Trade Secrets law, another form of intellectual property, is defined in Title 18.

Title 35 has four parts, which are delved into further later in the article:

Part I—United States Patent and Trademark Office

Part II—Patentability of Inventions and Grant of Patents

Part III—Patents and Protection of Patent Rights

Part IV—Patent Cooperation Treaty
Wilber, New South Wales
Wilber Parish, New South Walesis a bounded rural locality of Coonamble Shire and a civil parish of Gowen County, New South Wales.

The only town of the parish is Gulargambone.

The Parish is on the banks of the Castlereagh River and the main settlement of the parish is Gulargambone, New South Wales.

Coonamble Shire
Coonamble Shire is a local government area in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire is located adjacent to the Castlereagh Highway and the Castlereagh River.

Coonamble Shire includes the towns of Coonamble, Gulargambone and Quambone.

The mayor of Coonamble Shire Council is Cr. Daniel Keady.
Change Today?
Change Today? is the third studio album by the American rock band T.S.O.L. (True Sounds of Liberty), released in 1984 through Enigma Records. It was the band's first album with singer/guitarist Joe Wood and drummer Mitch Dean, replacing founding members Jack Grisham and Todd Barnes who had left the band in late 1983. The album was recorded using money loaned to T.S.O.L. by the Dead Kennedys, and found the new incarnation of the band moving away from the hardcore punk associations of the original lineup in favor of a traditional rock and gothic rock sound. Change Today? was reissued in 1999 through the Enigma subsidiary Restless Records, adding four tracks from the recording sessions that had been left off the original album.

Ron Emory
Ronald Emory (born May 20, 1962, Lynwood, California, United States) is an American rock musician and guitarist for the punk rock band T.S.O.L. (True Sounds of Liberty).   An original member of the band, founded in Southern California in 1979, Emory left in 1987 prior to the release of the album Hit and Run. In 1996, he joined the other original members of T.S.O.L. to reform the band, which remains active.  Emory worked on a solo project titled Walk That Walk, which was released on April 15, 2010.

Emory played with Social Distortion during their 2006 tour to fill in for his friend Mike Ness, who had broken his wrist in a skateboarding accident.
2D Entertainment
2D Entertainment is an Indian film production and distribution company established by Suriya. Other key people involved are Rajsekar Pandian, Suriya's wife Jyothika and Suriya's brother Karthi. The company was named by the starting letter of Suriya's children Diya and Dev. The company was established in 2013.

Production company
A production company, production house, or production studio is a studio that creates works in the fields of performing arts, new media art, film, television, radio, comics, interactive arts, video games, websites, music, and video. These groups consist of technical staff and members to 
produce the media, and are often incorporated as a commercial publisher.

Generally the term refers to all individuals responsible for the technical aspects of creating a particular product, regardless of where in the process their expertise is required, or how long they are involved in the project.  For example, in a theatrical performance, the production team has not only the running crew, but also the theatrical producer, designers, and theatrical direction.
Marek i Wacek
Marek i Wacek (Marek and Wacek) was a musical duo of Polish pianists Marek Tomaszewski and Wacław "Wacek" Kisielewski, that performed from 1963 until Wacek's death on 12 July 1986. Formed in early 1960s, the duo debuted in a TV program on March 8, 1963.

Marek and Wacek played the principal roles (themselves) in the 1966 musical short film Tandem.

Polskie Nagrania Muza
Polskie Nagrania "Muza" ("Polish Records 'Muse' ", official name since 2005: "Polskie Nagrania Sp. z o.o", i.e., Polskie Nagrania Ltd.) is a Polish record label based in Warsaw. It has produced records in many genres including pop, rock, jazz, folklore, classical, children. Until its purchase by Warner Music Poland in 2015, for €1.9 million, the label was owned by the Polish government.

The label was established in 1956 after the merger of the vinyl record factory Muza and the record house Polskie Nagrania (with the history of the latter traced to the Interbellum times). It also produced musical literature. In addition to its own vinyl record factory, it also used the factories of Pronit and Veriton.
Ben Langa
Benjamin Johnson Langa OLG was a South African activist, poet, and brother of Pius Langa, Bheki Langa, and Mandla Langa. Ben was assassinated in 1984 as part of the apartheid regime's destabilisation of the ANC; an Mkhonto WeSizwe (MK) commander who was also an apartheid agent instructed two operatives to kill Langa, saying that he had betrayed the movement. The operatives were later hanged for murder by the apartheid regime. Langa's killing and its aftermath have been used to illustrate the danger of accepting without due process accusations of treachery, and by implication, of organisations which enable or condone this.

Details of the killing are still disputed. There have been hints that former president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, who was MK security chief in Swaziland (now eSwatini), was involved.

Mandla Langa
Mandla Langa (born 1950 in Stanger, Durban) is a South African poet, short-story writer, novelist, and cultural activist. He grew up in the KwaMashu township of Kwazulu Natal. His novel The Lost Colours of the Chameleon won the 2009 Commonwealth Writers' Prize (Africa region).
Langa enrolled for a degree in English and Philosophy at the University of Fort Hare, but was expelled in 1973 as a result of his involvement in the activities of the South African Student Organisation. In 1976, he went into exile and has lived in different countries of Southern Africa as well as in Hungary and the United Kingdom.

Langa was brought in to complete the second volume of Nelson Mandela's autobiography, left in an unfinished draft when Mandela died in 2013, and published in 2017 as Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years.

In 2022, Langa was appointed High Commissioner of the Republic of South Africa to Cameroon.
2000 Indy Racing League
The 2000 Indy Racing Northern Light Series was the fifth season of the Indy Racing League. The season consisted of nine races, all on oval circuits. The showcase event of the season was the 84th running of the Indianapolis 500.

The season saw a high level of parity, as only one driver, champion Buddy Lazier, won more than a single race. It also saw the beginning of the jump from CART as Al Unser Jr. moved to the series full-time and Chip Ganassi Racing came over to run the Indianapolis 500, which it won with driver Juan Pablo Montoya. It was also the final season for the Riley & Scott chassis, which also saw its first series win in 2000.

A planned race at Cleveland – which would have been the Indy Racing League's first road course event – was cancelled on September 9, 1999, and reverted to a CART event.

Jeff Ward (motorsports)
Jeffrey Ward (born 22 June 1961) is a British-American former professional motocross racer, auto racing driver and off-road racer. He won the AMA Motocross Championship five times and the AMA Supercross Championship twice and the Motocross des Nations seven times. After retiring from motorcycle competition, Ward turned to auto racing, garnering three top-five finishes at the Indianapolis 500 (most notably second in 1999) and winning a race at the Texas Motor Speedway. He then competed in off-road truck racing and rallycross. Ward was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1999 and, was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America on 12 August 2006.
Dabolim
Dabolim is a village, with a total population of around 6700, in Mormugão, Goa, India. It is located about 30 km from the state capital Panjim, 23 km from the South Goa district headquarters Margão and 5 kilometres from Vasco da Gama, the headquarters of Mormugão. Dabolim Airport, the first airport in Goa, is located here.

South Goa district
South Goa district is one of the two districts that together constitute the state of Goa, India, within the region known as the Konkan. It is bounded by North Goa district to the north, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. It ranks among the top 25 developed districts of India. The district capital city is Margao (Madgaon), which also serves as the commercial capital of Goa.
John Carlos Rowe
John Carlos Rowe is an American academic, historian, and author. He is a professor emeritus at the University of California, Irvine as well as the USC Associates' Professor of the Humanities  and Professor of English, American Studies and Ethnicity, and Comparative Literature at the University of Southern California.

Rowe is most known for his contributions in the field of new American studies, with a focus on Henry James, the intersection of nineteenth-century American literature and postmodern theory, and the critique of U.S. imperialism. Among his authored works are his publications in academic journals, including PMLA and Cultural Critique as well as books such as At Emerson's Tomb: The Politics of Classic American Literature and Literary Culture and U.S. Imperialism.

Cultural Critique
Cultural Critique is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published across the fields of cultural studies, literary theory, political science, philosophy, and sociology. It was founded in 1985 and is published by the University of Minnesota Press. The journal is currently edited by John Mowitt, Cesare Casarino, Simona Sawhney, Maggie Hennefeld and Frieda Ekotto.
Joe Davis (American football coach)
Joe Davis (born c. 1980) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Western Illinois University, a position he will took over in 2024. He also coached for the AFC Rangers in Austria, Wayne State, North Park, Wheaton, Shippensburg, Northern Iowa, Fordham, Albany, and Eastern Illinois. He played college football for Adrian as a quarterback and professionally for the AFC Rangers of the Austrian Football League, the Evansville BlueCats and the Fayetteville Guard of the National Indoor Football League (NIFL), the Lubbock Lone Stars of the Intense Football League (IFL), the Green Bay Blizzard of AF2, and the Columbus Destroyers of the Arena Football League (AFL).

Intense Football League
The Intense Football League (IFL) was a professional indoor football minor league that began operations in 2004. Its focus was in Texas, but it was notable for being the first professional football league to place a franchise in Alaska.
1971 BMC Invitational – Singles
The 1971 BMC Invitational – Singles was an event of the 1971 BMC Invitational women's tennis tournament and was played on indoor carpet courts at the Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California in the United States between January 6 and January 9, 1971. The draw comprised 16 players of which 4 were seeded. First-seeded Billie Jean King won the singles title by defeating second-seeded Rosie Casals in the final, 6–3, 6–4.

Ann Jones defeated Nancy Richey 6–4, 6–4 in the third place play-off.

Rosie Casals
Rosemary Casals (born September 16, 1948) is an American former professional tennis player. During a tennis career that spanned more than two decades, she won more than 90 titles and was crucial to many of the changes in women's tennis during the 1960s and 1970s. Casals was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1996.