hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Biology portal

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell.  The journal is dedicated to publishing original papers that relate specifically to freshwater, brackish or marine habitats and encouraging work that spans these ecosystems.  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 2.136.

Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons. It was formed by the merger of John Wiley & Sons Global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing in 2007.

Wiley-Blackwell is now an imprint that publishes a diverse range of academic and professional fields, including biology, medicine, physical sciences, technology, social science, and the humanities.
Women's Peace Army
Formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1915, the Women’s Peace Army was an Australian anti-war socialist movement that sought to mobilise and unite women, regardless of political or religious beliefs, in their opposition to war. Autonomous branches of the Women’s Peace Army were also established in the Australian cities of Sydney and Brisbane.

Anti-war movement
An anti-war movement is a social movement in opposition to one or more nations' decision to start or carry on an armed conflict. The term anti-war can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts, or to anti-war books, paintings, and other works of art. Some activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other grassroots means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict or to prevent one from arising.
The Man of Adamant
"The Man of Adamant" is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in the 1837 edition of The Token and Atlantic Souvenir, edited by Samuel Griswold Goodrich. It later appeared in Hawthorne's final collection of short stories The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales, published in 1852 by Ticknor, Reed & Fields.

Ticknor and Fields
Ticknor and Fields was an American publishing company based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded as a bookstore in 1832, the business published many 19th-century American authors, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry James, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry David Thoreau, and Mark Twain. It also became an early publisher of The Atlantic Monthly and North American Review.

The firm was named after founder William Davis Ticknor and apprentice James T. Fields, although the names of additional business partners would come and go, notably that of James R. Osgood in the firm's later years. Financial problems led Osgood to merge the company with the publishing firm of Henry Oscar Houghton in 1878, forming a precursor to the modern publisher Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Houghton Mifflin revived the Ticknor and Fields name as an imprint from 1979 to 1989.
The Singularity (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)
"The Singularity" is the eighteenth episode of the third season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D., it follows Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they attempt to defeat Hive. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's films. The episode was written by Lauren LeFranc, and directed by Garry A. Brown.

Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, and is joined by series regulars Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, Henry Simmons, and Luke Mitchell.

"The Singularity" originally aired on ABC on April 26, 2016, and according to Nielsen Media Research, was watched by 3.22 million viewers.

S.H.I.E.L.D.
S.H.I.E.L.D. is a fictional espionage, special law enforcement, and counter-terrorism government agency appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, this agency first appeared in Strange Tales #135 (August 1965), and often deals with paranormal activity and superhuman threats to international security.

The acronym originally stood for Supreme Headquarters, International Espionage and Law-Enforcement Division. It was changed in 1991 to Strategic Hazard Intervention Espionage Logistics Directorate. Within media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, as well as multiple animated and live-action television series, the backronym stands for Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division.

The organization has heavily appeared in media adaptations as well as films and shows that take place in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
1974 Major League Baseball season
The 1974 Major League Baseball season: The Oakland Athletics won their third consecutive World Series, defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers four games to one.

Two notable personal milestones were achieved during the 1974 season. The first came on April 8, when Hank Aaron of the Atlanta Braves blasted his 715th career home run, breaking the all-time career home run mark of 714 set by Babe Ruth. Aaron would finish his career with 755 home runs, a record that would stand until Barry Bonds broke it in 2007. The second milestone came on September 10, when the St. Louis Cardinals' Lou Brock stole his 105th base off pitcher Dick Ruthven and catcher Bob Boone of the Philadelphia Phillies. This broke the single-season stolen base record of 104, set by Maury Wills in 1962. Brock stole 118 bases for the season, a record that would stand until 1982, when Rickey Henderson stole 130.

1974 Los Angeles Dodgers season
The 1974 Los Angeles Dodgers season was the 85th season for the Los Angeles Dodgers franchise in Major League Baseball (MLB), their 17th season in Los Angeles, California, and their 13th season playing their home games at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles California. The Dodgers won the National League West Division by four games over the Cincinnati Reds, then beat the Pittsburgh Pirates in the NLCS before losing to the Oakland Athletics in the World Series.
2007 New Jersey General Assembly election
The 2007 New Jersey General Assembly elections were held on November 6, 2007, for all 80 seats in the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature. The election occurred midway through Democratic Governor Jon Corzine's term. Democrats held a 49–31 majority in the lower house prior to the election. The members of the New Jersey Legislature are chosen from 40 electoral districts. Each district elects one State Senator and two State Assembly members. New Jersey uses coterminous legislative districts for both its State Senate and General Assembly.

The Democratic Party won a 48–32 majority. Republicans were able to flip one seat in the 2nd, 8th (after a Republican switched to the Democrats) and 12th districts, while Democrats flipped one seat in the 14th.

New Jersey's 2nd legislative district
New Jersey's 2nd legislative district is one of 40 in the state, covering the Atlantic County municipalities of Absecon, Atlantic City, Brigantine, Egg Harbor Township, Galloway Township, Hamilton Township, Linwood, Longport, Margate City, Northfield, Pleasantville, Port Republic, Somers Point and Ventnor City as of the 2021 apportionment. Since 1967, the 2nd District has been exclusively made up of municipalities from Atlantic County, except for an eight-year period from 1974 until 1982.
Pokrovskogo lesouchastka
Pokrovskogo lesouchastka (Russian: Покровского лесоучастка) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Nagornoye Rural Settlement, Petushinsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 105 as of 2010.

Vladimir Oblast
Vladimir Oblast (Russian: Влади́мирская о́бласть, romanized: Vladimirskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 1,443,693.

The UNESCO World Heritage List includes the 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.
Standard Arabic phonology
While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a continuum of varieties. This article deals primarily with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the standard variety shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions. MSA is used in writing in formal print media and orally in newscasts, speeches and formal declarations of numerous types.

Modern Standard Arabic has 28 consonant phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes, with four "emphatic" (pharyngealized) consonants that contrast with their non-emphatic counterparts. Some of these phonemes have coalesced in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through borrowing or phonemic splits. A "phonemic quality of length" applies to consonants as well as vowels.

Loanword
A loanword is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).

Loanwords may be contrasted with calques, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates, which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.
Sexton Blake bibliography part 4: 1979–present
Sexton Blake is a fictional detective who has been featured in many British comic strips, novels, and dramatic productions since 1893. He was featured in various British publications from 1893 to 1978 in a variety of formats: single-issue adventures, short stories, serials, and comic strips. In total, Blake appeared in more than 4,000 stories by over 200 different authors.

During its golden age (1920s–1940s), Blake's adventures were widely read and translated into at least twenty different languages, including Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Dutch, Spanish, German, Portuguese, Italian, French, Arabic, Hindi, and Afrikaans.: 19

The Sexton Blake Library
The Sexton Blake Library was a story paper of the first two-thirds of the 20th century, published by Amalgamated Press. It featured the adventures of private detective Sexton Blake, his boy assistant Tinker and their dog Pedro. It made its debut as a pocket-sized digest on September 20, 1915 and ran uninterrupted until June 1963. After a brief hiatus, it returned in paperback format in February 1965 and ran for 45 issues until October 1968.
County of Raseborg
The County of Raseborg (Finnish: Raaseporin kreivikunta; Swedish: Raseborgs grevskap) was a historic county in southern Finland. It was donated posthumously to Sten Eriksson Leijonhufvud, whose wife Ebba Leijonhufvud became its first holder in 1569. The county was passed down in the Leijonhufvud family until the Crown recaptured it in the Great Reduction of 1680.

Gustaf Adolf Lewenhaupt
Count Gustaf Adolf Lewenhaupt (aka Löwenhaupt; 1619–1656) was a Swedish soldier and statesman.

He was appointed Major General in 1645, Privy Councilor in 1650, General in 1651, Field Marshal, in 1655 and Governor General of Riga, in 1656. In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) he commanded troops at the Battle of Breitenfeld (First Battle of Leipzig), in 1642.

Queen Christina of Sweden promised him the Himmelpforten Convent with all its revenues, and on 30 July/ 9 August 1651O.S./N.S. he was invested with the convent as a fief heritable in the male line (Mannlehen). In the course of the Great Reduction of 1680 in the following year the general government of Swedish Bremen-Verden revoked the enfeoffment to the Lewenhaupt/Löwenhaupt counts, so that Lewenhaupt's son Gustaf Mauritz (1651–1700) lost Himmelpforten again to the Swedish crown.
National Development Programme in Computer Aided Learning
The National Development Programme in Computer Aided Learning (NDPCAL) was the earliest large-scale education programme in the United Kingdom to explore the use of computers for teaching and learning.

First proposed in 1969 to the Department of Education and Science by the National Council for Educational Technology. it ran from 1973 to 1977 spending £2.5M to support some 35 projects covering a range of subjects.

About half the money was spent on projects in universities and the rest on projects in schools, colleges, industrial and military training. Richard Hooper was appointed its Director and operated with a small central team and the programme was administered by the Council for Educational Technology.

Military education and training
Military education and training is a process which intends to establish and improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles. Military training may be voluntary or compulsory duty. It begins with recruit training, proceeds to education and training specific to military roles, and sometimes includes additional training during a military career. Directing staff are the military personnel who comprise the instructional staff at a military training institution.

In some countries, military education and training are parts of the compulsory education. The organizers believe that military education can bring some benefits and experiences that cannot be obtained from normal class like setback education. Moreover, participants are able to learn survival skills during the military education, like co-operations and resilience, which help participants improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles.
William Elliott (Ontario politician)
William Elliott (30 May 1872 – 12 December 1944) was a Progressive Party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Galt, Ontario and became a farmer.

The son of Andrew Elliott and Mary Common, he was educated at Galt Collegiate and the Ontario Agricultural College. Elliott married Eva Croll.

Elliot served as a councillor for Waterloo County, Ontario and was reeve of North Dumfries Township.

He was elected to Parliament at the Waterloo South riding in the 1921 general election. After serving his only federal term, Elliot was defeated in the 1925 federal election by Alexander Edwards of the Conservative party.

Cambridge, Ontario
Cambridge is a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, located at the confluence of the Grand and Speed rivers, in the central part of the Ontario Peninsula. The city had a population of 138,479 as of the 2021 census. Along with Kitchener and Waterloo, Cambridge is one of the three core cities of Canada's tenth-largest metropolitan area, the Regional Municipality of Waterloo.

Cambridge was formed in 1973 by the amalgamation of Galt, Preston, Hespeler, the settlement of Blair, North Dumfries, as well as east and west Galt. The former Galt covers the largest portion of Cambridge, making up the southern half of the city, while Preston and Blair cover the western side. Hespeler makes up the most northeastern section of Cambridge. Historical information and records of each entity are well documented in the Cambridge City Archives.
Federal Department of Home Affairs
The Federal Department of Home Affairs (FDHA, German: Eidgenössisches Departement des Innern, French: Département fédéral de l'intérieur, Italian: Dipartimento federale dell'interno, Romansh: Departament federal da l'internⓘ) is a department of the federal administration of Switzerland. Since 2024, it is headed by Federal Councillor Élisabeth Baume-Schneider.

Élisabeth Baume-Schneider
Élisabeth Baume-Schneider (née Schneider; French pronunciation: [elizabɛt bom ʃnajdœʁ, -dɛʁ]; born 24 December 1963) is a Swiss politician who currently serves on the Federal Council (Switzerland) for the Social Democratic Party since 2023. She was elected on 7 December 2022, as the first representative of the Canton of Jura.
Fort Confidence
Fort Confidence, located at the mouth of the Dease River on the eastern tip of the Dease Arm of Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, was a Hudson's Bay Company establishment (not a trading post), built in 1837 by Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson as a base for their exploration of the Arctic coast. It served as a quarters for two winters. The structure was a log building, and burned down a short time later. In 1848, the post was rebuilt by John Bell and used by Sir John Richardson and Dr. John Rae as a base of operations during the search for famous explorer Sir John Franklin, who went missing along the Arctic Coast. These buildings were still standing in 1902, but had again been destroyed by fire by 1911 when George M. Douglas's expedition to the Coppermine River passed through the area. The remains of this fort consist of four stone and clay chimneys.

Fort Confidence was featured in Jules Verne's book The Fur Country.

The Fur Country
The Fur Country (French: Le Pays des fourrures) or Seventy Degrees North Latitude is an adventure novel by Jules Verne in The Extraordinary Voyages series, first published in 1873. The novel was serialized in Magasin d’Éducation et de Récréation from 20 September 1872 to 15 December 1873. The two-volume first original French edition and the first illustrated large-format edition were published in 1873 by Pierre-Jules Hetzel. The first English translation by N. D’Anvers (pseudonym of Mrs. Arthur (Nancy) Bell) was also published in 1873.
Regina Walsh Acres
Regina Walsh Acres is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. Originally created for the 16th Saskatchewan general election in 1967 from parts of Regina North and Regina West, this constituency has changed boundaries many times.

This district currently includes the Regina neighbourhoods of Normanview, Regent Park, Sherwood-McCarthy, McCarthy Park, and Walsh Acres. It will gain portions of Coronation Park and Argyle Park west of Argyle Street for the next general election.

The riding was created prior to the 2003 election from parts of Regina Sherwood, Regina Coronation Park, Regina Elphinstone, and Regina Qu'Appelle Valley.

Regina West (provincial electoral district)
Regina West was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian Province of Saskatchewan. It was created prior to the election of 1964, when the four member Regina City constituency was broken up into two constituencies with two members each, Regina West and Regina East. Regina West was dissolved prior to the election of 1967, when multi-member constituencies were abolished.
Lüdagun
Lüdagun (simplified Chinese: 驴打滚; traditional Chinese: 驢打滾; pinyin: lǘdǎgǔn; lit. 'rolling donkey') is a traditional Manchu snack in China. It originated in Manchuria and later became famous in Beijing. The yellow soybean flour sprinkled over the pastry makes it look like a donkey rolling on the loess, which gave rise to its Chinese name, "Lüdagun" (rolling donkey). In the Beijing dialect, erhua causes the name to be pronounced as 驴打滚儿; lǘdǎgǔnr.

Beijing dialect
The Beijing dialect (simplified Chinese: 北京话; traditional Chinese: 北京話; pinyin: Běijīnghuà), also known as Pekingese and Beijingese, is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing, China. It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese. Despite the similarity to Standard Chinese, it is characterized by some "iconic" differences, including the addition of a final rhotic 儿; -r to some words (e.g. 哪儿; nǎr). During the Ming, southern dialectal influences were also introduced into the dialect.
Walk That Walk, Talk That Talk
Walk That Walk, Talk That Talk is a 1991 studio album by Texas based blues rock band the Fabulous Thunderbirds and the first without guitarist Jimmie Vaughan. He was replaced by Duke Robillard and Kid Bangham for the recording. The album marks a return to the straightforward blues-rock sound of their early material, abandoning the overly commercial production of their previous three albums.

Duke Robillard
Michael John "Duke" Robillard (born October 4, 1948) is an American guitarist and singer. He founded the band Roomful of Blues and was a member of the Fabulous Thunderbirds. Although he is known as a rock and blues guitarist, he also plays jazz and swing.
Johnny Stringer
Johnny W. Stringer (born February 1, 1950) is an American Democratic politician. He is a former member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from the 87th District, being first elected in 1979 and retiring in 2016.

Mississippi House of Representatives
The Mississippi House of Representatives is the lower house of the Mississippi Legislature, the lawmaking body of the U.S. state of Mississippi, the upper house being the Mississippi Senate. According to the state constitution of 1890, it is to comprise no more than 122 members elected for four-year terms. To qualify as a member of the House, candidates must be at least 21 years old, a resident of Mississippi for at least four years, and a resident in the district for at least two years. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
Isombridge
Isombridge is a small hamlet in rural Shropshire. It lies on the border of the civil parishes of Wrockwardine and Rodington, north of Wrockwardine village, near the River Tern. Population details are included under Rodington. Immediately to the north is another small hamlet, Marsh Green, which was formerly on the Shrewsbury Canal until the latter's closure.

It was recorded as a manor in the Domesday Book, where its name was written Asnebruge. This was derived from the Old English esne, "servant", and bryce, "bridge": "the bridge of the servants", presumably referring to a bridge over the Tern. The manor, which had been held by a man named Ulf in Saxon times, was later held by Ralph de Mortimer: he subsequently forfeited it and it passed to the lords of Bolas.

The area later formed a township of the parish of High Ercall: there was a small chapel here, now long since disappeared.

Wrockwardine
Wrockwardine (/rɒkwɔːrdaɪn/ ROCK-war-dyne) is a village and civil parish in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. The village lies north of The Wrekin and the M54/A5, and west of Wellington. In 2011 the parish had a population of 3838.

The origins of St Peter's Church of England parish church may go back to Saxon times, though the current building dates from the Norman period.
Jonathan Perry (cricketer)
Jonathan Nicholas Perry (born 29 December 1965 in Frimley, Surrey) is a former English cricketer who played 11 first-class matches in 1987 and 1988. Ten of these games were for Cambridge University, with the other coming for the combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities side.

Perry made his debut for Cambridge against Lancashire at Fenner's in April 1987, taking four wickets in the match including 3/73 in the first innings.
He bettered this with 3/56 (his career best) against Surrey in his next game.
His only other three-wicket haul was also against Surrey, 3/72 in June 1988,
although he did manage four wickets in a non-first-class game for Oxford and Cambridge Universities against the West Indians later that month.

Perry is the great-grandson of Warwickshire captain and England and British Lions rugby union international J. F. Byrne.

Frimley
Frimley is a town in the borough of Surrey Heath, in Surrey, England. It lies approximately 30 mi (48 km) south-west of central London. The town is of Saxon origin, although it is not listed in Domesday Book of 1086.