hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
April 2023 Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
Following clashes at Masjid Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, many rockets were fired into Israel from the Gaza Strip, Southern Lebanon, and Syria by Palestinian militants. This led to the bombing of these areas by the IDF.

Tyre, Lebanon
Tyre is a city in Lebanon, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It was one of the earliest Phoenician metropolises and the legendary birthplace of Europa, her brothers Cadmus and Phoenix, and Carthage's founder Dido (Elissa). The city has many ancient sites, including the Tyre Hippodrome, and was added as a whole to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984. The historian Ernest Renan described it as "a city of ruins, built out of ruins".

Tyre is the fifth-largest city in Lebanon after Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon, and Baalbek. It is the capital of the Tyre District in the South Governorate. There were approximately 200,000 inhabitants in the Tyre urban area in 2016, including many refugees, as the city hosts three of the twelve Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon: Burj El Shimali, El Buss, and Rashidieh.
9th Arkansas Infantry Regiment
The 9th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (also known as the "Ninth Arkansas") was a regiment of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It served in the Western Theater, seeing action in the Vicksburg, Tennessee and Georgia campaigns. Due to attrition; the 9th Arkansas was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments, finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles.

Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Pine Bluff is a city in Jefferson County, Arkansas, United States, and its county seat. The population was 41,253 at the 2020 census, making it the tenth-most populous city in Arkansas.

Pine Bluff is situated in the southeast section of the Arkansas Delta and straddles the Arkansas Timberlands region to its west. Its topography is flat with wide expanses of farmland, similar to other places in the Delta Lowlands. Pine Bluff has numerous creeks, streams, and bayous, including Bayou Bartholomew, the longest bayou in the world and the second most ecologically diverse stream in the United States. Large bodies of water include Lake Pine Bluff, Lake Langhofer (Slack Water Harbor), and the Arkansas River.
Naphtholactam
Naphtholactam is an organic compound derived from naphthalene.  It is a tricyclic species consisting of a naphthalene core fused with a lactam (NH-CO-) at the 1,8-positions.  The N-alkyl derivatives are commercially important.

Naphthalene
Naphthalene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C10H8. It is the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene's structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. It is the main ingredient of traditional mothballs.
Waikawau
Waikawau is a rural community in the Waitomo District and Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island, beside Waikawau River.

There are also small settlements of the same name on both the west and east coasts of Coromandel.

It features the only publicly accessible beach between Marokopa and Awakino. The only way to access the beach is through a walking track and farming tunnel, which was dug through sandstone cliffs by three men in 1911.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "water of the shag" for Waikawau.

The area has been a popular spot for freedom camping during whitebait season and summer. Signs were put in place in 2015, advising visitors it is illegal to camp on private land.

The New Zealand endemic plant, Dracophyllum strictum, grows extensively in the area.

Waikawau River (Waitomo District)
The Waikawau River is a river of the Waitomo District in the southern Waikato region. It flows generally west from the Herangi Range to reach the North Taranaki Bight 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Mokau.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "water of the shag" for Waikawau.
Wolani language
Wolani (Wodani) is a Papuan language spoken by about 5,000 people in the Paniai lakes region of the Indonesian province of Central Papua. It is related to the Moni, Ekari, Auye, and Dao languages and may 
be related to the Dani languages. Documentation is quite limited.

Baliem Valley languages
The Dani or Baliem Valley languages are a family of clearly related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken by the Dani and related peoples in the Baliem Valley in the Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003) considers their Trans–New Guinea language group status to be established. They may be most closely related to the languages of Paniai Lakes, but this is not yet clear. Capell (1962) posited that their closest relatives were the Kwerba languages, which Ross (2005) rejects.
Deaths in August 2020
The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2020.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Commission on Elections (Philippines)
The Commission on Elections (Filipino: Komisyon sa Halalan), abbreviated as COMELEC, is one of the three constitutional commissions of the Philippines. Its principal role is to enforce all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of elections in the Philippines.

The other two Constitutional Commissions are the Commission on Audit and Civil Service Commission.
Imademo
Imademo or Still (今でも) is Kim Hyun-joong's second Japanese full-length studio album, which was released on February 11, 2015 under Universal Music Japan and Delicious Deli. It consists of mostly Japanese versions of his Korean songs but also includes four new songs, totaling to twelve tracks.

Timing (EP)
Timing is Kim Hyun-joong's fourth Korean mini-album, which was released on July 11, 2014, under KeyEast.

The album was preceded by the pre-release single, "His Habit", released on July 4, 2014. The track "Beauty Beauty" was released one week after, together with the album on July 11.
1992–93 Segunda División B
The 1992–93 Segunda División B season was the 16th since its establishment. The first matches of the season were played on 5 September 1992, and the season ended in 27 June 1993 with the promotion play-off final games.

1991–92 Tercera División
The 1991–92 season was the 58th Tercera División season from its creation in 1929. The competition was played through a 17 groups of 20 teams each. The top four teams of every group played the Segunda División B play-off, while the last three or four teams of every groups were relegated to Divisions regionals.

The season 1991–92 of Tercera División of Spanish football started August 1991 and ended May 1992.
All-time Phoenix Rising FC roster
This list comprises all players who have participated in at least one league match for Phoenix Rising FC (previously known as Arizona United SC) since the team's first season in 2014. Players who were on the roster but never played a first team game are not listed; players who appeared for the team in other competitions (US Open Cup, CONCACAF Champions League, etc.) but never actually made a USL Championship appearance are noted at the bottom of the page where appropriate.

A "†" denotes players who only appeared in a single match.

Phoenix Rising FC
Phoenix Rising Football Club is an American professional soccer team based in Phoenix, Arizona. Founded in 2014 as Arizona United Soccer Club, the team is a member of the USL Championship, the second division of American soccer. Phoenix has enjoyed moderate success in their history, winning the Western Conference title multiple times and having won the USL Championship final once in 2023.

The club currently plays at the Phoenix Rising Soccer Stadium east of Downtown Phoenix, and has played in the Phoenix metro area the club's whole existence.
Inter Europol Competition
Inter Europol Competition is a Polish auto racing team that competes in endurance racing. The team is contesting the 24 Hours of Le Mans, IMSA SportsCar Championship, European Le Mans Series, Asian Le Mans Series and Le Mans Cup in 2026. As a reference to the focus of its owner and sponsor, the bakery goods producer Inter Europol SA, the team is often referred to as Turbo Piekarze (Turbo Bakers).

V de V Sports
V de V Series is a motor racing organisation that owns and runs a group of international motor racing championships. Based in Paris, the majority of events are held in France although the series regularly visits Spain and Portugal and has also visited Belgium, Germany and Italy. The organisation takes its name from founder Eric van de Vyver. The van de Vyer family is involved in most aspects of running the series, having its own racing team within the series.
Biosignature
A biosignature is a phenomenon that can be explained by biological processes where all possible abiotic causes of this phenomenon have been eliminated. This term is mainly used in the field of astrobiology in the search for past or present extraterrestrial life, from planets and moons in the Solar System to exoplanets. Candidate biosignatures strongly indicate some of the earliest known life forms, aid studies of the origin of life on Earth as well as the possibility of life on Mars, Venus and elsewhere in the universe.

Photochemistry
Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible (400–750 nm), or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm).

In nature, photochemistry is of immense importance as it is the basis of photosynthesis, vision, and the formation of vitamin D with sunlight. It is also responsible for the appearance of DNA mutations leading to skin cancers.

Photochemical reactions proceed differently than temperature-driven reactions. Photochemical paths access high-energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes.  Photochemistry can also be destructive, as illustrated by the photodegradation of plastics.
Fortress (Alter Bridge album)
Fortress is the fourth studio album by American rock band Alter Bridge, released by Roadrunner Records on September 25, 2013. Michael Baskette, who produced Alter Bridge's previous two albums, Blackbird (2007) and AB III (2010), returned as the producer. It is their only album since their debut, One Day Remains, not to be released in October. The lead single, "Addicted to Pain", was released on August 12, 2013. The album was widely acclaimed, with several critics calling it the band's best album to date and giving praise to each of the band members' musical skills displayed on the record.

One Day Remains
One Day Remains is the debut album by American rock band Alter Bridge, released on August 10, 2004, on Wind-up Records. The album was produced by Ben Grosse, making it the band's only album to not be produced by Michael "Elvis" Baskette. It has been certified Gold in the United States as of November 2004, with worldwide sales reaching 750,000.
Klaoitsis Island
Klaoitsis Island, also perhaps Adlagamalla in Kwak'wala, is an island in the Johnstone Strait region of the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada.  It is located to the south of Turnour Island in Clio Channel.  The name is an alternate spelling of Ławit'sis or Tlowitsis, the name of the Kwakwaka'wakw group whose territory it is in.

Aglakumna-la Indian Reserve No. 2, a.k.a. Aglakumna-la 2, is an Indian reserve of the Tlowitsis Nation located on the island, which is also known as Aglakumnala Island.

Johnstone Strait
The Johnstone Strait (French: Détroit de Johnstone) is a 110 km (68 mi) channel along the north east coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada.  Opposite the Vancouver Island coast, running north to south, are Hanson Island, West Cracroft Island, the mainland British Columbia Coast, Hardwicke Island, West Thurlow Island and East Thurlow Island.  At that point, the strait meets the Discovery Passage which connects to the Georgia Strait.
Horse welfare reforms
Horse welfare reforms refer to changes in laws, regulations, industry practices, and cultural norms aimed at improving the treatment and well-being of horses in various contexts, including sport, work, and companionship.

Many reforms have emerged in response to growing public concern over equine welfare, scientific research on animal behavior, and pressure from advocacy groups and professional organizations. Examples include the prohibition of tail docking in certain jurisdictions, the regulation of training techniques such as rollkur in competitive dressage, and the implementation of welfare standards by equestrian federations. While not always coordinated under a single movement, these reforms reflect a broader trend toward enhancing the ethical treatment of horses across disciplines and regions.

Horse slaughter
Horse slaughter is the practice of slaughtering horses to produce meat for consumption. Humans have long consumed horse meat; the oldest known cave art, the 30,000-year-old paintings in France's Chauvet Cave, depict horses with other wild animals hunted by humans. Equine domestication is believed to have begun to raise horses for human consumption. The practice has become controversial in some parts of the world due to several concerns: whether horses are (or can be) managed humanely in industrial slaughter; whether horses not raised for consumption yield safe meat, and whether it is appropriate to consume what some view as a companion animal.
Sunset Rubdown (EP)
Sunset Rubdown is an EP by Sunset Rubdown. It was released in January 2006 on the Global Symphonic label. Following the release of Krug's solo album Snake's Got a Leg, Sunset Rubdown acquired three new band members. Before their first collaborative release, Shut Up I Am Dreaming, Krug released Sunset Rubdown which consisted of his more solo material.

Snake's Got a Leg
Snake's Got a Leg is the debut album by Sunset Rubdown. It was released in July 2005 on the Global Symphonic label. Most of the material on the album was recorded by Spencer Krug using a cheap microphone connected to a standard PC in his bedroom. The songs were compiled from five different EPs, each in a different genre.
U.S. Route 31W
U.S. Route 31W (US 31W) is the westernmost of two parallel routes for U.S. Route 31 from Nashville, Tennessee to Louisville, Kentucky.

During the December 2021 tornado outbreak, an EF3 tornado devastated stretches of US 31W in Bowling Green, Kentucky.

Elizabethtown, Kentucky
Elizabethtown is a home rule-class city in Hardin County, Kentucky, United States, and its county seat. The population was 31,394 at the 2020 census, making it the ninth-most populous city in the state. It is the principal city of the Elizabethtown metropolitan area, which is included in the Louisville/Jefferson County–Elizabethtown–Madison, Kentucky-Indiana combined statistical area. The Elizabethtown metropolitan area had a population of 125,569 in 2020.
2015 UCI Road World Championships – Women's team time trial
The Women's team time trial of the 2015 UCI Road World Championships took place in and around in Richmond, Virginia, United States on September 20, 2015. The course of the race was 38.6 km (23.98 mi) with the start and finish in Richmond. It was the fourth edition of the team time trial event for UCI Women's Teams. Velocio–SRAM was the defending champion, having won all three previous editions in 2012, 2013 and 2014.

Velocio–SRAM maintained their 100% record in the event, winning the gold medal by 6.66 seconds ahead of Boels–Dolmans, with Rabo–Liv rounding out the podium, 56.12 seconds behind the winning time.

2012 UCI Road World Championships – Women's team time trial
The Women's team time trial of the 2012 UCI Road World Championships cycling event took place on 16 September 2012 in the province of Limburg, Netherlands.

It was the first such event for trade teams. The race was won by the German licensed squad Team Specialized–lululemon (Charlotte Becker, Ellen van Dijk, Amber Neben, Evelyn Stevens, Ina-Yoko Teutenberg, Trixi Worrack) by 24.19 seconds over the Australian Orica–AIS, with the Dutch outfit AA Drink–leontien.nl completing the podium, 1 minute and 59.32 seconds in arrears of Team Specialized–lululemon.
Moel y Gydros
Moel y Gydros (English: Bare Hill of Gydros) is a hill located just outside the Snowdonia National Park on the Gwynedd / Conwy border in North Wales. The B4501, Frongoch to Cerrigydrudion road skirts the hills lower slopes.

Frongoch
Frongoch is a village located in Gwynedd, Wales. It lies close to the market town of Bala, on the A4212 road.

It was the home of the Frongoch internment camp, used to hold German prisoners-of-war during First World War, and then Irish Republican prisoners from the 1916 Rising.
Brzeće
Brzeće (Serbian Cyrillic: Брзеће) is a village located in the municipality of Brus, Serbia. As of 2011 census, it has a population of 238 inhabitants.

The Kopaonik ski resort is located in close proximity of the village. The village is popular due to its rural hand-made art that can be seen by anyone passing by car on the road (360 panorama).

Brus
Brus (Serbian Cyrillic: Брус, pronounced [brûːs]) is a town and municipality located in the Rasina District of southern Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the population of the town is 4,183, while the population of the municipality is 13,594. It is located at 430 metres (1,410 ft) above sea level, just below the Kopaonik ski resort. The city is surrounded by hills on three levels, where the lowest one is a place where the Grasevka river firths into the Rasina river. On the upper level of the town, a fountain of medicinal mineral water is located.
Miss Grand Peru 2025
Miss Grand Peru 2025 was the 3rd Miss Grand Peru pageant, held on 31 August 2025, at the Teatro Segura in Lima. Seventeen contestants from different departments and cities of Peru competed for the title.

Flavia López of Lima Centro was named the winner and was crowned by the outgoing Miss Grand Peru 2024 Arlette Rujel of Callao. Flavia will represent the country internationally at the Miss Grand International 2025 pageant, to be held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 18 October 2025.

Miss Grand International 2025
Miss Grand International 2025 was the 13th edition of the Miss Grand International pageant, held at the MGI Hall in Bangkok, Thailand, on 18 October 2025.

CJ Opiaza of the Philippines crowned Emma Tiglao of the Philippines as her successor at the end of the event. This marks the first back-to-back victory in Miss Grand International history.

Contestants from seventy-seven countries and territories competed in this edition. The competition was transmitted via the pageant's YouTube channel, GrandTV, and was hosted by Matthew Deane. Miss Grand Thailand 2022, Engfa Waraha, Pitchapa Justice, and Kanlayawan Phet-in performed in this edition.
Electron magnetic moment
In atomic physics, the electron magnetic moment, or more specifically the electron magnetic dipole moment, is the magnetic moment of an electron resulting from its intrinsic properties of spin and electric charge.  The value of the electron magnetic moment (symbol μe) is −9.2847646917(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1. In units of the Bohr magneton (μB), it is −1.00115965218046(18), which has a relative uncertainty of 1.8×10−13.

Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (/ˈpɔːli/ PAW-lee; German: [ˈpaʊ̯li] ⓘ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian–Swiss theoretical physicist and a pioneer of quantum mechanics. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle". The discovery involved spin theory, which is the basis of a theory of the structure of matter.

To preserve the conservation of energy in beta decay, Pauli proposed the existence of a small neutral particle, dubbed the neutrino by Enrico Fermi, in 1930. Neutrinos were first detected in 1956.
2013 Dutch National Road Race Championships – Women's road race
The Women's road race of the 2013 Dutch National Road Race Championships cycling event took place on 22 June 2013 in and around Kerkrade in the province of Limburg, the Netherlands. The race consisted of 13 laps of 8.8 km, making a total distance of 114.4 km. 28 of the 133 women finished the race.

Lucinda Brand (Rabobank–Liv Giant) rode away from the bunch in the second lap. After losing many riders in the chasing group due to many challenges by the other Rabobank–Liv Giant riders, only the Specialized–lululemon rider Ellen van Dijk, Argos-Shimano rider Amy Pieters and two Rabobank–Liv Giant riders Marianne Vos and Annemiek van Vleuten were together in the front. With a few laps to go, Pieters also could not keep up the pace. Despite the fact that Van Dijk rode really strong in the chasing group, she had to abandon the race due to a broken derailleur in the second last lap. From then on, Vos and Van Vleuten stopped chasing and so Brand won the race.

Liv AlUla Jayco
Liv AlUla Jayco (UCI Code: LIV) is a women's professional cycling team based in Australia which competes in the UCI Women's World Tour and other elite women's events throughout the world.

After being sponsored by Orica for five years, the team secured sponsorship from Mitchelton Wineries and Scott bicycles, and was known as Mitchelton–Scott, from 2018 to 2020.
Tertiary review
In software engineering, a tertiary review is a systematic review of systematic reviews. It is also referred to as a tertiary study in the software engineering literature. However, Umbrella review is the term more commonly used in medicine.

Kitchenham et al.  suggest that methodologically there is no difference between a systematic review and a tertiary review. However, as the software engineering community has started performing tertiary reviews new concerns unique to tertiary reviews have surfaced. These include the challenge of quality assessment of systematic reviews, search validation and the additional risk of double counting.

Umbrella review
In medical research, an umbrella review is a review of systematic reviews or meta-analyses. They may also be called overviews of reviews, reviews of reviews, summaries of systematic reviews, or syntheses of reviews. Umbrella reviews are among the highest levels of evidence currently available in medicine.

By summarizing information from multiple overview articles, umbrella reviews make it easier to review the evidence and allow for comparison of results between each of the individual reviews. Umbrella reviews may address a broader question than a typical review, such as discussing multiple different treatment comparisons instead of only one. They are especially useful for developing guidelines and clinical practice, and when comparing competing interventions.
Marc James Francis
Marc James Francis (also known as Marc J. Francis and Marc Francis) is a British film director, producer and documentary cinematographer.

In 2007, Marc and his brother Nick Francis were chosen by Harper’s Bazaar magazine as two of their top Forty Under 40; Household Names of the Future. In 2007, The Observer newspaper named the brothers as some of Britain’s Rising Stars. They both were regular contributors to the Observer's sister paper The Guardian between 2006 and 2012, notably in its film blog.

Marc is Co-founder and Creative Director of the production company Speakit, founded in 2004 with his brother Nick Francis.

Doc Society
Doc Society (formerly the Channel 4 BRITDOC Foundation and later the BRITDOC Foundation) is a private, non‑profit organization that funds, supports and amplifies independent documentary filmmakers and public‑interest media worldwide.