hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board
Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board [2015] UKSC 11 is a Scottish delict, medical negligence and English tort law case on doctors and pharmacists that outlines the rule on the disclosure of risks to satisfy the criteria of an informed consent. The Supreme Court departed and overruled the earlier House of Lords case in Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital, in reconsidering the duty of care of a doctor towards a patient on medical treatment. The case changed the Bolam test to a greater test in medical negligence by introducing the general duty to attempt the disclosure of risks.

Medical malpractice
Medical malpractice is a legal cause of action that occurs when a medical or health care professional, through a negligent act or omission, deviates from standards in their profession, thereby causing injury or death to a patient. The negligence might arise from errors in diagnosis, treatment, aftercare or health management.

An act of medical malpractice usually has three characteristics. Firstly, it must be proven that the treatment has not been consistent with the standard of care, which is the standard medical treatment accepted and recognized by the profession. Secondly, it must be proven that the patient has suffered some kind of injury due to the negligence. In other words, an injury without negligence or an act of negligence without causing any injury cannot be considered malpractice. Thirdly, it must be proven that the injury resulted in significant damages such as disability, unusual pain, suffering, hardship, loss of income or a significant burden of medical bills.
Equal Standard
Equal Standard is a 2020 American crime drama film written by Taheim Bryan and directed by Brendan Kyle Cochrane. The film stars Ice-T, Maurice Benard, Tobias Truvillion, Syleena Johnson, Robert Clohessy, Chris Kerson and Jules Willcox. The film follows New York City Detective Chris Jones (Tobias Truvillion), who gets shot by a white detective, returns fire and kills him.

The film was released in selected theatres on May 7, 2021, by Mutiny Pictures. Film writer Taheim Bryan was shot to death in New York City in August 2021 while sitting in his Mercedes-Benz.

Syleena Johnson
Syleena Johnson (née Thompson; born September 2, 1976) is an American R&B and soul singer-songwriter and actress. She is best known for her guest appearance on Kanye West's 2004 single "All Falls Down", which peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100. She signed with Jive Records to release three albums: Chapter 1: Love, Pain & Forgiveness (2001), Chapter 2: The Voice (2002), and Chapter 3: The Flesh (2005), each of which received critical acclaim and modest commercial reception. She returned to work with West for his tenth album, Donda (2021), where she performed on the spoken-word song "Donda Chant".
Rashawn Ray
Rashawn Ray is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park, and Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution.  He edited Contexts magazine from 2017-2022, published by the American Sociological Association, with co-editor Fabio Rojas.

American Sociological Association
The American Sociological Association (ASA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the discipline and profession of sociology. Founded in December 1905 as the American Sociological Society at Johns Hopkins University by a group of fifty people, the first president of the association was Lester Frank Ward. Today, most of its members work in academia, while around 20 percent of them work in government, business, or non-profit organizations.

ASA publishes ten academic journals and magazines, along with four section journals, including the American Sociological Review and Contexts.

The ASA had 9,893 members in 2023, as an association of sociologists even larger than the International Sociological Association. It is composed of researchers, students, college/university faculty, high school faculty, and various practitioners The "American Sociological Association Annual Meeting" is an annual academic conference held by the association consisting of over 4,000 participants.
Batavia (1802 ship)
Batavia was built at Topsham, England in 1802. At first she traded independently with the East Indies, but then she made three voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). Lastly, she made one voyage in 1818 transporting convicts to Australia. She was broken up in 1819.

Convict
A convict is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison". Convicts are often also known as "prisoners" or "inmates" or by the slang term "con", while a common label for former convicts, especially those recently released from prison, is "ex-con" ("ex-convict"). Persons convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences tend not to be described as "convicts".

The label of "ex-convict" usually has lifelong implications, such as social stigma or reduced opportunities for employment. The federal government of Australia, for instance, will not, in general, employ an ex-convict, while some state and territory governments may limit the time for or before which a former convict may be employed.
Jake Daubert
Jacob Ellsworth Daubert (April 7, 1884 – October 9, 1924) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Brooklyn Superbas and Cincinnati Reds. His career lasted from 1910 until his death in 1924.

Daubert was recognized throughout his career for his performance on the field. He won the 1913 and 1914 National League batting titles and the 1913 Chalmers Award as the National League's Most Valuable Player. Between 1911 and 1919, The Baseball Magazine named him to their All-American team seven times. Baseball historian William C. Kashatus observed that Daubert was "a steady .300 hitter for 10 years of the Deadball Era" who "never fielded below the .989 mark."

Charles Ebbets
Charles Henry Ebbets, Sr. (October 29, 1859 – April 18, 1925) was an American sports executive who served as co-owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1897 to 1902 before becoming majority owner of the team, doing so until his death in 1925. He also served as president of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1898 to 1925.
Qazi Massarrat Hussain
Qazi Massarrat Hussain (16 March 1935 – 26 August 2021) was a Pakistani field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics, winning silver, the country`s first ever Olympic medal in any sport. Hussain died in Karachi on 26 August 2021, at the age of 86.

Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics
The men's field hockey tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics was the eighth edition of the field hockey event for men at the Summer Olympics. It was contested from 23 November to 6 December, with twelve participating teams.  Only men competed in field hockey at these Games.

India won the gold medal for the sixth successive Games, not allowing a single goal against in the entire tournament.  Pakistan won the silver medal, and Germany won the bronze.
Live and Improvised
Live and Improvised is a two compact disc live album by the band Blood, Sweat & Tears, that was originally released in 1976 as a live album entitled In Concert by Columbia Records in Europe and Japan. This album was later remixed and released in the United States as Live and Improvised in 1991 by Columbia/Legacy and again as "In Concert" in 2012 by Wounded Bird, with a different cover. This collection was recorded live at four different venues over five nights during the summer of 1975. The lineup for this album is the same as the New City album they were supporting on that tour with the exception of Steve Khan and Mike Stern on guitar.

The songs in this collection were recorded at the Schaeffer Music Festival in New York City; City Hall Plaza in Boston; National Arts Centre in Ottawa, Ontario; and at the Monterey Jazz Festival in Monterey, California.

Bobby Colomby
Robert Wayne Colomby (born December 20, 1944) is a jazz-fusion drummer, record producer and television presenter. He is best known as an original member of the group Blood, Sweat & Tears, which he co-founded in 1967. He has also played with many other musical artists.
Elm Park and Isaac Sprague Memorial Tower
Elm Park, also known as Clocktower Park, is a historic park near the junction of Massachusetts Route 16 and Massachusetts Route 9 in the Wellesley Hills section of Wellesley, Massachusetts.  It is a triangular parcel of 1.24 acres (0.50 ha), laid out for passive recreation.  Its focal point is the 75-foot (23 m) brick and masonry Sprague Tower, designed by Benjamin Proctor, Jr., and built in 1928 to house a clock and bell given to the town in 1874.  A portion of the now-defunct Cochituate Aqueduct passes through the park.  Land for the park was acquired in 1908 by the town with funds raised by the community; the clock and bell were the gift of John Shaw.  Isaac Sprague, for whom the tower is named, sat on the committee which oversaw its construction, and donated materials for that purpose.

The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Massachusetts Route 16
Route 16 is a 59.8646-mile-long (96.3427 km) east–west state highway in Massachusetts. It begins in the west at an intersection with Route 12 and Route 193 in Webster, just north of the Connecticut state border.  It runs in a generally southwest-northeast routing through a number of Boston's suburbs and runs to the west and then north of the city before ending in Revere at an intersection with Route 1A and Route 60.

From Watertown eastward, Route 16 is a multi-lane arterial road, although it is not limited access for any significant length. Segments of Route 16 through this area are also known as the Mystic Valley Parkway, the Alewife Brook Parkway, and the Revere Beach Parkway, among other names.

From the western end of the Route 135 concurrency in Wellesley to Route 30 (Commonwealth Avenue) in Newton, the route serves as a part of the Boston Marathon, from the halfway point to just before Mile 18 and the hills.
Krutoy Log
Krutoy Log (Russian: Крутой Лог) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Grishinskoye Rural Settlement, Kikvidzensky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 209 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

Kikvidzensky District
Kikvidzensky District (Russian: Кикви́дзенский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Kikvidzensky Municipal District. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,120 square kilometers (820 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a stanitsa) of Preobrazhenskaya. Population: 17,669 (2010 census); 18,860 (2002 Census); 18,732 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Preobrazhenskaya accounts for 31.3% of the district's total population.
Royal Order of Bhutan
The Royal Order of Bhutan (Dzongkha: Druk Thuksey / Druk Thugsey, meaning "Heart Son of the Thunder Dragon") is a medal awarded by the King of Bhutan. It was established by Jigme Dorji Wangchuck in 1966 and redesigned in 2008.

Dzongkha
Dzongkha (རྫོང་ཁ་ [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́]), also known by its exonym Bhutanese, is a Tibeto-Burman language in the Sino-Tibetan language family that is primarily spoken by the Bhutanese people. It is the official and national language of Bhutan, and is written using the Tibetan script.

The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.

Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan.
Charles Forbes (Royal Navy officer)
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Morton Forbes, GCB, DSO (22 November 1880 – 28 August 1960) was a Royal Navy officer. He served in the First World War, seeing action in the Dardanelles campaign and at the Battle of Jutland and, as captain of a cruiser, was present at the surrender of the German fleet. During the Second World War, he served as Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet: his fleet suffered heavy losses including the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious and nine destroyers during the Norwegian campaign in Spring 1940. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth in May 1941 and in that capacity he organised the defence of Plymouth from air attack, prosecuted attacks on enemy shipping using the harbour at Brest as well as other ports along the French coast, and also initiated the St Nazaire Raid in March 1942 before retiring in August 1943.

Royal Naval College, Greenwich
The Royal Naval College, Greenwich, was a Royal Navy training establishment between 1873 and 1998, providing courses for naval officers. It was the home of the Royal Navy's staff college, which provided advanced training for officers. The equivalent in the British Army was the Staff College, Camberley, and the equivalent in the Royal Air Force was the RAF Staff College, Bracknell.
AIDS-related lymphoma
AIDS-related lymphoma describes lymphomas occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

A lymphoma is a type of cancer arising from lymphoid cells. In AIDS, the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary cerebral lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease are all increased. There are three different varieties of AIDS-related lymphoma: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, B-cell immunoblastic lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma (small non-cleaved cell lymphoma).

Cerebrum
The cerebrum (pl.: cerebra), telencephalon or endbrain is the largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres) as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In the human brain, the cerebrum is the uppermost region of the central nervous system. The cerebrum develops prenatally from the forebrain (prosencephalon). In mammals, the dorsal telencephalon, or pallium, develops into the cerebral cortex, and the ventral telencephalon, or subpallium, becomes the basal ganglia. The cerebrum is also divided into approximately symmetric left and right cerebral hemispheres.

With the assistance of the cerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the human body.
Ayn al-Zara
Ayn al-Zara (Arabic: عين الزارة, romanized: ʿAyn al-Zʾāra), known in ancient times as Callirrhoe (Ancient Greek: Θερμὰ Καλλιρόης, Thermà Kallirhoēs), is an archaeological site in Jordan. It includes the remains of a nymphaeum, though it is considered difficult to be interpreted. Callirrhoe is known in ancient literature for its thermal springs, because it was visited by King Herod according to Josephus shortly before his death in 4 BCE, as a final attempt to be cured or relieve his pains. It remains unknown if the "greatest builder in Jewish history" is related to any of the observable remains in the area. Callirrhoe is referred by Pliny the Elder (Natural History, 70-72), Ptolemaeus (Geography 15,6) and Solinus (De mirabilibus mundi 35,4) as well as in a Midrash.

Nymphaeum
A nymphaeum (Latin pl.: nymphaea) or nymphaion (Ancient Greek: νυμφαῖον, romanized: nymphaîon), in ancient Greece and Rome, was a monument consecrated to the nymphs, especially those of springs.

These monuments were originally natural grottoes, which tradition assigned as habitations to the local nymphs. They were sometimes so arranged as to furnish a supply of water, as at Pamphylian Side. A nymphaeum dedicated to a local water nymph, Coventina, was built along Hadrian's Wall, in the northernmost reach of the Roman Empire. Subsequently, artificial grottoes took the place of natural ones.
Wooden Church, Zalnoc
The Zalnoc wooden church (Romanian: Biserica de lemn din Zalnoc) is a church in Zalnoc, Bobota, Sălaj, Romania, built in the 18th century.

In summer 2020, a colony of 250 greater horseshoe bats was discovered in the church, while rehabilitation work was being done.

Greater horseshoe bat
The greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) is an insectivorous bat of the genus Rhinolophus. Its distribution covers Europe, Northern Africa, Central Asia and Eastern Asia. It is the largest of the horseshoe bats in Europe and is thus easily distinguished from other species. The species is sedentary, typically travelling up to 30 kilometres (19 mi) between the winter and summer roosts, with the longest recorded movement being 180 km (110 mi). The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 69–83 kHz, have most energy at 81 kHz and have an average duration of 37.4 ms.
Sonny Zhou
"Sonny" Zhou Bin (born 1983 in Shanghai) is a Chinese model.

She is fluent in English and several Chinese dialects. Zhou has worked on campaigns for Aveda, Dooney & Bourke, Electrolux, L'Oréal, Nordstrom, Revlon, and Shanghai Tang. Her runway credits include Christian Dior, Givenchy, Just Cavalli, Viktor & Rolf, Lacoste, Baby Phat, L.A.M.B. by Gwen Stefani, Lacoste, and Vera Wang.

She is signed to IMG Models (New York City, Milan).

Roberto Cavalli (company)
Roberto Cavalli S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [roˈbɛrto kaˈvalli]) is an Italian luxury fashion company founded by the designer Roberto Cavalli in Osmannoro, Florence, during the 1970s. Known for animal prints on leather and textiles, the label manufactures and markets haute couture, ready-to-wear, and accessories, including handbags, eye wear, watches, swimwear, pens, bagpacks, shoes, perfumes and jewelry. The company is also involved in interior design projects for high-end buildings and hotels.

In 2015, the Italian investment fund Clessidra SGR acquired a 90 percent stake in Roberto Cavalli to relaunch the company. Sergio Azzolari was a CEO of the company and Fausto Puglisi the creative director.
Beath High School
Beath High School is a non-denomational state secondary school in Cowdenbeath, Fife. The school is run by Fife Council and the current roll stands at around 1400 pupils aged from 11 to 18. It serves Cowdenbeath and Kelty and the villages of Crossgates, Hill of Beath and Lumphinnans. Some pupils from Lochgelly and Ballingry attend the school. The current rector is Stephen Ross.

Lochgelly
Lochgelly (/lɒxˈɡɛli/ listenⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: Loch Gheallaidh, IPA:[ˈɫ̪ɔxˈʝaɫ̪ai]) is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is located between Lochs Ore and Gelly to the north-west and south-east respectively. It is separated from Cowdenbeath by the village of Lumphinnans. According to the 2007 population estimate, the town has a population of 6,834.
The RiverBank
The RiverBank was an American bank offering banking, insurance and investment services in Wisconsin and Minnesota. On October 7, 2011 the Minnesota Department of Commerce shut down The RiverBank and subsequently the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was named Receiver.  To protect depositors, the FDIC entered into a purchase and assumption agreement with Central Bank, Stillwater, Minnesota, to assume all of the deposits of The RiverBank.

St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin
St. Croix Falls is a city in Polk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,208 at the 2020 census. The city is located within the Town of St. Croix Falls along the St. Croix River, from which it takes its name. U.S. Route 8, Wisconsin Highway 35, and Wisconsin Highway 87 are three of the main arterial routes in the city.
Aleah Finnegan
Aleah Cruz Finnegan (born January 4, 2003) is a Filipino-American artistic gymnast. Born in the United States, she represents the Philippines internationally and competed for her country of birth in the past. She was a member of the United States' women's national gymnastics team from 2019 to 2021 and was part of the team that won gold at the 2019 Pan American Games. She is the first Filipina gymnast in over 60 years to qualify and represent the Philippines at the 2024 Summer Olympics. She is the 2023 Asian Championships vault and balance beam bronze medalist and the 2021 Southeast Asian Games team and vault champion. She also competed for the LSU Tigers gymnastics team and is the 2024 NCAA floor exercise champion.

Auburn Tigers women's gymnastics
The Auburn Tigers women's gymnastics team represents Auburn University in the sport of gymnastics. The team competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) and the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Tigers host their home meets at the Auburn Arena on the school's main Auburn campus. The team is currently led by head coach Jeff Graba. In their four decades of history, the Tigers have made four appearances at the National Championships; making the Super Six twice.
Pure Essence
Pure Essence were an American R&B band from Cincinnati, Ohio, originally consisting of Steve "Tuck" Walters, Jerome "Mouse" Richmond, Toby Rivers, Tony Coats, Dwight Trible, Larry Middleton, Antonio "L.A." Reid, and Kevin "Kayo" Roberson. The band released only one record, in 1976, and achieved limited regional fame during their tenure. But they received wider attention and acclaim nearly three decades later after one of their songs, "Third Rock", was sampled by producer/musician RJD2 on the track "Clean Living" (2004). The group's songs later appeared on the Chrome Children compilation album (2005), the Saints Row 2 video game soundtrack (2008), and the Soul Cal: Funky Disco & Modern Soul, 1971–82 compilation album (2012). A 2006 issue of The Fader called Pure Essence a "crucial soul-rock outfit" of the 1970s.

WEBN
WEBN (102.7 FM) – branded as 102-7 WEBN – is a commercial active rock radio station licensed to Cincinnati, Ohio, serving Greater Cincinnati. Owned by iHeartMedia, WEBN serves as the FM flagship for the Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network; and the home of radio personality Christopher "Kidd Chris" Foley. The WEBN studios are located in Cincinnati, as is the station transmitter. Besides a standard analog transmission, WEBN broadcasts over three HD Radio channels, and is available online via iHeartRadio. WEBN-HD2 simulcasts over local translators W264BW Norwood (100.7 FM) and W292CO Middletown (106.3 FM), while WEBN-HD3 simulcasts over W272BY Cincinnati (102.3 FM).
John Loengard
John Borg Loengard (September 5, 1934 – May 24, 2020) was an American photographer who worked at Life magazine from 1961, and was its picture editor from 1973 to 1987. He taught at the International Center of Photography, New York, The New School for Social Research, New York, and at workshops around the country.

George Eastman Museum
The George Eastman Museum, also referred to as George Eastman House and the International Museum of Photography and Film, is a photography museum, located on the grounds of the George Eastman's estate in Rochester, New York. Opened to the public in 1949, is the oldest museum dedicated to photography and one of the world's oldest film archives.

Known for its collections in the fields of photography and cinema, the museum is also a leader in film preservation and photograph conservation, educating archivists and conservators from around the world. Home to the 500-seat Dryden Theatre, the museum is located on the estate of entrepreneur and philanthropist George Eastman, the founder of Eastman Kodak Company. The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.