hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chenguang
Chenguang Group is a machinery manufacturing group headquartered in Nanjing, China. Its predecessor, Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau, was founded in late Qing (1865 CE) by Li Hongzhang, the Acting Viceroy of Liangjiang. The plant moved to Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC during the civil war. The remained in mainland became Ordnance General Plant in PRC. It later subordinated to CASIC. The plant renamed Chenguang Machinery Plant in 1980 and became Chenguang Group in 1996.

Its subsidiary company Aerosun was listed in Shanghai Stock Exchanges in 2001.

Li Hongzhang
Li Hongzhang, Marquess Suyi (Chinese: 李鴻章; also Li Hung-chang; February 15, 1823 – November 7, 1901) was a Chinese statesman of the late Qing dynasty. He held important positions in the Qing government, including the Viceroy of Zhili, Huguang and Liangguang. He was the founder and commander of the Huai Army and the Beiyang Fleet, and a leader of the Self-Strengthening Movement.

One of the best-known Chinese figures of his time internationally, Li was the face of the Qing court in foreign affairs and was often compared to the "Oriental Bismarck." He antagonized the British by supporting Russia as a counterweight to Japanese expansion in Manchuria, and later fell out of favor domestically following China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War. His legacy in China remains controversial, particularly over his role in suppressing several uprisings, his diplomatic record amid Western powers, and the mixed outcomes of his industrial and military modernization efforts.
Spring of Youth (TV series)
Spring of Youth (Korean: 사계의 봄) is a 2025 South Korean teen romance television series written by Kim Min-cheol, directed by Kim Sung-yong, and starring Ha Yoo-joon, Park Ji-hu, and Lee Seung-hyub. It aired on SBS TV from May 6, to July 2, 2025, every Wednesday at 22:40 (KST).

Drawing dismal average ratings of 0.9% despite airing on a terrestrial television network, Spring of Youth is notable for being belatedly revealed to have been written by Kim Soon-ok, who earned the reputation of being a "ratings queen" for controversial and highly provocative melodramas such as Temptation of Wife (2008–2009) and its spiritual successor Temptation of an Angel (2009), Jang Bo-ri is Here! (2014), My Daughter, Geum Sa-wol (2015–16), and The Penthouse: War in Life (2020–21).

SBS TV
SBS TV (Seoul Broadcasting System Television) is a South Korean free-to-air television channel operated by Seoul Broadcasting System. The channel was launched on 9 December 1991. Unlike competing network MBC, SBS operates using a federalized structure, managing a network of nine stations (of which SBS in Seoul is the flagship) to supply programming, while the affiliates outside Seoul carry local programming to cater to local needs.
Deng Yuzhi
Deng Yuzhi (Chinese: 邓裕志, September 1900–October 1, 1996) also known as Cora Deng, was a Chinese social and Christian activist, and a feminist. Born in Hubei, she promoted women's education and rights, and
defied the traditional woman's role in Chinese society. A Protestant by birth, she was an active and leading member of the Chinese Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA). She established night schools for the women workers of industrial establishments, and fought for their rights. At the age of 19, she participated in the May Fourth Movement, and, on the establishment of the People's Republic, held positions in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) administration.

In her student days, Deng was introduced to social and revolutionary ideology by Maud Russell. But Deng did not perceive herself as a feminist or a revolutionary, relying instead on Christianity as a source of her identity; her social activism was triggered by her religious beliefs.

YWCA
The Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) is a nonprofit organization with a focus on empowerment, leadership, and rights of women, young women, and girls in more than 100 countries.

The World office is currently based in Le Grand-Saconnex, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, and the nonprofit is headquartered in Washington, DC.

The YWCA is independent of the YMCA, but a few local and national YMCA and YWCA associations have merged into YM/YWCAs or YMCA-YWCAs and belong to both organizations, while providing the programs from each (e.g. Sweden did so in 1966).
Albertus van der Merwe
Albertus Stephanus van der Merwe (born 3 November 1940) is a retired South African politician who represented the National Party (NP) and New National Party (NNP) in the National Assembly. He was not initially elected in the 1994 general election but joined the assembly during the first democratic Parliament, filling a casual vacancy. He was re-elected to a full term in the 1999 general election as one of the NNP's three representatives in the Free State.

Free State (province)
The Free State is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africa's judicial capital. Its historical origins lie in the Boer republic called the Orange Free State and later the Orange Free State Province.
Pleasanton High School (Pleasanton, Texas)
Pleasanton High School is a public high school located in Pleasanton, Texas (USA) and classified as a 4A school by the UIL. It is part of the Pleasanton Independent School District located in central Atascosa County. During 2022–2023, Pleasanton High School had an enrollment of 944 students and a student-to-teacher ratio of 12.76. The school received an overall rating of "B" from the Texas Education Agency for the 2024–2025 school year.

Atascosa County, Texas
Atascosa County (/ˌætəsˈkoʊsə/ AT-əs-KOH-sə) is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. It is in South Texas and its county seat is Jourdanton.

As of the 2020 United States Census, its population was 48,981.  Atascosa County is part of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area.
King of Diamonds (TV series)
King of Diamonds is an American syndicated crime drama TV series starring Broderick Crawford that ran for 39 episodes from 1961 to 1962. It was made by Ziv-United Artists, for whom Crawford had made Highway Patrol.

United Artists Television
United Artists Television (UATV) was an American television production/distribution studio of United Artists Corporation that was formed on January 1, 1958. The company is remembered for producing series such as This Man Dawson, World of Giants, Stoney Burke, The Outer Limits, Gilligan's Island, My Mother the Car, The Fugitive, The Rat Patrol, thirtysomething, The New Phil Silvers Show, The Patty Duke Show and The Pink Panther Show.  In September 2014, the studio briefly returned to full-time television production under the new management of United Artists Media Group (UAMG), led in part by husband and wife producers Mark Burnett and Roma Downey.  With its folding back into MGM Television, UATV was temporarily dormant until 2020 when MGM Television was reincorporated.
Subbayya
Subbayya or Subbaiah (Telugu: సుబ్బయ్య, Kannada: ಸುಬ್ಬಯ್ಯ) is an Indian name commonly used in Andhra Pradesh, Kodagu (in Karnataka) and Tamil Nadu.

Kodandera Subayya Thimayya, Indian General

M.V. Subbaiah Naidu, Kannada and Telugu actor and director.

Jagadeesh Subbaiah Moodera, Indian origin American physicist in MIT

Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai, Indian mathematician, well known for his work in number theory

Nidhi Subbaiah, Kannada actress

S. M. Subbaiah Naidu, South Indian composer, conductor, and orchestrator

Muthyala Subbaiah, Tollywood film director

Subbiah Arunan, is an Indian scientist

S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
Subburayulu Munuswami Subbaiah Naidu (a.k.a. SMS) (15 March 1914 – 26 May 1979) was an Indian composer, conductor, and orchestrator. He was one of the oldest music directors. He worked as an in-house music composer for Central Studios and Pakshiraja Studios and well associated with S. M. Sriramulu Naidu. SMS also worked with many films under Jupiter Pictures banner and a favorite of M. G. Ramachandran.
Seiunchin
Seiunchin (制引戦 (セイユンチン)), also pronounced as Seienchin (セイエンチン) and the latter often written as 征遠鎮, is a kaishu karate kata. In the lineage of Goju-ryu, it taught by that style's founder, Chojun Miyagi, who in turn learned it from his teacher, Kanryo Higaonna. Seiunchin can be interpreted to mean "pulling".

Meibukan karateka believe that this kata originated in xingyiquan and that Seiunchin's direct translation has been lost. Meibukan karateka refer to it as "Marching far Quietly".

Seiunchin is distinct in that no kicking techniques are used, as with Tensho and Sanchin. Seiunchin uses shiko dachi and incorporates strikes such as the back fist and elbow.

Seiunchin was brought to Isshinryu, another Okinawan style, by Tatsuo Shimabuku: he learned it from Chojun Miyagi while studying Goju-ryu.

Xingyiquan
Xingyiquan (Chinese: 形意拳; pinyin: xíngyìquán), also known as xingyi (Chinese: 形意; pinyin: xíngyì), is a style of internal Chinese martial arts. The word approximately translates to "Form-Intention Fist", or "Shape-Will Fist".

The style is characterized by aggressive, seemingly linear movements, and explosive power most often applied from a short range. A practitioner of xingyi uses coordinated movements to generate bursts of power intended to overwhelm the opponent, simultaneously attacking and defending. Methods vary from school to school but always include bare-handed fighting (mostly in single movements/combinations and sometimes in forms) and using weapons with similar body mechanics to those in bare-handed intense fighting. Movement and body mechanics in the art were heavily influenced by the practice of using staves and spears.

Historically and technically related martial arts include Dai-style xinyi liuhequan, liuhe xinyiquan, and yiquan.
Bhanjpur railway station
Bhanjpur railway station is a railway station on the South Eastern Railway network in the state of Odisha, India. It serves Baripada town. Its code is VZR. It has two platforms. Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt at Bhanjpur railway station.

South Eastern Railway zone
The South Eastern Railway (abbreviated SER) is one of the 19 railway zones in India. It is headquartered at Garden Reach, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It comprises Adra railway division, Chakradharpur railway division, Kharagpur railway division and Ranchi railway division.
Dospat Peak
Dospat Peak (Bulgarian: връх Доспат, romanized: vrah Dospat, IPA: [ˈvrɤɣ dosˈpat]; Greek: κορυφή Δοσπάτης, romanized: koryfí Dospátis, IPA: [koriˈfi ðosˈpatis]) is a 500 m (1,600 ft) mountain peak in the Vidin Heights on Varna Peninsula, Livingston Island, part of the South Shetland Islands off the coast of Antarctica. The peak is named after the town of Dospat in the Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria.

Livingston Island
Livingston Island (Russian name Smolensk, 62°36′S 60°30′W﻿ / ﻿62.600°S 60.500°W﻿ / -62.600; -60.500) is an Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, part of the South Shetlands Archipelago, a group of Antarctic islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude in 1819, a historic event that marked the end of a centuries-long pursuit of the mythical Terra Australis Incognita and the beginning of the exploration and utilization of real Antarctica. The name Livingston, although of unknown derivation, has been well established in international usage since the early 1820s.
TT43
The Theban Tomb TT43 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian Neferronpet, whose title was Overseer of the kitchen of the Lord of the Two Lands. He dates to the time of Amenhotep II from the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, and his tomb was built at the time of Amenhotep III. It is an unfinished tomb, so there are only some wall paintings and most are not finished and it is only in one room. It is an incredibly small tomb in Egypt.

Thebes, Egypt
Thebes (Egyptian Arabic: طيبه), known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset, was an ancient Egyptian city located along the Nile about 800 kilometers (500 mi) south of the Mediterranean. Its ruins lie within the modern Egyptian city of Luxor. Thebes was the main city of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome (Sceptre nome) and was the capital of Egypt for long periods during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom eras.

The city was close to Nubia and the Eastern Desert, with its valuable mineral resources and trade routes. It was a religious center and the most venerated city during many periods of ancient Egyptian history.

The site of Thebes includes areas on both the eastern bank of the Nile, where the temples of Karnak and Luxor stand and where the city was situated; and the western bank, where a necropolis of large private and royal cemeteries and funerary complexes can be found. In 1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Arkansas Constitutional Amendment 80
Arkansas Constitutional Amendment 80 (known as Referred Amendment 3 prior to passage) amended the Constitution of Arkansas to comprehensively change the judiciary of Arkansas by essentially replacing Article VII of the Constitution of Arkansas. The amendment was referred by the Arkansas General Assembly (legislative referral) to voters, and was approved during the November 7, 2000 election.

Legislative referral
A legislative referral (or legislative referendum) is a referendum in which a legislature puts proposed legislation up for popular vote. This may either be voluntarily or, as is the case in many countries for a constitutional amendment, as a mandatory part of the procedure for passing a law. These referrals, depending on the location, can either amend a constitution or enact a change in statute. It is a form of direct democracy. In some places it is known as an authorities referendum, authorities plebiscite, government initiated referendum, or top-down referendum It may originate from the legislative branch, executive branch, or a combination of the two.

An instrument of direct democracy, it is in contrast to citizens (or "bottom-up") initiative that is initiated from the public. With initiated statutes and amendments, voters both initiate and decide on the change of law. In a legislative referral, they only approve or reject laws which their legislature votes to place before them.
Muhammed Ghiya'as ud-din
Muhammed Ghiya'as ud-din (Muhammed Manikufaanu; 15 June 1710 – 7 October 1774), the son of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II, was the sultan of the Maldives from 1767 to 1773.  As per the will of his predecessor Dhon Bandaarain, Muhammed Manifufaanu ascended the throne and reigned as Sultan Al-Haj Muhammed Ghiya'as ud-din Iskandar Sri Kula Sundara Maha Radun. He was the last sultan of the Dhiyamigili Dynasty; he was deposed while away on a pilgrimage, and later, on his return trip he drowned, or was murdered by Muhammad Shamsuddeen II.

Maldivians
Maldivians (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިން, romanized: Dhivēhin, pronounced [diˈʋehiŋ]) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group and nation native to the Maldive Islands, constituting the Republic of Maldives and the island of Minicoy (within Lakshadweep, a union territory of India). They share a common ancestry, history, culture and language.
Inger Jørgensen
Inger Jørgensen (born 30 October 1930) is a retired Norwegian alpine skier. She was born in Asker. Jørgensen represented Asker SK, and is the sister of Dagny Jørgensen. She participated at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, where she competed in downhill, slalom and giant slalom. She became Norwegian champion in slalom in 1953 and 1954, and in giant slalom in 1956.

Asker Municipality (1838–2020)
Asker (Norwegian: Asker), also called Asker proper (Askerbygda or gamle Asker in Norwegian), is a district and former municipality in Akershus, Norway, located approximately 20km southwest of Oslo. From 2020 it is part of the larger administrative municipality Asker (also known as Greater Asker) together with the traditional Buskerud districts Røyken and Hurum; Asker constitutes the northern fourth and is part of the Greater Oslo Region. The administrative center was the town of Asker, which remains so for the new larger municipality. Asker was established as a parish in the Middle Ages and as a municipality on 1 January 1838.
Ecolo Japan
Ecolo Japan is a political think tank/Institute, which aims to expand Green politics all over the country. It mainly consists of Japanese young ecologists who have interest in international environmental issues. Their philosophy is to realize a "sustainable society" in the country, by making policies respecting ecology, social justice, non-violence, self-determination and participatory democracy.

Participatory democracy
Participatory democracy, participant democracy, participative democracy, or semi-direct democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives. Elements of direct and representative democracy are combined in this model.
Casuistry
Casuistry (/ˈkæzjuɪstri/ KAZ-ew-iss-tree) is a process of reasoning for resolving an ethical dilemma (moral problem) either by extracting or by extending abstract rules from a particular case of conscience, and reapplying those abstract rules to other, different ethical dilemmas. Casuistry is a method of reasoning common to applied ethics and jurisprudence. Moreover, in philosophy, the term casuistry is a pejorative criticism of the use of clever, but unsound reasoning, especially in ethical questions, as in the case of sophistry. As a method of reasoning, casuistry is both the:

Study of cases of conscience and a method of solving conflicts of obligations by applying general principles of ethics, religion, and moral theology to particular and concrete cases of human conduct. This frequently demands an extensive knowledge of natural law and equity, civil law, ecclesiastical precepts, and an exceptional skill in interpreting these various norms of conduct ...

Pejorative
A pejorative word, phrase, slur, or derogatory term is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a term is regarded as pejorative in some social or ethnic groups but not in others or may be originally pejorative but later adopt a non-pejorative sense (or vice versa) in some or all contexts.
Spirobranchus triqueter
Spirobranchus triqueter is a species of tube-building annelid worm in the class Polychaeta. It is common on the north eastern coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea.

Polychaetes, or marine bristle worms, have elongated bodies divided into many segments. Each segment may bear setae (bristles) and parapodia (paddle-like appendages). Some species live freely, either swimming, crawling or burrowing, and these are known as "errant". Others live permanently in tubes, either calcareous or parchment-like, and these are known as "sedentary".

Class (biology)
In biological taxonomy, class (Latin: classis) is  a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit (i.e., a taxon) in that rank. It is a group of related taxonomic orders. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class ranking between phylum and order.
Burmese Declaration of Independence
The Burmese Declaration of Independence (Burmese: လွတ်လပ်ရေးကြေညာစာတမ်း) was officially promulgated on 4 January 1948, as a result of the Burma Independence Act 1947, which brought to an end British rule in Burma (now known as Myanmar) that lasted for six decades. The date is now celebrated as Independence Day, a national gazetted holiday. The declaration was jointly penned by Zawgyi, Min Thu Wun, Ohn Pe and Win Sein, and translated into English by Maung Maung, U Thant, Khin Maung, and Khin Zaw.

Min Thu Wun
Thiri Pyanchi Min Thu Wun (Burmese: မင်းသုဝဏ်; 10 February 1909 – 15 August 2004) was a Burmese poet, writer and scholar who helped launch a new age literary movement called Khit-San (Testing the Times) in Burma. He is the father of Htin Kyaw, president of Myanmar from 2016 to 2018.
Nisei
Nisei (二世, "second generation") is a Japanese-language term used as an ethnic generational identifier in countries in North America and South America to specify the ethnically Japanese children born in the new country to Japanese-born immigrants, or Issei. The Nisei, or second generation, in turn are the parents of the Sansei, or third generation. These Japanese-language terms derive from ichi, ni, san, "one, two, three", the ordinal numbers used with sei (see Japanese numerals). Though nisei means "second-generation immigrant", it more specifically often refers to the children of the initial diaspora, occurring during the period of the Empire of Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and overlapping in the U.S. with the G.I. and silent generations.

Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians
The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) was a group of nine people appointed by the U.S. Congress in 1980 to conduct an official governmental study into the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.
Jeff Withey
Jeffree David Withey (born March 7, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for the Pelita Jaya Jakarta of the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL). He played college basketball for the University of Kansas where he became known for his shot-blocking ability and his defensive presence. He was drafted 39th overall in the 2013 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers.

Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C.
Hapoel Tel Aviv Basketball Club (Hebrew: מועדון כדורסל הפועל תל אביב) is an Israeli professional basketball club based in Tel Aviv, Israel. Historically, it is the second-most successful team in Israeli basketball, with five national championships. The club is owned by Ofer Yanai and the Hapoel Tel Aviv Supporters Trust. The team was established in 1935, and it plays in the Israeli Premier League and in the EuroLeague.
McNicol
McNicol is a surname. It is a patronymic form of the personal name Nicol, which is a form of Nicholas.  It comes from both German and Celtic origins. Notable people with the surname include:

Archibald McNicol (1878–1933), New Zealand politician

Bob McNicol (1933–1980), Scottish professional footballer

David McNicol (diplomat) (1913–2001), Australian diplomat

David McNicol (politician) (1833–1927), Scottish-born Canadian politician

Duncan McNicol (1874–1949), Scottish footballer

Evelyn McNicol (née Camrass; 1927–2021), Scottish explorer

George Paul McNicol (1929–2014), Scottish physician and university academic

Iain McNicol (born 1969), British politician and trade unionist

Joey McNicol, Australian activist

John McNicol (1863–1933), Scottish footballer

Kate McNicol (born 1961), British rower

Sam McNicol (born 1995), New Zealand rugby union player

Sandy McNicol (15 June 1944–2017), New Zealand rugby union player

Nicholas
Nicholas is a male name, the Anglophone version of an ancient Greek name in use since antiquity, and cognate with the modern Greek Νικόλαος, Nikolaos. It originally derived from a combination of two Greek words meaning 'victory' and 'people'. In turn, the name means "victory of the people."

The name has been widely used in countries with significant Christian populations, owing in part to the veneration of Saint Nicholas, which became increasingly prominent in Western Europe from the 11th century. Revered as a saint in many Christian denominations, the Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican Churches all celebrate Saint Nicholas Day on December 6. In maritime regions throughout Europe, the name and its derivatives have been especially popular, as St Nicholas is considered the protector saint of seafarers. This remains particularly so in Greece, where St Nicholas is the patron saint of the Hellenic Navy.