hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Palamut, Hasankeyf
Palamut (Kurdish: Xirbe Kur) is a village in the Hasankeyf District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Derhawî tribe and had a population of 43 in 2021.

The hamlets of Keçili and Koyunlu are attached to the village.

Batman Province
Batman Province (Turkish: Batman ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Êlihê, transl. "Province of Êlih"; Armenian: Բատմանի զավառ, transl. "Province of Batman") is a province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. It was created in May 1990 with Law No. 3647, incorporating districts from the eastern Siirt Province and the southern Mardin Province. The province has an area of 4,477 km2 (1,729 sq mi) and a population of 634,491 (2022). Its current governor is Ekrem Canalp.

The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority. It is an important center for Turkey's oil industry, which has driven rapid urbanization since the mid-20th century.
Petrus Gudelinus
Petrus Gudelinus, born Pierre Goudelin (8 August 1550 – 18 October 1619) was a Dutch jurist.

Goudelin was born in Ath.  After studies of philosophy and law in Leuven, he practiced law before the Grote Raad van Mechelen, the appeals court for the provinces of the Netherlands. He taught Roman law at the University of Leuven after his promotion in 1576, becoming professor in 1582.  He died, aged 69, in Leuven.

His writings were published mostly posthumously based on lecture notes. They include the Commentatorium de iure novissimo libro sex (1620), which presented the content of the Novellae together with the corresponding Dutch and French customary law, and two writings on international law, De jure feudorum commentarii (1624) and De jure pacis (1620). Gudelinus was among the first jurists who complemented the study of Roman law with that of contemporary national law,  and who addressed international law as a distinct field of study.

Old University of Leuven
The Old University of Leuven is the name historians give to the university, or studium generale, founded in Leuven, Brabant (then part of the Burgundian Netherlands, now part of Belgium), in 1425. The university was closed in 1797, a week after the cession to the French Republic of the Austrian Netherlands and the principality of Liège (jointly the future Belgium, by and large) by the Treaty of Campo Formio.

The name was in medieval Latin Studium generale Lovaniense or Universitas Studii Lovaniensis, in humanistical Latin Academia Lovaniensis, and most usually, Universitas Lovaniensis, in Dutch Universiteyt Loven and also Hooge School van Loven.

It is commonly referred to as the University of Leuven or University of Louvain, sometimes with the qualification "old" to distinguish it from the Catholic University of Leuven (established 1835 in Leuven). This might also refer to a short-lived but historically important State University of Leuven, 1817–1835.
Dümbüllü, Polateli
Dümbüllü is a village in the Polateli District, Kilis Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 125 in 2022.

In late 19th century, German orientalist Martin Hartmann listed the village as a settlement of 10 houses inhabited by Turks.

Martin Hartmann
Martin Hartmann (9 December 1851, Breslau – 5 December 1918, Berlin) was a German orientalist, who specialized in Islamic studies.

In 1875, he received his doctorate at the University of Leipzig as a student of Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer. From 1876 to 1887 he served as a dragoman at the German General Consulate in Beirut. From 1887 until his death in 1918 he taught classes at the Department of Oriental Languages in Berlin.

As a professor in Berlin he strove hard for the recognition of Islamic studies as an independent discipline. His numerous contributions to the field of Islamic studies were based on a sociological standpoint. Many of these works were published in the journal "Die Welt des Islams" (The World of Islam), a publication of the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Islamkunde", an organization that Hartmann was a co-founder of in 1912.
Lacrimispora aerotolerans
Lacrimispora aerotolerans is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium.

Lacrimispora aerotolerans is xylanolytic, which means that these bacteria can digest the polysaccharides collectively known as xylan. Among this species' products are formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acids, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.

Formic acid
Formic acid (from Latin  formica 'ant'), systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid. It has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure H−C(=O)−O−H. This acid is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants. Esters, salts, and the anion derived from formic acid are called formates. Industrially, formic acid is produced from carbon monoxide.
Konrad von Tegerfelden
Konrad von Tegerfelden (died 19 February 1233) was the bishop of Constance (as Konrad II) from 1208 until his death. He belonged to the noble Tegerfelden family, being the son of Luitpold II and Hedwig.

Konrad is first attested in 1176 as a canon of Constance Cathedral. He was evidently educated there. From 1200 he was the provost and in 1208 he was elected bishop, although he was not consecrated until 1210. In 1209, he accompanied King Otto IV of Germany on his expedition to Rome to be crowned emperor. In 1212, the citizens of Constance forced him to open the city to Frederick of Sicily, Otto's rival for the German crown. For its support, the city obtained privileges from Frederick at the expense of episcopal authority. Nonetheless, Konrad was a frequent visitor at Frederick's court.

Konrad attended the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 and held his own diocesan synods in 1216 and 1221. He divided his diocese into deaneries.

Konstanz Minster
Konstanz Minster or Konstanz Cathedral (German: Konstanzer Münster) is a historical building in Konstanz, southern Germany, the proto-cathedral of the former Roman Catholic diocese of Konstanz (dissolved in 1821).
Myalgia
Myalgia or muscle pain is a painful sensation evolving from muscle tissue. It is a symptom of many diseases. The most common cause of acute myalgia is the overuse of a muscle or group of muscles; another likely cause is viral infection, especially when there has been no injury.

Long-lasting myalgia can be caused by metabolic myopathy, some nutritional deficiencies, ME/CFS, fibromyalgia, and amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome.

Metabolic myopathy
Metabolic myopathies are myopathies that result from defects in biochemical metabolism that primarily affect muscle. They are generally genetic defects (inborn errors of metabolism) that interfere with the ability to create energy, causing a low ATP reservoir within the muscle cell.
Pagurus pollicaris
Pagurus pollicaris is a hermit crab commonly found along the Atlantic coast of North America from New Brunswick to the Gulf of Mexico. It is known by a number of common names, including gray hermit crab, flat-clawed hermit crab, flatclaw hermit crab, shield hermit crab, thumb-clawed hermit crab, broad-clawed hermit crab, and warty hermit crab.

P. pollicaris inhabits the shells of shark eye snails and whelks. It grows to a length of 31 millimetres (1.2 in) and a width of 25 mm (1.0 in). The crab is a pale off-white with unevenly sized, broad, flat claws that can lock together to act as an operculum when the crab withdraws into its shell. The shell is often shared by the commensal zebra flatworm (Stylochus ellipticus).

The diet of the flat-clawed hermit crab comprises organic matter, algae, and sometimes other hermit crabs. Fish are the most important predators of this species.

Neverita duplicata
Neverita duplicata, common name the shark eye, is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Naticidae, the moon snails.

In 2006, a paper was published which made it clear that a second, very similar, species with a smaller range of distribution also lives in part of the range inhabited by Neverita duplicata. The second species had previously been considered to be simply a form of N. duplicata, but it is now recognized as Neverita delessertiana.
Aretha Brown
Aretha Brown, or Aretha Stewart-Brown (born 11 November 2000), is an Indigenous Australian youth activist, comedian, artist, and the former Prime Minister of the National Indigenous Youth Parliament.

Brown has given talks, speeches and acknowledgement of country ceremonies for various organisations, including the ACTU, Landcare, Minus 18, Melbourne University, Jesuit Social Services, One Tree Foundation, Mission Australia, The Australian Shrine of Remembrance, Triple J and for the Australian College of International Surgeons.

Jesuit Social Services
Jesuit Social Services is a social change organisation established by the Australian Jesuits in 1977. Originally based in Melbourne, Australia, it has expanded to include outreach programs in New South Wales and the Northern Territory.

Jesuit Social Services conducts research and advocacy and delivers an array of programs in the areas of young people and adults in the justice system, mental health and wellbeing, education, training and employment, settlement and community building, violence prevention, and ecological justice. In 2020-2021 financial year, 8,249 people received direct support from the organisation.

In the 2020-2021 financial year 79% of the organisation's revenue was sourced from government income and grants.
Picture Perfect (Soil album)
Picture Perfect is the fifth studio album by American rock band SOiL, released on October 20, 2009. It was produced by Johnny K, Ulrich Wild, and SOiL, with Dave Fortman handling mixing duties. Picture Perfect is the final album to feature vocalist A.J. Cavalier, with Ryan McCombs making his return to the band in late 2011. Two singles were released from the album, "Like It Is" and "The Lesser Man".

Dave Fortman
Dave Fortman (born July 11, 1967) is an American record producer and musician. He is the guitarist for rock band Ugly Kid Joe, and has done production work for bands such as Godsmack, Superjoint Ritual, Snot, Atomship, Eyehategod, Mudvayne, Otep, Slipknot, Simple Plan, and Evanescence.
Monea castle
54°23′35″N 7°44′53″W﻿ / ﻿54.393°N 7.748°W﻿ / 54.393; -7.748


Monea Castle is a castle located  in Monea, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is a State Care Historic Monument situated in the townland of Castletown Monea, in Fermanagh District Council area, at grid ref: H1647 4937.

County Fermanagh
County Fermanagh (/fərˈmænə/, fər-MAN-ə; from Irish Fir Manach / Fear Manach, meaning 'men of Manach') is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, one of the nine counties of Ulster and one of the traditional thirty-two counties of Ireland.

The county covers an area of 1,691 km2 (653 sq mi) and had a population of 63,585 as of 2021. Enniskillen is the county town and largest in both size and population.

Fermanagh is one of four counties of Northern Ireland to have a majority of its population from a Catholic background, according to the 2011 census.
2018 Supercopa Uruguaya
The 2018 Supercopa Uruguaya was the first edition of the Supercopa Uruguaya, Uruguay's football super cup. It was held on 26 January 2018 between 2017 Torneo Intermedio winners Nacional and 2017 Primera División champions Peñarol. It was originally scheduled to be played on 28 January, however, and due to Nacional's first match in the 2018 Copa Libertadores being scheduled on 31 January, the Supercopa was moved to 26 January.

The match was played at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo. Peñarol were the winners after beating Nacional 3–1 in normal time.

2017 Campeonato Uruguayo Primera División
The 2017 Liga Profesional de Primera División season, also known as the Campeonato Uruguayo 2017, was the 114th season of Uruguay's top-flight football league, and the 87th in which it is professional. Nacional were the defending champions. Peñarol were the champions after winning the Torneo Clausura and defeating Apertura winners Defensor Sporting at the championship playoff via penalty shoot-out.
Clothing physiology
Clothing physiology is a branch of science that studies the interaction between clothing and the human body, with a particular focus on how clothing affects the physiological and psychological responses of individuals to different environmental conditions. The goal of clothing physiology research is to develop a better understanding of how clothing can be designed to optimize comfort, performance, and protection for individuals in various settings, including outdoor recreation, occupational environments, and medical contexts.

Human body
The human body is the entire structure of a human being. It is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organs and then organ systems.

The external human body consists of a head, hair, neck, torso (which includes the thorax and abdomen), genitals, arms, hands, legs, and feet. The internal human body includes organs, teeth, bones, muscle, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels and blood, lymphatic vessels and lymph.

The study of the human body includes anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The body varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar, iron, and oxygen in the blood.

The body is studied by health professionals, physiologists, anatomists, and artists to assist them in their work.
Köte
A Köte (also Köthe) is the term used in the Harz Mountains of central Germany for a charcoal burner's hut (Köhlerhütte). A Köte was occupied by a charcoal burner in order to look after a nearby wood pile (Kohlenmeiler). The charcoal burner prepared the necessary charcoal for the smelting of ores.

Today, Köten are used for tourism purposes as shelters and rest stops for hikers.

Harz
The Harz (German: [haːɐ̯ts] ⓘ), also called the Harz Mountains, is a highland area in northern Germany. It has the highest elevations for that region, and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. The name Harz derives from the Middle High German word Hardt or Hart (hill forest). The name Hercynia derives from a Celtic name and could refer to other mountain forests, but has also been applied to the geology of the Harz. The Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with an elevation of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within the state of Lower Saxony.
William Rarita
William Rarità (March 21, 1907 – July 8, 1999) was an American theoretical physicist who mainly worked on nuclear physics, particle physics and relativistic quantum mechanics. He is particularly famous for the formulation of Rarita–Schwinger equation. His famous formula is applicable to spin 3/2 particles as opposed to spin 1/2 particles. Rarita taught physics at Brooklyn College for 32 years before he became a visiting scientist in the theory group at LBNL. At the time of his retirement in 1996, he was doing research at LBNL.  In addition to his work with Julian Schwinger, Rarita also collaborated with Herman Feshbach.

Rarita spent a year at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland.

Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.

Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons.

Discoveries in nuclear physics have led to applications in many fields such as nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, industrial and agricultural isotopes, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology. Such applications are studied in the field of nuclear engineering.

Particle physics evolved out of nuclear physics and the two fields are typically taught in close association. Nuclear astrophysics, the application of nuclear physics to astrophysics, is crucial in explaining the inner workings of stars and the origin of the chemical elements.
2024 European Parliament election in Lombardy
The 2024 European Parliament election in Italy took place in Italy on 8–9 June 2024. In the Italian region of Lombardy, the ruling party Brothers of Italy came first with 31.8% of the vote, followed by the Democratic Party (22.6%) and the League (13.1%), represented by the Lombard League in the region, which reflected its right-leaning status as the centre-left coalition, informally known as the Progressive Camp, plus all the remaining parliamentary opposition and left-leaning parties, achieved 44.6% of the votes compared to the 54.2% of the governing parties. Under double digits were the electoral list of Forza Italia and Us Moderates (9.3%), the Greens and Left Alliance (6.8%), the Five Star Movement (5.7%), and Action (4.0%). Below the national electoral threshold of 4% were United States of Europe (3.7%), Peace Land Dignity (1.8%), Freedom (0.7%), Popular Alternative (0.3%), and Valdostan Rally (0.2%).

Greens and Left Alliance
The Greens and Left Alliance (Italian: Alleanza Verdi e Sinistra, AVS) is a left-wing political alliance active in Italy, which was launched on 2 July 2022 as a federation of two political parties, Italian Left (SI) and Green Europe (EV).

AVS is often referred to as a red–green alliance and its leaders are Angelo Bonelli and Nicola Fratoianni, spokespersons of EV and SI.
Chirino
Chirino is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

José Leonardo Chirino (1754–1796), Spanish colonial revolutionary

Martín Chirino (1925–2019), Spanish sculptor

Pedro Chirino (1557–1635), Spanish historian and Jesuit missionary

Rogelio Chirino (born 1946), Cuban sprint canoeist

Willy Chirino (born 1947), American singer

Pedro Almíndez Chirino (fl. 1524–1531), Spanish conquistador

Pedro Chirino
Pedro Chirino, SJ (born 1557 in Osuna, Andalusia – died 16 September 1635 in Manila, Philippines) was a Spanish priest and historian who served as a Jesuit missionary in the Philippines. He is most remembered for his work, Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604), one of the earliest works about the Philippines and its people that was written.
Apeda Studio
Apeda Studio was a photography business in New York City. It was established as a partnership between Alexander W. Dreyfoos, Sr. . It incorporated in 1914.

In 1913 the studio was sued unsuccessfully for copyright infringement, for reproducing the work of another studio, marking it as its own work, and selling it.

Its photo of Bert Errol in drag featured on a postcard. It published a photograph of minstrel performers in blackface.

Alexander W. Dreyfoos Jr. was the son of its co-founder.

The International Center of Photography (ICP) and Library of Congress have collections of photographs from the studio.

International Center of Photography
The International Center of Photography (ICP) is a photography museum and school at 84 Ludlow Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City. ICP's photographic collection, reading room, and archives are at Mana Contemporary in Jersey City, New Jersey. The organization was founded by Cornell Capa in 1974. It is located at 84 Ludlow Street, within the Lower East Side.

ICP is the host of the Infinity Awards, inaugurated in 1985 "to bring public attention to outstanding achievements in photography by honoring individuals with distinguished careers in the field and by identifying future luminaries."
Herman Marquis
Herman Marquis is a Jamaican saxophone musician who has played with many reggae artists including Burning Spear. He recorded for Arthur "Duke" Reid in the 1960s and was a member of The Revolutionaries and The Upsetters in the 1970s. He was much in demand as a session player throughout the 1970s and 1980s, playing with some of Jamaica's top stars including Gregory Isaacs, Dennis Brown, Bunny Wailer, and Justin Hinds.

In 1978, Marquis made a brief cameo in the film Rockers directed by Ted Bafaloukos. He was also part of the Rockers All Stars, the group responsible for the film's instrumental music.

He continued through to the mid 1980s and worked with Burning Spear and Ernest Ranglin.

Burning Spear
Winston Rodney OD (born 1 March 1945), better known by the stage name Burning Spear, is a Jamaican roots reggae singer-songwriter, vocalist, and musician. Burning Spear is a Rastafarian and one of the most influential and long-standing roots artists to emerge from the 1970s.
HMS Achates
Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Achates after Achates, a character in Roman mythology. A sixth was planned but never completed:

HMS Achates (1573) was a 13-gun ship launched in 1573, hulked in 1590 and sold in 1605.

HMS Achates (1808) was a 10-gun Cherokee-class brig-sloop launched in 1808 and wrecked in 1810 off Guadeloupe.

HMS Achates (1809) was a 16-gun brig-sloop, originally the French Milan, launched in 1807, that HMS Surveillante captured on 30 October 1809, and that was sold in 1818.

HMS Achates (1912) was an Acasta-class destroyer launched in 1912 and sold in 1921.

HMS Achates (H12) was an A-class destroyer launched in 1929 and sunk in 1942 by the German cruiser Admiral Hipper.

HMS Achates (P433) was to have been an Amphion-class submarine. She was launched in 1945, but was never completed, and was sunk as a target in 1950.

French frigate Surveillante (1802)
Surveillante entered service as a 40-gun Virginie-class frigate of the French Navy. She was surrendered to the British in 1803, after which she served in the Royal Navy, classed under the British system as a 38-gun vessel, until 1814 when she was decommissioned. HMS Surveillante had a long and active career under two successful and distinguished commanders, from the Baltic to the northwestern coasts of France, Spain and Portugal, and was present at the Battle of Copenhagen (1807) and throughout the Peninsula War. Her record as a taker of prizes is notable for its success, particularly towards the end of her career.
Black Mask 2: City of Masks
Black Mask 2: City of Masks (黑俠II) is a 2002 Hong Kong superhero film directed by Tsui Hark. It is the sequel to the 1996 Hong Kong film Black Mask, starring Jet Li. Andy On took over the role of Black Mask after Li opted not to return. The film also starred Tobin Bell, Jon Polito, Tyler Mane, Rob Van Dam, Traci Lords, and Scott Adkins. The martial arts choreography was directed by Yuen Woo-ping.

Andy Lau
Andy Lau Tak-wah SBS BBS MH JP (Chinese: 劉德華; Jyutping: Lau4 Dak1 Waa4; born Lau Fook-wing; 27 September 1961), is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He was named one of the Five Tiger Generals of TVB in the 1980s as well as one of the Four Heavenly Kings in the 1990s. Lau won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor three times, the Golden Horse Award for Best Leading Actor twice, and was entered into the Guinness World Records for the "Most Awards Won by a Cantopop Male Artist" in 2000, with a total of 444 music awards by 2006. In 2018, Lau became a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In 2024, Lau was elected vice chairman of the 11th China Film Association. Over a career of four decades, Lau has been one of the most commercially and critically successful artists in the Chinese-speaking world.