hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Prime-counting function
In mathematics, the prime-counting function is the function counting the number of prime numbers less than or equal to some real number x. It is denoted by π(x) (unrelated to the number π).

A symmetric variant seen sometimes is π0(x), which is equal to π(x) − 1⁄2 if x is exactly a prime number, and equal to π(x) otherwise.  That is, the number of prime numbers less than x, plus half if x equals a prime.

Möbius inversion formula
In mathematics, the classic Möbius inversion formula is a relation between pairs of arithmetic functions, each defined from the other by sums over divisors. It was introduced into number theory in 1832 by August Ferdinand Möbius.

A large generalization of this formula applies to summation over an arbitrary locally finite partially ordered set, with Möbius' classical formula applying to the set of the natural numbers ordered by divisibility: see incidence algebra.
2023 Amstel Gold Race (women's race)
The 2023 Amstel Gold Race Ladies Edition was a Dutch road cycling one-day race held on 16 April 2023. It was the 9th edition of the Amstel Gold Race for women, and the 12th event of the 2023 UCI Women's World Tour.

The race was won by Dutch rider Demi Vollering of SD Worx, who won the race for the first time.

Amstel Gold Race (women's race)
The Amstel Gold Race is a one-day classic road cycling race held annually in the province of Limburg, Netherlands. Held in mid-April on the same day as the men's event, the race starts in Maastricht and finishes in Berg en Terblijt, Valkenburg. It features 21 categorized climbs, including four ascents of the Cauberg.

The race is the first of three Ardennes classics along with the Belgian La Flèche Wallonne Féminine and Liège–Bastogne–Liège Femmes.
Nafusi language
Nafusi (also spelt Nefusi; in Nafusi: Ažbali / Maziɣ / Mazoɣ or Tanfust) is a Berber language spoken in the Nafusa Mountains (Adrar 'n Infusen), a large area in northwestern Libya. Its primary speakers are the Ibadi Muslim communities around Jadu, Nalut (Lalut) and Yafran.

The dialect of Yefren in the east differs somewhat from that of Nalut and Jadu in the west. Old Nafusi phrases appear in Ibadite manuscripts as early as the 12th century.

The dialect of Jadu is described in some detail in Beguinot (1931). Motylinski (1898) describes the dialect of Jadu and Nalut as spoken by a student from Yefren.

Nafusi shares several innovations with the Zenati languages, but unlike these Berber varieties, it maintains prefix vowels before open syllables. For example, ufəs "hand" < *afus, rather than Zenati fus. It appears especially closely related to Sokni and Siwi to its east.

Yafran
Yafran /ˈjɑːfrən/ (Arabic: يفرن), also spelled Jefren, Yefren, Yifran, Yifrin or Ifrane, is a city in northwestern Libya, in the Jabal al Gharbi District in the western Nafusa Mountains. Before 2007, Yafran was the administrative seat of the Yafran District.
Outline of classical architecture
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to classical architecture:

Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those.  For example, most of the styles originating in post-Renaissance Europe can be described as classical architecture. This broad use of the term is employed by Sir John Summerson in The Classical Language of Architecture.

Parodos
A parodos (also parode and parodus; Ancient Greek: πάροδος, 'entrance', plural parodoi), in the theater of ancient Greece, is a side-entrance to the stage, or the first song that is sung by the chorus at the beginning of a Greek tragedy.
Drosanthemum speciosum
Drosanthemum speciosum or royal dewflower is a succulent plant in the Ice plant Family (Aizoaceae) and native to the Montague District in the south of the Cape Province of South Africa. The flowers have two whorls of staminodes: The inner whorl of about thirty are very short and almost black. The outer whorl of about sixty are long and bright orange.

Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae (/ˌeɪzoʊˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or fig-marigold family, are a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1,800 species. Several genera are commonly named ice plants or carpet weeds. The Aizoaceae are also referred to as vygies in South Africa. Some of the unusual  Southern African genera—such as Conophytum, Lithops, Titanopsis, and Pleiospilos (among others)—resemble gemstones, rocks, or pebbles, and are sometimes called living stones or mesembs (short for mesembryanthemums).
Pehchan (1975 film)
Pehchan is a 1975 Pakistani action-drama film directed by Pervaiz Malik. The film stars Nadeem and Shabnam, with Sabiha Khanam, Qavi Khan, and Munawar Saeed playing supporting roles. The film revolves around a family that lost its sole heir. The music was composed by Nisar Bazmi. It released on 1 August 1975 and was a success at the box office. At the 1975 Nigar Awards, the film received two awards.

Nisar Bazmi
Nisar Bazmi (1 December 1924 – 22 March 2007) was a composer and music director of Indian and Pakistan film industry.

Nisar Bazmi was known as one of the accomplished musicians of South Asia. He also introduced new singers like Alamgir and Mehnaz Begum. The duo of composers Laxmikant–Pyarelal were musicians with Bazmi in India before partition. However, he is primarily remembered for his compositions in the voice of playback singer Ahmed Rushdi.
Sar Tang-e Soleyman Koshteh
Sar Tang-e Soleyman Koshteh (Persian: سرتنگ سليمان كشته, also Romanized as Sar Tang-e Soleymān Koshteh) is a village in Qaleh Tall Rural District, in the Central District of Bagh-e Malek County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 18, in 10 families.

Qaleh Tall Rural District
Qaleh Tall Rural District (Persian: دهستان قلعه تل) is in Qaleh Tall District of Bagh-e Malek County, Khuzestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Loran. The rural district was previously administered from the city of Qaleh Tall.
Gilliamsen Peak
Gilliamsen Peak (71°51′S 70°20′W﻿ / ﻿71.850°S 70.333°W﻿ / -71.850; -70.333) is a peak (about 650 m) marking the southeast extremity of the Staccato Peaks in the south portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica.  The peak was photographed from the air by Lincoln Ellsworth in 1935.  Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Lieutenant Commander Donald A. Gilliamsen, U.S. Navy, aircraft pilot, Squadron VXE-6, Operation Deep Freeze, 1969 and 1970.

Staccato Peaks
Staccato Peaks (71°47′S 70°39′W﻿ / ﻿71.783°S 70.650°W﻿ / -71.783; -70.650) is a series of rock peaks extending 11 miles (18 km) in a north–south direction, rising to about 940 m with Hageman Peak being the highest peak of the Staccato Peaks, rising from the snowfields 20 miles (32 km) south of the Walton Mountains in the south part of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The peaks were first sighted from the air by Lincoln Ellsworth on 23 November 1935, and mapped from photos taken on that flight by W.L.G. Joerg. Remapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947–48, by Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960. The name, given by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee, refers to the precipitous and abrupt way in which the peaks rise from the surrounding snowfields and is associated with other musical names in the vicinity.
Paplinek
Paplinek [paˈplinɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowiesy, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) west of Kowiesy, 19 km (12 mi) south-east of Skierniewice, and 65 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has an approximate population of 60.

Kowiesy, Łódź Voivodeship
Kowiesy [kɔˈvjɛsɨ] is a village in Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kowiesy. It lies approximately 21 km (13 mi) east of Skierniewice and 67 km (42 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has an approximate population of 150.
Salatin, Iran
Salatin (Persian: سلاطين, also Romanized as Salāţīn; also known as Sīr Kāneh) is a village in Osmanvand Rural District, Firuzabad District, Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 87, in 20 families.

Osmanvand Rural District
Osmanvand Rural District (Persian: دهستان عثمان‌وند) is in Firuzabad District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Anjab-e Buzhan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Sar Jub-e Qaleh Masgareh.
National Press of El Salvador
The National Press of El Salvador (Spanish: Imprenta Nacional de El Salvador) is the state institution responsible for coordinating and implementing actions for printing and publication of the country's Official Journal, in which all documents ordered by law are published. It also performs printing services requested by the public sector, legal entities, and people in the private sector.

Government gazette
A government gazette (also known as an official gazette, official journal, official newspaper, official monitor or official bulletin) is a periodical publication that has been authorised to publish public or legal notices. It is usually established by statute or official action, and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is usually considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice.
Gazettes are published either in print, electronically or both.
Ottawa Transportation Commission
Ottawa Transportation Commission was the public transit operator for the Canadian city of Ottawa from 1948 until the creation of OC Transpo in 1973.

In December 1950 the OTC gained control and ownership of the Eastview Bus Service and absorbed all bus lines, buses and the garage.

Toronto Transit Commission
The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) is the primary public transport agency in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operating the majority of the city's bus and rail services. It is the oldest and largest of the urban transit service providers in Canada, with numerous connections to systems serving its surrounding municipalities.

Established as the Toronto Transportation Commission in 1921, the TTC owns and operates five rapid transit lines with 109 stations, more than 150 bus routes, and nine streetcar lines. In 2025, the system had a total of 800,212,000 boardings. The TTC is the most heavily used urban transit system in Canada.
Boris Arkadyev
Boris Andreyevich Arkadyev (Russian: Бори́с Андре́евич Арка́дьев; 21 September 1899 – 17 October 1986) was a Russian footballer and a coach. He became the first coach of the Soviet Union national football team. Merited Master of Sports of the USSR (1942), Merited Coach of the USSR (1957).

Unified Sports Classification System of Russia
Unified All-Russian Sports Classification (Russian: Единая всероссийская спортивная классификация) is a system which regulates the Russian physical education system requirements for both athletes and coaches.
French Interfederal Committee
The French Interfederal Committee (French: Comité français interfédéral, CFI) is the direct ancestor of the French Football Federation (FFF), founded in 1919 by the transformation of the said committee.

L'Harmattan
Éditions L'Harmattan, usually known simply as L'Harmattan (French: [laʁmatɑ̃]), is one of the largest French book publishers, founded by Denis Pryen and Robert Ageneau in 1975. It specialises in non-fiction books with a particular focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. It is named after the Harmattan, a trade wind in West Africa.

Éditions L'Harmattan, which initially specialized in publishing French-language works in the humanities and social sciences, has four publishing houses in Europe, eleven in Africa, and two bookstores in Paris.
Chitpur
Chitpur (or Chitpore) is a neighbourhood in North Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Sometimes, the entire area along Chitpur Road is referred to as Chitpur, although the various localities have distinctive names.

North Kolkata
North Kolkata encompasses the northern part of Kolkata, including the city's oldest neighborhoods.

Notable areas within North Kolkata include Shyambazar, Bagbazar,  Girish Park, Kumartuli, Shobhabazar, Jorasanko, Pathuriaghata, Maniktala, Hatibagan, Kankurgachi, Ultadanga, Belgachia, Tala, Sinthee, Cossipore and Baranagar. Due to its rich cultural heritage, it is commonly referred to as "Babu Kolkata". This region is known for its old heritage buildings and temples, such as the Sovabazar Rajbari.

North Kolkata is home to several palatial structures, including Pathuriaghata Ghosh Bari, Laha Bari and Thakur Bari. This area also houses the main campuses of several universities, including the University of Calcutta, Presidency University, The Sanskrit College and University and Rabindra Bharati University.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 748
UN Security Council Resolution 748, adopted unanimously on 31 March 1992, after reaffirming Resolution 731 (1992), the UN Security Council decided, under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, that demanded Government of Libya's immediate compliance with requests from investigations relating to the destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie and UTA Flight 772 over Chad and Niger, calling on Libya to cease all forms of terrorist action and assistance to terrorist groups. To this end, the council imposed sanctions on Libya until Libya complied.

Lockerbie
Lockerbie (/ˈlɒkərbi/, Scottish Gaelic: Locarbaidh) is a town in Dumfries and Galloway, south-western Scotland. The 2001 Census recorded its population as 4,009; it was estimated to have risen to 
4,190 in 2020. The town came to international attention in December 1988, when the wreckage of Pan Am Flight 103 crashed there following a terrorist bomb attack aboard the flight.
China Railway Wuhan Group
China Railway Wuhan Group, officially abbreviated as CR Wuhan or CR-Wuhan, formerly, Wuhan Railway Administration is a subsidiary company operating under the umbrella of the China Railway Group (formerly the Ministry of Railway). The railway administration was reorganized as a company in November 2017.

As of 2007, the group is responsible for a total length of 6390.7 kilometers, and commercial length of 2709.2 kilometers of railways. It oversees 265 stations and manages the railways in Hubei and southern Henan provinces.

It also manages the Wuhan Railway Hub, one of the eight biggest railway hubs, and one of the six biggest passenger hubs in China.

China Railway
China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中国国家铁路集团有限公司), short form China Railway (CR), is the state-owned rail transport operator and rail infrastructure manager in Mainland China.

China Railway operates passenger and freight transport throughout China with 18 regional bureaus. China has the highest railway usage in the world.
George von Amsberg
Georg von Amsberg (June 24, 1821 – November 21, 1876) was a German, who served in Austria, Hungary, and the United States as a military officer in both the Hungarian revolution of 1848 and the American Civil War.  Along with such other figures as Carl Schurz and Franz Sigel, he was among a group of European revolutionaries and emigrants who have been collectively termed "Forty-Eighters", a number of whom served prominently in the Union Army.

Franz Sigel
Franz Sigel (November 18, 1824 – August 21, 1902) was a German-born American military officer and revolutionary who immigrated to the United States where he worked as a teacher, newspaperman, and politician along with serving as a major general in the Union army during the American Civil War. His ability to recruit German-speaking immigrants to the Union armies received the approval of President Abraham Lincoln, but he was strongly disliked by General-in-Chief Henry Halleck.
Port of Depapre
Port of Depapre is an under-construction container and bulk cargo seaport in Jayapura Regency, Papua, Indonesia. The port located in Tanahmerah Bay, directly facing the Pacific Ocean in the north. The port is being planned to replace the old Port of Jayapura, located 30 km to the east. The port is also located about 27 km west of Sentani, the regencial capital of Jayapura Regency, and 60 km west of Jayapura, the provincial capital of Papua.

Jayapura Regency
Jayapura Regency is one of the regencies (kabupaten) in Papua Province of Indonesia. It is situated to the west of but does not include the city of Jayapura. Previously covering most of the north-east portion of Papua province, it was reduced substantially in extent from 12 November 2002, when the eastern districts were split off to form a new Keerom Regency and the western districts were split off to form a new Sarmi Regency. It now covers an area of 17,516.6 km2 (but see Note (h) under table below), and had a population of 111,943 at the 2010 Census and 166,171 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 203,772 (comprising 105,242 males and 98,530 females). The administrative centre is the town of Sentani, which had 26,518 inhabitants in mid 2024 in the 20.562 of its town (kelurahan) area.
2025 Bangladesh earthquake
On 21 November 2025, at 10:38:26 BST (UTC+6), a moment magnitude 5.4 earthquake struck near Dhaka, Bangladesh, followed by at least four aftershocks. At least 10 people died and nearly 630 others suffered injuries. It was the deadliest earthquake to strike the country in over two decades.

Seismic magnitude scales
Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram. Magnitude scales vary based on what aspect of the seismic waves are measured and how they are measured. Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes, the information available, and the purposes for which the magnitudes are used.
Odenwald (electoral district)
49°46′54″N 8°56′48″E﻿ / ﻿49.781554°N 8.946676°E﻿ / 49.781554; 8.946676Odenwald is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 186. It is located in southern Hesse, comprising the district of Odenwaldkreis and eastern parts of the districts of Darmstadt-Dieburg and Landkreis Offenbach.

Odenwald was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. From 2021 to 2025, it has been represented by Jens Zimmermann of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Since 2025 it is been represented by Patricia Lips of the CDU.

Offenbach (district)
Offenbach is a Kreis (district) in the south of Hesse, Germany and is part of the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Neighbouring districts are Main-Kinzig, Aschaffenburg, Darmstadt-Dieburg, Groß-Gerau  and the cities of Darmstadt, Frankfurt and Offenbach.
Taijutsu
Taijutsu (体術, literally "body technique" or "body skill") is a Japanese martial art blanket term for any combat skill, technique, or system of martial art using body movements that are described as an empty-hand combat skill or system. Taijutsu is a synonym for jujutsu (method of close combat either unarmed or with minor weapons), and the words jujutsu, taijutsu, and yawara can be used interchangeably. The term is commonly used when referring to traditional Japanese martial arts but has also been used in the naming of modern martial arts such as Bujinkan Budo Taijutsu. Taijutsu is similar to karate but is more focused on the body techniques. More specific names than taijutsu are typically used when describing a martial art: judo (focusing on throwing, taking of balance and grappling), aikido (focusing on harmonizing, throwing, and joint locks) as well as karate and kenpō (focusing through striking).

Kenpō
Kenpō (Japanese: 拳法,けんぽう) is the name of several martial arts. This term is often informally transliterated as "kempo", as a result of applying Traditional Hepburn romanization, but failing to use a macron to indicate the long vowel. The word Kenpō translates to "Fist Method", "ken" meaning "fist" and "po" meaning "method/technique". The generic nature of the term combined with its widespread, cross-cultural adoption in the martial arts community has led to many divergent definitions. For example, in Suiō-ryū Iai Kenpō it refers to "Battlefield sword against sword forms". In modern Japanese, the term is generally used to describe any primarily striking based system, especially of Chinese origin.
2022 PNVF Champions League for Women
The women's division of the 2022 PNVF Champions League began on November 6 to 13, 2022 at PhilSports Arena, Pasig City, Philippines. This is the second edition of the PNVF Champions League.

California Precision Sports-Antipolo won against UE Manila-Cherrylume Lady Red Warriors in 3 sets to claim the championship title. KMS-Quezon City Lady Vikings secured the bronze after outlasted Imus City-AJAA Lady Spikers in 5 sets.

Philippine Standard Time
Philippine Standard Time (PST or PhST; Filipino: Pamantayang Oras ng Pilipinas), also known as Philippine Time (PHT), is the official name for the time zone used in the Philippines. The country only uses a single time zone, at an offset of UTC+08:00, but used daylight saving time for brief periods in November 1, 1936 until September 20, 1978.
Decree on the goods of the clergy placed at the disposal of the Nation
The decree on the goods of the clergy placed at the disposal of the Nation (French - décret des biens du clergé mis à la disposition de la Nation) was a decree passed by the National Constituent Assembly of France on 2 November 1789, during the French Revolution. Proposed by Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, it was carried by 568 votes against 346.

It forced Roman Catholic clergy to give their lands and goods to the French state to pay its debts. Clergy's belongings and lands became 'biens nationaux' (state goods) and were partly sold off to replenish the state's coffers (assignats). In return the state paid for maintenance of churches and hospitals, poor relief, and other costs incurred for religious purposes, as well as paying priests salaries (initially set at 1200 livres a year, although most - reduced to a 'portion congrue' from tithes  - only received 750). Those salaries ceased by another decree of 18 September 1794 suppressing the budget of the Constitutional Church.

Biens nationaux
The biens nationaux were properties confiscated during the French Revolution from the Catholic Church, the monarchy, émigrés, and suspected counter-revolutionaries for "the good of the nation".

Biens means "goods", both in the sense of "objects" and in the sense of "benefits". Nationaux means "of the nation". This can be summarized as "things for the good of the nation", or simply "national goods".

The possessions of the Roman Catholic Church were declared national property by the decree of 2 November 1789. These were sold to resolve the financial crisis that caused the Revolution. Later, the properties of the Crown were given the same treatment.

The concept of national property was later extended to the property of the émigrés, and the suspected counter-revolutionaries, which were confiscated from 30 March 1792, and sold after the decree of 27 July.