hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gladstone Professor of Government
The Gladstone Professorship of Government is located at All Souls College at the University of Oxford. It was instituted in memory of William Ewart Gladstone. Initially the chair was described as the Gladstone Professorship of Political Theory and Institutions. In 1941 this was changed to Government and Public Administration. More recently the title has changed to Professor of Government. The professorship has never been held by a woman. Its past holders have been:

Sir Kenneth Clinton Wheare, 1944-1956

Max Beloff, 1957-1974

Samuel Finer, 1974-1982

Peter Pulzer, 1985-1996

Alfred C. Stepan, 1996-1999 before he re-joined Columbia University

Christopher Hood, 2001–2014. He worked mainly on executive government and the politics of public services.

Stathis Kalyvas, 2018-.

All Souls College, Oxford
All Souls College (official name: The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed, of Oxford) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become fellows (i.e., full members of the college's governing body). It has no student members, but each year, recent graduates are eligible to apply for a small number of examination fellowships through a competitive examination (once described as "the hardest exam in the world") and, for those shortlisted after the examinations, an interview.

The college entrance is on the north side of High Street, whilst it has a long frontage onto Radcliffe Square. To its east is The Queen's College, whilst Hertford College is to the north of All Souls.

The current warden (head of the college) is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford.
MasterChef Celebrity (Argentine TV series)
MasterChef Celebrity Argentina is an Argentine gastronomy reality show contest produced by Boxfish TV for Telefe. It is the national variant of the television program and franchise MasterChef in which celebrities from Argentina participate. The program is hosted by Santiago del Moro and the contestants are evaluated by a jury made up of chefs Donato De Santis, Germán Martitegui and Damián Betular.

MasterChef
MasterChef is a competitive cooking show television format created by Franc Roddam, which originated with the British version in July 1990. The show aims to discover the culinary talent of chefs of varying skill levels, through a series of cooking challenges, watched over by various acclaimed food critics and chefs.

Dave Ross commissioned the show for the BBC and gave it the name; he had already produced Masterteam, a quiz show hosted by Angela Rippon, and worked on the long-running Mastermind, and so the name was a continuation of that. The format was revived and updated for the BBC in February 2005 by executive producers Roddam and John Silver with series producer Karen Ross.

The revived format is sold internationally by Banijay. Its first international adaptation was MasterChef Australia, which began in 2009. The show has since been adapted in several other countries.
Oxford and Cambridge Far Eastern Expedition
The 1955-56 Oxford and Cambridge Far Eastern Expedition was a publicity effort by the Rover Company as manufacturer of the Land Rover Series I 86" Station Wagons. The station wagons were very different from the previous Tickford model, being built with bolt-together aluminium panels. The journey was undertaken by six Oxford and Cambridge university students from London to Singapore.

The Oxford and Cambridge Far Eastern Expedition was inspired by the earlier 1954 Oxford and Cambridge Trans-Africa Expedition, developed by Adrian Cowell.

Tickford
Tickford is an automobile engineering and testing business in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, known for tuning and such products as the 140 mph Tickford Turbo Capri.

Under the name Salmons & Sons and their Tickford products the firm has an almost two century-long history of coachbuilding.
Mandy Maywood
Mandy Nicole Maywood, OAM (born 1974) is an Australian visually impaired Paralympic swimmer.  At the 1988 Seoul Games, she won a silver medal in the Women's 50 m Breaststroke B3 event, and two bronze medals in the Women's 100 m Breaststroke B3 and Women's 200 m Breaststroke B3 events. At the 1992 Barcelona Games, she won a gold medal in the Women's 100 m Breaststroke B3 event, for which she received a Medal of the Order of Australia, and a bronze medal in the Women's 200 m Breaststroke B1–3 event. In 2000, she received an Australian Sports Medal.

1992 Summer Paralympics
The 1992 Summer Paralympics (Spanish: Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1992; Catalan: Jocs Paralímpics d'estiu de 1992) were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In addition, the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympics in the Spanish capital, Madrid.
Edward Ozorowski
Edward Ozorowski (1 May 1941 – 12 October 2024) was a Polish Roman Catholic prelate. He served as the Auxiliary bishop in Białystok from 1979 to 2006. Ozorowski then served as the Metropolitan bishop in Białystok from 2006 to 2017.

He was awarded Honorary citizenship of Wasilków in 2007. He was also honored by Białystok in 2014 and received the Minister of National Education award.

Ozorwoski was born on 1 May 1941, and died on 12 October 2024, at the age of 83.

Wasilków
Wasilków [vaˈɕilkuf] is a town in north-eastern Poland, in Białystok County, in Podlaskie Voivodeship, about 3 km (2 mi) north of Białystok, with 12 831 inhabitants (2024). It is a northern suburb of Białystok within the Białystok metropolitan area, situated on the Supraśl River.
Eric Lindholm (athlete)
Eric Evert Lindholm (August 22, 1890 – August 9, 1957) was a Swedish track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

In 1912, he was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 400 metres competition. He was eliminated in the first round in the 800 metres event.

He was also a member of the Swedish relay team, which was eliminated in the first round of the 4x400 metre relay event.

Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres
The men's 400 metres was a track and field athletics event held as part of the Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. The competition was held on Friday, July 12, 1912, and on Saturday, July 13, 1912. Forty-nine runners from 16 nations competed. NOCs could enter up to 12 athletes. The event was won by Charles Reidpath of the United States, the nation's fourth title in the event. Hanns Braun of Germany took silver, the nation's first medal in the men's 400 metres.
UEXT
Universal EXTension (UEXT) is a connector layout which includes power and three serial buses: Asynchronous, I2C, and SPI separately over 10 pins in a 2×5 layout. The connector layout was specified by Olimex Ltd and declared an open-project that is royalty-free in 2011, and was used in all their boards after 2004.

Royalty-free
Royalty-free (RF) material subject to copyright or other intellectual property rights may be used without the need to pay royalties or license fees for each use, per each copy or volume sold or some time period of use or sales.
Regional Fast Rail project
The Regional Fast Rail project (or RFR project) was a rail transport project undertaken by the State Government of Victoria, Australia, between 2000 and 2006 aimed at improving rail services on the Victorian regional railway network (operated by V/Line), specifically to reduce travel times, enhance service frequency and safety.

With delays, the project was finally completed in 2009. Record passenger numbers and a substantial contribution to the growth of regional Victorian economies have both been attributed to the project with several substantial spin-off projects and subsequent calls for further upgrades and investment. The cost of the project to the government was estimated at A$750 million.

Glossary of rail transport terms
Rail transport terms are a form of technical terminology applied to railways. Although many terms are uniform across different nations and companies, they are by no means universal, with differences often originating from parallel development of rail transport systems in different parts of the world, and in the national origins of the engineers and managers who built the inaugural rail infrastructure. An example is the term railroad, used (but not exclusively) in North America, and railway, generally used in English-speaking countries outside North America and by the International Union of Railways. In English-speaking countries outside the United Kingdom, a mixture of US and UK terms may exist.

Various terms, both global and specific to individual countries, are listed here. The abbreviation "UIC" refers to terminology adopted by the International Union of Railways in its official publications and thesaurus.
Khilok Formation
The Khilok Formation is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in Buryatia, Russia. While the lower portion of the formation consists of sandstone and conglomerates, the upper portion of the formation largely consists of trachybasalt, these deposits have been dated to the Aptian. A thin 20 cm bed is known from the formation containing the remains of numerous indeterminate vertebrates, including dinosaur and pterosaurs and an indeterminate species of Kirgizemys.

Buryatia
Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia, is a republic of Russia located in the Russian Far East. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District since 2018. To its north lie Irkutsk Oblast and Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world; Zabaykalsky Krai to the east; Tuva to the west and Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude. It has an area of 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with a population of 978,588 (2021 Census). It is home to the indigenous Buryats.
Dias e Ocho Creek Camp, Texas
Dias e Ocho Creek Camp is a ghost town in Presidio County, Texas. It was founded as a United States Army camp built around the same time as nearby Fort Holland. These two camps were built as defense against Francisco Villa and his cohort of bandits. It was abandoned after World War I and is now located within the private Quinn Ranch property.

Presidio County, Texas
Presidio County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 6,131. Its county seat is Marfa. The county was created in 1850 and later organized in 1875. Presidio County (K-5 in Texas topological index of counties) is in the Trans-Pecos region of West Texas and is named for the border settlement of Presidio del Norte (now Ojinaga, Mexico). It is on the Rio Grande, which forms the Mexican border.
Cass Lake (Minnesota)
Cass Lake is a lake in north central Minnesota in the United States. It is approximately 10 mi (16 km) long and 7 mi (11 km) wide, located in Cass and Beltrami counties, within the Chippewa National Forest and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation, adjacent to its namesake city of Cass Lake. It is the 11th largest lake in Minnesota, and the 8th largest lake lying entirely within the borders of the state.

Cass County, Minnesota
Cass County is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,066. Its county seat is Walker. The county was formed in 1851, and was organized in 1897.

Cass County is included in the Brainerd, MN Micropolitan Statistical Area.

A substantial part of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation is in the county.
Takekoma Inari Shrine
The Takekoma Inari Shrine (竹駒稲荷神社) is a Shintō shrine in the city of Iwanuma in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It is considered one of the three main shrines dedicated to the kami Inari, and claims to be the second-oldest Inari shrine in Japan. It was also referred to as the Takekoma Myojin (武隈明神)

Inari's traditional festival day is the first horse day (the sixth day) of the second month of the lunisolar calendar; in recent years, the shrine has celebrated the event on a Sunday in February or early March.  This festival is estimated to draw a quarter-million attendees.

The shrine is also home to a horsemanship museum.

Lunisolar calendar
A lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures, that combines monthly lunar cycles with the solar year. As with all calendars which divide the year into months, there is an additional requirement that the year have a whole number of months (Moon cycles). The majority of years have twelve months but every second or third year is an embolismic year, which adds a thirteenth intercalary, embolismic, or leap month.

In contrast to purely lunar calendars such as the Islamic calendar, lunisolar calendars have additional intercalation rules that reset them periodically into a rough agreement with the solar year and thus with the seasons.
Ginette Anfousse
Ginette Anfousse (born May 27, 1944) is a Quebec writer and illustrator of children's books.

She was born in Montreal and was educated at the École des beaux-arts de Montréal. She also studied engraving at the Atelier Graff in Montreal and the Atelier de l'Île in Val-David. Anfousse worked as a visual designer for Radio Canada from 1968 to 1970 and for Radio Quebec from 1970 to 1975. In 1978, she founded her own design company.

Her first stories Mon Ami Pichou and La Cachette were published in 1976. She has also contributed to the magazines Perspectives, Lurelu and Livre d'ici.

Anfousse has received the Children's Literature prize from the Canada Council twice: for La Chicane and La Varicelle (1979) and Un Loup pour Rose and Une Nuit au pays des malices (1983). In 1987, she was awarded the Prix Fleury-Mesplet for her work.

Many of her books have been translated into English; some have been translated into Italian, German, Spanish and Chinese.

Ici Radio-Canada Télé
Ici Radio-Canada Télé (stylized as ICI Radio-Canada Télé, and sometimes abbreviated as Ici Télé) is a Canadian French-language free-to-air television network spunoff Ici Radio-Canada Première, owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (known in French as Société Radio-Canada [SRC]), the national public broadcaster. Its English-language counterpart is CBC Television.

Its headquarters are at the Nouvelle Maison Radio-Canada in Montreal, which is also home to the network's flagship station, CBFT-DT, as well as the master control facilities of all of its owned-and-operated stations nationwide. Until the 2012 closedown of the CBC / Radio-Canada rebroadcaster network, it was the only francophone network in Canada to broadcast terrestrially in all Canadian provinces.
Aditi Shankar
Aditi Shankar (born 6 July 1997) is an Indian actress and singer known for her work majorly in Tamil cinema. She is the recipient of one Vikatan Award, one SIIMA Awards and one Filmfare Awards South.

Although Aditi aspired to become a doctor, she became an actress and made her film debut with the Tamil Super Hit film Viruman (2022) and continued her success with Maaveeran (2023).

South Indian International Movie Awards
The South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA)  rewards the artistic and technical achievements of the South Indian film industry. It was launched in 2012 by Vishnu Vardhan Induri and Brinda Prasad Adusimilli to appreciate and honour film makers from across the South Indian film industries: Telugu cinema, Tamil cinema, Malayalam cinema, and Kannada cinema, and provide a platform to promote South Indian films in international markets.
Progressive Party (Russia)
The Progressive Party (Russian: Прогрессивная партия), also known as the Progressists (Russian: прогрессисты), was a group of moderate Russian liberals organized in 1912. It had 25 deputies in the Third Duma and 48 in the Fourth. Its most prominent members were Ivan Efremov, Aleksandr Konovalov, and Pavel Ryabushinsky. In the last two Dumas, the Progressists entered into a coalition with the Constitutional Democrats, and in the Fourth Duma, they were part of the  Progressive Bloc. After the February Revolution, Efremov and Konovalov became part of the Provisional Government.

October 1907 Russian legislative election
Legislative elections were held in the Russian Empire in October 1907 to elect the 442 seats of the Third State Duma. It was the second election to the Duma that year after the January 1907 Russian election.

In June 1907, the Duma was forcibly dissolved by the Russian government, and some of its deputies arrested. Following the dissolution, the laws regarding elections were amended to favour wealthy pro-government Russians. The dissolution, arrest, and new electoral law were all done in violation of the Russian Constitution of 1906 as the Duma did not consent to any of the three actions.

The Union of October 17 emerged as the largest party in the election, winning 154 of the 442 seats. Other rightist parties also made huge gains in the election. Electoral turnout fell massively compared to the prior State Duma elections.
Myrmidons
In Greek mythology, the Myrmidons (or Myrmidones; Ancient Greek: Μυρμῐδόνες, romanized: Murmidónes, singular: Μυρμῐδών, Murmidṓn) were an ancient Thessalian  tribe.

In Homer's Iliad, the Myrmidons are the soldiers commanded by Achilles. Their eponymous ancestor was Myrmidon, a king of Phthiotis, who was a son of Zeus and "wide-ruling" Eurymedousa, a princess of Phthiotis. In one account, Zeus seduced Eurymedousa in the form of an ant.

An etiological myth of their origins, simply expanding upon their supposed etymology—the name in Classical Greek was interpreted as "ant-people", from myrmedon (Ancient Greek: μῠρμηδών, murmēdṓn, plural: μῠρμηδόνες, murmēdónes), which means "ant-nest"—was first mentioned by Ovid in the Metamorphoses. In Ovid's telling, the Myrmidons were simple worker-ants on the island of Aegina.

John Tzetzes
John Tzetzes (Greek: Ἰωάννης Τζέτζης, romanized: Iōánnēs Tzétzēs; c. 1110, Constantinople – 1180, Constantinople) was a Byzantine poet and grammarian who lived at Constantinople in the 12th century. He is known for making significant contributions in preserving much valuable information from ancient Greek literature and scholarship. Of his numerous works, the most important one is the Book of Histories, also known as Chiliades ('Thousands'). The work is a long poem containing knowledge that is unavailable elsewhere and serves as commentary on Tzetzes's own letters. Two of his other important works are the Allegoriai on the Iliad and the Odyssey, which are long didactic poems containing interpretations of Homeric theology.
Penn Foster High School
Penn Foster High School is a for-profit online high school in the United States. The school offers online high school diploma program and various career-focused concentration programs. The high school is regionally and nationally accredited, was originally based in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and is among the largest high schools by enrollment in the United States.

For-profit education
For-profit education (also known as the education services industry or proprietary education) refers to educational institutions operated by private, profit-seeking businesses. For-profit education is common in many parts of the world, constituting more than 70% of the higher education sector in Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia and the Philippines.
Parcelair
Parcelair is a cargo airline based in Palmerston North, New Zealand. It operates scheduled overnight cargo services on behalf of owners Fieldair Holdings and Airwork Flight Operations. Domestic charter services are also operated.

Cargo airline
Cargo airlines (or air freight carriers, and derivatives of these names) are airlines mainly dedicated to the transport of cargo by air. Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger airlines.
In 2018, airline cargo traffic represented 262,333 million tonne-kilometres with a 49.3% load factor: 52.1% for dedicated cargo operations, and 47.9% within mixed operations (belly freight of passenger airliners).

Dedicated cargo airlines such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, operate a fleet of cargo aircraft and handle the entire freight transportation process. Many airlines, like Emirates and Qatar Airways, have dedicated cargo divisions that operate their own fleet of cargo aircraft alongside their passenger operations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, airlines like American Airlines, Air Canada, and Delta Air Lines utilized their passenger planes, removing seats to create space for cargo, to meet the demand for freight transport.
Manuel Fernandes (footballer, born 1986)
Manuel Henrique Tavares Fernandes (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐnuˈɛl fɨɾˈnɐ̃dɨʃ]; born 5 February 1986) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

He started his career with Benfica at only 18, then went on to compete in England and Spain, mainly at the service of Everton and Valencia. He signed with Beşiktaş in January 2011, spending the following three and a half seasons with the club before joining Lokomotiv Moscow.

Fernandes represented the Portugal under-21 team in two European Championships. He made his debut with the senior side in 2005, being part of the 2018 World Cup squad at the age of 32.

Turkish Cup
The Turkish Cup (Turkish: Türkiye Kupası) is an annual football cup competition in Turkey, organised by the Turkish Football Federation since 1962. During a period of sponsorship by Fortis, the competition was temporarily known as the Fortis Turkish Cup (Turkish: Fortis Türkiye Kupası). It is currently sponsored by the state-owned bank Ziraat Bankası and officially called the Ziraat Turkish Cup (Turkish: Ziraat Türkiye Kupası).

The tournament has been held under various formats, including a traditional knockout competition and group stages on an experimental basis. An expanded format was introduced for the 2012–13 season, with a record 156 teams participating. The structure included a round-robin group stage following five knockout rounds, with group winners and runners-up advancing to the semi-finals and final. The current holders of the cup are Galatasaray S.K..
Mads Hauge
Mads Hauge (born 10 February 1977) is a Norwegian songwriter and producer from Bergen, Norway. He has written the Natasha Bedingfield hit Soulmate and various songs for Pixie Lott including Cry Me Out, Kiss the Stars and UK #1s Mama Do and Boys and Girls. He has also written for other artists, including the Eliza Doolittle song Go Home and the Darren Hayes song Nearly Love.

Cry Me Out
"Cry Me Out" is a song by English singer Pixie Lott from her debut studio album, Turn It Up (2009). Written by Lott, Mads Hauge, Phil Thornalley and Colin Campsie, and produced by Hauge and Thornalley, the song was released on 22 November 2009 as the album's third single. "Cry Me Out" peaked at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart.
Nicaragua–Peru relations
Nicaragua and Peru established diplomatic relations in 1857. The two countries have a shared history due to being part of the Spanish Empire. Both countries are members of the United Nations (and its Group of 77), the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Latin Union, the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, the Organization of American States, and the Organization of Ibero-American States.

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) is a bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states, consisting of 33 countries, and has five official working languages. It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States (OAS), and includes all OAS member states (except the United States and Canada) plus includes the nations of Nicaragua and Cuba. Initially proposed on February 23, 2010, at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community Unity Summit, CELAC is seen as the successor of the Rio Group and the Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development (CALC). CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and to reduce hegemony within the politics and economics of the region. The date of creation was on December 3, 2011, in Caracas, Venezuela, with the signing of the Declaration of Caracas. As of 2013, CELAC possesses a population of roughly 600 million.