hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Glossary of education terms (P–R)
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with P – R. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles.

Problem shaping
Problem shaping means revising a question so that the solution process can begin or continue.  
It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem solving. Problem shaping (or problem framing) often involves the application of critical thinking.

Algorithmic approach to technical problems reformulation was introduced by G. S. Altshuller in ARIZ.
IShell
iShell is a traditional multimedia authoring environment, similar in many ways to Macromedia Director. A descendant of the Apple Media Tool, iShell is designed to be easy to use, but powerful enough to grow as a user's skill set increases. iShell was first released by Tribeworks in 1999. In July 2006, tribalmedia Archived 2006-12-02 at the Wayback Machine acquired all rights to iShell. The current version of iShell is 4.5r7.

iShell uses the Key programming language, which is based on Eiffel. This language was previously known as the Apple Media Language (AML) which was part of the Apple Media Tool. Both iShell and the Apple Media Tool were developed by Patrick Soquet, one of the founders of Tribeworks. The two tools share many design features in common.

iShell differs in its distribution model from similar applications, allowing users access to the source code.

Eiffel (programming language)
Eiffel is an object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer (an object-orientation proponent and author of Object-Oriented Software Construction) and Eiffel Software. Meyer conceived the language in 1985 with the goal of increasing the reliability of commercial software development. The first version was released in 1986. In 2005, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released a technical standard for Eiffel.

The design of the language is closely connected with the Eiffel programming method. Both are based on a set of principles, including design by contract, command–query separation, the uniform-access principle, the single-choice principle, the open–closed principle, and option–operand separation.

Many concepts initially introduced by Eiffel were later added into Java, C#, and other languages. New language design ideas, particularly through the Ecma/ISO standardization process, continue to be incorporated into the Eiffel language.
Otischalkia
Otischalkia is an extinct genus of archosauromorph from late Triassic (late Carnian stage) deposits of Howard County, Texas, US It is known from the holotype TMM 31025-263, left humerus and from the referred specimens TMM 31025-262, TMM 31025-266, TMM 31025-264, TMM 31185-92 and TMM 31185-93. It was found in the Lower Dockum Group near the abandoned settlement of Otis Chalk. It was first named by Adrian P. Hunt and Spencer G. Lucas in 1991 and the type species is Otischalkia elderae.

Originally described as a rhynchosaur, several recent studies found O. elderae to represent a nomen dubium. Nesbitt et al. (2021) came to the conclusion that the holotype of Otischalkia actually belongs to an azendohsaurid, specifically a malerisaurine.

Humerus
The humerus (/ˈhjuːmərəs/; pl.: humeri) is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections. The humeral upper extremity consists of a rounded head, a narrow neck, and two short processes (tubercles, sometimes called tuberosities). The shaft is cylindrical in its upper portion, and more prismatic below. The lower extremity consists of 2 epicondyles, 2 processes (trochlea and capitulum), and 3 fossae (radial fossa, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa). As well as its true anatomical neck, the constriction below the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus is referred to as its surgical neck due to its tendency to fracture, thus often becoming the focus of surgeons.
Grant Prideco
Grant Prideco, Inc. is a supplier of drill pipe and drill stem accessories headquartered in Houston, Texas. Since 2008, it has been a subsidiary of energy services company NOV Inc. Grant Prideco was included on the Fortune magazine top 1000 largest corporations for several years in the mid-2000s and through the 1990s and early 2000s was the world's largest oilfield drill pipe supplier.

Drill pipe
Drill pipe, is hollow, thin-walled, steel or aluminium alloy piping that is used on drilling rigs.  It is hollow to allow drilling fluid to be pumped down the hole through the bit and back up the annulus. It comes in a variety of sizes, strengths, and wall thicknesses, but is typically 27 to 32 feet in length (Range 2). Longer lengths, up to 45 feet, exist (Range 3).
Quails' Gate Winery
49°50′35.24″N 119°33′56.47″W﻿ / ﻿49.8431222°N 119.5656861°W﻿ / 49.8431222; -119.5656861

Quails’ Gate Winery is a Canadian Winery located on the shore of Okanagan Lake in Westbank, British Columbia. Situated in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, Quails’ Gate produces over 50,000 cases of wine per year. Quails’ Gate are best known for their Family Reserve Pinot noir and Chardonnay. Quails' Gate's Wineshop and Old Vines Restaurant are open daily, year round to the public.

Okanagan Lake
Okanagan Lake (Okanagan: kɬúsx̌nítkw) is a lake in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. The lake is 135 km (84 mi) long, between 4 and 5 km (2.5 and 3.1 mi) wide, and has a surface area of 348 km2 (135 sq. mi.).
West Nalaut Island
West Nalaut Island is an island in northern Palawan, in the Philippines. It is the westernmost of the Calamian Islands, and can form a guide to shipping entering the Coron West Passage. It is approximately 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) off the western coast of Busuanga Island, which is approximately a 40-minute flight from Manila. The uninhabited 47.9-hectare (0.479 km2) island is privately owned. It was attempted to be sold as part of the HGTV show "Island Hunters".

West Nalaut Island has a 1.1 kilometres (0.68 mi) crescent–shaped white sand beach, 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) of coastline, several smaller beach coves, 80-metre (260 ft)-high cliffs, and rainforest coverage. It is a 30-minute speedboat journey from 12 World War II wreck dives and local towns.

The asking price in 2022 was USD ~7m. The island was used in the Million Dollar Island TV series.

Wreck diving
Wreck diving is recreational diving where the wreckage of ships, aircraft and other artificial structures are explored. The term is used mainly by recreational and technical divers. Professional divers, when diving on a shipwreck, generally refer to the specific task, such as salvage work, accident investigation or archaeological survey. Although most wreck dive sites are at shipwrecks, there is an increasing trend to scuttle retired ships to create artificial reef sites. Diving to crashed aircraft can also be considered wreck diving. The recreation of wreck diving makes no distinction as to how the vessel ended up on the bottom.

Some wreck diving involves penetration of the wreckage, making a direct ascent to the surface impossible for a part of the dive.
2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's hammer throw
The men's hammer throw at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 22 and 23 August.

Returning champion and current world leader Paweł Fajdek looked to be the favorite.  In the first round it was David Söderberg who took the lead.  The second round saw Dilshod Nazarov and Sergej Litvinov get off 77 metre throws to take the top two spots.  Then in the third round, Fajdek let out 80.64 and calmly walked out of the ring.  Nobody else could get in that range, but Fajdek launched 80.88 on his next throw for the win.  Nazarov got off a 78.55 in the fifth round to move into second, but that was matched exactly by Wojciech Nowicki on his final throw.  With an exact tie for the silver medal, the second best throw became the tiebreaker, Nazarov's 78.06 in the fourth round being superior to Nowicki's third round 77.20.

The world championships also incorporated the 2015 IAAF Hammer Throw Challenge and Fajdek was the series winner.

Sergey Litvinov (athlete, born 1986)
Sergey Sergeyevich Litvinov (Russian: Сергей Сергеевич Литвинов, born 27 January 1986) is a hammer thrower. He was stripped of the bronze medal of the 2014 European Championship for doping. He currently competes for Russia, having previously represented Germany and Belarus.
Estonian Autosport Union
Estonian Autosport Union (abbreviated EAU; Estonian: Eesti Autospordi Liit) is one of the sport governing bodies in Estonia which deals the with Estonian autosport.

EAU is one of the organizer of the Estonian Rally Championship and Estonian Grand Prix. This union is a member of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Estonian Autosport Union is responsible for organizing the Team Autosport Estonia national team, which competes in different motorsports series, including the FIA Motorsport Games.

FIA Motorsport Games
The FIA Motorsport Games is a biennial motorsport event administered by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). It includes competitions from multiple motorsport disciplines and is entered by national motorsport authorities under their national flags. Each competition awards gold, silver and bronze medals which contribute to an overall medals table determining the winning country of the event.
Charles
Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English and French speaking countries. It is from the French form Charles of the Proto-Germanic name ᚲᚨᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (in runic alphabet) or *karilaz (in Latin alphabet), whose meaning was "free man". The Old English descendant of this word was Ċearl or Ċeorl, as the name of King Cearl of Mercia, that disappeared after the Norman conquest of England.

The name was notably borne by Charlemagne (Charles the Great), and was at the time Latinized as Karolus (as in Vita Karoli Magni), later also as Carolus.

Vita Karoli Magni
Vita Karoli Magni (Life of Charlemagne) is a biography of Charlemagne, King of the Franks and   Emperor of the Romans, written by Einhard. The Life of Charlemagne is a 33 chapter account starting with the full genealogy of the Merovingian family, going through the rise of the Carolingian dynasty, and then detailing the exploits and temperament of King Charles. It has long been seen as one of the key sources for the reign of Charlemagne and provides insight into the court of King Charles and the events that surrounded him.
Joseph Jennings Dorn House
Joseph Jennings Dorn House is a historic home located at McCormick in McCormick County, South Carolina.  It was built about 1917, and is a two-story, brick Colonial Revival style dwelling.  It features a one-story porch with paired Ionic order columns and an open Porte-cochère with extended roof brackets. The house was built by Joseph Jennings Dorn, a prominent businessman and politician.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Porte-cochère
A porte-cochère (/ˌpɔːrt koʊˈʃɛr/; French: [pɔʁt.kɔ.ʃɛʁ]; lit. 'coach gateway'; pl. porte-cochères – pl. portes-cochères) is a doorway to a building or courtyard, "often very grand," through which vehicles can enter from the street or a covered porch-like structure at a main or secondary entrance to a building through which originally a horse and carriage and today a motor vehicle can pass to provide arriving and departing occupants protection from the elements.

Portes-cochères are still found on such structures as major public buildings and hotels, providing covered access for visitors and guests arriving by motorized transport.

A porte-cochère, a structure for vehicle passage, is to be distinguished from a portico, a columned porch or entry for human, rather than vehicular, traffic.
Klovner I Kamp
Klovner I Kamp is a Norwegian hip-hop group from Tåsen in Oslo.  Formed in 1994, at the time as a duo with Alis (Aslak Hartberg) and Dr. S (Sveinung Eide). Shortly after the band got a new member, "Dansken" ("The Dane", being born in Denmark), Esben Selvig. Klovner I Kamp was a trio for several years, but in 2000, "Goldfinger" or "Finger'n" (Thomas Gullestad) and «Micro» Simen Rex joined as their DJ and masseur.

Klovner I Kamp won the Spellemannprisen for hip hop in 2001.

The band had their final concert at Rockefeller, 1 September 2006. On 4 July 2009, they played a reunion concert at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark.

Aslak Hartberg
Aslak Rakli Hartberg alias Alis (born 1 May 1975 in Oslo, Norway), is a Norwegian rapper and bass player, and was the leading figure in the Norwegian hip hop band Klovner i Kamp. He is the brother of cartoonist Flu Hartberg.
Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo
Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo (English: We met that day) is a 2010 Indian Bengali-language romantic action film directed by Sujit Mondal. Produced by Shrikant Mohta, under the banner of Shree Venkatesh Films, the film stars Dev and Srabanti Chatterjee in lead roles while Tapas Paul, Laboni Sarkar, Prasun Gain, Kaushik Banerjee, Shakuntala Barua in supporting roles. It is a remake of the 2008 Telugu film Parugu.

The soundtrack of the film was composed by Jeet Gannguli and Samidh- Rishi, while the screenplay and dialogues were written by N. K. Salil. Initially the film name was Tule Niye Jabo Jokhon Bhalo Beshechi, but later changed as Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo.

Shakuntala Barua
Shakuntala Barua (born April 22, 1947), is an Indian actress and singer who has worked predominantly in Bengali cinema, along with occasional roles in Assamese and Hindi films. In a career spanning more than five decades, she has appeared in a wide range of films, from family melodramas and social dramas to parallel cinema and recent commercial successes. Known for her portrayals of strong matriarchs and emotionally intense characters, she is regarded as one of the senior-most character actresses of modern Bengali cinema.
Imaikkaa Nodigal
Imaikkaa Nodigal (transl. Unblinking Seconds) is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by R. Ajay Gnanamuthu. It stars Nayanthara, Atharvaa, Raashii Khanna marking the latter's debut in Tamil cinema and Anurag Kashyap with Baby Manasvi, Vinoth Kishan, Ramesh Thilak and Devan in supporting roles, while Vijay Sethupathi has an extended cameo. The film focuses on how a serial killer is apprehended by a CBI officer.

Filming took place between October 2016 and December 2017. The music was composed by Hiphop Tamizha, cinematography by R. D. Rajasekhar, editing by Bhuvan Srinivasan, and produced by C. J. Jayakumar. Imaikkaa Nodigal received a theatrical release on 30 August 2018.

Vinoth Kishan
Vinoth Kishan is an Indian actor who appears in Tamil films, besides a few Telugu and Malayalam films. He made his debut as a child artiste in Bala's Nandhaa (2001), before playing villain in Naan Mahaan Alla (2010) and Vidiyum Munn (2013).
El Caracol, Michoacán
El Caracol is a small village in the mountains of the Mexican state of Michoacán, in the municipality of Hidalgo. It is located off the State route of Mexico-Morelia-Guadalajara, about 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Mil Cumbres at an elevation of 2,896 metres (9,501 feet) above mean sea level. Seasonal temperatures vary from 40–79 °F (4–26 °C) July to February and 60–89 °F (16–32 °C) March to June with relatively low humidity. There are almost no mosquitoes, snakes or other pests.

Ciudad Hidalgo, Michoacán
Ciudad Hidalgo, or simply Hidalgo, is a city and municipal seat of the Municipality of Hidalgo in the far northeast of the state of Michoacán, Mexico. It is a city located in a rural, mountainous area. While most of the city consists of modern buildings, its principal monument is the 16th-century church and former monastery of San José. Formerly, its name was Taximaroa, and it was the part of the Purépecha Empire closest to the Aztec Empire. This prompted two unsuccessful Aztec invasions as well as the first Spanish incursion into Purépecha lands in 1522. For both the city and rural communities around it, forestry and furniture making are important parts of the economy, but deforestation is forcing the area to look into alternatives such as tourism to take advantage of its natural resources and cultural sites.
Newcity
Newcity (sometimes style NewCity) is a media company based in Chicago. Formerly publishers of a free, weekly alternative newspaper, the company now publishes a glossy monthly free magazine using the same Newcity name. Newcity also owns and manages the Chicago Film Project, a production company dedicated to telling artistic stories centered in Chicago.

Signature Move
Signature Move is a 2017 American indie comedy-drama film directed by Jennifer Reeder and co-written and produced by Fawzia Mirza about a Pakistani Muslim lesbian living in Chicago with her mother. Fawzia Mirza also introduced herself as a lesbian on Twitter before the film was announced. The film premiered at the 2017 South by Southwest Film Festival.
Olavarria Symphony Orchestra
The Olavarria Municipal Orchestra is an Argentinian orchestra based in Olavarria. Founded in 1961, it is based in the Municipal Theatre of Olavarria and is considered one of the most prestigious orchestras in its nation.

Olavarría, Argentina
Olavarría is a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the administrative seat of the Olavarría Partido and has over 111,320 inhabitants, per the 2010 census [INDEC].

The settlement was officially founded on 25 November 1867, and named in honour of Colonel José Valentín de Olavarría (1801–1845), an early Argentine military leader.
John Partridge (artist)
John Partridge (20 November 1789 – 25 November 1872) was a British artist and portrait painter. Named 'portrait painter-extraordinary' to Queen Victoria, his pictures depict many of the notable figures of his time.

Born in Glasgow, he was the second son of twelve children of Samuel Partridge. His brother Richard Partridge became the President of the Royal College of Surgeons; his nephew Sir John Bernard Partridge was an illustrator and actor.

Joseph Hodgson
Joseph Hodgson (1788 – 7 February 1869) was a British physician and a well-known Quaker. He was born in Penrith, Cumberland, the son of a Birmingham merchant and educated at King Edward VI School, Birmingham, after which he was apprenticed to George Freer at Birmingham General Hospital. He then transferred to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.
Überfremdung
Überfremdung (pronounced [ˌyːbɐˈfʁɛmdʊŋ] ⓘ), literally 'over-foreignization', is a German-language term used to refer to an excess of immigration. The word is a nominalization compounded from über meaning 'over' or 'overly' and fremd meaning 'foreign'. In that alienation also translates to "Entfremdung", there exists at least one other political dimension to this term as well though.

Über
Über (German pronunciation: [ˈyːbɐ] ⓘ, sometimes written uber /ˈuːbər/ in English-language publications) is a German language word meaning "over", "above" or "across". It is an etymological twin with German ober, and is a cognate (through Proto-Germanic) with English over, Dutch over, Swedish över and Icelandic yfir, among other Germanic languages; it is a distant cognate to the Sanskrit word ūpari and Hindi ūpar (both meaning 'above', 'over' or 'up'), probably through Proto-Indo-European. The word is relatively well known within Anglophone communities due to its occasional use as a hyphenated prefix in informal English, usually for emphasis. The German word is properly spelled with an umlaut, while the spelling of the English loanword varies.
David Gore
David Gore (April 7, 1827 – October 10, 1911) was an American politician and farmer.

Born in Trigg County, Kentucky, Gore moved to Madison County, Illinois with his parents in 1834. He served in the United States Army during the Mexican–American War and served as quartermaster. After the war, Gore moved to Macoupin County, Illinois and settled in Carlinville, Illinois. Gore was a farmer. In 1874, Gore ran for the office of Illinois Treasurer on the Greenback Party ticket and lost the election. Gore served in the Illinois State Senate from 1883 to 1887. He also served on the Illinois Board of Agriculture from 1878 to 1896 and was president of the board. Gore was a Democrat. From 1893 to 1897, Gore served as the Auditor of Public Accounts, State of Illinois. In 1910, Gore moved to Benton Harbor, Michigan to live with his son. Gore died at his son's house in Benton Harbor, Michigan.

Madison County, Illinois
Madison County is located in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is a part of the Metro East in southern Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 264,776, making it the eighth-most populous county in Illinois and the most populous in the southern portion of the state. The county seat is Edwardsville, and the largest city is Granite City.

Madison County is part of the Metro East region of Greater St. Louis. The pre-Columbian city of Cahokia Mounds, a World Heritage Site, was located near Collinsville. Edwardsville is home to Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. To the north, Alton is known for its abolitionist and American Civil War-era history. It is also the home of the Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine. Godfrey, the village named for Captain Benjamin Godfrey, offers Lewis and Clark Community College formerly the Monticello Female Seminary.
Bob Willis Trophy
The Bob Willis Trophy was a domestic first-class cricket competition in England and Wales for the eighteen first-class counties, organised by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB).

It was established in the 2020 English cricket season. The tournament was named the Bob Willis Trophy in honour of former England cricket captain and fast bowler Bob Willis, who died in December 2019.

While in 2020 it was promoted as being a one-off competition, the Bob Willis Trophy was contested again in 2021 as a five-day final between the top two teams in County Championship Division One. In January 2022, the ECB announced that the Bob Willis Trophy would not be played to end that year's championship; managing director of county cricket Neil Snowball said that the ECB was discussing the future format of the trophy with Willis's family.

From 2022 the trophy was adopted by the Cricket Writers' Club, to be presented to England's player of the year. The inaugural winner was Jonny Bairstow.

England and Wales Cricket Board
The England and Wales Cricket Board (abbreviated as ECB) is the national governing body of cricket in England and Wales. It was formed on 1 January 1997 as a single governing body to combine the roles formerly fulfilled by the Test and County Cricket Board, the National Cricket Association and the Cricket Council. In April 1998 the Women's Cricket Association was integrated into the organisation. The ECB's head offices are at Lord's Cricket Ground in north-west London.

The board oversees all levels of cricket in England and Wales, including the national teams: England Men (Test, One Day International and T20I), England Women, England Lions (Men's second tier), Physical Disability, Learning Disability, Visually Impaired, and Deaf.

Although the organisation is the England and Wales Cricket Board, it is referred to as the ECB, as a result of a decision by those overseeing the transition from the previous bodies.