hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rachel Griffith
Dame Rachel Susan Griffith DBE FBA FAcSS (born 16 May 1963) is a British-American academic and educator. She is professor of economics at the University of Manchester and a research director at the Institute for Fiscal Studies.

Griffith was president of the European Economic Association for 2015, making her the first woman to hold the position. She was also joint managing editor of The Economic Journal between 2011 and 2017.

Griffith holds both UK and US citizenship.

Philippe Aghion
Philippe Mario Aghion FBA (French: [filip aɡjɔ̃]; born 17 August 1956) is a French economist who is Chair of Economics of Institutions, Innovation and Growth professor at the Collège de France, Kurt Björklund Chaired Professor in Innovation and Growth at INSEAD, and Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics.

Aghion and Peter Howitt are known for the Aghion–Howitt model. For this work, they shared half of the 2025 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences  "for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction".
Oleksandr Mykolayovych Kovalenko
Oleksandr Mykolayovych Kovalenko (Ukrainian: Олександр Миколайович Коваленко; 9 May 1935 – 29 June 2021) was a Ukrainian economist and politician who became the first Minister of Finance from 1990 to 1991.

Tokmak Raion
Tokmak Raion (Ukrainian: Токмацький район) was one of the raions (districts) of Zaporizhzhia Oblast in southern Ukraine between 1923 and 2020. The administrative center of the region was the small city of Tokmak. Before 1962, it was known as Velykyi Tokmak Raion (Ukrainian: Великотокмацький район). The last estimate of the raion population was 21,330 (2020 est.).
Bihenduloceras
Bihenduloceras is an Upper Jurassic perisphinctacean ammonite and member of the olcostephanid subfamily Spiticeratine.  Its shell has a subquadrate whorl section, flattended venter, and fine ribs that spring in bundles from large umbilical tubercles.

Perisphinctoidea
Perisphinctoidea, formerly Perisphinctaceae, is a superfamily of Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) to Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) ammonites, commonly with evolute shells with  strong ribbing that typically divides about mid flank before crossing the venter.
2009 Auto Club 500
The 2009 Auto Club 500 was the second race of the 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup season. the 500 miles (800 km) race occurred on February 22, 2009, at the 2 miles (3.2 km) Auto Club Speedway in Fontana, California. Fox broadcast the race beginning at 5 pm EST with radio coverage on MRN (terrestrial) and SiriusXM (satellite) starting at 5:15 pm US EST. The race started at 3 pm local time, and ran into prime time, counterprogramming against the Academy Awards.

2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series
The 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 61st season of professional stock car racing in the United States, the 38th modern-era Cup series, and the last Cup season of the 21st century's first decade, the 2000s. The season included 36 races and two exhibition races with the regular season beginning with the Daytona 500 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway.  The final ten races were known as 2009 Chase for the Sprint Cup. Rick Hendrick won the Owners' Championship, while Jimmie Johnson won the Drivers' Championship with a fifth-place finish at the final race of the season. Chevrolet won the Manufacturers' Championship with 248 points.
Joyce Foundation
The Joyce Foundation is a non-operating private foundation based in Chicago, Illinois. As of 2025, it had assets of approximately $1.24 billion.

Former U.S. President Barack Obama served on the foundation's board of directors from 1994 through 2002. The Joyce Foundation is notable for its support of gun control measures.

Foundation (United States law)
A foundation in the United States is a type of charitable organization. Though, the Internal Revenue Code distinguishes between private foundations (usually funded by an individual, family, or corporation) and public charities (community foundations and other nonprofit groups that raise money from the general public). Private foundations have more restrictions and fewer tax benefits than public charities like community foundations.
Thomas Gordon (lawyer)
Thomas Burnett Gordon (17 April 1652—April 28, 1722) was a Scottish emigrant to the Thirteen Colonies who became Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and New Jersey Attorney General for the Province of New Jersey.

Province of New Jersey
The Province of New Jersey was one of the Middle Colonies of Colonial America and became the U.S. state of New Jersey in 1776. The province had originally been settled by Europeans as part of New Netherland but came under English rule after the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, becoming a proprietary colony. The English renamed the province after the island of Jersey in the English Channel. The Dutch Republic reasserted control for a brief period in 1673–1674. After that it consisted of two political divisions, East Jersey and West Jersey, until they were united as a royal colony in 1702. The original boundaries of the province were slightly larger than the current state, extending into a part of the present state of New York, until the border was finalized in 1773.
Uga (Lanzarote)
Uga (pronounced ew-gah) is a small wine-producing village in Yaiza municipality in the province of Las Palmas, southern Lanzarote, off the coast of Africa. As of 2016 its population is 998, and nearby cities include Puerto del Carmen, Tías, and Playa Blanca. The closest airport is Lanzarote's official airport, also known as Arrecife airport.

The houses in Uga are small and white, with the largest building in the area being its church.

Tías, Las Palmas
Tías is a town and a municipality in the southern part of the island of Lanzarote, province of Las Palmas, autonomous community of the Canary Islands, Spain. The town Tías is situated 4 km from the south coast and 10 km west of the island capital Arrecife.

Lanzarote's largest tourist resort, Puerto del Carmen, is entirely in the municipality of Tías, and was the location of the first hotels ever built on the island. Other settlements in the municipality are Mácher, La Asomada, Conil, Masdache.
Jack Tunney
John Tunney Jr. (January 21, 1935 – January 24, 2004) was a Canadian professional wrestling promoter and personality. He was best known internationally for serving as the kayfabe president of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) during the company's Golden Era, the peak days of "Hulkamania". In real life, Tunney was the head of Toronto-based Maple Leaf Wrestling, and served as President of WWF’s Canadian branch Titan Sports Canada.

The British Bulldogs
The British Bulldogs were a professional wrestling tag team consisting of cousins Davey Boy Smith and Dynamite Kid. They competed throughout the 1980s in Britain, North America and Japan and have consistently ranked among the top tag teams in history. Both men died prematurely.
Palghat Mani Iyer
Palghat T. S. Mani Iyer (1912–1981), born Thiruvilvamala Ramaswamy was one of the leading mridangists in the field of Carnatic music. He, along with his contemporaries Palani Subramaniam Pillai and Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy, are revered as the "Holy Trinity of Mrudangam".  Mani Iyer was the first mridangist to be awarded the Sangeetha Kalanidhi (1966) presented by the Music Academy of Madras, the  Padma Bhushan (1971) and  the Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards(1956) presented by the Government of India.

Sangita Kalanidhi
Sangita Kalanidhi (transl. Treasure of Music and Art) is the title awarded annually to a Carnatic musician by the Madras Music Academy.

From 1929 to 1941, the award did not exist. The award was conceived in 1942 by Academy President K. V. Krishnaswami Iyer and on 1 January 1943 all musicians who had presided over the annual conferences between 1929 and 1942 were awarded the title. This included 2 or 3 past presidents - Palamarneri Swaminatha Iyer (1931), probably Umayalpuram Swaminatha Iyer (1936) and Mangudi Chidambara Bhagavatar (1937) - but no posthumous award has been presented since then. At times,  1946 is cited as the year of Umayalpuram Swaminatha Iyer's death, in which case he might have received the Sangita Kalanidhi in his lifetime.
2011 African Handball Cup Winners' Cup
The 2011 African Handball Cup Winners' Cup was the 27th edition, organized by the African Handball Confederation, under the auspices of the International Handball Federation, the handball sport governing body. The tournament was held from April 14–22, 2011 at the Palais Polyvalent des Sports de Warda in Yaoundé, Cameroon, contested by 8 teams and won by Zamalek Sporting Club of Egypt.

African Men's Handball Cup Winners' Cup
African Men's Handball Championship for Clubs Winner's Cup is an annual international club handball competition run by the African Handball Confederation. The cup winners from Africa's national handball leagues are invited to participate in this competition.
Bahuzi
Bahuzi (Arabic: بحوزي, also spelled Bhozy) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Tartus Governorate. It is located between Safita (to the east) and Ras al-Khashufah (to the west). According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bahuzi had a population of 1,801 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

Ras al-Khashufah
Ras al-Khashufah (Arabic: رأس الخشوفة) is a small town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Tartus Governorate. It is located between Safita  and Tartus. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ras al-Khashufah had a population of 5,499 in the 2004 census. It is the administrative center of the Ras al-Khashufaf Subdistrict (nahiyah) which consisted of 16 localities with a collective population of 21,586. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.
2009–10 Biathlon World Cup – Relay Women
The 2009–10 Biathlon World Cup – Relay Women will start at Sunday December 6, 2009 in Östersund and will finish Tuesday February 23, 2009 in Vancouver at the olympic Biathlon event. Defending titlist is German team.

2009–10 Biathlon World Cup
The 2009–10 Biathlon World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon, organised by the International Biathlon Union. The season started 2 December 2009 in Östersund, Sweden and ended 28 March 2010 with the  Mixed Relay World Championships in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Races of the season were broadcast in Europe on Eurosport channel.
Rostock – Landkreis Rostock II
Rostock – Landkreis Rostock II is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 14. It is located in northern Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, comprising the independent city of Rostock and the northern part of the Landkreis Rostock district.

Rostock – Landkreis Rostock II was created for the inaugural 1990 federal election after German reunification. From 2021 to 2025, it has been represented by Katrin Zschau of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Since 2025 it was won by Steffi Burmeister, but the constituency still got vacant.

Rostock (district)
Rostock (German: Landkreis Rostock) is a district in the north of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the district Nordwestmecklenburg, the Baltic Sea, the district-free city Rostock and the districts Vorpommern-Rügen, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte and Ludwigslust-Parchim. The district seat is the town Güstrow.
Massa Frumentaria
Massa Frumentaria or Monte Frumentario was a medieval grain fund established in Malta. As a public institution, it was tasked with the importation and distribution of wheat and other commodities, while also serving as a precursor to an investment bank. The fund was administered by the Università, a municipal body under the control of the Knights of St. John, and later continued under British protection until its dissolution in 1818.

The institution shared a similar goal to the Italian monti frumentari, which proliferated between the late 15th and 17th centuries and were designed to ensure food security and provide financial support to local agricultural communities. Though developed independently, similar institutions were founded throughout Italy to provide wheat and barley for sowing to impoverished farmers, subject to repayment, particularly those living at subsistence levels, who, because of poverty, were compelled to consume seeds intended for planting or resort to usurers.

Maltese scudo
The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into  12 tarì (singular tarì), each of 20 grani (singular grano) with 6 piccioli (singular picciolo) to the grano. It is pegged to the euro (at a rate of 1 scudo to €0.24, or €1 = 4 scudi 2 tarì).
TVRI World
TVRI World is an Indonesian  television channel owned by public broadcaster TVRI, catered for domestic and international audiences. The English-language channel is currently on its trial broadcast, with its planned launching in 2024. The channel is domestically available in digital terrestrial, satellite, and the TVRI Klik streaming service.

2022 G20 Bali summit
The 2022 G20 Bali summit (Indonesian: Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi G20 Bali 2022) was the seventeenth meeting of Group of Twenty (G20), a Head of State and Government meeting held in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. It was the first G20 summit hosted by Indonesia.

Indonesia's presidency began on 1 December 2021, leading up to the summit in the fourth quarter of 2022. The presidency handover ceremony was held as an intimate event, in which the G20 presidency gavel was transferred from Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi to Indonesian president Joko Widodo at the close of the Rome summit. Preceding the G20 Leaders Summit, a youth engagement group of the G20, Youth20 (Y20) held its Y20 Indonesia 2022 Summit in Jakarta and Bandung in July 2022.
José Coronel Urtecho
José Coronel Urtecho (28 February 1906 – 19 March 1994) was a Nicaraguan poet, translator, essayist, critic, narrator, playwright, diplomat and historian. He has been described as "the most influential Nicaraguan thinker of the twentieth century". After an attraction to fascism in the 1930s, he strongly supported the Sandinista National Liberation Front in 1977.

Granada, Nicaragua
Granada (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡɾaˈnaða]) is a city in western Nicaragua and the capital of the Granada Department. With an estimated population of 105,862 (2022), it is Nicaragua's ninth most populous city. Granada is historically one of Nicaragua's most important cities, economically and politically. It has a rich colonial heritage, seen in its architecture and structure.

Granada had a thriving indigenous population. In 1524, the city was renamed Granada, by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, ostensibly the first European city in mainland America. Unlike other cities that claim the same distinction, the city of Granada was not only the settlement of the conquest, but also a city registered in official records of the Crown of Aragon, and the Kingdom of Castile in Spain.

Granada is also known as La Gran Sultana, in the reflection of its Moorish and Andalusian appearance, unlike its sister city and historical rival León, which displays Castilian trends.
2006 Davidoff Swiss Indoors
The 2006 Davidoff Swiss Indoors was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 37th edition of the event known that year as the Davidoff Swiss Indoors, and was part of the International Series of the 2006 ATP Tour. It took place at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland, from 23 October through 29 October 2006.

The announced singles field featured World No. 1, Australian Open, Wimbledon and US Open champion, recent Tokyo titlist, Basel boy Roger Federer, Australian Open and French Open semifinalist, Estoril winner David Nalbandian, and Madrid Masters and Vienna runner-up Fernando González. Also lined up were Halle and Mumbai finalist Tomáš Berdych, Stuttgart winner David Ferrer, Andy Murray, José Acasuso and Agustín Calleri.

2006 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid
The 2006 Madrid Masters (also known as the Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It is the 5th edition of the Madrid Masters, and is part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2006 ATP Tour. It took place at the Madrid Arena in Madrid, Spain, from October 16 through October 23, 2006. First-seeded Roger Federer won the singles title.

The singles field was led by World No. 1,  Australian Open, Wimbledon and  U.S. Open, Indian Wells, Miami, Toronto Masters champion Roger Federer, ATP No. 2, French Open, Madrid defending champion, Monte Carlo and Rome winner Rafael Nadal, and Chennai, Zagreb and Vienna titlist  Ivan Ljubičić. Other top seeds were Estoril champion and 2005 Masters Cup winner David Nalbandian, New Haven and Kremlin Cup titlist Nikolay Davydenko, Andy Roddick, Tommy Robredo and James Blake.
Brooklyn Park (Portland, Oregon)
Brooklyn Park is a 2.37-acre (0.96 ha) public park in the neighborhood of Brooklyn in Portland, Oregon, United States. The park was acquired in 1949.

Friends of Brooklyn Park sponsors the Brooklyn Park Summer Program, which has included a large water slide.

Marcia Donahue's sculpture Tête à Tête à Tête was installed in 1996.

Brooklyn, Portland, Oregon
Brooklyn is a mostly residential neighborhood in southeast Portland, Oregon. It sits along the east side of the Willamette River in the vicinity of Reed College.  Founded as a neighborhood in the late 1860s, the neighborhood today is a middle-class area comprising mainly single family homes, interspersed with remaining industrial sites along the river and a large railyard. This railyard was home to Southern Pacific 4449 as well as several other large antique steam and diesel-electric locomotives.
RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun
The Armstrong RBL 40-pounder gun was introduced into use in 1860 for service on both land and sea. It used William Armstrong's new and innovative rifled breechloading mechanism. It remained in use until 1902 when replaced by more modern Breech Loading (BL) guns.

Rifled breech loader
A rifled breech loader (RBL) is an artillery piece which, unlike the smoothbore cannon and rifled muzzle loader which preceded it, has rifling in the barrel and is loaded from the breech at the rear of the gun.

The spin imparted by the gun's rifling gives projectiles directional stability and increased range. Loading from the rear of the gun leaves the crew less exposed to enemy fire, allows smaller gun emplacements or turrets, and allows a faster rate of fire.

These rapidly improving breech systems and the powerful new guns they facilitated led to an arms race in fortification and ironclad warship design that led to the battleship class of HMS Dreadnought and continued until the start of World War I.
Miss Philippines Earth 2005
Miss Philippines Earth 2005 was the fifth Miss Philippines Earth pageant, held at the University of the Philippines Theater in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, on May 29, 2005.

The contest was won by Genebelle Raagas, who was crowned by Lorraine Schuck, Executive vice president of Carousel Productions. Raagas won against 23 other candidates and represented the Philippines at Miss Earth 2005. The event was broadcast by ABS-CBN Network in the Philippines and The Filipino Channel internationally.

Carousel Productions
Carousel Productions, Inc. is the organization that currently owns and runs the Miss Earth and Miss Philippines Earth beauty contest. The annual events are produced in partnership with ABS-CBN Corporation. The organization is based in the Philippines.
S6 (Berlin)
The S6 was a line number used by the Berlin S-Bahn from June 1991 until June 2002. The line always ran to the south-east corner of Berlin, although a number of routings were used during its period of operation. The line was replaced by the S46 and S9 which now provide connections to south-east Berlin.

S5 (Berlin)
S5 is a line on the Berlin S-Bahn. It operates from Strausberg Nord to Westkreuz over:

the Strausberg–Strausberg Nord line, completed in 1955 and electrified in 1956,

a section of the Prussian Eastern line, opened on 1 October 1866 and electrified on 6 November 1928,

the Stadtbahn, opened on 7 February 1882 and electrified on 11 June 1928.
Disability in Cuba
There are around 447,600 people with disability in Cuba. A large number of people with disabilities in Cuba have an intellectual disability and about 3.2 percent have a severe disability. The government of Cuba has a medical model of disability in its approach to policies on people with disabilities. Another unique challenge that people with disabilities in the country face is due to the economic embargo of Cuba which has caused shortages in medical materials and assistive technology. The  Constitution of Cuba has provisions for protecting the rights of people with disabilities and the country signed onto the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2007.

Deafness
Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understanding spoken language, an audiological condition. In this context it is written with a lower case d. It later came to be used in a cultural context to refer to those who primarily communicate with a deafness aid or through sign language regardless of hearing ability, often capitalized as Deaf and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign. The two definitions overlap but are not identical, as hearing loss includes cases that are not severe enough to impact spoken language comprehension, while cultural Deafness includes hearing people who use sign language, such as children of deaf adults.
Adèle Evrard
Adèle Agnès Evrard (October 5, 1792 – July 22, 1889) was a Belgian still life painter, known for her paintings of flowers, game, and fruit.

Adèle Agnès Evrard was born on October 5, 1792 in Ath, Hainaut, Belgium, the daughter of Philippe Joseph Evrard, a candlemaker, and Pétronille Bogaert Evrard .  She studied under the painter Julien-Joseph Ducorron, her brother-in-law.

She exhibited at the Ghent Salon in 1820 and won awards at exhibitions in Douai in 1821 and in Cambrai in 1828.  She became a member of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Brussels in 1825.

Adèle Agnès Evrard died on 22 July 1889 in Ath.

Julien-Joseph Ducorron
Julien-Joseph Ducorron (15 November 1770 – 22 March 1848) was a Belgian landscape painter.

Ducorron was born at Ath. At the age of thirty-two, he devoted himself to the art of painting under the direction of Balthasar Paul Ommeganck, and made marvellous progress as a landscape painter, obtaining several gold medals. He was afterwards director of the Academy at Ath, where he died in 1848. The Brussels Museum has by him a "View in the neighbourhood of Irchonwelz, near Chièvres, Hainault", and a "Gale of Wind at Sunset". Ducorron died in his home town of Ath, aged 77.
Fakarava Airport
Fakarava Airport is an airport serving the island of Fakarava in French Polynesia (IATA: FAV, ICAO: NTGF). The airport is 3.5 km west of the village of Rotoava. It is located northeast of Papeete, the Tahitian Capital.

Fakarava
Fakarava, Havaiki-te-araro, Havai'i or Farea is an atoll in the west of the Tuamotu group in French Polynesia. It is the second largest of the Tuamotu atolls. The nearest land is Toau, a coral atoll which lies 14 kilometres (8.7 miles) to the northwest.

The atoll is roughly rectangular, and its length is 60 kilometres (37 miles) and its width is 21 kilometres (13 miles). Fakarava has a wide and deep lagoon with a surface of 1,112 square kilometres (429 square miles) and two passes. The main pass to enter the lagoon, located in its north-western end, is known as Passe Garuae and it is the largest pass in French Polynesia; the southern pass is called Tumakohua. It has a land area of 24.1 square kilometres (9 square miles). Fakarava has 837 inhabitants; the main village is called Rotoava.