hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
4 × 400 metres relay at European Championships
The 4 × 400 metres relay (athletics track event) has been included in European Athletics Championships since 1934 in Turin for men and since 1969 in Athens for women. There are 13 countries that have won medals, with Great Britain being the most successful country, with a total of 9 gold and 18 overall medals.

4 × 400 metres relay
The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of a track meet. The first leg and the first bend of the second leg are run in lanes. Start lines are thus staggered over a greater distance than in an individual 400 metres race; the runners then typically move to the inside of the track. The slightly longer 4 × 440 yards relay, on an Imperial distance, was a formerly run British Commonwealth and American event, until metrication was completed in the 1970s.
High modernism
High modernism (also known as high modernity) is a form of modernity, characterized by an unfaltering confidence in science and technology as means to reorder the social and natural world. The high modernist movement was particularly prevalent during the Cold War, especially in the late 1950s and 1960s.

Grid plan
In urban planning, the grid plan, grid street plan, or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets run perpendicular (at right angles) to each other, forming a grid.

Two inherent characteristics of the grid plan, frequent intersections and orthogonal geometry, facilitate movement. The geometry helps with orientation and wayfinding and its frequent intersections with the choice and directness of route to desired destinations.

In ancient Rome, the grid plan method of land measurement was called centuriation. The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest planned cities were built using grid plans in the Indian subcontinent.
Joint Victory Campaign 2004
The Joint Victory Campaign 2004 (JVC 2004) was a prominent political fundraising entity during the 2004 U.S. presidential election, operating as a 527 organization—a tax-exempt group engaged in political activities under Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code. Established collaboratively by America Coming Together (ACT) and the Media Fund, JVC 2004 functioned as a joint fundraising committee, with its proceeds divided between these two organizations to support their respective political initiatives.

America Coming Together
America Coming Together (ACT) (founded in 2003) was a progressive, political action 527 group dedicated to get-out-the-vote activities. ACT did not specifically endorse any political party but worked almost exclusively on behalf of Democratic candidates. It was the largest 527 (tax-exempt) group in 2004 and was planning to be involved in future races. The group was primarily funded by insurance mogul Peter Lewis, currency trader George Soros, and labor unions, especially the Service Employees International Union, and was led by Steve Rosenthal, a former political director of the AFL–CIO.
Hammada (plant)
Hammada is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Amaranthaceae, in which it is placed in the subfamily Salsoloideae. It is a very unclear and unsorted genus, with many species that have been classed as synonyms by other authors.

The native range of the genus is in central and southwestern Asia, with species found in Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Turkey and Uzbekistan. They are often found growing in alkaline or saline habitats.

Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae (/ˌæmərænˈθeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ AM-ər-an-THAY-see-ee, -⁠eye) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus Amaranthus. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within its parent order, Caryophyllales.
Stormy Petrel (radio serial)
Stormy Petrel is a 1948 Australian radio serial about the career of William Bligh by Rex Rienits. It aired Mondays to Thursdays at 6.40pm on the ABC.

It was very popular and was produced again in 1953 and 1959.

Rienits sold it to the BBC.

It was adapted into a 1960 mini-series and a novel.

Rex Rienits
Rex Gunther Rienits (17 April 1909 – 30 April 1971) was an Australian writer of radio, films, plays and TV. He was a journalist before becoming one of the leading radio writers in Australia. He moved to England in 1949 and worked for a number of years there. He later returned to Australia and worked on early local TV drama.

According to Richard Lane Rienits "was the most affable and generous of men; warm in his friendships, generous with his time and in his efforts to help those still with the ladder to scale. Above all, he was utterly dedicated to the propagation of Australian history, art and playwriting."
Meng Sufen
Meng Sufen (Chinese: 蒙素芬; pinyin: Mēng Sùfēn; 25 October 1932 – 17 March 2020) was a Chinese politician. She served as a representative in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd National People's Congresses and held various leadership roles in the Guizhou Provincial Women's Federation and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)

Changshun County
Changshun County (simplified Chinese: 长顺县; traditional Chinese: 長順縣; pinyin: Chángshùn Xiàn) is a county of Guizhou, China. It is under the administration of the Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
Flight Consulting Group
Flight Consulting Group is an operational holding company based in Riga, Latvia (EU). Flight Consulting Group provides flight support, business jet ground handling, organising private charters, buying and selling aircraft, and aviation consulting. It also has a Certified Dispatch Centers in Europe.

Riga International Airport
RIX Riga Airport (Latvian: RIX Rīgas lidosta; IATA: RIX, ICAO: EVRA) is the international airport of Riga, the capital of Latvia, and the largest airport in the Baltic states with direct flights to 107 destinations as of September 2024. It is the 12th-busiest airport in post-Soviet states as well as 77th-busiest airport in Europe. It serves as a hub for airBaltic, SmartLynx Airlines and RAF-Avia, and as one of the base airports for Ryanair and Norwegian Air Shuttle. The Latvian national carrier airBaltic is the largest carrier that serves the airport, followed by Ryanair. The airport is located in the Mārupe Municipality west of Riga, approximately 10 km from its city centre.
1995 US Open – Men's doubles
The 1995 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in New York in the United States. It was the 115th edition of the US Open and was held from August 28 to September 10, 1995.

This marked the first Grand Slam main draw appearance for Bob and Mike Bryan, who would go on to win 16 Grand Slam titles together, including five US Open titles in 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014.

2005 US Open – Men's doubles
Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Paul Goldstein and Jim Thomas.

Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan won the title, defeating Jonas Björkman and Max Mirnyi 6–1, 6–4 in the final.
Dunedin Volcano
The Dunedin Volcano is an extensively eroded multi-vent shield volcano that was active between 16 and 10 million years ago. It originally extended from the modern city of Dunedin, New Zealand, to Aramoana, about 25 km away. Extensive erosion has occurred over the last 10 million years, and Otago Harbour now fills the oldest parts of the volcano. The remnants of the volcano form the hills around Otago Harbour (including Mount Cargill, Flagstaff, Saddle Hill, Signal Hill, and Otago Peninsula).

Lithosphere
A lithosphere is the rigid outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the lithospheric mantle, the topmost portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of up to thousands of years or more. The crust and upper mantle are distinguished on the basis of chemistry and mineralogy.
Softball at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Softball at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing took place over a ten-day period starting August 12 and culminating in the medal finals on August 21. All games were played at the Fengtai Softball Field. Olympic softball is a women only competition, with men competing in the similar sport of baseball.

This is the last time Softball was contested as a core sport at the Olympics, as the International Olympic Committee voted to remove baseball from the program in the 2012 Olympics. Along with baseball, softball was rejected for inclusion in the 2016 Summer Olympics at the IOC's meeting in October 2009.  However, softball was contested at the 2020 Games and will be included in the at the 2028 games as an additional sport.

Softball at the 2028 Summer Olympics
Softball will be reintroduced at the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles after it was not contested at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris. Softball was on the Olympic program from 1996 to 2008. It was introduced at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and was removed from the program for 2012 and 2016, but was added for a one-off appearance, along with baseball, for the 2020 Summer Olympics (which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic).

Olympic softball is governed by the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC).
Ribosome-nascent chain complex
Ribosome-nascent chain complex (RNC) refers to the collection of molecules that constitute a ribosome attached to the polypeptide (protein) that it is synthesising. The synthesis of the nascent polypeptide may be stalled by one of several methods. RNCs are produced and purified in laboratories to study the dynamics, biochemistry, folding and interactions of both the ribosome and proteins undergoing synthesis.

Ribosome
A ribosome (/ˈraɪbəzoʊm, -soʊm/) is a ribonucleoprotein particle found in all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, responsible for the synthesis of proteins. A ribosome functions as a molecular machine in the translation of strands of messenger RNA (mRNA) and production of a protein. A ribosome links amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of mRNA molecules to form polypeptide chains. A ribosome is made up of a large and a small subunit, each consisting of one or more ribosomal RNA molecules and many ribosomal proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.

Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes. This is an energy-consuming, dynamic process, requiring the synthesis of around 200 proteins in the processing of ribosomal RNAs and assembling them with ribosomal proteins to make the ribosomes subunits.
Ngainga
Ngainga also called Ngaimu is a village located west of Ukhrul in Ukhrul district, Manipur state, India. The village is approximately 17 kilometers from Ukhrul. As per 2011 census, the village has a total of 267 households with 2881 persons of which 964 are male while 917 are female. Of the total population, 323 are in the age group of 0–6 years. The average sex ratio of the village is 1015 female per 1000 male which is higher than the state's average of 930. The literacy rate of the village is 92.22%. Neighbouring villages of Ngainga are Seikhor, Tolloi, Phalee Somdal and Tuinem. Ngainga is the birthplace of Luingamla who was shot dead on 24 January 1986 by Indian army personnel for resisting their attempt to rape her.

Phalee
Phalee also called as Phadang is a village located west of Ukhrul in Ukhrul district, Manipur state in India. It lies in the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hot-Spot Region of the world wherein the flora and fauna diversity are very rich.
Hommelvik IL
Hommelvik Idrettslag is a Norwegian sports club from Hommelvik, Trøndelag. It has sections for association football, team handball, basketball, track and field and Nordic skiing.

It was founded on 15 September 1924, and was a member of the Workers' Confederation of Sports. In 1953 it had no basketball section, but since then it has lost sections for speed skating, swimming and cycling.

The men's football team played in the Third Division, the fourth tier of Norwegian football in 2000. The team now plays in the Fifth Division.

Workers Federation of Sports
The Workers' Federation of Sports (Norwegian: Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund), often just called the AIF, was a sporting organization in Norway (mostly out of Norway) between 1924 and 1946. As of 1935, AIF had around 50,000 members. AIF published the magazine Arbeideridrett. Several Sweden-based sports organizations were members of the AIF sports union.

In 1930 to fight the international political blockade against the Soviet Union, AIF invited the Soviet Union national football team which toured Norway and Sweden in summer of 1930.
Bejaâd
Bejaad (also spelled Boujaad; Arabic: بجعد; Amazigh/Tamazight: ⴱⴻⵊⴰⴷ; Hebrew: בוג'עד) is a historic town in central Morocco, located in Khouribga Province within the Béni Mellal-Khénifra region. Known for its deep-rooted Sufi traditions, vibrant artisanal culture, and spiritual heritage, Bejaad is often described as one of Morocco's most soulful and underrated towns.

Béni Mellal-Khénifra
Béni Mellal-Khénifra (Arabic: بني ملال - خنيفرة, romanized: banī mallāl - ḵunayfira) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco, covering an area of 28,374 km2, and recorded a population of 2,520,776 in the 2014 Moroccan census. The capital of the region is Beni Mellal.
Needi Naadi Oke Katha
Needi Naadi Oke Katha (transl. You and I share the same story) is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language satirical social problem film written and directed by Venu Udugula (in his directorial debut) and produced by Krishna Vijay, Atluri Narayana Rao, and Prashanti, under Aran Media Works. It stars Sree Vishnu and Satna Titus while Posani Krishna Murali and Devi Prasad appear in supporting roles.

Nara Rohith
Nara Rohith (born 25 July 1984) is an Indian actor in, and producer of, Telugu films. An alumnus of New York Film Academy, he is known for works such as Baanam (2009), Solo (2011), Prathinidhi (2014), Rowdy Fellow (2014), Asura (2015) and Jyo Achyutananda (2016). He owns the production house Aran Media Works.

Rohith contributed a voice-over to Swamy Ra Ra (2013) and Okkadu Migiladu (2017).
Fred J. Hart (businessman)
Fred J. Hart (August 20, 1888 – March 29, 1975) was an American alternative medicine practitioner, farmer and businessman. Hart owned KQW AM in San Jose, CA. He was active in the field of radionics, was president of the Electronic Medical Foundation until the American Medical Association and Food and Drug Administration shut the Foundation down for false medical claims. Hart then established the National Health Federation (NHF) in 1955 advocating for "health freedom", which critics say "has little interest in scientifically recognized methods". The AMA called Hart a quack and his treatment quackery, a claim that Hart himself used with pride.

Albert Abrams
Albert Abrams (December 8, 1863 – January 13, 1924) was a fraudulent American physician, well known during his life for inventing machines, such as the "Oscilloclast" and the "Radioclast", which he falsely claimed could diagnose and cure almost any disease. These claims were challenged from the outset. Towards the end of his life, and again shortly after his death, many of his machines and conclusions were demonstrated to be intentionally deceptive or false.
Half-period ratio
In mathematics, the half-period ratio τ of an elliptic function is the ratio

of the two half-periods  and  of the elliptic function, where the elliptic function is defined in such a way that

is in the upper half-plane.

Quite often in the literature, ω1 and ω2 are defined to be the periods of an elliptic function rather than its half-periods. Regardless of the choice of notation, the ratio ω2/ω1 of periods is identical to the ratio (ω2/2)/(ω1/2) of half-periods. Hence, the period ratio is the same as the "half-period ratio".

Note that the half-period ratio can be thought of as a simple number, namely, one of the parameters to elliptic functions, or it can be thought of as a function itself, because the half periods can be given in terms of the elliptic modulus or in terms of the nome.
See the pages on quarter period and elliptic integrals for additional definitions and relations on the arguments and parameters to elliptic functions.

Elliptic function
In the mathematical field of complex analysis, elliptic functions are special kinds of meromorphic functions, that satisfy two periodicity conditions. They are named elliptic functions because they come from elliptic integrals. Those integrals are in turn named elliptic because they first were encountered for the calculation of the arc length of an ellipse.

Important elliptic functions are Jacobi elliptic functions and the Weierstrass -function.

Further development of this theory led to hyperelliptic functions and modular forms.
M. C. Ricklefs
Merle Calvin Ricklefs AM FAHA (17 July 1943 – 29 December 2019) was an American-born Australian scholar of the history and current affairs of Indonesia.

Ricklefs was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa, on 17 July 1943 and died on 29 December 2019, aged 76.

Ricklefs received his Ph.D. with his dissertation titled "Jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi (1749-1792)" from Cornell University in 1973, under the supervision of O. W. Wolters. He held positions at the School of Oriental and African Studies, All Souls College, Monash University, the Australian National University and the University of Melbourne. He retired from the professorship of Southeast Asian history at the National University of Singapore. He was emeritus professor of history at both the Australian National University and Monash University.

O. W. Wolters
Oliver William Wolters OBE (8 June 1915 – 5 December 2000) was a British academic, historian and author. He was a Malayan civil servant and administrator from 1937 to 1957. He lectured at the School of Oriental and African Studies from 1957 to 1963, then taught at Cornell University from 1964 to 1984. At his death, he was the Goldwin Smith Professor of Southeast Asian History Emeritus at Cornell University.
Montreal–Philippines cutlery controversy
The Montreal–Philippines cutlery controversy was an incident in 2006 in which a Filipino-born Canadian boy was punished by his school in Roxboro, Montreal, for following traditional Filipino etiquette and eating his lunch with a fork and a spoon, rather than the Canadian tradition of a knife and fork.

In response to the media coverage of the affair, a protest was held outside the Canadian embassy in Manila and the Philippine Ambassador to Canada, José Brillantes, described it as an "affront to Filipino culture." Some commentators saw it as an example of prejudice, nationalism and a culture clash, especially since the school board had previously expelled a Sikh student for carrying a kirpan (blade worn by Sikhs).

Roxboro, Quebec
Roxboro (French pronunciation: [ʁɔksbɔʁo]) was a city on the Island of Montreal. It was founded in 1914, and ceased to exist on 1 January 2002 as a result of municipal reorganization in Quebec. The town was located along the Rivière des Prairies. At the time of the merger with Montreal, its population was 6,000.
2026 Asian Para Games
The 2026 Asian Para Games (Japanese: 2026年アジアパラ競技大会, romanized: 2026-Nen ajiapara kyōgi taikai), also known as the 5th Asian Para Games and commonly known as Aichi-Nagoya 2026, will be a multi-sport event that parallel the 2026 Asian Games which will be held for Asian athletes with disabilities celebrated around Aichi Prefecture in Japan from 18 to 24 October 2026. Nagoya will be the first Japanese city to host the Asian Para Games. The event is set to return to its traditional four-year cycle, after the 2022 edition was postponed to 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2022 Asian Para Games
The 2022 Asian Para Games (Chinese: 2022年亚洲残疾人运动会; pinyin: 2022nían yàzhōu cánjírén yùndònghuì), also known as the 4th Asian Para Games and commonly known as the Hangzhou 2022 Asian Para Games, were a multi-sport event that paralleled the 2022 Asian Games which was held for Asian athletes with disabilities in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China from 22 to 28 October 2023. Hangzhou was the second Chinese city to host the Asian Para Games, after Guangzhou in 2010.

Originally scheduled to take place from 9 to 15 October 2022, the event was postponed to 2023 on 17 May 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo postponement to 2021.
Sarabad
Sarabad (Persian: سراباد, also Romanized as Sarābād) is a village in Rahmat Rural District, Seyyedan District, Marvdasht County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 141, in 40 families.

Rahmat Rural District
Rahmat Rural District (Persian: دهستان رحمت) is in Seyyedan District of Marvdasht County, Fars province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kareh Tavi. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Abbasabad.
Banknotes of the Austro-Hungarian krone
Paper money of the Austro-Hungarian krone appeared in the beginning of the 20th century - almost ten years after the coins were introduced. All banknotes were bilingual (German and Hungarian), and the value was indicated in eight other languages (Czech, Polish, Croatian, Slovene, Serbian, Italian, Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Romanian). After the dissolution of the empire banknotes were overstamped to limit their circulation according to the new borders.

Austro-Hungarian krone
The krone (alternatively crown; German: Krone, Hungarian: korona, Italian: corona, Polish: korona, Slovene: krona, Serbo-Croatian: kruna, Czech: koruna, Slovak: koruna, Romanian: coroană, Ukrainian: корона) was the official currency of Austria-Hungary from 1892 (when it replaced the gulden as part of the adoption of the gold standard) until the dissolution of the empire in 1918. The subunit was one hundredth of the main unit, and was called a Heller in the Austrian and a fillér in the Hungarian part of the Empire. Unlike the preceding silver currency, it was established on a gold basis. One kilogram of fine gold was equivalent to 3,280 crowns. Gold coins, however, were struck only in the values of 10, 20, and 100 crowns, with a purity of 900/1000.
Turkeyification
Turkeyification (Turkish: Türkiyeleşme) or Turkeyification Strategies, refers to Abdullah Öcalan's post-imprisonment political shift away from pursuing Kurdish national minority rights and toward promoting the democratization of Turkey, encouraging the Kurdish political movement to integrate Kurds into existing Turkish political structures. Critics argue that this approach represents a continuation of the Turkish state's long-standing policy of Turkification (Türkleştirme).

According to the Middle East Institute, the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was founded as part of Öcalan's "Turkeyification" project, as it emphasized broader issues in Turkey beyond Kurdish autonomy or minority rights, particularly democratization.

Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan
Abdullah Öcalan has been imprisoned on İmralı Island in the Sea of Marmara since February 1999. He is serving a life sentence for violating Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code. Initially, he was sentenced to death, but the conviction was commuted to a life sentence in October 2002.